LAB REPORT
SPS 477 PHYSIOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE
GROUP SR243S1
Prepared by :
Name : Fitra Suryani
Student Id: 2021488126
Name : Titis Retno Sawitri
Student Id: 2021644824
Name : Yasmin Sripurwantina
Student Id: 2021611074
Prepared for :
Dr. Radin Rafeeuddin Bin Radin Dzulfakar
“Lab 3: Muscular Endurance”
19th January 2022
Abstract
Background: Many activities of daily require effort over a period of time. Therefore, muscular endurance is
an important aspect of physical and should be considered when assessing skeletal muscle (Ratamess 2012). Of
these, stability trunk increasingly fundamental in sport and in health promotion through physical conditioning
activities, its use as a routine training muscle daily corn in exercise plan general for most sports (Hibbs et al.
2008) and in most sports. . fitness routine in the gym (ACSM 2009). In particular, core stability is ensured by
contraction of all the muscles located between the knee and the sternum with a focus on the abdominal region
(Hibbs et al.2008)
Purpose : This test measures the endurance of the abdominal and hip-flexor muscles. The aim of this test is to
perform as many sit-ups as you can in one minutes.
Methodology : The muscular endurance test is performed on healthy adults in the age range between 18 and
35 years of age (n=20). This is a general description of a sit-up test to measure abdominal muscle endurance
(also called the curl-up or crunch test). The results classified by the age-adjusted standards based on
guidelines published by “DAVIS, B. et al. (2000) Physical Education and the Study of Sport”.
Results : The target population of this measurement test is healthy adults with an age range between 18 to 25
years, which is divided into active and inactive. Based on the graph above, the average for each active and
inactive individual can be obtained. And in this case the data graph shows that in theUpsSit Test) group, on
average they occupy the Average position with a total of 4 out of 10 people. Meanwhile, non-active adults (sit
up test) are the same, occupying the Average position with a total of 4 out of 10 people.
Conclusion : This shows that non-active adults are at a higher risk of developing a non-
communicable disease eventually if their lifestyle is not changed.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................4
2. Methodhology..............................................................................................................................4
2.1. Aim........................................................................................................................................4
2.2. Target Participants..............................................................................................................5
2.3. Equipment Required...........................................................................................................5
2.4. Pre-test preparation.............................................................................................................5
2.5. Procedure.............................................................................................................................5
3. Result...........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Discussion.....................................................................................................................................6
5. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................9
6. References..................................................................................................................................10
7. Appendices..................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Introduction
The sit up tests in exercise can be useful for assessing and developing abdominal muscle
endurance which can be done. the mechanics describing appropriate form for sit-up testing have
changed more specific and safer methods of performing abdominal muscular endurance exercises
have beem suggested The straight legged sit-up with hands locked behaind the head and a patner or
object holding the feet down, once a common practice, is no longer recomended (Liemohn,1991 in
Macfarlane, 2013).
Sit-ups exercise is a form of abdominal muscle strength training with isotonic muscle
contraction. According to Emral (2017: 153) that isotonic contraction is an increase in muscle
tension when the muscle is elongated and in a shortened state.
Sit-ups are movements that rest on the hips and buttocks with the knees raised upwards and performed
repeatedly. Sit-ups are not easy for beginners to do, but if you are used to doing them, it will feel
comfortable and not difficult for sure. Usually this exercise is done by men to help build their
abdominal muscles (Supplement fitness). Exercise sit-ups within 30 minutes can burn approximately
100 calories (Brodibalo).
According to Meiriawati (2013: 3), sit-ups are carried out in a supine half-body position with
the legs folded (the position of the legs folds and the back stretches at a 90 angle), hands behind the
head, and then lifting half the body until the elbows touch the knees.
Performance of this test was in accordance with the methods outlined by Hall et al. (1992).
Participants were instructed to lie flat on their backs, feet touching the ground, and knees flexed to 90
with arms crossed over their chest. Their feet were held in place by the examiner. The participants
then raised their trunk until their elbows touched their knees. This motion was followed by lowering
their trunk until their scapula touched the floor. This was recorded as one sit-up. The participants were
instructed to do as many sit-ups as possible in 1 min.
Numerous studies have examined the effects of comprehensive training programs that
incorporate direct abdominal training and have reported enhanced sports performance. Routinely,
exercises that emphasize abdominal strength and endurance are incorporated in these core
stabilization programs as a necessary element. Nonetheless, the best method of increasing strength and
endurance is not known, yet a variety of methods have been reported. One study found that
bodyweight exercises have minimal effect on isokinetic abdominal strength (Pintar, Learman, &
Rogers, 2009) contradicting previous work.
2. Methodhology
1.
2.
2.1. Aim
The Sit Up test measures abdominal muscular strength and endurance of the abdominals and hip-
flexors, important in back support and core stability.
2.2. Target Participants
This lab work was conducted on active and non-active person. All the participants are healthy
adults in the range age of 18-30. We have confirmed that with the PAR-Q and consent form that given
to them before they do this physical activity.
2.3. Equipment Required
1. Flat or mattress
2. Stopwach
3. Recording sheets
4x. Pen
2.4. Pre-test preparation
Explain the test procedures to the subject. Perform screening of health risks and obtain
informed consent. Prepare forms and record basic information such as age, height, body weight,
gender, test conditions. Ensure that the subjects are adequately warmed-up.
2.5. Procedure
The participants begins by sitting comfortably on top the mattress.
The participants should start with his back straight on the mat.
It knees should be bent and his feet on the mat.
The participants should then place his hands on both sides of his head with his elbows
pointing out to the sides.
When the administrator starts the watch and says “GO”, the subject can then begin
performing a sit up.
From the starting position he should raise his upper body of the mat by tensing his core
and lifting himself up towards his knees. His hands should remain on the side of his head
and his knees should be bent with his feet placed firmly on the ground.
To increase the tests reliability, the administrator should hold down the subjects feet so
he doesn't raise them upwards, this prevents the subject from lifting his feet and making
the sit up easier.
then sit ups are done for 1 minute and see how many repetitions are produced by the
participants.
Picture 1. Sit-up
Source: Fitness Testing and sport
2.6. Scoring
These classifications are the age-adjusted standards based on guidelines published by Davis, B et
al (2000).
DAVIS, B. et al. (2000) Physical Education and the Study of Sport
3. Result
No. PARTICIPANTS M/F ACTIVE/NON 60s Sit-up test
ACTIVE
Frequency Category
1. JORDAN PALADIUS M ACTIVE 40 GOOD
2. AHMAD SYIFA' AL-HADI BIN M ACTIVE
IBRAHIM 22 POOR
3. MOHD AIZUDDIN SYAFIE BIN M ACTIVE 25 POOR
ABDUL SAWAL
4. DENZELLO SABANIUS M ACTIVE 35 AVERAGE
5. RUZAIMY AZWAN BIN MOHD M ACTIVE
RAZLI 33 AVERAGE
6. MUHAMMAD AZIZI SHAH M NON ACTIVE 29 AVERAGE
7. WAN MOHAMAD HAZIQ BIN M NON ACTIVE
WAN KHAMARUDDIN 42 GOOD
8. MUHAMMAD NOOR IKMAL M NON ACTIVE
BIN ROSLI 31 AVERAGE
9. MUHAMMAD MUAMMAR BIN M NON ACTIVE
ABD JALIL 27 AVERAGE
10. MUHAMMAD SYAHIR M NON ACTIVE
HUSAINI BIN MUHAMAD
SOLA'IAM 21 POOR
No. PARTICIPANTS M/F ACTIVE/NON 60s Sit-up test
ACTIVE
Frequency Category
1. MAS AISYAH MAISARAH F ACTIVE
BINTI MAS IRHAN 22 BELOW AVG
2. NASREEN ATIQAH BINTI F ACTIVE
MUHAMMAD NIZAM 40 GOOD
3. F ACTIVE BELOW
PUTRI RIFDA 17 AVERAGE
4. SITI NADZIRAH BINTI F ACTIVE
AMINUDDIN 25 AVERAGE
5. NURAINA ALYA BINTI NOOR F ACTIVE BELOW
WAHIR 19 AVERAGE
6. NUR FATIN NAFISHA BINTI F NON ACTIVE
MOHD SHUKOR 30 AVERAGE
7. CITRA WENDA ATI F NON ACTIVE 19 GOOD
8. NORSAFIKAYANTI BINTI F NON ACTIVE
BERJUI 20 AVERAGE
9. NABILLA SHAUMI F NON ACTIVE 33 AVERAGE
10. ARIDYA AUDREY PUSPA F NON ACTIVE 8 POOR
Active Adults (Sit Ups Test)
Very Poor
Poor
Below Average
Average
Above average
Good
Excellent
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Column1 Females Males
Figure 1 : Sit UP Test of Active Adults
Non Active Adults (Sit Ups Test)
Very Poor
Poor
Below Average
Average
Above average
Good
Excellent
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Column1 Females Males
Figure 2 : Sit UP Test of Non- Active Adults
Base on figure 1, explains that active participants have the highest sit-up test levels in two categories,
namely the "Very poor" and "Average" categories. Two of the lazy are in the “Very Poor” and “Average”
categories, and one other category is in the “Good” category. Meanwhile, based on female active data the
category "Below Average" and "Average" occupied the first position with the most of 5 participants with a
total of two in each category. Based on the chart of active adults, the average active adults are in the
categories: very poor, below average and average, with the same number of participants, namely two. While
the rest are in the good category with two participants. While at base on figure 2 on the chart for non active
adults, there is only 1 category of participants with the highest number of three people, that category is
“Average”. And on average the rest only have one participant in each category: Very poor, poor (for each
gender gets one person), good (for each gender gets one person) and excellent.
4. Discussion
4.1 Discussion
Based on data collection shown in tables and graphs. We can determine the activities of active and
inactive adults. The twenty subjects had completed the Sit Up Test by taking a test within 1 minute by a
stopwatch. Before taking the test, participants have filled out a health risk form and informed consent, so we
can be sure that all participants are in good condition when taking the test. After the participants are declared
to meet the requirements, they will immediately take a good attitude in doing this sit-up test.
Measurements in this test can be done by the readiness of the participants to do a fitness test on
muscle endurance. at this stage participants are directed to sit on matt, ensure that the position of the legs must
be bent to a position of 90 degrees and with feet flat on the ground. Then this test will begin with the position
of the hands gripped by each other, and kepton the back of the neck. Next, the participants started with the
body position against the matt but the head was raised slightly, then doing the elbow movement had to touch
the participant's knees. This test is would be best for a sport where you would need a lot of muscular
endurance, most specifically muscular endurance around the hip-flexors and abdominals, the sport which may
need muscular endurance around the hip flexors and abdominals could be football because they muscular
endurance to help them run for longer and perform well for a long period of time, but the 1 minute sit up test
only measures muscular endurance around the hip flexors and abdominals but a footballer would need
muscular endurance throughout the body most predominantly in the muscles directly in the legs . The 1
minute sit up test can still be an indicator of muscular endurance for other parts of the body.
The target population of this measurement test is healthy adults with an age range between 18 to 25
years, which is divided into active and inactive. Based on the graph above, the average for each active and
inactive individual can be obtained. And in this case the data graph shows that in theUpsSit Test) group, on
average they occupy the Average position with a total of 4 out of 10 people. Meanwhile, non-active adults (sit
up test) are the same, occupying the Average position with a total of 4 out of 10 people. Sit -ups is a form of
abdominal muscle strength training with isotonic muscle contraction. According to Emral (2017: 153) that
isotonic contraction is an increase in muscle tension when the muscle is elongated and in a shortened state.
Sit-ups is a movement that rests on the hips and buttocks with the knees raised upwards and is done
repeatedly. Sit-ups it is not easy for beginners to do, but if you are used to doing it then it will feel comfortable
and not difficult for sure. Usually this exercise is done by men to help build abdominal muscles
(Supplemental). If the participant has a poor or very poor category, this means that there is a lack of muscle
training in the abdomen and waist.
4.2 Application in real world
Sit-ups are a fairly basic and efficient abdominal exercise. It is a traditional exercise in which you lie on
your back and lift your body. someone who builds and tightens the core stabilizing abdominal muscles using
one's own body weight. As is well known, this is a rather simple exercise that does not require you to join a
gym or hire a personal trainer. Sit-ups engage more muscles than other similar exercises like crunches and
static core exercises because they have a greater range of motion. As a result, they are perfect for any exercise
regimen.
5. Conclusion
This muscular endurance test shows that the active population has lower muscle endurance on average
when compared to the inactive population. This shows that the active population does have a tendency for
their muscle endurance test to be not as good as the inactive population. In this case, it could be that the active
population does less exercise that refers to muscle endurance in the abdomen and lower limb muscles,
compared to the inactive population. It could be that in the inactive population they do abdominal muscle
endurance exercises more often than in the active population
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