SYLLABUS

OF

FACT - 2022
National Forensic Sciences University (LNJN NICFS)
Delhi Campus,
Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India, Delhi
 TABLE OF CONTENT
SECTION : A ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

APTITUDE IN FORENSIC SCIENCE .................................................................................. 3

SECTION : B ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

ELECTIVE I: FORNESIC PHYSICAL SCIENCES ............................................................... 5

i. Forensic Physics ............................................................................................................. 5
1) General Guidelines for Physical Evidence Collection......................................................................... 5
2) Analytical Instruments & Techniques of Forensic Physics ................................................................. 5
3) Pattern Evidence .................................................................................................................................. 6
4) Essentials of Mathematics & Statistics In Forensic Physics ............................................................... 7
5) Forensic Voice Authentication ............................................................................................................ 8
6) Forensic Video Analysis...................................................................................................................... 8
7) Criminalistics and Forensic Engineering ............................................................................................. 9
8) Collision Investigation and Reconstruction ....................................................................................... 10

ii. Forensic Ballistics ........................................................................................................ 10

iii. Forensic Document Examination .............................................................................. 12
ELECTIVE II: CYBER FORENSICS ................................................................................... 14
1) COMPUTER FORENSICS ............................................................................................................... 14
2) NETWORK FORENSICS ................................................................................................................. 14
3) MOBILE AND WIRELESS DEVICE FORENSICS........................................................................ 15
4) SOCIAL MEDIA FORENSICS AND CRYPTOGRAPHY ............................................................. 16

ELECTIVE III: FORENSIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ..................................................... 17

1) FORENSIC MEDICINE, HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY .............................................. 17
2) FORENSIC OSTEOLOGY AND ODONTOLOGY ........................................................................ 18
3) FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 19
4) FORENSIC BOTANY, ENTOMOLOGY, WILD LIFE FORENSICS & MICROBIAL
FORENSICS.............................................................................................................................................. 20
5) FORENSIC GENETICS AND BIOINFORMATICS ....................................................................... 21
6) FORENSIC SEROLOGY ................................................................................................................. 21
7) FORENSIC DNA PROFILING ........................................................................................................ 22

ELECTIVE IV: FORENSIC CHEMICAL SCIENCES ......................................................... 24

1) FORENSIC CHEMISTRY-I ............................................................................................................. 24
2) FORENSIC CHEMISTRY-II ............................................................................................................ 24
3) FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY - I ........................................................................................................ 25
4) FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY - II....................................................................................................... 26
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 5) INSRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES - I ................................................................................................ 27
6) INSRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES - II .............................................................................................. 28

ELECTIVE V: FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY ........................................................................ 29

SUGGESTED READINGS............................................................................................................................... 31
SECTION: A ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
APTITUDE IN FORENSIC SCIENCE .................................................................................................... 31
SECTION: B ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
ELECTIVE I: FORENSIC PHYSICAL SCIENCES ................................................................................ 33
i. Forensic Physics ................................................................................................................................ 33
ii. Forensic Ballistics ............................................................................................................................. 38
iii. Forensic Document Examination .................................................................................................. 38
ELECTIVE II: CYBER FORENSICS ...................................................................................................... 39
ELECTIVE III: FORENSIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ........................................................................ 40
ELECTIVE IV: FORENSIC CHEMICAL SCIENCES ............................................................................ 43
ELECTIVE V: FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY ........................................................................................... 47

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 SECTION : A
APTITUDE IN FORENSIC SCIENCE
For specialization subjects of Forensic Physical Sciences (Ballistics, Document and
Physics), Forensic Biological Sciences (Serology and DNA), Forensic Chemical
Sciences (Toxicology, Chemistry, Narcotics and Explosives), Cyber Forensics (Mobile
Forensic, Audio-Video, etc.)

a) General knowledge, general English, aptitude and reasoning.

b) Fundamentals of basic sciences as applied to forensic investigation.

i. Principles of the forensic science, disciplines of forensic science

and their functions. Developments in forensic science in India
and abroad. Scope of analysis in forensic science
laboratories/institutions. Legendries and their contributions in
the field of forensic science.

ii. Types of evidence materials in different type of crimes, source

and significance of evidence material, tools and techniques in
crime scene search, sketching, measurement, photography and
videography. Identification, collection, preservation, packaging
and forwarding of evidence materials. reconstruction of scenes
of crime, lifting, developing and preserving fingerprints,
footprints and tyre impressions and pattern evidence, Sampling,
Chain of custody. Safety measures at the scene of crime and in
laboratory.

c) Quality Control and Quality Assurance in the analysis of evidence

materials, Proficiency Test.

d) Class and individual characteristics of material evidence. Techniques

and instruments for evidence analysis: Electromagnetic radiations,
Interaction of radiation with matter, Microscopy, Spectroscopy,
Spectrophotometry, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Components
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 of Computer and their functions, Imaging of digital evidence and
authentication, Forensic photography. Precision, accuracy, error rate
and standarisation.

e) Basic Principles of Statistics – Probability, Mean, Median, Mode, F-

Test, Chi-square Test, Measurement of uncertainty. Systematic and
Random Sampling.

f) Expert testimony in the Court of law. Admissibility of evidence,

Laws, Acts, CrPC and IPC relevant to forensic science. Ethics in
Forensic Science.

For specialization subject of Forensic Psychology

a) Criminology, Psychology, Reasoning and Forensic Science

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 SECTION : B
ELECTIVE I: FORNESIC PHYSICAL SCIENCES

i. Forensic Physics
1) General Guidelines for Physical Evidence Collection
Evidence collection from crime scene, victim & deceased in cases of - Homicide
Investigation; Investigation of - Death due to fall from height, sexual offences and sex
related homicide, Hanging (suicidal, accidental and homicidal), Paint, Glass, Soil,
Fibre, Metals,

Sources of Exhibits, Goals of Evidence Packaging- Protection of Evidence from

possible hazards; Elements of Packaging Evidence – Packing Material, Sealing of
Evidence; Precautions, General Directions, Directions for Specific type of Exhibits –
Weapons and tools, Hair and Fibres, Dust or Soil, Arson Cases and Cases of Burning,
Tool Marks.

2) Analytical Instruments & Techniques of Forensic Physics

Microscope, Compound Microscope, Polarized Light Microscopy, Fluorescence
Microscopy, Comparison Microscope, Stereo-zoom Microscope. Transmission
Electron Microscope, Video-zoom Microscope. Scanning Electron Microscope –
Energy Dispersive X-Ray. Atomic Force Microscope.

Introduction to spectrophotometry, Interaction of electromagnetic radiations with

matter: phenomena of absorption, emission, reflection, fluorescence, phosphorescence.

Detection of radiations: Photographic detectors, thermal detectors, photoelectric

detectors.

Basic concepts of atomic spectra, energy levels, quantum numbers, designation of

states, selection rules, atomic spectra.

Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry: sampling devices, Lambert and Beers Law,
calibration of instrument, Infrared spectrophotometry, High Resolution. Detectors.
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. rotational, vibrational and electronic spectra,
spectra of polyatomic molecules.
Elements of X-ray spectrometry: Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX),
wavelength Dispersive X-ray analysis (WDX), X-ray diffraction, Auger emission
spectroscopy and applications.

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Radio chemical techniques: Basic principles and theory introduction about nuclear
reactions and radiations, Neutron sources, Neutron Activation Analysis. Basics of
Electrostatic

Effect of Chemical Structure and solvent on absorption spectra, qualitative and

quantitative analysis and limitations. Applications in forensic chemistry and
toxicology.
Infrared spectrophotometry: Basic principle, components, Sample handling,
Dispersive and Fourier transform spectrophotometry, (FTIR). Qualitative analysis and
interpretation of IR spectra, correlation of infrared spectra with molecular structure
and applications in forensic chemistry and toxicology.
Raman Spectroscopy: Basic principles, Instrumentation, sample handling and
illumination, structural analysis, polarization measurements and Dispersive & FT
analysis and Applications in Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology. Advantage of
Raman over IR and vice versa, Role of microscope.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): Instrumentation, interference in AAS,
background correction methods, graphite furnace quantitative analysis and
applications. Detection limit and sensitivity.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES): Instrumentation and techniques, arc/spark
emission, ICP-AES, comparison of ICP vs AAS methods, quantitative analysis, ESCA
and its applications.
Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy: Types of sources, structural factors,
instrumentation, comparison of luminescence and UV-visible absorption methods and
applications.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Basic principles, theory and
Instrumentation and applications.

3) Pattern Evidence
Tool marks- Types, Class and Individual Characteristics, Comparisons, Impression
Marks, Compression Marks, Striated Marks, Combination of Impression and Striated
Marks, Repetitive Marks, Materials for making Test Tool Marks, Methods of
preparation of Test Tool Marks, Comparison of test and evidence tool marks, Rubber
Stamp Impressions, Metallic Seal Impressions, Embossed Impressions and Indentation
marks, Mechanical Impressions.

Cast, Engraved and Punched Marks – Methods of their restoration.

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Glass: types of glass and their composition, manufacturing of various types of glass
and their properties. Soil- Formation, Types, Composition and physical properties.
Paints- Composition, Types, Manufacturing and physical properties of paints.

Fibre- Types, Constituents &their forensic importance.

Impression Evidence: Types of Impression Evidence, Significance of Impression

Evidence. Tyre Marks Comparison. Skid marks, Serial numbers restoration.

Audio: Basics of sound, human ear and voice, Sound recording and reproduction,
Forensic significance of voice.

Basic principles and techniques of black & white and colour photography; Camera and
lenses, exposing, development & printing, different kinds of developers & fixers,
modern developments in photography; Digital photography, Working of SLR &
DSLR Cameras and basics of Digital Imaging Photography, photo-morphing, Crime
Scene photography, Laboratory photography; Brief about speaker identification &
tape authentication techniques and their applications in forensic science, Data Mining
Techniques.

Videography: types of video cameras, recording of playback technique of analog

video, recording and playback technique of analog video, basics of video codecs and
file formats.

Restoration: Restoration of erased numbers, methods of marking-cast, punch and

engraved, methods used for removal of serial numbers, theory behind number
restoration, restoration of marks on cast iron, Aluminum, brass, wood, leather etc.,
chemical methods of restoration (etching), reagents used for various metals,
electrolytic methods of restoration-reagents used, ultrasonic cavitation for restoration,
magnetic particle method for restoration, other methods of restoration, laser etched
serial numbers and bar codes and their restoration, recording of restored marks.

4) Essentials of Mathematics & Statistics In Forensic Physics

Number systems and their Representations, Units of measurement and their
conversion, Dealing with Uncertainties in measurement. Types of Data, Basic
concepts of frequency distribution, Measure of Central Values – Mean, Median and
Mode, Measures of Dispersion, Range, Mean Deviation and Standard Deviation,
Correlation and Regression Analysis.

Variance – Coefficient of variation, Moment, Coefficient of Regression, Correlated

Measurements.

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Probability Theory: Overview and Basic terms – Events, Trials, Mutually Exclusive
events, Favorable Events, Exhaustive Events etc., Baye’s theorem, Addition and
Multiplication theorem, Conditional Probability, Binomial Probability distribution,
Normal Distribution, Hyper-geometric distribution, Applications – Matching of hair
evidence, Uniqueness of Fingerprints,

Tests of Hypothesis – Test of Significance of attributes, sample test, t-test and

comparison of datasets, Paired Test, Chi-Square test, F-test for equality of variance,
Large sample test, Normal Test, Pearson’s ꭓ2 test. Discriminating Power and Evidence
Significance: Derivation, Evaluation of evidence, Transfer of evidence – Likelihood
Ratio, Probability of guilt, Correspondence probabilities, Weight of Evidence.

5) Forensic Voice Authentication

Physics of sound: waves and sound, analysis and synthesis of complex waves, Human
and non-human utterances, anatomy of vocal tract, vocal formants, analysis of vocal
sound, frequencies and overtones
Electronics of Audio Recording, Transmission and Playback devices, noise and
distortion, voice storage and preservation
Forensic Linguistics: Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Stylistics,
Pragmatics, Script, orthography and graphology, Difference between language and
speech, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Scientific approaches;
Reliability and admissibility of evidence in the court, linguistic profile, language
register
Discourse Analysis: Connivance, acceptance, listening feedback and rejection in the
context of Mens-Rea, Narrative, Dialectology, Linguistic variety as a geographical
marker, Idiolects and speaker characterization, Phonology, Morphology and Word
formation processes as individual linguistic abilities
Various approaches in Forensic Speaker Identification, Instrumental Analysis of
speech sample, Interpretation of result, Statistical interpretation of probability scale,
Objective/Subjective methods, discriminating tests, closed test, open test, likelihood
ratio calculation, Concept of test and error in Speaker Identification, case studies.
Techniques and Best Practices for examination of Audio recording authentication and
case studies.
Automatic speaker identification and verification system based on fuzzy logics, neural
network, MPCC etc., Voice Biometrics
VoIP and other modes of speech communication and their forensic analysis
6) Forensic Video Analysis
Introduction to video technology: electronic photography, scanning, synchronizing the
analog signal, Digital signal processing, color video, Digital television standard, HD
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Video, digital scopes, compression, image acquisition and recording formats, optical
media, time code, audio for video, displays, Types of video Camera

Basics of CCTV, scope recognizing CCTV evidence & its nature, types of DVRs,
DVR recording, evidence, best practices of CCTV evidence retrieval and storage at
scene of crime and laboratory, challenges and precaution at the scene of crime,
evidence handling procedure, legal issues, recommended equipments needed.

Watermarking, Interlacing, De-interlacing, Double Compression, Duplication, Re-

projection

Forensic analysis: Best practices of collection, recovery, enhancement, analysis and

interpretation of video evidence

Facial image recognition, vehicle registration plate image enhancement, foreign object
detection, Authentication of Video evidence, video source identification techniques,
Case studies

7) Criminalistics and Forensic Engineering

Soil: Physical examinations of soil evidence, Soil mechanics, Structure &
Composition, Baking, Compaction and Agro-soil additives, Instrumental analysis of
soil, Interpretation of soil evidence, Standard Operating Procedures for examination,
Discussion on important case studies of soil evidence
Glass: Forensic examination of glass fractures, Physical and Microscopic examination
of glass evidence, Standard Operating Procedures for examination, Discussion on
important case studies of glass evidence
Paint: Types of paint and their composition, physical examination of paint,
instrumental analysis of pigment, interpretation of paint evidence, Standard Operating
Procedures for examination, Discussion on important case studies of paint evidence
Fibre: Classification and properties of textile, paper and fibres, Physical and
Instrumental analysis of fibres evidence and dyes, Examination of damage to textiles,
yarn, weaving & fabrics, Collection of fibre evidence, Interpretation of fibre evidence,
Discussion on important case studies of fibre evidence
Cement: Cement and other constituents of Building materials and their properties,
Identification of adulterated cement and adulterants, Sampling of evidence materials,
Physical and chemical analysis of cement, cement mortar and cement concrete,
Methods of analysis of different constituents of Building materials, Steel bars and
metal physics
Nano-science & Nano-technology: introduction to nanoparticles, nanotubes, utilization
of nanotechnology in analysis of physical evidences, selectivity of nanoparticles with

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compatibility and feasibility, Application of nanotechnology in forensic evidence
analysis
Arson: Faults and failure of evidence of Arson & Fire due to electrical & mechanical
faults/failure, Power Physics: Voltage, current generation and transmission, Current
and Power Transformers, 3-phase electricity and Earth faults

8) Collision Investigation and Reconstruction

Road evidence, road engineering and design, Grit, Bitumen, soling and paving of
cemented roads, identification and interpretation of road obstructions, defects, marks
and damage, tyre marks, skid marks
Vehicle examination: Automobile common component and failure analysis, damage
assessment, tyres – types speed and load rating, inflation and failures, brakes –types
and brake systems, door lock and speed recording devices, safety restraint system –
theory and examination of seat-belt child-seat and air-bag, vehicular fires
Speed analysis: vehicle and road kinematics, coefficient of friction and drag factor,
methods of determining drag factor, influence on braking distance
Speed determination: skid marks measurement, speed from vehicle yaw, speed
calculation on different road surfaces, falls, flips and vault speeds, special speed
problem
Motorcycle accident investigation: types of motor cycle, dynamics rake and turning,
acceleration and breaks, mechanical consideration and slide to stop speed
determination
Hit and run investigation- examination of suspect vehicle, collection of evidence &
control samples, inter-comparison of analytical result of physical evidence
Reconstruction of accident using Computer Aided Designing.

ii. Forensic Ballistics

a) Firearms and Ammunitions, their classification, details of various small arms used
in crime – shotguns, rifles, revolvers, pistols, carbines, improvised firearms.
Bore and caliber, choke, automatic mechanisms employed in small arms, rifling –
class characteristics of rifled bore, purpose of rifling, types of rifling, methods to
produce rifling, various locks used in small arms. Head-space.
Various types of primers/ priming mixtures, propellants, shotgun ball ammunition,
various kinds of bullets, head-stamp markings. Various physical, ballistic &
functional tests of ammunitions.

b) Physical evidence and other clues Handling of evidence, various precautions.

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c) Internal Ballistics: Ignition and burning of propellants, degressive and progressive
powders, rate of burning propellants, factors affecting internal ballistics of
projectiles, internal ballistics of 12-bore guns, recoil.

d) External Ballistics: Equations of motion of projectiles, principal problem of

exterior ballistics, vacuum trajectory – calculation of various elements, effect of
air resistance on trajectory, points of difference between trajectories in air and
vacuum, nature of air resistance phenomena, base-drag, yaw, cross-wind force,
overturning moments, stability – fin stabilization and gyroscopic stability, stability
factor, nutation and precessional motions of bullets, drift, Magnus effect, Greenhill
formula, shape of projectile – form factor, ballistic coefficient, calculation of
trajectories of various small arm bullets, calculation of trajectories of shotgun
projectile, use of ballistic tables, projectile velocity determination, determination
of velocity of shot-charge, Doppler-radar method. Automated system of trajectory
computation. Falling bullets – limiting velocity, drop, use of lead as bullet
material.

e) Terminal Ballistics: Interaction and penetration of various smallarm projectiles in

various tissues. Threshold velocity for penetration of skin, flesh and bones,
threshold energy/ casualty criteria, energy density, ricochet, various aspects of
wound ballistics including wounds of entrance/ exit/ track of projectile, gunshot
injuries caused by different types of firearm ammunitions. Temporary and
permanent cavities, materials simulating human body, gunshot wound as a
function of shape of nose of bullet, striking velocity, nature of target, tumbling of
bullet, effect of instability of bullet, effect of intermediate target. Influence of
range, identification of gunshot injuries, motion of projectile in dense medium.

f) Class and Individual characteristics of fired bullets and cartridge cases and their
linkage with the suspected firearms, comparison microscope, photomicrography,
source correspondence, linkage of fired shots with shotguns.

g) Determination of range of firing in cases of firing by smooth-bore and rifled

firearms, factors affecting range of firing, stringing of shots, effect of string on
pattern, Cart-wheel pattern, balling, Walkers’ Test, IR photography.

h) Chemical tests for examination and identification of shotgun holes in various

targets. Gunshot residue. Identification of shooter.

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 Scientific methods of shooting reconstruction, suicide, murder, accident, self-
defense and encounter cases. –medico-legal report, basic ballistic facts, laboratory
examination reports, Documentation and evaluation of bullet holes in various
materials, ricochet marks, pellet pattern in various targets

i) Instrumentation techniques - AAS, NAA, SEM/EDXA, ICP-MS, ASV and their

application in ballistic examination.

j) Arms Act and Arms Rule, 2016.

iii. Forensic Document Examination

a) State–of-the-art-equipment: – Working & features of High Resolution Video

Spectral Comparators and Electrostatic Detection Apparatus. Working &
application of Stereo Zoom Microscope, Crossline Examination System, HPTLC
and Raman Spectroscopy in document examination.

b) Care, handling, preservation, packing, marking and forwarding of forensic

documents. Analysis of paper & inks. Determination of sequence of intersecting
strokes. Preliminary examination of documents. Comparison of alphabets and
numerals. Examination of Document under various light sources.

c) Document photography - Basic principles and techniques of black & white and
colour photography. Specialized photography - UV, IR, transmitted light and side
light photography close up photography, trick photography, contact photography,
Photomicrography & Microphotography. Demonstrative and juxtapose charts.
Digital photography, file formats for digital photographs, digital watermarking and
digital imaging. Photogrammetry & Radiography.

d) Nature & scope of Forensic Document Examination and its limitations.

Classification of forensic documents. Various writing features. Natural variations
and disguise in hand writing Principle of handwriting identification. Procurement
of standards for comparison. Comparison of like with like, suitability of standards
for comparison. Effect of intrinsic & extrinsic factors on Handwriting.

e) General and individual writing characteristics, definition and their estimation.

Simon New Comb Theory of probability and its application in document
examination. Determination of absolute and relative age of documents.
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 Examination of anonymous letter. Applications of Forensic Linguistics &
Stylistics in Document Examination.

f) Types of forgeries and their detection, characteristics of genuine & forged

signatures. Difference between tremors of fraud and genuine tremors in writings
and signatures. Identification of manipulations in written, typed and computer
printouts, identification of digitally manipulated documents. Detection and
decipherment of alterations including additions, over writings, obliterations,
erasures and secret writings.

g) Principle, working and identifying features of various printers, Various

conventional printing processes- their identifying features. Examination of photo
copies and scanned documents. Examination of genuine & counterfeit - Indian
Bank Notes, MRTDs and Plastic Cards

h) NABL guidelines for accreditation of Forensic Science laboratories. safety

management in document laboratories

i) Various Indian laws with reference to IPC –29, 29A, 34, 120B, 409, 415, 416,
418, 420, 467,468, 470, 471, 489(A to E), Indian Evidence Act – Sec 3, 45, 45A,
47, 73 and 114 . Final examination and report writing –different types of opinion
writing and writing of reasons for opinion, importance of no opinion / qualified
opinion. Debonair of expert and preparation for presentation of evidence in trial
courts, examination-in-chief, cross examination by defense and cross examination
by expert. Advances in Forensic Document Examination.

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 ELECTIVE II: CYBER FORENSICS
1) COMPUTER FORENSICS

a) Introduction to Computer Hardware - Various Components of a Computer,

Motherboard, Processor, Memory, Storage Devices and Networking
components. Understanding Computer Operating Systems (OS), Booting
process of computers. Introduction to File Systems and types of File System.

b) Cyber Crime- Form of Cyber Crime, Internal and External Attacks, Crimes
related to Social Media, ATM and Banking Frauds. Data Privacy issues, Packet
sniffing, Spoofing, Web security.

c) First responder – role and toolkit. Procedure for search and seizure of digital
evidences. Search and Seizure of Volatile and Non-volatile Digital Evidence.
Imaging and Hashing Digital Evidence. Analyzing and Recovery of Deleted,
Hidden and Altered files.

d) Windows Systems Artifacts: File Systems, Registry, Event logs, Shortcut files,
Executables. Alternate Data Streams (ADS), Hidden files, Slack Space. Linux
System and Artifacts: Linux file system: Ownership and Permissions, Hidden
Files, User Accounts and Logs. Mac OS X systems and Artifacts: System
Startup and Services, Network Configuration, Hidden Directories, System Logs
and User Artifacts

e) Web Browsers: Cookies, Favourites or Bookmarks, Cache, Session Data and

Plugins. Email: Types of Email and Protocols. Analysing the Header details and
tracking the email, Spoofed Mails. Virtual Machine and Cloud Technology
Forensics.

2) NETWORK FORENSICS

a) Computer Networking- Digital and Analog Signaling Methods, Network Types

and Topologies, Overview of OSI Model and TCP/IP Protocol. Different types
of IP Addresses and Classes, Subnet Masks, Subnetting and Supernetting.
Network Hardware Devices and Client/Server Computing. Types of Networks –
LAN, MAN and WAN. Routers and Routing Protocols.

b) Network threats and vulnerabilities, Types of network attacks- eavesdropping,

spoofing, modification, Cross-site scripting, DNS Spoofing, Routing Table
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 Poisoning, ARP Poisoning, Web Jacking. Attacks on Wireless Networks. Social
Engineering Attacks and its types. Packet Sniffing, Types of authentication,
Attacks on WEP, WPA and WPA-2 Encryption, fake hotspots.

c) IP security architecture, Security protocols, IPSec, Web Security – Firewalls,

IDS, IDPS. Network Security Applications, Authentication Mechanisms:
Passwords, Cryptographic authentication protocol, Kerberos, X.509 LDAP
Directory. Digital Signatures. Web Security: Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
Encryption, Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Electronic Transaction
(SET) and Virtual Private Networks (VPN).

d) Monitoring of computer network and activities, Live Packet Capturing and

Analysis. Searching and collection of evidences from the network. Network
Intrusion Detection and Analysis. SQL Injection, Event Log analysis- tools and
techniques. Investigating network attacks. Evidence collection from Routers
other networking devices.

e) Cloud Technology and its various components - private, public and hybrid
cloud. Cloud types; IaaS, PaaS, SaaS. Role of virtualization in enabling the
cloud. Technologies and the processes required when deploying web services.
Cloud Security Architecture, Secure Cloud based service, Identity and Access
Management, Encryption and Key Management. Cloud Forensic – collection
and analysis of evidence.

3) MOBILE AND WIRELESS DEVICE FORENSICS

a) Introduction to Mobile Technologies - Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). Cellular technologies - Advanced
Mobile Phone System (AMPS), i-Mode, Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM) and relative strengths. Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM), International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).

b) Functions of Bluetooth and security issues. Various Generation of Mobile

Phone Technologies. Understanding of the mobile phone operating systems –
Android, iOS, Windows. Understanding of SQLite Databases.

c) Phone Phreaking, Call tampering, Wireless Hack Walkthrough and Man-in-the-

Middle-attacks. Overview of WEP attack. Attacks on WEP, WPA and WPA-2
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 Encryption, fake hotspots. Wireless Public Key Infrastructure. Securing WLAN,
WEP Decryption script.

d) Overview of Mobile Forensics, Seizure and Preservation of mobile phones and

PDA. Types of Evidence present in mobile phones - Files present in SIM card,
external memory dump, and evidences in memory card. Mobile phone evidence
extraction process, Data Acquisition Methods – Physical, File System, Logical
and Manual Acquisition. Mobile Forensic Investigation Toolkit. Tracking of
mobile phone location.

4) SOCIAL MEDIA FORENSICS AND CRYPTOGRAPHY

a) Introduction to Social Media, Security Issues in Social Media, Types of crimes

of Social Media – Cyberbullying, Online Grooming, Cyberstalking. Social
Media and its impact on Business, Politics, Law and Revolutions, Emerging
Trends in social media,

b) Sources for social media evidence, Types of Data Available on Social

Networking Sites, Different evidence collection methods from social
networking sites, Intelligence gathering from Social Media- Tools and
technique for intelligence gathering– indirect method, direct method with login,
direct method without login.

c) Introduction to Cryptography, Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptosystem

Encryption Techniques– Substitutional Cipher and Transpositional Ciphers.
Types of keys – Public Key and Private Key. Advanced Encryption Techniques
and Security Issues. Various types of attacks including Cipher Text-Only attack,
Known-Plaintext Attack, Chosen-Plaintext Attack, Chosen-Cipher text Attack.

d) Symmetric Cryptosystem – AES, DES, RC4, Blowfish. Asymmetric

Cryptosystems – RSA, DSA, Elliptic Curve cryptography. Introduction to
Cryptanalysis – Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis. Hashing Algorithms –
MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-3, One-Way Hash, Hash Message Authentication
Code.

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 ELECTIVE III: FORENSIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
1) FORENSIC MEDICINE, HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
a) Death: Causes manner and mode of death, Signs of death and changes after death.
Somatic death, molecular death, early changes after death - Algor mortis, rigor
mortis, cadaveric spasm, heat stiffening, cold stiffening, changes in blood,
chemical changes in cerebrospinal fluid, changes in vitreous humour, post mortem
lividity, fluidity of blood. Late changes – putrefaction- external and internal
changes. Adipocere, mummification, gastric content and bladder content and time
of death from growth of hair and nails. Destruction of body and tissues by maggots
and other insects, rodents, fish and crabs, moulds. Sudden death, post-mortem
demonstration of myocardial infarction Medico legal aspects of death- Asphyxia,
syncope, coma, death by starvation, drowning, hanging and strangulation. Causes
and mechanism of traumatic death, manner of death. Classification of traumatic
deaths.

b) Mechanical Injuries: Abrasions, Bruises, Lacerations, Incised wounds, Stab

wounds, Firearm injuries, Defence injuries, fabricated injuries. Traffic accident
injuries: vehicular injuries, railway injuries and aircraft injuries. Thermal injuries:
Burn and scalds, Lightning, Electricity, Explosions. Chemical trauma. Injuries-
Accidental, self-inflicted, or inflicted by others. Ante -mortem and post-mortem,
artificial injuries and aging of injuries. Fractures, Dislocations Secondary causes of
death Regional injuries- wound of the scalp- incised, contusions, lacerations,
firearm injuries. Fractures of the skull from direct & indirect impact, injuries of the
brain, face, eyes, nose, ears, lip, teeth and alveoli, neck, spine and spinal cord,
chest, rib, sternum, ribs, lungs, heart, blood vessels, diaphragm, oesophagus,
abdomen, stomach, liver, intestine, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, adrenals urinary
bladder, rectum external genitalia, muscles, bones and joints.

c) Structure and function of the major organ systems: digestive, respiratory,

endocrine, nervous, excretory, reproductive, cardiovascular and neuromuscular.
Microorganism responsible for food poisoning. Times of digestion of foods.
Collection, preservation and forwarding of samples – vomit, stool, stomach wash
and residual food etc.

d) Cell structure and function: Membrane structure, lipids, proteins and

carbohydrates in cell membranes. Role of cell membrane in transport of material
into and out of the cell. Cell organelles, cytoskeleton, projections from cell
Page 17 of 48
 membrane. The nucleus. Chromosomes. Synthesis of proteins, karyotyping, cell
division. Chromosomal sex and sex chromatin. Abnormal cell growth and
tumours.

e) Introduction to body function: External and internal environment, homeostasis.

Negative and positive feedback mechanism. Essential body function- procuring
and ingestion of food, respiration, excretion of waste products. Need for
movement. Mode of communication within the body. Importance of electrolytes,
acids and alkalis, carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the body.

f) Tissues of the body: epithelia and glands. Classification of epithelia, types of

glands, their classification and function. Connective tissues- basic component, cell
in general connective tissues. Different forms of connective tissues, fibres of
connective tissues, cells of connective tissues- adipose tissue. Functions of
connective tissues. Cartilage, structure, types of cartilage, gross structure of bones,
elements comprising bone tissue. Lamellar bone, woven bone, cancellous bone.
Structure of compact bone, periosteum, formation of bone, development of a
typical long bone, fracture healing.

g) Skin and its appendages- structure and functions, pigmentation, blood and nerve
supply. Structure of hair and hair follicle, hair cycle- anagen, catagen, telogen.
Arrector pilli, muscles, sebaceous glands, nails, sweat gland. Muscle- skeletal,
striated, non-striated, voluntary, involuntary. Organization of muscle fibres in
muscle. Tendons. Nerves tissues- neuron structure, type of neurons, synapse, grey
and white matter, peripheral nerves, ganglia.

2) FORENSIC OSTEOLOGY AND ODONTOLOGY

a) Skeletal terminology used in forensic reports- Terminology associated with gross
morphology of bone, bone features and skeletal direction. Basic adult human
skeletal biology, The sub adult skeleton. Number and types of bones in human
body. Human dentition- Terminology associated with human dentition, Dental
numbering system. Forensic Odontology: tooth structure and growth, estimation of
age in young and adults, Population differences in size and morphology. Bite
marks. Individualization of tooth pulp.

b) Exhumation, recovery of fleshed and burnt remains, packaging and storage of

human skeletal remains. Distinguishing Humans from other non- human skeletal
remains. Nonhuman Animal bones commonly confused with human bones.

Page 18 of 48
 Laboratory Examination of skeletal and decomposition remains-maceration,
skeleton analysis and trauma analysis.

c) Skeletal age (Earlier years): Prenatal ossification. Postnatal appearance and union
of centres ossification. Differences due to race. Skeleton age (Later years): Cranial
suture closure, pubic symphysis. Sexing skeletal Remains: General consideration
and age factors. Sex differences in skull, Pelvis and long bones. Calculation of
stature of long bones: Studies on stature reconstruction in various population
groups. Use of fragmentary long bones in stature reconstruction. Racial differences
in human skeleton.

d) Other techniques of identifying skeletal remains: Facial reconstructions, Cranio

facial superimposition, Video superimposition, Osteon counting, Bite mark
analysis. Skeletal Trauma and identifying skeletal pathology- Anti-mortem, peri-
mortem and post-mortem trauma and Pseudo trauma, Pathological changes in
bones

3) FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY
a) Genesis and development of forensic anthropology. Personal identification of
living persons- Identification through somatometric and somatoscopic observation,
nails, occupation marks, scars, tattoo marks and deformities; handwriting and
mannerisms. Genetic traits of forensic significance: Colour blindness, ear lobe,
brachydactyly, polydachtyly,widow’s peak, eye colour, hair colour, face form,
frontal eminences, nasalprofile, nasal tip,lips,chin form. Identification of the
recently dead and decomposed bodies.

b) Major stages of human growth and development- Prenatal growth, Postnatal

growth and their characteristics, Factor affecting growth- Genetic and
Environmental. Methods of studying Human Growth, Significance of age in
growth studies Methods of assessing age-chronological age, dental age, skeletal
age, secondary sex character age and morphological age.

c) Techniques for recovering skeletonised human remains. Laboratory analysis of

skeletal and decomposing remains; maceration, skeletal analysis.

d) Morphology and biochemistry of human and animal hair, hair growth and
development, microscopical examination-, determination of origin race, sex, site,
Hair types and morphology- hair growth rate, hair distribution, hair growth pattern.
Hair colour and its variation. Forensic and microscopic examination of human and
non-human hair, common animal hair- wool type fibres, cat and dog hair.
Page 19 of 48
 Microscopic features- diameter, pigment, cortex, cuticle, cross section. Collection
& preservation of hair samples.

4) FORENSIC BOTANY, ENTOMOLOGY, WILD LIFE FORENSICS &

MICROBIAL FORENSICS
a) General plant classification schemes. Sub specialization of forensic botany- plant
morphology, plant anatomy, plant systematic, palynology, plant ecology,
limnology, Plant architecture- roots, stems, flowers, leaves. Practical plant
classification schemes: - vegetables and herbs, fruits bearing trees and plants,
landscaping plants: trees, shrubs and vines, grasses, plant cell structure and
functions. Basic plant tissues

b) Various types of woods, timbers, seeds and leaves and their forensic importance. .
Identification and matching of various types of wood, timber varieties, seeds and
leaves. Types of fibers – forensic aspects of fiber examination- fluorescent, optical
properties, refractive index, birefringence, dye analysis etc. Identification and
comparison of man–made and natural fibres. Various types of Planktons and
diatoms and their forensic importance Diatoms types morphology, methods of
isolation from different tissue. Study and identification of pollen grains,
Identification of starch grains, powder and stains of spices etc. Paper and Paper
Pulp identification, Microscopic and biochemical examination of pulp material.

c) Various types of poisonous plants-abrus precatorius, Aconitum, Anacardium

occidentale, argemone Mexicana, calotropis, cannabis sativa, claviceps purpuria,
cinchona, croton tiglium ,atropa belladonna, erythroxylum coco, gloriosa
superb,jatropha curcas, lathyrus sativus, manihot utilissima, nerium indicum,
nicotiana tabacum, plumbago, ricinus communis, semicarpus anacardium,
strychnos nux vomica, thevetia nerifolia, Types of plants yielding drugs of abuse –
opium, cannabis, coco, tobacco, dhatura, Psilocybin mushrooms.

d) Forensic Entomology- History, significance, determination of time since death-

Dipterean larval development, Life cycles of Blowfly, Flash fly and Housefly,
successional colonization of body, Entomology as an evidentiary tool in child and
senior abuse cases and animal abuse cases, collection of entomological evidence,
Rearing of insects.

e) Introduction and importance of wild life. Protected and endangered species of

animals and plants. Sanctuaries and their importance. Relevant provision of wild
life and environmental act. Types of wildlife crimes, different methods of killing
and poaching of wildlife animals.
Page 20 of 48
 f) Microorganism encountered in biological warfare

5) FORENSIC GENETICS AND BIOINFORMATICS

a) Elements of human genetics: Introduction, heritability, human genetic variations,
human chromosomes (Normal chromosome set, chromosomal abbration, recent
advances), Mendelian inheritances: Dominant inheritance, recessive inheritance,
sex-linked inheritances, polymorphic traits. Heritable human diseases.
Metabolic/molecular basis and detection of inherited disease, gene mapping and
genetic risk assessment.

b) Mendelian Population, gene pool, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, deviation from H-

W equilibrium, statistical assessment of deviation from H-W equilibrium,
consanguinity, inbreeding, inbreeding coefficient, genotypes, phenotypes,
mutation, multiple alleles, genetic variants, biochemical genetics, gene structure,
its frequency determination, gene mapping and gene Expression. Genetic markers
and their forensic significance. Mutations and their causes, types of mutation,
mutation rate, genetic load. Method of mutation detection, population structure
and gene flow. Mutation – Classification, mechanism, repair, role of genetic
analysis and evolution.

c) Introduction, theory and practice of database searching, integrated information

retrieval, internet access, searching for sequence homology and alignment.
Concept of UNIX database and programming, computing, concepts of the UNIX
operating systems. Basic theory of probability and statistics. Bayesian analysis.
Likelihood ratio. Population and statistical aspect of genetics. Statistical issues in
paternity testing and mixtures, presenting evidence. Use of common software in
molecular genetics. Data analysis like- Dispan, Popgene, Arliquene, Sequence
editing tool.

d) Gene identification and prediction- Introduction Basics of gene prediction, pattern

recognition, gene prediction tools, Tools for microarray analysis and application,
FASTA and BLAST Algorithm. Major data basis in bioinformatics.

6) FORENSIC SEROLOGY
a) Immune system, immune response, innate and acquired immunity, antigens,
antibodies, haptenes and adjuvants, immunoglobulin- types, physico-chemical
properties and function, raising of anti-sera, Lectins - their forensic significance.

Page 21 of 48
 Buffers and serological reagents, methods of sterilization employed for serological
work.

b) Composition of blood, Formation of blood, Blood groups – history, biochemistry

and genetics of ABO, Rh, Mn and other systems. Methods of ABO blood grouping
(absorption-inhibition, mixed agglutination and absorption elution) from blood
stains and other body fluids/stains viz. menstrual blood, semen, saliva, sweat, tear,
pus, vomit, hair, bone, nail etc., blood group specific ABH substances. Secretors
and non- secretors. Blood groups that make racial distinctions. Lewis antigen,
Bombay Blood groups. HLA antigens and HLA typing. Role of sero-genetic
markers in individualization and paternity disputes. Pitfalls in red cell typing,
Antibody profiling in Forensic testing

c) Determination of human and animal origin from bones, hair, flesh, nails, skin,
teeth body tissue, fluids/ stains viz. blood, menstrual blood, semen, saliva, sweat,
tear, pus, vomit, etc., through immunodiffusion and immuno - electrophoresis,
cross reactivity among closely related species. Individualization of blood stains:
Determination of blood groups, sex age and racial origin from dried bloodstains.
Red cell enzymes: Genetics, polymorphism and typing of PGM, GLO-I, ESD,
EAP, AK, ADA etc. and their forensic significance. Serum proteins: Genetics,
polymorphism and typing of - Hb, HP, Tf, Bf, C3 etc. and their forensic
significance

d) Presumptive and confirmatory test for body fluids (Blood, Semen, Saliva, Urine,
faecal matter), Blood stain pattern analysis and its forensic significance,
Collection, preservation and packaging of Biological exhibits.

7) FORENSIC DNA PROFILING

a) Outline of genetic manipulations, enzymes in genetic manipulation, basic
molecular cloning procedures, isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences –
complementary DNA, genomic library construction, preparation of plasmid DNA,
sub cloning, colony hybridization, Nick translation, Oligo nucleotide probes,
expression of genes. Nucleic acid hybridization and DNA sequencing.

b) An overview of molecules involved in the flow of genetic information, double

helical structure of DNA, alternate forms of DNA double helix, denaturation and
renaturation of DNA, DNA binding proteins, factors affecting DNA stability,
types and structure of RNA, RNA-DNA hybrid helices, DNA repair, direct and
indirect evidences for DNA and RNA as the genetic material. Chemical nature of
DNA and RNA. Replication of DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, genetic code,
Page 22 of 48
 degeneracy and universality of genetic code, transcription and translation
machinery. Nature and structure of human genome and its diversity. mt-DNA, Y-
Chromosomes and the peopling, migration, of modern humans. Concept of gene –
Conventional and modern views. Fine structure of gene, split gene, pseudogene,
non-coding gene, overlapping genes and multiple gene families.

c) Concept of sequence variation - VNTRs, STRs, Mini STRs, SNPs. Detection

techniques - RFLP, PCR amplifications, PCR inhibitors, Primer Designing,
Amp-FLP, sequence polymorphism, Y-STR, Mitochondrial DNA. Evaluation of
results, frequency estimate calculations and interpretation, Allele frequency
determination, Match probability – Database, Quality control, Certification and
Accreditation. X-STR, Microbial DNA testing, Non-Human DNA testing, Plant
DNA testing, STR kits, STR typing – Manual and Capillary electrophoresis
(principle and instrumentation), RNA and its application in forensics.

d) History of DNA profiling applications in disputed paternity cases, child swapping,

missing person’s identity, civil immigration, veterinary, wild life and agriculture
cases. legal perspectives – legal standards for admissibility of DNA profiling –
procedural & ethical concerns, status of development of DNA profiling in India &
abroad. limitations of DNA profiling. Population databases of DNA markers –
STRs, Mini STRs, SNPs. New & Future technologies: Analysis of SNP, DNA chip
technology- Microarrays Cell-free DNA, Synthetic DNA, Touch DNA, LCN
DNA.

Isolation, quantification and quality assessment of DNA from hard and soft
tissues, Touch and /trace DNA. Collection, preservation and packaging of exhibits
for DNA analysis.

Page 23 of 48
 ELECTIVE IV: FORENSIC CHEMICAL SCIENCES
1) FORENSIC CHEMISTRY-I
a) Alcohols and alcoholic beverages, Analysis of alcohols, country made liquor,
illicit liquor and medicinal preparations, Analysis of various denaturants of
alcohol, detection and determination of ethanol, methanol, aldehyde, ester by
colour test and instrumental technique, Relevant sections of Excise Act.

b) Metals and alloys their composition; Importance of analysis, purity of metals,

trace elements, asht dhatu and their analysis

c) Petroleum products and their adulterations: Analysis of petrol, kerosene, diesel,

lubricants by BIS methods and ASTM methods. Detection of adulterants of
gasoline, diesel and engine oils. Analysis of residues in forensic exhibits,
chromatography analysis of petrol, kerosene, diesel and other solvents for
detection of adulteration.

d) Fire and Arson; Examination of crime scene, collection of exhibits, cause of fire
and origin of fire, method of identification of inflammable material

e) Analysis of trap case:- Mechanism of colour reaction, factor affecting the

colour, detection of phenolphthalein and alkali used, method of detection of
degraded product on conversion of pink colour to colourless solution by TLC
and UV visible spectrophotometer. Photo and videography and voice recording
as supporting evidence.

f) Dyes: Role of dyes in crime investigation, comparison of dyes in fibres and

different inks by TLC and UV-VIS Spectrophotometer.

g) Pesticides: Different types of pesticide, formulation, identification of pesticide,

standard or sub-standard or substituted pesticides. Determination of purity by
analysis by chemical test, thin layer chromatography, ultra violet - visible
spectrophotometry and gas liquid chromatography. Determination of level of
pesticide in water, cold drinks, milk, food materials.

2) FORENSIC CHEMISTRY-II
a) Explosive and Explosion: Introduction, classification of explosives- primary,
secondary or High explosive, detonators pyro technique propellant IEDs and
firing mechanism of IEDs

Page 24 of 48
 b) Role of Forensic scientist in Post blast investigation, Explosion effects,
Collection of samples, Technical report frame work, Home made crude bombs,
Evaluation and assessment of explosion site and reconstruction of sequence of
events.
c) Analysis of explosive: Methods for extraction of explosive from post blast
material/ debris, Qualitative analysis of explosives and explosion residue by
colour test, TLC/HPTLC and High Performance Liquid Chromatography and
FTIR, GC-Mass, LC-Mass. X ray diffraction, equipment used for detection of
explosives and explosive devices.
d) Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: Sampling procedure and relevant
notification, Laboratories authorised to conduct examination, an expert
authorised to report NDPS cases.
e) Laws related to forensic interest, Common terminology and NDPS act Small
quantity and commercial quantity and extent of punishment
f) Classification of Drugs commonly encountered: Narcotics, depresants,
stimulants, hallucinogens designer drugs, club drugs and date rape drugs.
g) Analysis of Drugs: Narcotic drugs, Depressants, Barbiturates, methaquolone,
Benzodiazipines, Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Designer Drugs, Club drugs, date
rape drugs and precursors by Field test kits for drugs and precursors using
colour test, thin layer chromatography and further confirmation by HPTLC,
UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Gas Chromatography, HPLC, GC-Mass
Spectrometry and LC-Mass Spectrometry, Raman Spectroscopy and FTIR after
extraction of drug from the seized sample.
Detection of common adulterants and determination of percentage purity in
seized sample
h) Court testimony and case studies.

3) FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY - I

a) Forensic Toxicological examination and its significance. Branches of

Toxicology: Introduction & Scope, Classification of poisons, based on their
origin, mode of action, chemical nature, poisons and poisoning in India,
Classification of poisoning: accidental, homicidal, suicidal and miscellaneous,
sign and symptoms of poisons and antidotes. Factors affecting the intensity of
poisoning. Importance of post-mortem examination in poisoning cases.
Information to be collected by Investigating Officers and precautions to be
adopted while searching crime scene and collecting evidence material in
poisoning cases. Laws related to Poisons. Poison Act 1919, Drugs Act 1940 and
1955, Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940 and amendments

Page 25 of 48
 b) Classification of matrices- Biological, non-biological and Viscera. Different
methods of extraction for volatile poisons of organic and inorganic nature:
Solvent extraction, distillation /steam distillation, micro diffusion, dialysis, dry
ashing, wet digestion, modified Stas-Otto method, ammonium sulphate method.
Isolation and clean up procedure, separation of poisons and drugs using
chromatographic techniques. Identification and estimation of poisons and drugs
using chromatographic and spectrophotometric and other instrumental methods,
significance of analytical studies with forensic examination.
c) Analysis of different Gases and volatile poisons, Analysis of toxic metals and
anions
d) Analysis of pesticides: Organo chlorinated, organo phosphoro, carbamates,
pyrethroids, aluminum phosphide and zinc phosphide
e) Methods of analysis of acidic/ neutral and alkaline drugs and poison commonly
enconterd for forensic analysis
f) Systematic method of extraction of poisons both organic and inorganic from
biological matrix and their detection, identification and quantitation by colour
test, TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, GLC, UV –visible spectrophotometry FTIR, Mass
spectrometry. Qualitative and quantity analysis of Inorganic poisons using
instrument AAS, ICP, ion chromatography, ion selective electrode.

4) FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY - II

a) Modern method of extraction and Isolation: Solid phase extraction, solid phase
micro-extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, preparative TLC and HPTLC

b) Extraction of poisons from blood, urine, stomach wash and vomit, cold drink,
food material, toxicological analysis of Nail, Bones and bile in decomposed
materials. Interpretation of toxicological finding and preparation of reports,
limitation of method and trouble shooting in toxicological analysis, disposal of
analysis samples

c) Hair analysis: Importance of hair for forensic examination of drugs and

poisons, procedure for collection, storage and preservation. Methods of
extraction of drugs and poisons from hair and their identification using
instrumental techniques

d) Metabolism: various path of metabolism of common poisons, their distribution

and excretion and method of extraction, isolation and identification of
metabolites.

Page 26 of 48
 e) Food poisons: what is food poisoning, food poisoning due to common chemical
and bacterial, sign and symptom of food poisoning, collection and preservation
of evidence material, detection and identification by colour test and instrumental
techniques

f) Plant poison: introduction, classification and their main active constituents,

method of extraction of plant material from biological sample, identification by
colour test and TLC and UV- Visible spectrophotometer and other instrumental
techniques

g) Animal Poisons: Commonly encountered poisonous animals, snake and other

insects, sign and symptoms, isolation of poison from biological material.
Identity of poison by various chemical constituents, precipitant test and gel
diffusion and immunological test

h) Common poison used in animal poisoning including wild life animals

i) Environmental pollutants- Inorganic and Inorganic and their identification and
quantitation

j) Quaternary ammonium drugs and poisons Introduction and problems associated

with their extraction from pharmaceuticals and biological materials. Method of
extraction using ion pair and identification by TLC and UV visible
spectrophotometry and other instrumental techniques

5) INSRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES - I
a) Basic concept of atomic and molecular spectra.

b) Basics of Instrumentation, sample preparation, purification of sample before

analysis standardization and calibration of instrument

c) Ultra violet and visible spectrophotometry: Basic principle and instrumentation,

Lambert and Beers Law. Role in identification and quantitation in forensic
chemistry and toxicology and its limitations. Fluorescence and phosphorescence
and its application

d) Infrared spectrophotometry: Basic principle, components, Sample handling,

Dispersive and Fourier transform spectrophotometry, (FTIR). Qualitative
analysis and interpretation of IR spectra, applications.

Page 27 of 48
 e) Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS): Instrumentation and techniques,
interference in AAS, background correction methods, graphite furnace
quantitative analysis. Applications in forensic chemistry and toxicology

f) Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES)-Inductively Coupled Plasma and ICP-MS

instrument for detection and quantitation of inorganic metals, alloys and poisons
in biological materials. Advantage of ICP over AAS and vice –versa

g) Chromatography Techniques; General principles of paper chromatography,

column chromatography, TLC, gas chromatography, HPTLC and HPLC for
identification and quantitation.

h) X ray spectroscopy- X ray absorption and fluorescence their application in

forensic chemistry and toxicology

6) INSRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES - II

a) Mass spectrometry: Basic principle and component of Instrument sample

chamber, ionization method, mass analyser, vaccum system, data handling.
Tandem mass spectrometry. Interpretation of spectra. Application in Forensic
chemistry and forensic toxicology

b) Raman spectroscopy Basic principle, sample handling Application in Forensic

chemistry and toxicology. Advantage of Raman over IR/FTIR

c) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): basic principle and instrumentation,

interpretation of spectra and application

d) Measurement of radioactivity, carbon dating, Neutron Activation analysis and

its application in forensic science

e) Scanning Electron Microscope Coupled with EDXR, advantage of SEM over

optical microscope. Application in Forensic Science

f) Hyphenated techniques- Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry,

Liquid chromatography coupled with Mass spectrometry, GLC- FTIR.

Page 28 of 48
 ELECTIVE V: FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY

1. Psychology/ Forensic Psychology

a. General/Cognitive Psychology
b. Abnormal/ Clinical Psychology
c. Industrial/ Organizational Psychology
d. Social Psychology
e. Biopsychology

2. Criminology
a. Crime & Deviance
b. Criminology
c. Crime Prevention
d. Schools of Criminology
e. Criminal Justice System
f. Criminal Law & Procedure
g. Criminological Research & Statistical Applications
h. Juvenile Delinquency
i. Victimology

3. Aptitude in forensic Science

a. Fundamentals of basic Sciences as applied to Forensic Investigation
b. Quality Control and Quality Assurance in the analysis of evidence materials
and Proficiency test
c. Techniques and Instruments for Evidence analysis: Precision, accuracy, error
rate and standardization
d. Expert testimony in the Court of Law, Admissibility of Evidence
e. Laws relevant to Forensic Science
f. Ethics in Forensic Science

4. Reasoning
a. Verbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning
b. Analogies
c. Similarities
d. Relationship Concepts
e. Arithmetical
f. Visual Memory
g. Discrimination
h. Reasoning
Page 29 of 48
i. Differences
j. Space Visualization
k. Problem Solving
l. Analysis
m. Judgement
n. Verbal and Figure Classification
o. Number Series Observation
p. Decision Making
******

Page 30 of 48
 SUGGESTED READINGS
SECTION: A
APTITUDE IN FORENSIC SCIENCE
1. Adler F. (5th Edition) (2004), Criminology, McGraw-Hill.
2. Allison H.C. (1973), Personal Identification, Holbrook Press, Inc.
3. Arrigo A. B.(2002), Introduction to forensic Psychology, Elsevier Inc.
4. Ashraf Mozayani, Carla Noziglia .The Forensic Laboratory Handbook
Procedures and Practice, 2nd edition, Humana Press 2010
5. Barak G. (1998), Integrative Criminology, Ashgate Pub Ltd.
6. Barnett P.D. (2001), Ethics in Forensic Science: Professional Standards for the
Practice of Criminalistics, CRC press .
7. Biderman (1st Edition) (1961), The Manipulation of Human Behavior, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
8. Bridges (1942), Practical Finger Printing, Funk and Washalls Co. New York.
9. Cherril F.R. (1954), The Finger Prints. System at Scotland Yard: A Practical
Treatise on Finger Print Identification for the Use of Students and Experts and a
Guide for Investigators when Dealing with Imprints Left at the Scenes of Crime,
H.M. Stationary office, London.
10. Constitution of India.
11. Cooke G. (1980), The role of Forensic Psychologist, Thomas Publication.
12. Criminal Procedure code.
13. Cummins and Midlo (1943), Finger Prints, Palms and Soles, The Blakiston
office London.
14. Gaensselen R., Harris H. and Lee H. (2007), Introduction to Forensic Science
and Criminalistics, McGraw-Hill Education.
15. Haward R.C.L. (1981), Forensic Psychology, Batsford Academic and
Educational.
16. Hess A.K. and Weiner I.B. (2nd Edition) (1999), Handbook of Forensic
Psychology, Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated.
17. Holt S.B. (1968), Genetics of Dermal Ridges, Thomas.
18. Howitt D. (2002), Forensic and Criminal Psychology, Pearson Education
Limited.
19. Indian Evidence Act.
20. Indian Penal Code.
21. Jacqueline T. Fish, Federal Bureau of Investigation. FBI Handbook of Crime
Scene Forensics: The Authoritative Guide to Navigating Crime Scenes 2015

Page 31 of 48
22. James S.H and Nordby J.J. (2003), Forensic Science: An introduction to
scientific and investigative techniques, CRC Press, USA.
23. Johnson E.H. (4th Edition) (1978), Crime, Correction and Society, Dorsey
Press.
24. Kirk P.L. (1953), Criminal Investigation: physpical evidence and the police
laboratory, Interscience Publisher Inc. New York.
25. Mehta M. K. (1980), Identification of Thumb Impression & Cross Examination
of Finger Prints, N. M. Tripathi (P) Ltd. Bombay.
26. Moenssens (1975), Finger Prints Techniques, Chitton Book Co. Philadelphia,
New York.
27. Nanda B.B. and Tewari, R.K. (2001), Forensic Science in India: A vision for
the twenty first century, Select Publisher, New Delhi.
28. Nickolas P. and Sherman H. (2006), Illustrated Guide to Crlme Scene
Investigation, CRC press.
29. O’Hara C.E. and Osterburg J.W. (1949). Introduction to Criminalistics, The
MacMillan Co.
30. Osterburg J.W. (1968), The Crime Laboratory: Case Studies of Scientific
Criminal Investigation, West Group.
31. Raul Sutton, Keith Trueman, Christopher Moran. Crime Scene Management:
Scene Specific Methods, Wiley Publishers 2016
32. Richard Saferstein. Forensic Science: From the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab,
Prentice Hall, 2014
33. Reid S.T. (12th Edition) (2008), Crime and Criminology, Oxford University
Press, USA.
34. Saferstien R. (8th Edition) (1976), Forensic Science Handbook, Prentice Hall
Inc. USA.
35. Sharma B.R. (2003) Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and Trials,
Universal Law Publishing Company.
36. Stuart H. James, John J. Nordby, Suzanne Bell. Forensic Science: An
Introduction to Scientific and Investigation Techniques, 4th edition, CRC Press 2014
37. Wentworth and Wilder (1948), Personal Identification, R. G. Badger, Boston.

Page 32 of 48
 SECTION: B
ELECTIVE I: FORENSIC PHYSICAL SCIENCES

i. Forensic Physics
1. AATCC Technical Manual of American Association of Textile Chemists and
Colorists, Vol-75 (2000), American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,
USA
2. Albert S. Osborn; “Questioned Documents”, 2nd Ed., Universal Law Pub.,
Delhi, 1998.
3. Albert S Osborn; “The Problem of Proof”, 2nd Ed., Universal Law Pub. Delhi,
1998.
4. Allan Matchett; “CCTV for Security Professionals”, Elsevier, Butterworth
Heinemann, 2003.
5. Arora, S. P. &Bindra, S. P., “A Text Book of Building Construction”,
DhanpatRai& Sons, Delhi, 2010
6. Atkins, P.W.; “Physical Chemistry”, 6th Edition, Oxford University, 1998.
7. Austerberg David; “The Technology of Video & Audio Streaming”, Focal
Press, 2013.
8. B. A. J.Fisher, D. R. Fisher;“Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 8th
Edition”, CRC Press London, 2012.
9. Banwell C.L &Elani M.M.C; “Fundamental of Molecular Spectroscopy”, 4th
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co.,1995.
10. B. Caddy; “Forensic Examination of Glass and Paints Analysis and
Interpretation”, ISBN 0784 05749, 2000
11. Bengold& Nelson Moryson; “Speech and Audio signal processing”, John Wiley
& Sons, USA (1999)
12. Bevel, Tom.; “Bloodstain Pattern Analysis”, Boca Raton CRC Press, 2008
13. Bodziak, W., “Footwear Impression Evidence”, 2nd Ed. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Florida,2000
14. B.P.Saville; “Physical Testing of Textiles”, The Textile Institute CRC Press and
wood head Pub., 2000
15. Brown Blain; “Cinematography: Theory and Practice Image making for
Cinematographers and Directors”, Routledge, 2016.
16. B.R Sharma, “Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation & Trials”, Universal
Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2003.
17. C.G.G.Aitkens and D. A. Stoney;“The Use of Statistics in Forensic Science”,
Ellis Harwood Limited, England 2011.
18. C.G.G Aitkens and Franco Taroni; “Statistics and Evaluation of Evidence for
Forensic Scientists”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
Page 33 of 48
19. Chatwal G.R & Anand S.K;“Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis”,
Himalaya Publishing House, 2004.
20. Chatwal G.R;“Analytical Spectroscopy”, 2nd Edition, Himalaya Publishing
House, 2002.
21. Christian, G.D.;“Analytical Chemistry”, 6th Edition., John Wiley, 2004
22. C. Kittel; “Solid-state physics”, Wiley 8th Ed, 2008.
23. Clark E.G.C;“Isolation and Identification of drugs, Vol.1 and Vol.2, Academic
Press,1986.
24. C P Poole Jr and Franks J Owens; “Introduction to Nanotechnology”, Wiley-
Inderscience; 1st Ed, 2003.
25. Craig Adam;“Mathematics and Statistics for Forensic Science”, Wiley
Blackwell, 2010
26. David A. Crown; “The Forensic Examination of Paints and Pigments”, Toylor&
Francis, NY, 2001.
27. David Lucy; “Introduction to Statistics for Forensic Scientists”, John Wiley &
Sons Ltd., London, 2005.
28. David R.Redsicker; “The Practical Methodology of Forensic Photography”, 2nd
Ed. CRC Press LLC, 2001.
29. D.B. Fry; “The Physics of Speech, Cambridge University Press”, (2004)
30. Douglas Skoog, James Holler and Stanley Crouch; “Principles of Instrumental
Analysis” 7th Edition, Cengage Learning, 2017.
31. Dwight Bolinger et. al.; “Aspects of Language”, Third Edition, Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich College Publishers, USA, (1981)
32. E.R.Mengel; “Forensic Physics in 2002 year book”, McGraw Hill Encyclopedia
of Science & Technology.
33. E.R.Mengel; “Forensic Physics in 2002-year book”, McGraw Hill Encyclopedia
of Science & Technology. 2002
34. Fifield, F.W. and Kealy, D.; “Principles and practice of Analytical Chemistry”,
5th Edition, Blackwell Science, 2000.
35. F. Toroni, S. Bozza, A. Biedermann, P. Garbolino; “Data analysis in Forensic
Science”, Wiley, 2010.
36. Gloria J. Borden et. al.;“Speech Science Primer (Physiology, Acoustics and
perception of Speech)”, 6th Ed, a Wolters Kluwer Company, USA, (2011)
37. G.R Chatwal & S.K Anand; “Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis”,
Himalaya Publ. House, 2004.
38. G.R Chatwal; “Analytical Spectroscopy”, 2nd Edition, Himalaya Publishing
House, 2002.
39. Harold Franck; “Forensic Engineering Fundamentals”, CRC Press, Taylor and
Francis Group, 2013.
Page 34 of 48
40. Harris, D.C.;“Quantitative Chemical Analysis”, 5th Edition., Freeman,1999.
41. Harry Hollien; “Forensic Voice Identification”, Academic Press, London.
(2001)
42. Harry Hollien; “The Acoustics of Crime- The New Science of Forensic
Phonetics”, Plenum Press, New York and London (1990)
43. H. Henry; “Color photography – A Working Manual”, Little Brown Co.
Boston,1995
44. H.L Blitzer& J. Jacob; “Forensic Digital Imaging and Photography”, Academic
Press, 2002
45. H.L. Blitzer and J.Jacobia; “Forensic Digital Imaging and Photography”,
Academic Press, 2002.
46. H. Lee;“Physical Evidence”, Elsevier, 2000
47. Hobart Willard; “Instrumental Methods of Analysis”, Wadsworth Publishing
Company, 1988
48. James Michael Curran, TachiaNatilie Hicks and John S. Buckleton; “Forensic
Interpretation of Glass Evidence”, CRC Press,2000
49. James, S.H. And Nordby, J. J.; “Forensic Science; An Introduction to Scientific
and Investigative Techniques”, 4th Edition, CRC Press USA, 2014
50. James, Stuart H.; “Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis”, Boca Raton
Taylor & Francis 2005.
51. James W R; “Atomic Spectroscopy”, 2ndEdition, Marcel Dekkar, In, NY, 1966.
52. Jay A.Siegel, Pekka J Saukko and Geoffrey C. Kooupfer; “Encyclopedia of
Forensic Science”, Academic Press,2000.
53. J. M. Brown & Campbell, E. A;“The Cambridge handbook of Forensic
Psychology”, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2010
54. John Lewis; “Criminalistics for Crime Scene Investigators”, LawTech
Publishing Group, 2014.
55. J.Walls; “Forensic Science-An Introduction to Scientific Crime Detection”, 2nd
Ed.,Universal, 1st Indian Reprint, 2002.
56. K.C Thomson & R.J Renolds; “Atomic Absorption Fluorescence & Flame
Emission Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach”,2nd Edition, Charles Griffin & Co.,
1978.
57. Kenneth S. Obenski et. al.; “Motorcycle Accident Reconstruction and
Litigation”, Lawyers & Judges Pub. Company. 2011.
58. Kerman Kruggle; “CCTV Surveillance: Practices and Technology”, Elsevier,
2007.
59. Khandpur R.S; “Handbook of Analytical Instruments”, Tata McGraw Hill Publ.
Co., 2004.

Page 35 of 48
60. Kittler Josef & Mark S. Nixon; “Audio and Video based Biometric Person
Authentication”, Springer, 2003.
61. Laboratory procedure manual, Forensic Physics, Directorate of Forensic
Science, MHA, Govt. of India2005.
62. Lee,Henry C et. al.; “Advances in Fingerprint technology”, New York CRC
Press,2001
63. LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science; “A forensic
Guide for Crime Investigators”, LNJN NICFS, 2015.
64. Lynn B. Fricke.; “Traffic Crash Reconstruction”, Northwestern University
Center for Public Safety, 2010.
65. Michal Kawulok et al.; “Advances in Face Detection & Facial Image Analysis”,
Springer, 2016.
66. Millerson Gerald; “Video Camera Techniques”, Focal Press, 2006.
67. M.M Houck &J.A Siegel; “Fundamentals of Forensic Science”, Academic
Press, London, 2006.
68. Musburger, B. Robert & Michael R. Ogden; “Single Camera Video
Production”, Focal Press, 2014.
69. Nakanishi Koji; “Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy”, Holden-Day, Inc. 1969)
70. Nick Marsh; “Forensic Photography: A Practitioner’s Guide”, 2014.
71. Oscar Tosi; “Voice Identification-Theory of Legal Applications”, University
Park Press, Baltimore (1979)
72. O'Shaughnessy, Douglas; “Speech Communication”, Hyderabad Universities
Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. (2001)
73. Patania V. B; “Spectroscopy”, Campus Books International, 2004.
74. Patricia Ashby; “Speech Sounds”, 2nd Ed. Routledge, London and New York
(2005)
75. Philip Rose; “Forensic Speaker Identification,” Taylor and Francis, Forensic
Science Series, London (2002)
76. Phillip Rose; “Forensic Speaker Identification”, Taylor & Francis, Forensic
Science Series, London,2002
77. Qi Peter Li; “Speaker Identification”, Springer, 2012.
78. Randal Davis; “Evidence Collection and Presentation”, 2nd Edition, LawTech
Publishing Group, 2016.
79. Raul Sutton, Keith Trueman and Chris Moran;“Crime scene management:
Scene Specific Methods”,John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
80. R.E. Jacobson, S.F.Ray, G.G.Attridge;“The Manual of Photography-
Photographic and Digital Imaging”, N.R. Oxford, 2000.
81. Richard Saferstein; “Forensic Science: An Introduction”, Prentice Hall Inc.,
USA, 2010
Page 36 of 48
82. Robert C. Shaler; “Crime Scene Forensics: A Scientific Method Approach”,
CRC Press London, 2012.
83. Robinson James; “Atomic Spectroscopy” 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker 1996.
84. R.S Khandpur; “Handbook of Analytical Instruments”, Tata Mac Graw Hill
Publ. Co., 2004.
85. R. W. Rivers.; “Basic Physics: Notes for Traffic Crash Investigators and
Reconstructionists: An Introduction for Some, a Review for Others”, Charles C.
Thomas Pub Ltd, 2004.
86. R. W. Rivers; “Evidence in Traffic Crash Investigation and Reconstruction:
Identification, Interpretation and Analysis of Evidence, and the Traffic Crash
Investigation and Reconstruction”, Charles C. Thomas Pub Ltd. 2006.
87. S.H James and John Nordby;“Forensic Science- An Introduction to Scientific
and investigative Techniques”, CRC Press, USA, 2003
88. S. H. James, J. J. Forensic science;“An introduction of Scientific and
Investigative Technique”,CRC press 2003 and 2005
89. S. H. James, J. J. Nordby;“Forensic science: An introduction of Scientific and
Investigative Technique”, CRC press 2003 and 2005.
90. Silverstein, R.M., and Webster, F.X.;“Spectroscopic Identification of Organic
Compounds”, 6th Edition., Wiley, 1997.
91. Silverstein R.M Webster F.X; “Spectrometric Identification of Organic
Compounds” 6th Edition, John Wiley 7 Sons, Inc.,1997.
92. Simon J. Godsill; “Digital Audio Restoration”, Springer, (1998)
93. Stan Z Li & Anil Kumar Jain; “Handbook of Face Recognition”, 2nd Edition,
Springer, 2011.
94. Sunshine I;“Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry”, CRC Press, 1969.
95. Thomson K. C &Renolds R.J; “Atomic Absorption Fluorescence & Flame
Emission Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach”,2nd Edition, Charles Griffin &
Co.,1978.
96. Tony L. Becker; “Lamp Examination for Traffic Collision Investigators”,
Institute of Police Technology and Management. 1995
97. Upton Kobre, Brill; “Photography”, Pearson Education, Inc, 2006.
98. V.B Patania; “Spectroscopy”, Campus Books International, 2004.
99. Welcher Frank; “Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis”, 6th Edition, Van
Nostrand
100. Wheeler, Paul; “Digital Cinematography”, Focal Press, 2001.
101. Wilson R. Harrison; “Suspect Documents and their Scientific Examination”,
Universal Law Pub. Delhi Indian Reprint, 2001.
102. Working manual of VSC-5000.
103. Working Procedure Manual, Physics BPR&D Publication 2000.
Page 37 of 48
 ii. Forensic Ballistics
1. B.R. Sharma. Firearms in Criminal Investigation & Trials, Universal Law
Publishing 2017
2. Julian S. Hatcher, Frank J. Jury, Jac Weller Major. Firearms Investigation,
Identification, and Evidence, 2006
3. Vincent J.M. DiMaio. Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms,
Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques, 3rd edition, CRC Press 2015
4. Heard, B.J; “Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics”, John Wiley, England, 1997.
5. Sellier, K.G. et al; “Wound Ballistics and the Scientific Background”, Elsevier
Pub. Co., London, 1994.
6. Jauhari M; “Identification of Firearms, Ammunition, & Firearms Injuries”,
BPR&D, New Delhi.
7. Schooeble, A.J. and Exline, L.D; “Current methods in Forensic Gunshot
Residue Analysis”, CRC Press, NY,2000.
8. Beyer, J.C. (Ed); “Wound Ballistics”, USPrinting Office, Washington, 1962.
9. Wilber; “Ballistic Science for the Law Enforcement Officer”, Charles C.
Thomas, USA, 1977.
10. Whelen; “Smallarms Design and Ballistics”, Vol II, Smallarms Technicaql
Publishing Company, USA, 1946.
11. Julian S. Hatcher; “Hatcher’s Notebook”, The Telegraph Press, Pennsylvania,
USA, 1966.

iii. Forensic Document Examination

1. Ordway Hilton; Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents. Revised

Edition, Elsevier, NY (1982).
2. Albert S. Osborn; Questioned Documents, 2nd Ed., universal Law Pub., Delhi
(1998).
3. Albert S Osborn; The Problem of Proof, 2nd Ed., Universal Law Pub. Delhi
(1998)
4. Charles C. Thomas; I.S.Q.D. Identification System for Questioned Documents,
Billy Prior Bates Springfield, Illinois, USA (1971)
5. Wilson R. Harrison; Suspect Documents Their Scientific Examination,
Universal Law Pub. Delhi Indian Reprint (2001)
6. Morris Ron N; Forensic Handwriting Identification, Acad Press, London (2001)
7. Kurtz Sheila; Graphotypes a new Plant on Handwriting Analysis, Crown Pub.
Inc., USA (1983)
8. Lerinson Jay; Questioned Documents, Acad Press, London (2001)
9. Mcmenamin Gerald R, Forensic Linguistics-Advances in Forensic Stylistics,
CRC Press, Washington Dc
Page 38 of 48
10. Ellen Davin; Questioned Documents – Scientific Examination, Taylor &
Francis, Washington (1997)
11. Roy A Huber, AM Headrick, Handwriting Identification-Facts & Fundamental,
CRC Press (1999)
12. Andrea Mc Nichol, Jeffrey A Nelson; Handwriting Analysis Putting it to work
for you, Jaico Books, Delhi (1994)
13. Vacca John R; Computer Forensics- Computer crime scene Investigation,
Firewall Medial, An imprint of Laxmi Pub(2002)
14. Casey Eoghan; Handbook of computer crime Investigation, Forensic Tools &
Technology- Academic Press (2002)
15. Morris (2000); Forensic Handwriting Identification (fundamental concepts &
Principals)
16. Madinger J & Zalopany AR; (1999) -Money Laundering- CRC Press
17. Manning CA;(1999) -Financial Investigation & Forensic Accounting- CRC
Press.
18. Brewster F.; Contested Documents and Forgeries,” The Eastern Law House,
Kolkata.
19. Quirke AJ; Forged Anonymous & Suspect Documents- 1930, Reorge Rontledge
& Sons Ltd, London.
20. Katherine M Kappenhaver, CDE-Forensic Document Examination-Humana
Press.
21. Jan Seaman Kelly & Brian S Lindblom-Scientific Examination of Questioned
Documents-Taylor Francis Group London and New York.
22. Malcom Coulthard & Alison Johnson-An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics-
Taylor & Francis Group London and New York.
23. Digital Evidence and Computer Crime, Third Edition: Forensic Science,
Computers, and the Internet by Eoghan Casey.
24. Computer Forensics, Third Edition: Computer Crime Scene Investigation by
John R Vacca

ELECTIVE II: CYBER FORENSICS

1. Bolle R.M., Connell J.H., Pankanti S., Ratha N.K. and Senior A.W. (2004),
Guide to Biometrics, Springer publications.
2. Goyal R.M. and Pawar M.S. (1994), Computer crimes- concept, control and
prevention, Sysman Computer Pvt. Ltd.
3. Jain A.K., Flynn P. and Ross A.A. (2008), Handbook of Biometrics Springer
Publications, Springer.

Page 39 of 48
4. Joakim Kävrestad. Guide to Digital Forensics: A Concise and Practical
Introduction, Springer 2017
5. John D.W. and Nicholas M.O. (2002), Biometrics: Identity Assurance in the
Information age, McGraw Hill.
6. Lee Reiber. Mobile Forensic Investigations: A Guide to Evidence Collection,
Analysis, and Presentation, 1st edition, McGraw-Hill 2016
7. Maria P. and Costas P. (2010), Image Processing: The Fundamentals, Wiley.
8. Marie-Helen Maras. Computer Forensics: Cybercriminals, Laws, and
Evidence, 2nd edition, Jones & Bartlett Learning 2015
9. NCJRS Library collection, Best practices for seizing electronic evidence v.3: A
Pocket Guide for First Responders, US department of Homeland Security.
10. Robert Moore. Cybercrime: Investigating High-Technology Computer Crime,
2nd edition, Routledge 2015
11. Special Report (2nd Edition), Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide
for First Responders, NIJ publication.
12. Special Report, Forensic Examination of Digital Evidence: A Guide for Law
Enforcement, NIJ Publication.
13. Sridhar S. (2011), Digital Image Processing, Oxford University Press.
14. Stern D.L. (1993), Preventing Computer fraud, Computing Mcgraw-Hill.
15. Tewari R.K., Sastry P.K. and Ravikumar K.V. (2003), Computer Crime &
Computer Forensics, Select Publisher, New Delhi.
16. Veerakumar T., Jayaraman S. and Esakkirajan S. (2009), Digital Image
Processing, McGraw Hill.
17. Wold G.H. and Shriver R. (1993), Computer Crime techniques Prevention, New
Delhi Galgotia Book Source.

ELECTIVE III: FORENSIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Biology, Serology and DNA

1. Alan Gunn. Essential Forensic Biology, 2nd Edition, 2nd edition, Wiley-
Blackwell 2009
2. Barris, H. and Hopkinson, D. A. (1976): Handbook of Enzyme, Electrophoresis,
Elsevier, North, Holland, New York.
3. Boorman, K. E: Blood Group Serology, Churchill, and Lincolin, P. J. (1988)
4. Chatterjee, C. C- (1975): Human Physiology.
5. Chowdhuri, S. (1971): Forensic Biology, B P R & D, Govt. of India.
6. Culliford, B. E. (1971), The examination and Typing of Blood Stains, US Deptt.
of Justice, Washington.
Page 40 of 48
7. Dunsford, I. and Bowley, C. (1967): Blood Grouping Techniques, Oliver &
Boyd, London.
8. Eckert, W. G. & James, S.H. (1989): Interpretation of Blood Stain, Evidence,
Elsevaier, New York.
9. Fraser, Roberts J.A (1965): An introduction to Medical Genetics.
10. Gilblet, E. (1969): Marker’s in Human Blood, Davis, Pennsylvania.
11. Modi, J.K. (1988): Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology, N.M. Tripathi Pvt.
Ltd.
12. Race, R. R. and Sangar, R. (1975): Blood Groups in Man. Blackwell Scientific,
Oxford.
13. Richard Li. Forensic Biology, 2nd edition, CRC Press 2015
14. Robertson, J. (1996): Forensic Examination of Hair. Taylor and Francis, USA.
15. Saferstein, R. (1982): Science Handbook, Vol. I, II and III, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey.

Forensic Physical Anthropology including Forensic Medicine:

16. Beals, R.L. and Hozier, H. (1985), An Introduction to Anthropology,

Macmillan, New Delhi.
17. Comas, J.A. (1960), Manual of Physical Anthropology, Charles C. Thomas
U.S.A.
18. Cummins, H. and Midlo, C. (1961), Finger Prints, Palms and Soles, Dover
Publications, U.S.A.
19. David R. Senn and Paul G. Stimson (2nd Edition) (1999), Forensic Dentisty,
CRC Press, LLC.
20. Fraser, Roberts, J.A. (1965), An Introduction to Medical Genetics.
21. Glaister (Ed)-Rentoul and Smith (1973), Forensic Medicine & Toxicology,
Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh.
22. Gray’s Anatomy (1987): Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh.
23. Hooton, E.A. (1946), Up from the Ape, Macmillan, New York.
24. John. G Clement and David. L. Ranso (1998), Craniofacial Identification in
forensic Medicine, Oxiford University, Press.
25. Krishan Vij (2001), Text book of Forensic Medicine, B.I. Churchill Livingstone
Pvt. Ltd.
26. Krogman, W.M. And Iscan, M. (1987), Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine,
Charles & Thomas, U.S.A.
27. Modi, J.K. (1988), Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology, N.M. Tripathi Pvt.
Ltd.

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28. Mukherjee, J.B. (1981), Forensic Medicine & Forensic Toxicology, Academic
Publisher.
29. Najjar, and Macwilliams (1979), Forensic Anthropology.
30. Robert A. Jensen (2000), Mass Falality and Casuality Incidents- A field guide,
CRC Press.
31. Singh, I.P. and Bhasin M. K. (1968), Anthropometery, Kamla-Raj Publications,
Delhi.
32. Steward T.D. (1978), Essentials of Forensic Anthropology, Charles C. Thomas
Publisher, Limited, 1979.
33. Taylor (2000), Forensic Art and Illustrations, CRC Press.
34. Whitaker, D.K. and MacDonald, D.U. (1989), Forensic Dentistry, Wolfe
Medical Publications Ltd.
35. William D. Haglernd, Marculla H. Sorg (1997), Forensic Taphonomy, CRC
Press, LLC.

Specialization in Forensic Biology And Serology

36. Alan Gunn, (2nd Edition) (2009), Essential Forensic Biology, John Wiley &
Sons Ltd.
37. Bruce Budowle, Roger G. Breeze, Steven E. Schutzer (2011), Microbial
Forensics, Academic Press.
38. David B. Rivers and Gregory A. Dahlem (2014), The Science of Forensic
Entomology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
39. David Hall, Jason Byrd (2012), Forensic Botany: A Practical Guide, John Wiley
& Sons Ltd.
40. Dorothy E. Gennard, (2007), Forensic Entomology: An Introduction, John
Wiley & Sons Ltd.
41. Heather Miller Coyle, (2nd Edition) (2012), Forensic Botany, CRC Press INC.
42. Jane E. Huffman, John R. Wallace (2012), Wildlife Forensics: Methods and
Applications, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
43. Jason H. Byrd, James L. Castner (2nd Edition) (2012), Forensic Entomology:
The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigation, CRC Press INC.
44. Jens Amendt, (2010), Current Concepts in Forensic Entomology, John Wiley &
Sons Ltd.
45. Julie Roberts, Nicholas Marquez-Grant, (2012), Forensic Ecology: From Crime
Scene to Court, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
46. Richard Saferstein (Vol. I,II&III) (1982), Forensic Science Hand book, Prentice
Hall, Publications.
47. Robertson, J. (1999), Forensic and microscopic examination of human hair,
Taylor & Francis
Page 42 of 48
Advanced Forensic Serology Including DNA Forensics

48. Angel Carracedo, (2004), Forensic DNA Typing Protocols, Humana Press.
49. Barris, H. and Hopkinson, D.A., (1976), Handbook of Enzyme, Electrophoresis,
Elesvier Publications
50. Chowdhari, S., (1971), Forensic Biology, BPR & D, Govt, of India.
51. Culliford, B.E., (1971), The Examination and Typing of Blood Stains, US
Deptt. of Justice, Washington
52. Dunsford, I and Bowley, C., (1967), Blood Grouping Techniques , Oliver and
Boyd, London
53. Henry C. Lee and R.E. Gaensslen; (1990), DNA and other Polymorphism in
Forensic Science, Year book Medical Publishers, Inc.
54. John Buckleton, Christopher M. Triggs, Simon J. Walsh, (2005), Forensic DNA
Evidence Interpretation, CRC Press.
55. John M. Butler, (2010), Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing, Elsevier
(USA).
56. John M. Butler, (2012), Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing:
Methodology, Elsevier (USA).
57. John M. Butler, (2nd Edition) (2005), Forensic DNA Typing: Biology,
Technology, and Genetics of STR Markers , Elsevier (USA).
58. Lawrence Kobilinsky, L., Liotti, T.F and Sweat, J.O., (2005), DNA: Forensic
and Legal Applications, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
59. Race, R.R, and Sanger, R., (1975), Blood Groups in Man, Blackwell Scientific,
Oxford.
60. Richard Saferstein (Vol. I,II&III) (1982), Forensic Science Hand book, Prentice
Hall New Jersey.
61. Rudin, N. and Inman, K. (2nd Edition) (2002), An Introduction to Forensic
DNA Analysis, CRC Press.
62. William Goodwin, Adrian Linacre, Sibte Hadi, (2007), An Introduction to
Forensic Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

ELECTIVE IV: FORENSIC CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Chemistry and Toxicology

1. Arena Poisoning: Chemistry, Symptoms and Treatment.

2. Barry Levine. Principles of Forensic Toxicology, 4th Edition, AACC Press
2013
3. Casarett & Doll Toxicology : The Basic Science of poisons

Page 43 of 48
4. Connors, K.: A text book of Pharmaceuticals analysis, Interscince, New York,
1975.
5. Curry, A.S. : Poison Detection in Human Organs, 1976.
6. Curry: Analytical Methods in Human Toxicology, Part II, 1986.
7. Egon Stahl. Thin-Layer Chromatography: A Laboratory Handbook, 2013
8. F. Feigl, V. Anger. Spot test in inorganic analysis, 6th edition, 2012
9. Froede, R.C.: The Laboratory Management of the Medico-Legal, Specimen
Analytical Chemical Laboratory Sciences.
10. G. Svehla, B. Sivasankar. Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, 2012
11. Gail Cooper, Adam Negrusz. Clarke's Analytical Forensic Toxicology,
Pharmaceutical Press, 2013
12. Gleason, M.N. et. al.: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial products, Williams
and Williams, Baltimore USA, 1969.
13. Holfmann, F.G.: Handbook of Drug and Alchoho Abuse.
14. Maehly and Stromberg : Chemical Criminalistics, 1980.
15. Modi’s: Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology, M. M. Trirathi Press Ltd.
Allahabd, 1988.
16. Nicholas Lappas, Courtney Lappas . Forensic Toxicology: Principles and
Concepts, Academic Press 2016
17. O. Hara & Osterburg : Introduction to Criminalistics, 1949.
18. Ret Newman, Micheal Gilbert, Kevin Lothridge; GC-MS Guide to Ignitable
Liquids, CRC Press, LLC, 1999.
19. S.N. Tiwari: Analytical Toxicology, Govt. of India Publications, New Delhi,
1987.
20. Saferstein, R: Criminalistics, 2002.
21. Saferstein, R: Forensic Science Hand Book, Vol I, II and III, Pretince Hall, NI,
1982.
22. Sharma, B.R.: Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation & Trials, 2003.
23. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 2017

Narcotics:

24. Anthony C. Moffat, M. David Osselton, Brian Widdop, Jo Watts. Clarke's

Analysis of Drugs and Poisons: In Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Postmortem
Material, Pharmaceutical Press, 2011
25. Indian Pharmacopoeia 2014 with DVD - Seventh edition
26. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985

Page 44 of 48
Explosives:

27. Alexander Beveridge. Forensic Investigation of Explosives, CRC Press, 2nd

edition, 2011
28. Explosive Substances Act, 1908
29. J. Akhavan. The Chemistry of explosives, RSC Publishing, 2015
30. J. Yinon, S. Zitrin. Modern Methods and Applications in Analysis of
Explosives, Wiley Publishers 1996

Specialization In Forensic Chemistry And Toxicology

31. Christian Donell R, Khan Javed, Kennedy Thomas (2011), Basic Principles
of Forensic Chemistry; 1st Edition, Humana Press
32. Clarke E.G.C. and Moffat A.C. (Edition 2 revised) (1986), Clark’s Isolation and
Identification of Drugs, Publisher Pharmaceutical Press.
33. Crown (1968), The Forensic Examination of Paint and Pigments, Charles C
Thomas Pub. Ltd.
34. Cunliffe F. and Piazza P.B. (1980), Criminalistics and Scientific Investigation,
Prentice Hall.
35. Houck Max M; (2015) Forensic Chemistry; 1st Edition; Elsevier science
publication; Amsterdam
36. Iqbal Aftab Syed, Liviu Mitu (2011), Textbook of Forensic Chemistry;
Discovery Publishing House Pvt. Ltd
37. Johll Mathew E (2009), Investigating Chemistry: A forensic science
perspective; 2nd Edition; W.H.Freeman and Company; New York
38. Khan (2012), Basic Principles of Forensic Chemistry; 1st Edition; Springer
Humana; New York
39. Kobilinsky Lawrence, (2012), Forensic Chemistry Handbook; 1st Edition; John
wiley & sons publishing house; Canada
40. Lundquis F. and Curry, A. S. (Vol.III) (1962), Methods of Forensic Science,
Publisher Interscience.
41. Maehly A. and Stromberg L. (1981), Chemical Criminalistics, Springer Berlin.
42. Moonesens A.A; Mosses and Inbaw (1973), Scientific Evidence in Criminal
Cases
43. Newton David E (2008), Forensic Chemistry (Series – The new Chemistry); 1st
Edition; Facts on file publication; USA
44. O’ Hara C.E and Osterburg J.W. (1949), Introduction to Criminalistics, The
MacMillan Co.
45. Saferstein R. (Edition 8th) (1978), Forensic Science Handbook : Criminalistics,
Prentice Hall Inc. USA.

Page 45 of 48
46. Sharma B.R. (2003), Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation & Trials,
Universal Law Publishing Company.
47. Suzanne Bell; Forensic chemistry; 2nd Edition; Pearson Higher Education
48. Walb & Brounds, Drunks, Drugs & Driving.
49. White , Dynamics of Accident Investigation in criminal cases.
50. Winger G., Woods J.H., Hoffman F.G. (4th Edition) (2004), A Handbook on
Drug and Alcoholic Abuse, Oxford University Press

Advanced Forensic Toxicology

51. Arena J.M. (3rd Edition) (1974), Poisoning: Toxicology, Symptoms treatments,
Thomas: University of California.
52. Bamford F. (3rd Edition) (1955), Poisons : Their Isolation and Identification,
McGraw-Hill.
53. Burcham Philip C (2013) ; An introduction to toxicology; 1st edition;
Springer Publication; New York;
54. Christian Donell R (2004); Forensic Investigation Of Clandestine Investigation;
1st Edition; CRC Press; New York
55. Clarke E.G.C. and Moffat A.C. (Edition 2 revised) (1986), Clark’s Isolation and
Identification of Drugs, Publisher Pharmaceutical Press.
56. Connors, K.A. (1975), A Text book of Pharmaceuticals analysis, Wiley
Interscience, New York.
57. Curry A.S. (1972), Advances in Forensic and Clinical Toxicology, CRC Press.
58. Curry A.S. (Part II) (1986), Analytical Methods in Human Toxicology,
Publisher Wiley Verlag Chemie.
59. Curry A.S. (Second Edition) (1969), Poison Detection in Human Organs,
Springfield Thomas.
60. Curry A.S. (Second Edition) (1969), Poison Detection in Human Organs,
Springfield Thomas.
61. Dubois K.P. and Gelling E.M.K. (1959), Textbook of Toxicology, Oxford
University Press.
62. Flanagan Robert J., Taylor A, Watson Ian D, Whelpton Robin (2008) ;
Fundamental of analytic toxicology; 1st Edition; Wiley Blackwell; London
63. Hayes A Wallace, Kruger L. Claire; Haye’s (2014): principles and methods of
toxicology; 6th Edition; CRC Press; New York.
64. Hodgson Ernst (2011); A textbook of modern toxicology; 3rd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication; Canada
65. Holfmann, F.G. (1975), A Handbook of Drug and Alchohol Abuse, New York:
Oxford University Press.

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66. Klaassen C. (Edition 8th) (2013), Casarett & Doll Toxicology: The Basic
Science of poisons, McGraw-Hill Medical.
67. Klaassen Curtis D; Casarett and Doull’s (2008) Toxicology: The basic sciences
of poisons; 7th Edition; Mc Graw Hill Medical Publishing Division; New York
68. Leikin Jerrold B, Paloucek Frank P (2008) ; Poisoning and toxicology
handbook; 4th edition; Informa Healthcare ; New York
69. Moffat Anthony C, Osselton M David, Widdop Brian (2011); Clarke’s analysis
of drug and poisons in pharmaceuticals, body fluids and post-mortem material;
4th Edition; Pharmaceutical press; Chicago
70. Mule, S.J (1974), Immunoassays for Drugs subjects to ab, CRC Press.
71. Neal Michael J (2012) ; Medical Pharmacology at a glance; 7th Edition; Wiley
– Blackwell publication; London
72. Pillay V.V (2013); Modern medical toxicology; 4th Edition; Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publications; New Delhi
73. Stoleman A. (Vol.I,IIand III) (1965), Progress in Chemical Toxicology,
Academic Press.
74. Sunshine (1975), Methods for Analytical Toxicology, CRC Press, USA.
75. Sunshine (Vol. I) (1950), Guidelines for Analytical Toxicology Programme,
CRC Press.
76. Sunshine (Vol.I) (1969), Handbook of Analytical Toxicology, CRC Press.
77. Turner W.W. (First Edition) (1965), Drugs & Poisons, Publisher Aqueduct
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78. Vij Krishnan (2011); Textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology: Principles
and practices; 5th Edition; Elsevier publication; India.

ELECTIVE V: FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY

1. Morris, C. G. (1990). Psychology: An Introduction. New Delhi: Prentice Hall.

2. Ciccarelli, S.K. & Meyer, G.E. (2008). Psychology (South Asian Ed.). New
Delhi: Pearson Longman.
3. Gerrig, R.J. & Zimbardo, P.G. (2010). Psychology and Life (19th Ed.). Delhi:
Allyn & Bacon.
4. Passer, M.W. & Smith, R.E. (2007). Psychology: The Science of Mind and
Behaviour (3rd Ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill
5. Baron. R.A., Byrne, D.& Bhardwaj. G (2010). Social Psychology (12th
Ed).New Delhi: Pearson
6. Deaux.K & Wrightsman, L. (2001). Social Psychology. California: Cole
Publishing
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7. Misra, G. (1990). Applied Social Psychology. New Delhi: Sage.
8. Misra, G. (2009). Psychology in India, Volume 4: Theoretical and
Methodological Developments (ICSSR survey of advances in research). New Delhi:
Pearson.
9. Taylor,S.E., Peplau,L.A. & Sears,D.O. (2006). Social Psychology (12th Ed).
New Delhi: Pearson.
10. Aamodt, M. G. (2001) Industrial Organizational Psychology. India: Cengage
Learning
11. Greenberg, J. & Baron, R.A. (2007). Behaviour in Organizations (9th Ed.).
India: Dorling Kindersley.
12. Luthans, F. (2009). Organizational behavior. New Delhi: McGraw Hill.
13. Muchinsky, P. (2006). Psychology applied to work: An introduction to
industrial and organizational psychology. NC: Hypergraphic Press.
14. Pareek, U. (2010). Understanding organizational behaviour. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
15. Prakash, A. (2011). Organizational behaviour in India: An indigenous
perspective. In G. Misra (Ed.), Handbook of Psychology. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
16. Singh, K. (2010). Organizational Behaviour: Texts & Cases. India: Dorling
Kindersley.

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