Scilab Manual for

Digital Image Processing

by Dr B.Chandra Mohan
Electronics Engineering
Bapatla Engineering College1

Solutions provided by
Mr R.Senthilkumar- Assistant Professor
Electronics Engineering
Institute of Road and Transport Technology

March 25, 2022

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Scilab Manual and Scilab codes
written in it can be downloaded from the ”Migrated Labs” section at the website
http://scilab.in
1
Contents

List of Scilab Solutions 4

1 Histogram display and histogram equalization 6

2 Kernel processing on images leading to image enhancement 10

3 Display of 2D filters frequency responses and processing the

images using these filters 14

4 Implementation of Airthmetic Coding for images 18

5 Basic JPEG algorithm implementation 20

6 DPCM encoding and decoding of images 25

7 Simple image watermarking algorithms using LSB substi-

tution 30

8 Simple content based image retrieval using various distance

metrics 36

9 Image segmentation algorithms using Snakes 41

10 Color images manipulations, reading and writing of color

images 44

11 Color image enhancements 47

12 Color image histogram manipulation 51

2
13 LOG Masks implementation for gray and color images 55

14 Special effects implementation on grey and color images 57

15 Simple video reading and writing .avi formats and manipu-

lation of video frames 62

3
List of Experiments

Solution 1.1 Exp1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Solution 2.1 Exp2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Solution 3.1 Exp3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Solution 4.1 Exp4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Solution 5.1 Exp5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Solution 6.1 Exp6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Solution 7.1 Exp7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Solution 8.1 Exp8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Solution 9.1 Exp9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Solution 10.1 Exp10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Solution 11.1 Exp11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Solution 12.1 Exp12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Solution 13.1 Exp13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Solution 14.1 Exp14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Solution 15.1 Exp15a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Solution 15.2 Exp15b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
AP 1 Rotate Image 90 degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
AP 2 Histogram of Gray images . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
AP 3 Image Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
AP 4 Inverse Zig Zag scanning of pixels . . . . . . . . . 69
AP 5 Zig Zag Scanning of Pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
AP 6 2D Fast Fourier Trasnform . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
AP 7 Inverse 2D Fast Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . 71

4
List of Figures

1.1 Exp1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Exp1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.1 Exp2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Exp2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.1 Exp3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 Exp3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.1 Exp6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 Exp6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7.1 Exp7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.2 Exp7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8.1 Exp8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
8.2 Exp8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

11.1 Exp11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
11.2 Exp11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

12.1 Exp12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
12.2 Exp12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

14.1 Exp14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
14.2 Exp14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5
 Experiment: 1

Histogram display and

histogram equalization

Scilab code Solution 1.1 Exp1

1 // Program 1 H i s t o g r a m d i s p l a y and h i s t o g r a m
equalization
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
3 //OS Windows7
4 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
5 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
6 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9 close ;
10 // a=i m r e a d ( ’ C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
t i r e . t i f ’ ) ; / / Image Path
11 a = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
t i r e . jpeg ’)
12 [ m n ]= size ( a ) ;
13 for i =1:256

6
14 b ( i ) = length ( find ( a ==( i -1) ) ) ;
15 end
16 pbb = b /( m * n ) ;
17 pb (1) = pbb (1) ;
18 for i =2:256
19 pb ( i ) = pb (i -1) + pbb ( i ) ;
20 end
21
22 s = pb *255;
23 sb = uint8 ( round ( s ) ) ;
24 index =0;
25 for i =1: m
26 for j =1: n
27 index = double ( a (i , j ) ) +1; // c o n v e r t i t t o
double
28 // o t h e r w i s e i n d e x = 255+1 =0
29 hea (i , j ) = sb ( index ) ; // h i s t o g r a m e q u a l i z a t i o n
30 end
31 end
32 figure ,
33 ShowImage (a , ’ O r i g i n a l Image ’ ) // IPD t o o l b o x
34 title ( ’ O r i g i n a l Image ’ )
35 figure
36 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,[1:256] , b )
37 title ( ’ H i s t o g r a m o f t h e Image ’ )
38 figure
39 ShowImage ( hea , ’ Image a f t e r H i s t o g r a m e q u a l i z a t i o n ’ )
// IPD t o o l b o x
40 title ( ’ Image a f t e r H i s t o g r a m e q u a l i z a t i o n ’ )

7
Figure 1.1: Exp1

8
Figure 1.2: Exp1

9
 Experiment: 2

Kernel processing on images

leading to image enhancement

Scilab code Solution 2.1 Exp2

1 // Program 2 . K e r n e l p r o c e s s i n g on i m a g e s l e a d i n g t o
image enhancement .
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
3 //OS Windows7
4 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
5 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
6 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
7 clc
8 clear
9 close
10 a = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
c k t n o i s e . j p e g ’ ) ; // SIVP t o o l b o x
11 ks = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e s i z e o f t h e k e r n e l 1 f o r 1 1 3
for 3 3 . . . ’ ) ; // k e r n e l s i z e 3 x3
12 [ m n ]= size ( a ) ;
13
14 a1 = zeros ( m + ks -1 , n + ks -1) ;

10
15 [ m1 n1 ]= size ( a1 ) ;
16 x = floor ( ks /2) ;
17 a1 (1+ x : m1 -x ,1+ x : n1 - x ) = a ;
18 b =[];
19 c =[];
20
21 for i =1+ x : m1 - x
22 for j =1+ x : n1 - x
23 t = a1 (i - x : i +x ,j - x : j + x ) ;
24 men = sum ( sum ( t ) ) /( ks * ks ) ;
25 med = median ( t (:) ) ;
26 b (i -x ,j - x ) = men ;
27 c (i -x ,j - x ) = med ;
28 end
29 end
30
31 figure
32 ShowImage (a , ’ N o i s e d image ( b e f o r e enhancement ) ’ ) ; //
IPD t o o l b o x
33 title ( ’ N o i s e d image ( b e f o r e enhancement ) ’ ) ;
34 figure
35 ShowImage ( uint8 ( b ) , ’ enhancement w i t h mean f i l t e r i n g ’
) ; // IPD t o o l b o x
36 title ( ’ enhancement w i t h mean f i l t e r i n g ’ ) ;
37 figure
38 ShowImage ( uint8 ( c ) , ’ enhancement w i t h median
f i l t e r i n g ’ ) ; // IPD t o o l b o x
39 title ( ’ enhancement w i t h median f i l t e r i n g ’ ) ;
40 //RESULT
41 // e n t e r t h e s i z e o f t h e k e r n e l 1 f o r 1 1 3 f o r 3 3
...3

11
Figure 2.1: Exp2

12
Figure 2.2: Exp2

13
 Experiment: 3

Display of 2D filters frequency

responses and processing the
images using these filters

check Appendix AP 6 for dependency:

fft2d.sce
check Appendix AP 7 for dependency:
ifft2d.sce

Scilab code Solution 3.1 Exp3

1 // Program 3 : D i s p l a y o f 2D f i l t e r s f r e q u e n c y
r e s p o n s e s and p r o c e s s i n g t h e i m a g e s u s i n g t h e s e
filters
2 // R e f e r e n c e : ” D i g i t a l Image P r o c e s s i n g ” , Dr . S .
Jayaraman , S . E s a k k i r a j a n , T . Veerakumar ,TMH, 2 0 1 1
3 // Note : The i n − b u i l t s c i l a b f u n c t i o n s f f t 2 d and
i f f t 2 d are not working p r o p e r l y
4 // I t g i v e wrong r e s u l t s .
5 // Use My f u n c t i o n s f o r 2D−FFT and 2D−IFFT .
6 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n

14
 7 //OS Windows7
8 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
9 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
10 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
11 clc ;
12 close ;
13 clear ;
14 exec ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
fft2d . sce ’)
15 exec ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
i f f t 2 d . sce ’)
16 im1 = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
b a l l o o n s n o i s y . png ’ ) ; // c o l o u r n o i s e image
17 im = rgb2gray ( im1 ) ; // g r a y n o i s e image
18 fc = 100; // c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y −more f e a t u r e s c h o o s e
high c u t o f f frequency
19 n = 1; // f i l t e r o r d e r =1
20 [ co , ro ]= size ( im ) ;
21 cx = round ( co /2) ; // c e n t r e o f t h e image
22 cy = round ( ro /2) ;
23 IM = fft2d ( double ( im ) ) ;
24 imf = fftshift ( IM ) ;
25 H = zeros ( co , ro ) ;
26 for i = 1: co
27 for j = 1: ro
28 d = (i - cx ) .^2+( j - cy ) .^2;
29 H (i , j ) = 1/(1+(( d / fc / fc ) .^(2* n ) ) ) ; //Low
P a s s B u t t e r w o r t h F i r s t Order f i l t e r
30 end
31 end
32 out_im = imf .* H ;
33 out = abs ( ifft2d ( out_im ) ) ;
34 out = uint8 ( out ) ;
35 figure

15
 Figure 3.1: Exp3

36 ShowColorImage ( im1 , ’ C o l o u r N o i s y Image ’ )

37 figure
38 ShowImage ( im , ’ Gray N o i s e Image ’ )
39 figure
40 ShowImage (H , ’ Low P a s s F i l t e r F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e ’ )
41 figure
42 ShowImage ( out , ’ F i l t e r e d Image ’ )

16
Figure 3.2: Exp3

17
 Experiment: 4

Implementation of Airthmetic
Coding for images

Scilab code Solution 4.1 Exp4

1 // Program 4 . I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a r i t h m e t i c c o d i n g
f o r images
2 // Note 1 : I n o r d e r t o run t h i s program download
Huffman t o o l b o x from
3 // s c i l a b atoms
4 // Note 2 : The Huffman atom i s u s e d t o e n c o d e i m a g e s
of small s i z e only
5 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
6 //OS Windows7
7 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
8 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
9 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
10 clear ;
11 clc ;
12 close ;
13 //A=t e s t m a t r i x ( ’ f r k ’ , 1 0 ) +1;
14 a = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \

18
 cameraman . j p e g ’ ) ;
15 A = imresize (a ,[16 16]) ; // Only Image o f s m a l l s i z e
i s p o s s i b l e to c a l l huffcode
16 B = size ( A ) ;
17 A = A (:) . ’;
18 A = double ( A ) ;
19 [ QT , QM ]= huffcode ( A ) ; // Huffman E n c o d i n g
20 disp ( ’ c o m p r e s s e d B i t s e q u e n c e : ’ ) ;
21 disp ( QT ) ;
22 disp ( ’ Code T a b l e : ’ ) ;
23 disp ( QM ) ;
24 // Now , t h e r e v e r s e o p e r a t i o n
25 C = huffdeco ( QT , QM ) ; // Huffman D e c o d i n g
26 for i =1: B (1)
27 E (i ,1: B (2) ) = C (( i -1) * B (2) +1: i * B (2) ) ;
28 end
29 D = E ’;
30 E = imresize (D ,[32 ,32]) ;
31 figure
32 ShowImage (a , ’ O r i g i n a l cameraman Image 256 x256 ’ )
33 figure
34 ShowImage (E , ’ R e c o n s t r u c t e d cameraman Image 256 x256 ’ )
;

19
 Experiment: 5

Basic JPEG algorithm

implementation

check Appendix AP 4 for dependency:

izigzag5.sci
check Appendix AP 5 for dependency:
zigzag5.sci

Scilab code Solution 5.1 Exp5

1 // Program 5 . B a s i c JPEG a l g o r i t h m i m p l e m e n t a t i o n
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
3 //OS Windows7
4 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
5 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
6 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
7 close
8 clear ;
9 clc ;
10 exec ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
zigzag 5 . sci ’)

20
11 exec ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
izigzag 5 . sci ’)
12 I = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
cameraman . j p e g ’ ) ; // 256 x256 image
13 I = imresize (I ,0.25) ; // r e d u c e d t o 64 x64 image [ i n
order to reduce the computation time ]
14 [m , n ]= size ( I ) ; // F i n d i n g t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e image
file .
15 I = double ( I ) ;
16 q = [16 11 10 16 24 40 51 61;
17 12 12 14 19 26 58 60 55;
18 14 13 16 24 40 57 69 56;
19 14 17 22 29 51 87 80 62;
20 18 22 37 56 68 109 103 77;
21 24 35 55 64 81 104 113 92;
22 49 64 78 87 103 121 120 101;
23 72 92 95 98 112 100 103 99];
24 N =8; // B l o c k s i z e f o r which
DCT i s Computed .
25 M =8;
26 I_Trsfrm . block = zeros (N , M ) ; // I n i t i a l i s i n g t h e DCT
C o e f f i c i e n t s S t r u c t u r e Matrix ” I Trsfrm ” with the
required dimensions .
27 for a =1: m / N
28 for b =1: n / M
29 for k =1: N
30 for l =1: M
31 Mean_Sum =0;
32 // 2D−D i s c r e t e C o s i n e T r a n s f o r m
///////
33 for i =1: N
34 for j =1: M
35 Mean_Sum = Mean_Sum + double ( I
( N *( a -1) +i , M *( b -1) + j ) ) *
cos ( %pi *( k -1) *(2* i -1) /(2*
N ) ) * cos ( %pi *( l -1) *(2* j -1)

21
 /(2* M ) ) ;
36 end
37 end
38 // / / / / / / / / / / / / /
39 if k ==1
40 Mean_Sum = Mean_Sum * sqrt (1/ N ) ;
41 else
42 Mean_Sum = Mean_Sum * sqrt (2/ N ) ;
43 end
44 if l ==1
45 Mean_Sum = Mean_Sum * sqrt (1/ M ) ;
46 else
47 Mean_Sum = Mean_Sum * sqrt (2/ M ) ;
48 end
49 I_Trsfrm (a , b ) . block (k , l ) = Mean_Sum ;
50 end
51 end
52 // N o r m a l i z i n g t h e DCT M a t r i x and Q u a n t i z i n g
the r e s u l t i n g values .
53 I_Trsfrm (a , b ) . block = round ( I_Trsfrm (a , b ) .
block ./ q ) ;
54 end
55 end
56 I_zigzag . block = zeros (N , M ) ;
57 for a = 1: m / N
58 for b = 1: n / M
59 I_zigzag (a , b ) . block = zigzag_5 ( I_Trsfrm (a , b )
. block ) ;
60 end
61 end
62 I_rec_Trnsfm . block = zeros (N , M ) ;
63 for a = 1: m / N
64 for b = 1: n / M
65 I_rec_Trnsfm (a , b ) . block = izigzag_5 ( I_zigzag
(a , b ) . block ) ;
66 end
67 end
68 // D e n o r m a l i z i n g t h e R e c o n s t r u c t e d Tranform m a t r i x

22
 u s i n g t h e same
69 // N o r m a l i z a t i o n m a t r i x .
70 for a =1: m / N
71 for b =1: n / M
72 I_rec_Trnsfm (a , b ) . block =( I_rec_Trnsfm (a , b ) .
block ) .* q ;
73 end
74 end
75 // I n v e r s e 2D−DCT
76 for a =1: m / N
77 for b =1: n / M
78 for i =1: N
79 for j =1: M
80 Mean_Sum =0;
81 for k =1: N
82 for l =1: M
83 if k ==1
84 temp = double ( sqrt (1/2) *
I_rec_Trnsfm (a , b ) .
block (k , l ) ) * cos ( %pi *( k
-1) *(2* i -1) /(2* N ) ) * cos
( %pi *( l -1) *(2* j -1) /(2*
M));
85 else
86 temp = double (
I_rec_Trnsfm (a , b ) .
block (k , l ) ) * cos ( %pi *(
k -1) *(2* i -1) /(2* N ) ) *
cos ( %pi *( l -1) *(2* j -1)
/(2* M ) ) ;
87 end
88 if l ==1
89 temp = temp * sqrt (1/2) ;
90 end
91 Mean_Sum = Mean_Sum + temp ;
92 end
93 end
94 Mean_Sum = Mean_Sum *(2/ sqrt ( M * N ) ) ;

23
 95 I_rec (( a -1) * N +i ,( b -1) * M + j ) = Mean_Sum
;
96 end
97 end
98 end
99 end
100 // D i s p l a y i n g t h e R e c o n s t r u c t e d Image .
101 diff_image = im2double ( I ) *255 - I_rec ;
102 diff_image = diff_image / max ( max ( diff_image ) ) ;
103 diff_image = im2uint8 ( diff_image ) ;
104 I_rec = I_rec / max ( max ( I_rec ) ) ;
105 I_rec = im2uint8 ( I_rec ) ;
106 figure
107 ShowImage ( I_rec , ’ R e c o v e r e d Image ’ ) ;
108 figure
109 ShowImage ( diff_image , ’ D i f f e r e n c e Image ’ )
110 figure
111 imhist ( I_rec ) ;
112 figure
113 imhist ( diff ) ;

24
 Experiment: 6

DPCM encoding and decoding

of images

Scilab code Solution 6.1 Exp6

1 // Program 6 DPCM e n c o d i n g and d e c o d i n g o f i m a g e s

2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
3 //OS Windows7
4 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
5 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
6 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
7 clc
8 clear
9 // F u n c t i o n t o f i n d number o f e l e m e n t s i n an image
10 function [ N ] = numel ( X )
11 //X−i n p u t image
12 //N− number o f e l e m e n t s i n image X
13 [m , n ]= size ( X ) ;
14 N = m*n;
15 endfunction
16 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

25
17 // F u n c t i o n t o c a l c u l a t e peak s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o
18 function [ psnr , mse , maxerr ] = psnr_mse_maxerr (X , Xapp )
19 //PSNR MSE MAXERR Peak s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o
20 //X − o r i g i n a l Image
21 // Xapp − r e c o n s t r u c t e d image
22 // p s n r − peak s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o
23 // mse − mean s q u a r e e r r o r
24 // maxerr − maximum e r r o r
25 X = double ( X ) ;
26 Xapp = double ( Xapp ) ;
27 absD = abs (X - Xapp ) ;
28 A = absD .^2;
29 mse = sum ( A (:) ) / numel ( X ) ;
30 psnr = 10* log10 (255*255/ mse ) ;
31 maxerr = round ( max ( absD (:) ) ) ;
32 endfunction
33 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

34 a = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
cameraman . j p e g ’ ) ;
35 a = double ( a ) ;
36 [ m n ]= size ( a ) ;
37 pre =0;
38 q = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e q u a n t i z a t i o n v a l u e ’ ) ;
39 for i =1: m
40 for j =1: n
41 t1 = a (i , j ) - pre ;
42 tq = round ( t1 / q ) ;
43 pre = pre + tq * q ;
44 b (i , j ) = tq ;
45 end
46 end
47 repre =0;
48 for i =1: m
49 for j =1: n
50 ret = b (i , j ) ;

26
51 inq = ret * q ;
52 repre = repre + inq ;
53 c (i , j ) = repre ;
54 end
55 end
56 figure
57 ShowImage (a , ’ Image B e f o r e Q u a n t i z a t i o n ’ )
58 figure
59 ShowImage (b , ’ Q u a n t i z e d Image ’ )
60 figure
61 ShowImage (c , ’ R e c o n s t r u c t e d Image From Q u a n t i z e d
Image ’ )
62 psnr = psnr_mse_maxerr (a , c ) ;
63 disp ( psnr , ’PSNR i n dB= ’ )
64 //RESULT
65 // e n t e r t h e q u a n t i z a t i o n v a l u e 2
66 //PSNR i n dB = 5 1 . 1 6 5 5 5 9
67
68 // e n t e r t h e q u a n t i z a t i o n v a l u e 8
69 //PSNR i n dB = 4 0 . 6 9 8 1 6 4
70 //

27
Figure 6.1: Exp6

28
Figure 6.2: Exp6

29
 Experiment: 7

Simple image watermarking

algorithms using LSB
substitution

Scilab code Solution 7.1 Exp7

1 // Program 7 . S i m p l e image w a t e r m a r k i n g a l g o r i t h m s
u s i n g LSB s u b s t i t u t i o n
2 // Note 1 : The i m r e a d f u n c t i o n i n SIVP t o o l b o x r e a d
t h e b i n a r y image a s g r a y
3 // s c a l e image . D u r i n g b i t s e t i t w i l l c r e a t e p r o b l e m s
.
4 // The g r a y s c a l e image can be c o n v e r t e d i n t o b i n a r y
image u s i n g t h e f u n c t i o n
5 // g r a y 2 b i n ( )
6 // Note 2 : The f u n c t i o n s b i t s e t and b i t g e t a r e
written i n o r d e r to save the
7 // s c i l a b w o r k s p a c e memory d u r i n g e x e c u t i o n
8 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
9 //OS Windows7
10 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
11 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
12 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x

30
 0.5.3.1 −2
13 clc
14 clear
15 close
16 // F u n c t i o n t o f i n d number o f e l e m e n t s i n an image
17 function [ N ] = numel ( X )
18 //X−i n p u t image
19 //N− number o f e l e m e n t s i n image X
20 [m , n ]= size ( X ) ;
21 N = m*n;
22 endfunction
23 // F u n c t i o n t o c a l c u l a t e peak s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o
24 function [ psnr , mse , maxerr ] = psnr_mse_maxerr (X , Xapp )
25 //PSNR MSE MAXERR Peak s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o
26 //X − o r i g i n a l Image
27 // Xapp − r e c o n s t r u c t e d image
28 // p s n r − peak s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o
29 // mse − mean s q u a r e e r r o r
30 // maxerr − maximum e r r o r
31 X = double ( X ) ;
32 Xapp = double ( Xapp ) ;
33 absD = abs (X - Xapp ) ;
34 A = absD .^2;
35 mse = sum ( A (:) ) / numel ( X ) ;
36 psnr = 10* log10 (255*255/ mse ) ;
37 maxerr = round ( max ( absD (:) ) ) ;
38 endfunction
39 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

40 function [ A ]= gray2bin ( B )
41 [m , n ] = size ( B )
42 for i = 1: m
43 for j = 1: n
44 if ( B (i , j ) >200)
45 A (i , j ) = 1;
46 else
47 A (i , j ) =0;

31
48 end
49
50 end
51
52 end
53 endfunction
54 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

55 function [ c ]= bit_set (c , b )
56 [m , n ] = size ( c ) ;
57 for i =1: m
58 for j =1: n
59 c (i , j ) = bitset ( c (i , j ) ,1 , b (i , j ) ) ;
60 end
61 end
62 endfunction
63 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

64 function [ d ] = bit_get ( c )
65 [m , n ] = size ( c ) ;
66 for i =1: m
67 for j =1: n
68 d (i , j ) = bitget ( c (i , j ) ,1) ;
69 end
70 end
71 endfunction
72 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

73 a = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
cameraman . j p e g ’ ) ; // o r i g i n a l image
74 b = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \ wat
. jpg ’ ); // watermark image
75 b = gray2bin ( b ) ;

32
76 [ m n ] = size ( a ) ;
77 a = double ( a ) ;
78 c = a;
79 c = bit_set (c , b ) ;
80 d = bit_get ( c ) ;
81
82 figure
83 ShowImage (a , ’ O r i g i n a l image ’ ) ;
84 title ( ’ O r i g i n a l image ’ ) ;
85 figure
86 ShowImage (b , ’ watermark image ’ ) ;
87 title ( ’ watermark image ’ ) ;
88 figure
89 ShowImage ( uint8 ( c ) , ’ w a t e r m a r k e d image ’ ) ;
90 title ( ’ w a t e r m a r k e d image ’ ) ;
91 figure
92 ShowImage (d , ’ e x t r a c t e d watermark ’ ) ;
93 title ( ’ e x t r a c t e d watermark ’ ) ;
94 psnr = psnr_mse_maxerr (a , c ) ;
95 correlation = corr2 (b , d ) ;
96 disp ( correlation , ’ c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n watermark
image and e x t r a c t e d watermark= ’ )

33
Figure 7.1: Exp7

34
Figure 7.2: Exp7

35
 Experiment: 8

Simple content based image

retrieval using various distance
metrics

Scilab code Solution 8.1 Exp8

1 // Program 8 : S i m p l e c o n t e n t b a s e d image r e t r i e v a l
using various distance metrics .
2 // Based on S i m i l a r i t y m a t r i x
3 // U s i n g Colormaps o f d i f f e r e n t i m a g e s
4 // Note 1 : Other methods l i k e w a v e l e t b a s e d
decomposition along with Euclidean d i s t a n c e
5 // c o m p a r i s o n o f sub i m a g e s can be u s e d f o r image
retrieval
6 // Note 2 : P r i n c i p a l Component A n a l y s i s (PCA) i n b u i l t
f u n c t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e to
7 // g e t e i g e n v e c t o r s and e i g e n v a l u e s f o r image
retrieval
8 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
9 //OS Windows7
10 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
11 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
12 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x

36
 0.5.3.1 −2
13 clear ;
14 clc ;
15 close ;
16 I1 = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
P i c t u r e 1 . png ’ ) ; // 257 x 2 5 7 x 3 .
17 I1 = imresize ( I1 ,0.5) ;
18 [ IndexedImage_I1 , ColorMap ] = RGB2Ind ( I1 ) ; // IPD
toolbox
19 I = ColorMap ; // 6 6 0 4 9 x3
20 J1 = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
P i c t u r e 2 . png ’ ) ; // 257 x 2 5 7 x 3 .
21 J1 = imresize ( J1 ,0.5) ;
22 [ IndexedImage_J1 , ColorMap ] = RGB2Ind ( J1 ) ; // IPD
toolbox
23 J = ColorMap ; // 6 6 0 4 9 x3
24 // S i m i l a r i t y M a t r i x Method
25 [r , c ]= size ( I ) ;
26 A = [];
27 I = double ( I ) ;
28 J = double ( J ) ;
29 for i = 1: r
30 for j = 1: c
31 M1 (i , j ) = ( I (i ,2) * sin ( I (i ,1) ) -J (j ,2) * sin ( J (j
,1) ) ) ^2;
32 M2 (i , j ) = ( I (i ,2) * cos ( I (i ,1) ) -J (j ,2) * cos ( J (j
,1) ) ) ^2;
33 M3 (i , j ) = ( I (i ,3) -J (i ,3) ) ^2;
34 M (i , j ) = sqrt ( M1 (i , j ) + M2 (i , j ) + M3 (i , j ) ) ;
35 A (i , j ) = 1 - M (i , j ) / sqrt (5) ;
36 end
37 end
38 I1_rec = Ind2RGB ( IndexedImage_I1 , A )
39 I1_rec = imresize ( I1_rec ,2) ;
40 J1_rec = Ind2RGB ( IndexedImage_J1 , A )
41 J1_rec = imresize ( J1_rec ,2) ;

37
42 figure
43 ShowColorImage ( I1 , ’ o r i g i n a l f i r s t image ’ ) ;
44 figure
45 ShowColorImage ( I1_rec , ’ R e c o n s t r u c t e d f i r s t image ’ ) ;
46 figure
47 ShowColorImage ( J1 , ’ o r i g i n a l s e c o n d image ’ ) ;
48 figure
49 ShowColorImage ( J1_rec , ’ R e c o n s t r u c t e d s e c o n d image ’ ) ;

38
Figure 8.1: Exp8

39
Figure 8.2: Exp8

40
 Experiment: 9

Image segmentation algorithms

using Snakes

Scilab code Solution 9.1 Exp9

1 // Program 9 . Image s e g m e n t a t i o n a l g o r i t h m s u s i n g
snakes .
2 // Note : I n c o m p l e t e .
3 // So many f u n c t i o n s a r e n o t a v i l a b l e i n S c i l a b
4 // Image s e g m e n t a t i o n a l g o r i t h m s u s i n g s n a k e s i s
i m p o s s i b l e with c u r r e n t
5 // v e r s i o n o f s c i l a b and s c i l a b image p r o c e s s i n g
atoms .
6 // I t r i e d my b e s t
7 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
8 //OS Windows7
9 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
10 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
11 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
12 close ;
13 clear ;
14 clc ;
15 J = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \

41
 Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
b i n a r y i m a g e . jpg ’ );
16 J = rgb2gray ( J ) ;
17 J = imresize (J ,[256 ,256]) ;
18 J = double ( J ) ;
19 [h , w ] = size ( J ) ;
20 for i = 1: h
21 for j = 1: w
22 if ( J (i , j ) >200)
23 J (i , j ) = 1;
24 else
25 J (i , j ) =0;
26 end
27 end
28 end
29 I = imfilter (J , fspecial ( ’ g a u s s i a n ’ ,[17 17] ,3) ) ;
30 figure
31 ShowImage (I , ’ S n a k e s ’ )
32 N =500; // number o f s n a k e p o i n t s
33 alpha =1;
34 tstep =1;
35 N_iter =500;
36 f =50;
37 global EDGE_SOBEL ;
38 gradient = EdgeFilter (I , EDGE_SOBEL ) ;
39 [m , n ] = size ( gradient ) ;
40 Ix = gradient (: ,:) ;
41 Iy = gradient (: ,:) ’;
42 S = -f *( Ix .* Ix + Iy .* Iy ) ;
43 gradient = EdgeFilter (S , EDGE_SOBEL ) ;
44 Sx = gradient (: ,:) ;
45 Sy = gradient (: ,:) ’;
46 eps = 2.2204 e -016;
47 Smag = sqrt ( Sx .^2 + Sy .^2) + eps ;
48 Sx (:) = Sx ./ Smag ;
49 Sy (:) = Sy ./ Smag ;
50 D =[ - tstep * alpha * ones (N ,1) (1+2* tstep * alpha ) * ones (N
,1) - tstep * alpha * ones (N ,1) ];

42
51 D (2 ,3) = D (2 ,3) - tstep * alpha ;
52 D ($ -1 ,1) = D ($ -1 ,1) - tstep * alpha ;
53 theta = linspace (0 ,2* %pi , N ) ;
54 theta = theta (:) ;
55 x = w /2 + 10 + ( h /3) * cos ( theta ) ;
56 y = h /2 - 10 + ( h /4) * sin ( theta ) ;
57 plot (x ,y , ’ r ’ ) ;

43
 Experiment: 10

Color images manipulations,

reading and writing of color
images

Scilab code Solution 10.1 Exp10

1 // Program 1 0 . C o l o r i m a g e s m a n i p u l a t i o n s , r e a d i n g and
w r i t i n g of c o l o r images
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
3 //OS Windows7
4 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
5 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
6 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
7 clc
8 clear
9 close
10 // Showing RGB c o m p o ne n t s o f a c o l o r RGB image .
11 // S p l i t t i n g t h e c o l o r image (RGB Image ) i n t o t h r e e
planes
12 a = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D I P S c i l a b P r o g r a m s \ p e p p e r s .
png ’ ) ; // t h i s image i s 348 x 5 1 2 x 3 s i z e

44
13 figure
14 ar = a (: ,: ,1) ;
15 ShowImage ( ar , ’RED M a t r i x ’ )
16 figure
17 ag = a (: ,: ,2) ;
18 ShowImage ( ag , ’GREEN M a t r i x ’ )
19 figure
20 ab = a (: ,: ,3) ;
21 ShowImage ( ab , ’BLUE M a t r i x ’ )
22 // R e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f o r i g i n a l c o l o r image from t h r e e
RGB p l a n e s
23
24 RGB = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D I P S c i l a b P r o g r a m s \ p e p p e r s .
png ’ ) ; // SIVP t o o l b o x
25 RGB_128 = RGB /2;
26 RGB_128 = round ( RGB_128 )
27 [X , map ] = RGB2Ind ( RGB_128 ) ;
28 figure
29 ShowImage (X , ’ I n d e x e d Image ’ , map )
30 // L i m i t i n g no o f c o l o u r s t o 8 w i t h o u t d i t h e r i n g
31 figure
32 RGB_8 = RGB /7;
33 RGB_8 = round ( RGB_8 )
34 [ X1 , map1 ]= RGB2Ind ( RGB ) ;
35 ShowImage ( X1 , ’ Without D i t h e r ’ , map1 )
36
37 figure
38 ShowColorImage ( RGB , ’RGB C o l o r Image ’ )
39 YIQ = rgb2ntsc ( RGB ) ;
40 figure
41 ShowColorImage ( YIQ , ’NTSC image YIQ ’ )
42 RGB = ntsc2rgb ( YIQ ) ;
43 YCC = rgb2ycbcr ( RGB ) ;
44 figure
45 ShowColorImage ( YCC , ’ e q u i v a l e n t HSV image YCbCr ’ )
46 RGB = ycbcr2rgb ( YCC ) ;
47 HSV = rgb2hsv ( RGB ) ;

45
48 figure
49 ShowColorImage ( HSV , ’ e q u i v a l e n t HSV image ’ )
50 RGB = hsv2rgb ( HSV ) ;

46
 Experiment: 11

Color image enhancements

check Appendix AP 3 for dependency:

imgenh11.sci

Scilab code Solution 11.1 Exp11

1 // Program 1 1 . C o l o r image e n h a n c e m e n t s
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
3 //OS Windows7
4 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
5 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
6 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
7 clc
8 clear
9 close
10 a = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
b a l l o o n s n o i s y . png ’ ) ;
11 ks = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e s i z e o f t h e k e r n e l 1 f o r 1 1 3
for 3 3 . . . ’ );
12 exec ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
imgenh 11 . s c i ’ )

47
13 for i =1:3
14 b (: ,: , i ) = imgenh11 ( a (: ,: , i ) , ks ) ;
15 end
16
17 figure
18 ShowColorImage (a , ’ N o i s e d image ( b e f o r e enhancement ) ’ )
;
19 title ( ’ N o i s e d image ( b e f o r e enhancement ) ’ ) ;
20 figure
21 ShowColorImage ( uint8 ( b ) , ’ enhancement w i t h mean
f i l t e r i n g ’ );
22 title ( ’ enhancement w i t h mean f i l t e r i n g ’ ) ;
23 //RESULT
24 // e n t e r t h e s i z e o f t h e k e r n e l 1 f o r 1 1 3 f o r 3 3
...3
25
26 //NOTE: s i n c e t h e image i s l a r g e [ 4 8 0 640] i t will
t a k e some t i m e t o
27 // show t h e r e s u l t

48
Figure 11.1: Exp11

49
Figure 11.2: Exp11

50
 Experiment: 12

Color image histogram

manipulation

check Appendix AP 2 for dependency:

histbw12.sci

Scilab code Solution 12.1 Exp12

1 // Program 12 C o l o r image h i s t o g r a m m a n i p u l a t i o n
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
3 //OS Windows7
4 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
5 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
6 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
7 clc
8 close
9 a = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
p e p p e r s . png ’ ) ;
10 a1 = uint8 ( a ) ;
11 exec ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
histbw 12 . s c i ’)

51
12 for i =1:3
13 b (: ,: , i ) = histbw12 ( a1 (: ,: , i ) ) ;
14 end
15 figure
16 ShowColorImage (a , ’ o r i g i n a l c o l o r image ’ ) ;
17 title ( ’ o r i g i n a l c o l o r image ’ ) ;
18 figure
19 ShowColorImage (b , ’ h i s t o g r a m e q u a l i z a t i o n o f color
image ’ ) ;
20 title ( ’ h i s t o g r a m e q u a l i z a t i o n o f c o l o r image ’ ) ;
21 rgbhist_12 ( a ) ;
22 // e x e c ( ’ C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
rgbhist 12 . sci ’)

52
Figure 12.1: Exp12

53
Figure 12.2: Exp12

54
 Experiment: 13

LOG Masks implementation for

gray and color images

Scilab code Solution 13.1 Exp13

1 // Program 1 3 . LOG Masks i m p l e m e n t a t i o n f o r g r a y and

c o l o r images
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
3 //OS Windows7
4 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
5 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
6 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
7 clc
8 clear
9 close
10 a = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
cameraman . j p e g ’ ) ;
11 a = double ( a ) ;
12 logmask =[0 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0;1 2 4 5 5 5 4 2 1;1 4 5 3
0 3 5 4 1;2 5 3 -12 -24 -12 3 5 2;2 5 0 -24 -40
-24 0 5 2;
13 2 5 3 -12 -24 -12 3 5 2;1 4 5 3 0 3 5 4 1;1

55
 2 4 5 5 5 4 2 1;0 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0];
14 [ m n ]= size ( a ) ;
15 [ m1 n1 ]= size ( logmask ) ;
16 b = zeros ( m + m1 -1 , n + n1 -1) ;
17 m2 = floor ( m1 /2) ;
18 n2 = floor ( n1 /2) ;
19 b ( m2 +1: m + m2 , n2 +1: n + n2 ) = a ;
20 for i = m2 +1: m + m2
21 for j = n2 +1: n + n2
22 c = b (i - m2 : i + m2 ,j - n2 : j + n2 ) ;
23 d = sum ( sum ( c .* logmask ) ) ;
24 if d >150
25 e (i - m2 ,j - n2 ) =0;
26 else
27 e (i - m2 ,j - n2 ) =1;
28 end
29
30 end
31 end
32 title ( ’ Camerman image a f t e r LOG masked ’ )
33 imshow ( e ) // SIVP t o o l b o x

56
 Experiment: 14

Special effects implementation

on grey and color images

check Appendix AP 1 for dependency:

rot90f.sci

Scilab code Solution 14.1 Exp14

1 // Program 1 4 . S p e c i a l e f f e c t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n on g r a y
and c o l o r i m a g e s
2 // Note : The f u n c t i o n s l i k e e n t r o p f i l t ( ) .m a r e n o t
available in s c i l a b
3 // But s i m i l a r e f f e c t s can be p r o d u c e d i n s c i l a b
u s i n g o t h e r methods .
4 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
5 //OS Windows7
6 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
7 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
8 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
9 clc ;
10 clear ;
11 close ;

57
12 exec ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
rot90 f . sci ’)
13 img1 = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
m a n d r i l l . j p e g ’ ) ; // c o l o u r image
14 img2 = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
t w o z e b r a s . j p g ’ ) ; // c o l o u r image
15 img3 = imread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
cameraman . j p e g ’ ) ; // g r a y image
16 filter1 = fspecial ( ’ s o b e l ’ ) ;
17 img1_filter = imfilter ( img1 , filter1 ) ;
18 img2_filter = imfilter ( img2 , filter1 ) ;
19 ShowColorImage ( img1 , ’ o r i g i n a l image 1 ’ ) ;
20 figure
21 ShowColorImage ( img1_filter , ’ S p e c i a l e f f e c t i n
M a n d r i l l Image ’ )
22 figure
23 ShowColorImage ( img2 , ’ o r i g i n a l image 2 ’ ) ;
24 figure
25 ShowColorImage ( img2_filter , ’ S p e c i a l e f f e c t i n
t w o z e b r a s Image ’ )
26 img3_negative = 255 - double ( img3 ) ; // image n e g a t i v e
27 img3_rotate = rot90f ( img3 ,3) ;
28 // Image c o n t r a t a d j u s t m e n t
29 [m , n ] = size ( img3 ) ;
30 for i = 1: m
31 for j = 1: n
32 if img3 (i , j ) >70 then
33 img3_adjust (i , j ) = img3 (i , j ) +(255 - img3 (i
,j));
34 else
35 img3_adjust (i , j ) = img3 (i , j ) ;
36 end
37
38 end

58
39 end
40 figure
41 ShowImage ( img3 , ’ Cameraman o r i g i n a l Image ’ ) ;
42 figure
43 ShowImage ( img3_negative , ’ Cameraman N e g a t i v e Image ’ )
44 figure
45 ShowImage ( img3_rotate , ’ 270 d e g r e e r o t a t i o n o f
camerman image ’ )
46 figure
47 ShowImage ( img3_adjust , ’ Cameraman Image C o n t r a s t
Adjustment ’ )

59
Figure 14.1: Exp14

60
Figure 14.2: Exp14

61
 Experiment: 15

Simple video reading and

writing .avi formats and
manipulation of video frames

Scilab code Solution 15.1 Exp15a

1 // Program 1 5 . S i m p l e v i d e o r e a d i n g and w r i t i n g . a v i
f o r m a t s and m a n i p u l a t i o n o f v i d e o f r a m e s .
2 // Note 1 : I n s t a l l x v i d c o d e c f o r r e a d and w r i t e
v i d e o f i l e s from
3 // h t t p : / /www . x v i d . o r g / Downloads . 1 5 . 0 . html
4 // Note 2 : v e r y l a r g e can n o t be r e a d by s c i l a b
5 // Note 3 : s h u t t l e . a v i i s a l a r g e f i l e more 100
frames . use shuttlenew . avi f i l e
6 // f o r v i d e o p r o c e s s i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s
7 // U s i n g SIVP Atom
8 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
9 //OS Windows7
10 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
11 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
12 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
13 clear ;

62
14 clc ;
15 close ;
16 // n = a v i o p e n ( SCI + ’/ c o n t r i b / s i v p / i m a g e s / v i d e o . a v i ’ ) ;
17 n = aviopen ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \ red
−c a r −v i d e o . a v i ’ ) ;
18 im = avireadframe ( n ) ; // g e t a f r a m e
19 imshow ( im ) ;
20 avilistopened ()
21 aviclose ( n ) ;

Scilab code Solution 15.2 Exp15b

1 // Program 1 5 . S i m p l e v i d e o r e a d i n g and w r i t i n g . a v i
f o r m a t s and m a n i p u l a t i o n o f v i d e o f r a m e s .
2 // Note 1 : I n s t a l l x v i d c o d e c f o r r e a d and w r i t e
v i d e o f i l e s from
3 // h t t p : / /www . x v i d . o r g / Downloads . 1 5 . 0 . html
4 // Note 2 : v e r y l a r g e can n o t be r e a d by s c i l a b
5 // Note 3 : s h u t t l e . a v i i s a l a r g e f i l e more 100
f r a m e s . u s e red −c a r −v i d e o . a v i f i l e
6 // f o r v i d e o p r o c e s s i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s
7 // U s i n g Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n Atom ( IPD )
8 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n
9 //OS Windows7
10 // S c i l a b 5 . 4 . 1
11 // Image P r o c e s s i n g D e s i g n T o o l b o x 8 . 3 . 1 − 1
12 // S c i l a b Image and V i d e o P r o c c e s s i n g t o o l b o x
0.5.3.1 −2
13 clear ;
14 clc ;
15 close ;
16 VideoPath = ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \ red
−c a r −v i d e o . a v i ’ ;

63
17
18 VideoInfo = GetVideoStruct ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \
D e s k t o p \ Chandra Mohan LAB \
D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \ red −c a r −v i d e o . a v i ’ ) ;
19
20 VideoFilePointer = OpenVideoFile ( ’C : \ U s e r s \
s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \ Chandra Mohan LAB \
D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \ red −c a r −v i d e o . a v i ’ ) ;
21
22 figure () ;
23
24 for n = 1 : VideoInfo . NumberOfFrames
25
26 RGB = ReadImage ( VideoFilePointer ) ;
27
28 ShowColorImage ( RGB , VideoPath ) ;
29
30 end ;
31
32 CloseVideoFile ( VideoFilePointer ) ;

64
 Appendix

Scilab code AP 11 function [ B ] = rot90f (A , k )

2 [ %nargout , %nargin ] = argn (0)
3 //ROT90 R o t a t e m a t r i x 90 d e g r e e s .
4 // ROT90 (A) i s t h e 90 d e g r e e c o u n t e r c l o c k w i s e
r o t a t i o n of matrix A.
5 // ROT90 (A, K) i s t h e K∗90 d e g r e e r o t a t i o n o f A, K
= + −1 ,+ −2 ,...
6 [m , n ] = size ( A ) ;
7 if %nargin ==1 then
8 k = 1;
9 else
10 k = k - fix ( k /4) .*4;
11 if (k <0) then
12 k = k +4;
13 end
14 end
15 if k == 1
16 A = A . ’;
17 B = A ( n : -1:1 ,:) ;
18 elseif k == 2
19 B = A ( m : -1:1 , n : -1:1) ;
20 elseif k == 3
21 B = A ( m : -1:1 ,:) ;
22 B = B . ’;
23 else
24 B = A;
25 end

65
26 endfunction
Rotate Image 90 degree

Scilab code AP 12 function [ hea , b ]= histbw12 ( a )

2 // a=i m r e a d ( ’ C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b
\ t i r e . jpeg ’ )
3 // a− o r i g i n a l image
4 // b− h i s t o g r a m
5 // hea− h i s t o g r a m e q u a l i z e d image
6 [ m n ]= size ( a ) ;
7 for i =1:256
8 b ( i ) = length ( find ( a ==( i -1) ) ) ;
9 end
10 pbb = b /( m * n ) ;
11 pb (1) = pbb (1) ;
12 for i =2:256
13 pb ( i ) = pb (i -1) + pbb ( i ) ;
14 end
15
16 s = pb *255;
17 sb = uint8 ( round ( s ) ) ;
18 index =0;
19 for i =1: m
20 for j =1: n
21 index = double ( a (i , j ) ) +1; // c o n v e r t i t t o
double
22 // o t h e r w i s e i n d e x = 255+1 =0
23 hea (i , j ) = sb ( index ) ; // h i s t o g r a m
equalization
24 end
25 end
26 endfunction
27 // n o t e :
28 // F i r s t run t h i s f u n c t i o n
29 // t y p e t h e f o l l o w i n g commands i n s c i l a b c o n s o l e
window

66
30 // a=i m r e a d ( ’ C : \ U s e r s \ s e n t h i l k u m a r \ D e s k t o p \
Chandra Mohan LAB \ D i g i t a l I m a g e P r o c e s s i n g L a b \
t i r e . jpeg ’ )
31 // [ hea , b ] = h i s t b w 1 2 ( a ) ;
32 // f i g u r e ,
33 // ShowImage ( a , ’ O r i g i n a l Image ’ ) // IPD t o o l b o x
34 // t i t l e ( ’ O r i g i n a l Image ’ )
35 // f i g u r e
36 // p l o t 2 d 3 ( ’ gnn ’ , [ 1 : 2 5 6 ] , b )
37 // t i t l e ( ’ H i s t o g r a m o f t h e Image ’ )
38 // f i g u r e
39 // ShowImage ( hea , ’ Image a f t e r H i s t o g r a m e q u a l i z a t i o n
’ ) // IPD t o o l b o x
40 // t i t l e ( ’ Image a f t e r H i s t o g r a m e q u a l i z a t i o n ’ )
Histogram of Gray images

Scilab code AP 13 function [ out ] = imgenh11 (a , ks )

2 [ m n ]= size ( a ) ;
3 a1 = zeros ( m + ks -1 , n + ks -1) ;
4 [ m1 n1 ]= size ( a1 ) ;
5 x = floor ( ks /2) ;
6 a1 (1+ x : m1 -x ,1+ x : n1 - x ) = a ;
7 out =[];
8
9 for i =1+ x : m1 - x
10 for j =1+ x : n1 - x
11 t = a1 (i - x : i +x ,j - x : j + x ) ;
12 med = median ( t (:) ) ;
13 out (i -x ,j - x ) = med ;
14 end
15 end
16 endfunction
Image Enhancement

Scilab code AP 14 function [ result ] = izigzag5 ( data )

2 // i n v e r s e Z i g Z a g s c a n n i n g o f i n p u t d a t a

67
 3 N = sqrt ( size ( data ,1) ) ;
4 z = 1;
5 count = 0;
6 row = 1;
7 col = 0;
8 for ( x = 2:2* N ) ,
9 if ( x <= N +1) ,
10 y = x + 1;
11 if ( modulo (x ,2) == 0)
12 col = col + 1;
13 else
14 row = row + 1;
15 end
16 else
17 y = N +1;
18 if ( modulo (x ,2) == 0)
19 row = row - 1;
20 col = col + 2;
21 else
22 row = row + 2;
23 col = col - 1;
24 end
25 end
26
27 while (( row < y ) &( col < y ) &( row > 0) &( col > 0) )
28 result ( row , col ) = data ( z ) ;
29 z = z + 1;
30
31 if ( modulo (x ,2) == 0)
32 row = row - 1;
33 col = col + 1;
34 else
35 row = row + 1;
36 col = col - 1;
37 end
38 end
39 end
40 endfunction

68
 Inverse Zig Zag scanning of pixels

Scilab code AP 15 function [ result ] = zigzag5 ( data )

2 // Z i g Z a g s c a n n i n g o f i n p u t d a t a
3 N = size ( data ,1) ;
4 z = 1;
5 count = 0;
6 row = 1;
7 col = 0;
8
9 for ( x = 2:2* N ) ,
10 if ( x <= N +1)
11 y = x + 1;
12 if ( modulo (x ,2) == 0)
13 col = col + 1;
14 else
15 row = row + 1;
16 end
17 else
18 y = N +1;
19 if ( modulo (x ,2) == 0)
20 row = row - 1;
21 col = col + 2;
22 else
23 row = row + 2;
24 col = col - 1;
25 end
26 end
27
28 while (( row < y ) &( col < y ) &( row > 0) &( col > 0) )
29 result ( z ) = data ( row , col ) ;
30 z = z + 1;
31 if ( modulo (x ,2) == 0)
32 row = row - 1;
33 col = col + 1;
34 else
35 row = row + 1;

69
36 col = col - 1;
37 end
38 end
39 end
40 endfunction
Zig Zag Scanning of Pixels

Scilab code AP 16 function [ a2 ] = fft2d ( a )

2 // a = any r e a l o r c o m p l e x 2D m a t r i x
3 // a2 = 2D−DFT o f 2D m a t r i x ’a ’
4 m = size (a ,1)
5 n = size (a ,2)
6 // f o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m a l o n g t h e r o w s
7 for i =1: n
8 a1 (: , i ) = exp ( -2* %i * %pi *(0: m -1) ’.*.(0: m -1) / m ) * a (: , i )
9 end
10 // f o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m a l o n g t h e c o l u m n s
11 for j =1: m
12 a2temp = exp ( -2* %i * %pi *(0: n -1) ’.*.(0: n -1) / n ) *( a1 (j ,:) )
.’
13 a2 (j ,:) = a2temp . ’
14 end
15 for i = 1: m
16 for j = 1: n
17 if (( abs ( real ( a2 (i , j ) ) ) <0.0001) &( abs ( imag ( a2 (
i , j ) ) ) <0.0001) )
18 a2 (i , j ) =0;
19 elseif ( abs ( real ( a2 (i , j ) ) ) <0.0001)
20 a2 (i , j ) = 0+ %i * imag ( a2 (i , j ) ) ;
21 elseif ( abs ( imag ( a2 (i , j ) ) ) <0.0001)
22 a2 (i , j ) = real ( a2 (i , j ) ) +0;
23 end
24 end
25 end
2D Fast Fourier Trasnform

70
 Scilab code AP 17 function [ a ] = ifft2d ( a2 )
2 // a2 = 2D−DFT o f any r e a l o r c o m p l e x 2D m a t r i x
3 // a = 2D−IDFT o f a2
4 m = size ( a2 ,1)
5 n = size ( a2 ,2)
6 // I n v e r s e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m a l o n g t h e r o w s
7 for i =1: n
8 a1 (: , i ) = exp (2* %i * %pi *(0: m -1) ’.*.(0: m -1) / m ) * a2 (: , i )
9 end
10 // I n v e r s e f o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m a l o n g t h e c o l u m n s
11 for j =1: m
12 atemp = exp (2* %i * %pi *(0: n -1) ’.*.(0: n -1) / n ) *( a1 (j ,:) ) . ’
13 a (j ,:) = atemp . ’
14 end
15 a = a /( m * n )
16 a = real ( a )
17 endfunction
Inverse 2D Fast Fourier Transform

71