CHAPTER 3
METHODS AND MATERIALS
This chapter is meant for giving the details of all the methods and
materials used and if necessary, the details of the specific techniques.
Research Design
In this study the researchers will employ the experimental/testing method
of research to determine the weldability, rupture strength, displacement, time of
fracture of steel bar on how it will work effectively, in terms of time; the
researchers will use experimental approach. To satisfy the researchers’
objective, researchers use the UTM or the Universal Testing Machine for tensile
strength (ASTM E8) to determine the strength of the steel bar regarding the
different welding types and length welded joints for lap that will be conducted.
Methods and Procedure
Based from the researchers’ plan, the first thing to do is to gather tools
and materials needed for the experimental procedure that will be done by the
UTM. The tools needed for the research are welding rod, corrugated steel bar
(10mm), welding machine, grinder, and UTM (Universal Tensile Machine).
After the researchers gathered all the materials needed, then the joints
welding for the test was started. Butt Joint, Lap Joints 1, 2 and 3, and Tee Joint
have a different measurement of welding proportion but same total length that is
20-inches. Researchers will examine the weldability of joints done on UTM –
tensile strength. The specimen will release once UTM reaches the point of joints
strength or the fracture of the connected welded corrugated steel bar.
Researchers will use a table and charts to determine the hardest welded
specimen’s joint to break. In comparing the strength of the specimen, it will be
based by the given results of the UTM – tensile strength in terms to its time, load,
strength, displacement and stress.
To determine the performance of welded Lap joints of corrugated
steel bar in terms of Strength/Stress, Time of Fracture and Displacement.
Specimen Lap Joints 1, 2 and 3 have a different measurement of welding
proportion but same total length that is 20-inches wherein; on Lap Joint 1 has a
1-inch proportion that been welded however, the welding process will be at both
corner of the corrugated steel bar. Lap 2 and 3 similar to the method of the Lap
Joint 1 but differ in length of proportions, the length proportion of Lap 2 has 2-
inches while the Lap Joint 3 has 3-inches. Researchers will start to examine the
weldability of Lap Joints done on UTM tensile strength which has an ASTM Code
- . The specimen such as Lap Joints 1, 2 and 3 will be taken based to its
measurements and during testing; specimen will be examined accordingly. The
result of the specimen will release once UTM reaches the point of joint strength
or the fracture of the connected welded corrugated steel bar wherein; results
consist of strength/stress, time of fracture and the displacement.
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To determine the generalized performances for different welding joints
for Corrugated Steel Bar, such as; Butt Joint, Tee Joint and Lap Joints.
Researchers still testing the specimen but the Butt Joint and Tee Joint are
included. The butt joints are joints that connect the parts that are in a straight line
then two plates are placed in contact. Tee joint are joint that has two parts
connected by a 3-inches steel bar at the center vertically, having a angle of 90
degrees. However, the length of the different types of welding which are the Butt
Joint, Tee Joint and Lap Joints has the same length measurement that is 20-
inches.
To compare the strength of the different joints to its material strength.
In comparing the strength of the specimen and the raw material or the
unwelded steel bar, researchers tested and compared the materials based by the
given results of the UTM-Tensile Strength in terms to its strength. Researchers,
will use a table and charts to determine the hardest welded specimen’s joint to
break.
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Sample Specimen
ASTM A615 G40 G60
Figure 1: Butt Joint
Two pieces of material are joined by simply placing their ends together without
any special shaping. The welded part or proportions on the ends of corrugated
steel bar consist 12.7 mm.
Figure 2: Lap Joint 1
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With a 1-inch width overlaps the other bar with the same width, which is then
riveted together. The welded part of corrugated steel bar above figure consist
12.7 mm.
Figure 3: Lap Joint 2
With a 2 inches width overlaps the other bar with the same width, which is then
riveted together. The welded part of corrugated steel bar above figure consist
12.7 mm.
Figure 4: Lap Joint 3
With a 3 inches width overlaps the other bar with the same width, which is then
riveted together. Welded at the edge of the welding proportions. The welded part
of corrugated steel bar above figure consist 12.7 mm.
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Figure 5: Tee Joints
When two pieces bonded at a 90-degree angle, which formed a diamond.
Divided into two pieces and connected at the center of vertical corrugated steel
bar. The welded part of corrugated steel bar above figure consist 12.7 mm.
ASTM A615 G40 G60 10mm. Deformed Steel Bar/ Steel Rebar Building
Construction Material Steel Iron Rods.
For the Butt joint, researcher used a procedure called Joint Penetration
Groove Weld with an ampere 240 welding current and 29 arc voltage. The Lap
Joints used Corner flange penetration Weld with an ampere 240 welding current
and 29 arc voltage. And for the Tee joint, researchers used the procedure Fillet
welded joints penetration with an ampere 240 welding current and 29 arc voltage.
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Materials
These are the materials used to test to conduct data.
Figure 6: Corrugated Steel Bar
Steel bars are more commonly known as reinforcing bars or rebars. It is a
mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and masonry
structures to strengthen and aid the base material under tension, which is usually
concrete.
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Figure 7: Welding Machine
Welding machines or welding guns or welders are among the most
essential tools for a welding professional. Welding machines generate heat that
melts metal parts, so that these parts can be joined. However, there is no single
welding machine that is suitable for all welding projects.
Figure 8: Welding Rod
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Welding rods are used in shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known
as stick welding. A welding rod can also be called a welding electrode. A welding
rod is a mineral- and metal-powder-coated metal rod. The rod has two purposes:
to provide filler metal to the workpiece and to conduct electric current to the arc.
Figure 9: Universal Testing Machine
A Universal testing machine (UTM) is used to test the mechanical
properties (tension, compression etc.) of a given test specimen by exerting
tensile, compressive or transverse stresses. The machine has been named so
because of the wide range of tests it can perform over different kind of materials.
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Welded Specimen
Figure 10: Welded Joint Specimens
These are the welded specimens’ samples before the testing in UTM-tensile
strength.
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