What is a System?
A system is a collection of objects such as people , resources and
concepts or procedures intended to perform an identifiable function
or to serve a goal.
Example: 1. An university is a system of students, faculty, staff,
administrators, buildings, equipments and rules with
goal of educating students.
2. A computer system is a system of input devices( mouse,
keyboard, etc), output devices (monitor, printer,etc) with
goal of automating the human work along with storing
huge amount of data.
Structure of a System
•A system is divided into three distinct parts, such as –
INPUT,
PROCESS ,
OUTPUT
INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS
• INPUT- Inputs are elements that enter the system. Example- Raw
materials entering in chemical plant.
•PROCESS – Procedure necessary to transform the inputs into outputs.
Example- Chemical reaction in a chemical plant.
•OUTPUT- Outputs are finished products that come out of the system.
Example- Different types of Chemicals.
Some terms regarding Systems:-
System Effectiveness- Degree to which goals are achieved. So
concerned with the output of the system.
System Efficiency- Degree of accuracy of information generated.
Feedback - It is a standard, or indicator, of current
performance rates, when compared to a set of
standards.
Negative feedback is designated to correct or guide
activities that are not consistent with achieving the
intended goal of the system.
System Boundary:-
The boundary of a system defines its scope of activities.
The boundary delineates the area of responsibility.
For example, activities in a class includes lectures, discussions, class
test, exam, study, etc.
Types of System
1. Deterministic System-
If one knows the state of a system at a given point, then it is called a
deterministic system. This type of system works in a predictable
manner.
Example:- Invoicing system of a production plant.
2. Probabilistic System-
Systems whose results cannot be determined accurately and are
governed by probabilistic measures.
Example: Economic forecasting.
3. Physical System-
These are concrete operational systems made of people, materials,
machines, energy and other physical thing. This system can display
activity or behavior.
Example: Management Information System, Computer System.
4. Closed Systems (Non-adaptive systems):-
A closed system is the one which does not interact with the environment
or surroundings. A closed system is totally independent of the
environment.
Example: Transaction processing system
5. Open Systems(Adaptive Systems):-
An open system is a system which interacts with its environment and
surroundings.
All systems which contains living organism are open systems because
they are effected by atmosphere and sense by the organism.
Example- Human Being
6. Static System:-
A static system is a system, in which no change occurs in its
execution.
Example: Solar System
7. Dynamic System:-
A dynamic system is a system that is constantly changing. The output of
this type of system depends on future and past values of the system.
Example: Human Body, A moving car, etc
Explanation of Static and Dynamic Systems:-
A dynamic system can become static-
If a car is assumed to be a dynamic system, then it requires fuel to flow
continuously.
Else, if fuel finishes, then the car comes to a stop and become static.
A leaky bucket or a bucket with a hole is a system which appears
to be a static system, but actually it is a dynamic one-
In a leaky bucket, water enters in the system and leaves the bucket from
that hole. If the inflow and outflow remains same, then the system can
be determined as a static one.
But, the molecules of water flow through the system and experience a
change in its position, so the system is a dynamic system.
