Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 10 Chemistry Chapter 4
Carbon And Its Compounds
1. Name the element whose one of the allotropic forms is buckminsterfullerene.
Solution:
Carbon is the element whose one of the allotropic forms is buckminsterfullerene.
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2. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of a large number of
carbon compounds?
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Solution:
Catenation (Self linking of carbon atoms to form long chains) and Tetravalency.
3. State whether the following statement is true or false:
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Diamond and graphite are the covalent compounds of carbon element (C).
Solution:
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False. Diamond and graphites are allotropes of carbon.
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4. Name the scientist who disproved the ‘vital force theory’ for the formation of organic
compounds.
Friedrich Wohler is the scientist who disproved the vital force theory for the formation of organic
compounds.
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5. Name the element whose allotropic form is graphite.
Solution:
Carbon is the element whose allotropic form is graphite.
6. In addition to some propane and ethane, LPG cylinders contain mainly two isomers of
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another alkane. Name the two isomers and write their condensed structural formula.
Solution:
n-butane and iso-butane are the two isomers of another alkane.
Aa
n-butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3
Iso-butane: CH3CHCH3
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CH3
7. Buckminsterfullerene is a spherical molecule in which 60 carbon atoms are arranged in
interlocking hexagonal and pentagonal rings of carbon atoms.
(a) How many hexagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of
buckminsterfullerene?
(b) How many pentagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of
buckminsterfullerene?
Solution:
(a) 20 hexagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of buckminsterfullerene
(b) 12 pentagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of buckminsterfullerene
8. Name the black substance of pencil. Will the current flow through the electrical circuit
when we use the sharpened ends of the pencil to complete the circuit?
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Solution;
Black substance inside a pencil is graphite. Yes, current will flow through the electrical circuit since
graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
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9. How does graphite act as a lubricant?
Solution:
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Graphite has a hexagonal structure and a force exist between the layers. This weak force can slide
over one another making the graphite in a slippery form and act as lubricant.
10. Name the hardest natural substance known.
Solution:
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Diamond is the hardest natural substance.
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11. Which of the following molecule is called buckminsterfullerene?
C90 , C60 , C70 , C120
Solution:
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C60 is called buckminsterfullerene
12. Give the name and structural formula of an alkyl group.
Solution:
Methyl
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13. Write the electron-dot structures for:
(i) ethane, (ii) ethene and (iii) ethyne.
Solution:
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14. Give the IUPAC name of the following compound:
C2H6
Solution:
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Ethane is the IUPAC name for C2H6
15. Write the structural formula of propene.
Solution:
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Aa
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16. Write the structural formula of propyne.
Solution:
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Aa
17. Write the structural formula of butane.
Solution:
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18. What do you call the compounds having the same molecular formula but different
structural arrangements of atoms?
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Solution:
Isomer are the compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
of atoms
19. Write the names of any two isomers represented by the molecular formula C5H12.
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Solution:
Isopentane and neopentane are the two isomers of C5H12.
20. Write down (i) structural formula, and (ii) electron-dot formula, of any one isomer of hexane
(C6 H14), other than n-hexane.
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Solution:
(i) Isomer of hexane: 2-methylpentane.
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21. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
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(a) The form of carbon which is known as black lead is ____.
(b) The form of carbon which is used as a lubricant at high temperature is ____.
(c) Compounds of carbon with hydrogen alone are called ____.
(d) CnH2n is the general formula of ______ hydrocarbons.
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(e) Hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n-2 are called _____.
(f) Ethene and ethyne are examples of _____ hydrocarbons.
(g) Ethyne has _____ carbon-hydrogen single bonds.
(h) Carbon compounds have usually _____ melting points and boiling points because they
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are ____ in nature.
(i) The property of carbon atoms to form long chains in compounds is called ______.
(j) The general formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes is the same as that of ____.
Aa
(k) The IUPAC name of ethylene is ____.
(l) The IUPAC name of acetylene is ____.
Solution:
(a) Graphite
(b) Graphite
(c) Hydrocarbons
(d) Alkene
(e) Alkynes
(f) Unsaturated
(g) Two
(h) Low; covalent
(i) Catenation
(j) Alkenes
(k) Ethene
(l) Ethyne
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Short Answer Type Questions
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22. (a) What is the atomic number of carbon. Write its electronic configuration.
(b) What type of chemical bonds are formed by carbon? Why?
(c) Name the three allotropic forms of carbon.
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Solution:
(a) (a) The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic configuration is 2,4.
(b) Carbon forms covalent bonds because it can achieve the inert gas electron arrangement only by
sharing of electrons.
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(c) Diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerene are the three allotropes of carbon.
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23. (a) What is the general name of all the compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen?
(b) Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?
Solution:
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(a) Hydrocarbons is the general name of all compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen
(b) Carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bonding in order to achieve the inert gas
configuration by sharing the electrons.
24. (a) What is meant by catenation? Name two elements which exhibit the property of
catenation.
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(b) Write the names and structural formulae of all the possible isomers of hexane.
Solution:
(a) Catenation is the property of self-combination of carbon atoms to form long chain. Carbon and
Aa
silicon exhibit the property of catenation.
(b)
Aa
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25. (a) What is buckminsterfullerene? How is it related to diamond and graphite?
(b) Why is diamond used for making cutting tools but graphite is not?
(c) Why is graphite used for making dry cell electrodes but diamond is not?
Solution:
(a) Buckminsterfullerene is an allotrope of carbon containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined
together to form spherical molecules. It burns on heating to form carbon dioxide and nothing is left
behind. This shows that it is made up of carbon only like diamond and graphite.
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(b) Diamond used for making cutting tools but graphite is not because diamond is a very hard
substance and graphite is a soft substance.
(c) Graphite is used for making dry cell electrodes but diamond is not because graphite is a good
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conductor of electricity whereas diamond is a bad conductor of electricity.
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26. (a) Give the general formula of an: (i) alkane, (ii) alkene and (iii) alkyne.
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(b) Classify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes:
C2H4 , C3H4 , C4H8 , C5H12 , C5H8 , C3H8 , C6H6.
Solution:
(a) (i) CnH2n+2 (ii) CnH2n (iii) CnH2n-2
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(b) Alkanes: C5H12 , C5H8
Alkenes: C2H4 , C4H8
Alkynes: C3H4 ,C5H8
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27. (a) Friedrich Wohler converted an inorganic compound into an organic compound in the
laboratory.
(i) Give the name and formula of inorganic compound.
(ii) Write the name and formula of organic compound formed.
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(b) Give the molecular formula of butane and mention the names of its two isomers. Name
one fuel which contains both these isomers.
Solution:
(a) (i) Ammonium cyanate, NH4CNO
Aa
(ii) Urea, CO(NH2)2
(b) The molecular formula of butane is C4H10; Its isomers are n-butane and 2-methylpropane; LPG.
28. a) Give IUPAC names and formulae of an organic compound containing single bonds and
the other containing a triple bond.
(b) Which of the following is the molecular formula of benzene?
C6H6 , C6H10 , C6H12 , C6H14
(c) Which of the two has a branched chain: isobutene or normal butane?
Solution:
(a) Methane (single bond): CH4
Ethyne (triple bond): C2H2
(b) Benzene: C6H6
(c) Isobutene has a branched chain.
29. Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. It
is exhibiting both carbon and silicon. Compare the ability of catenation of the two elements.
Give reasons.
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Solutions:
Catenation is the ability of an element to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. It is
exhibited by both carbon and silicon. The ability of catenation in carbon is greater than in silicon. The
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nucleus of carbon exerts a greater force of attraction on the shared pair of electrons and holds them
firmly to form covalent bonds. This is the reason behind the ability of carbon to hold n number of
atoms.
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30. (a) How can diamonds be made artificially? How do synthetic diamonds differ from
natural ones?
(b) Give any two differences between the properties of diamond and graphite. What causes
these differences?
Solution:
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By subjecting the pure carbon to a very high pressure and temperature diamonds can be made
artificially.
(b)(i) Diamond is hard in nature whereas graphite is soft.
(ii) Diamond can conduct electricity whereas graphite cannot it is a poor conductor of electricity.
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The arrangement of carbon atom in these two are different, hence causes for the difference in
properties.
31. (a) Why does the element carbon form a large number of carbon compounds?
(b) Write down the structures and names of two isomers of butane (C4H10).
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Solution:
(a) Carbon can link with one another by covalent bonding and forms large chains of carbon
atom and that is why carbon form a large number of carbon compounds.
(b) Isomers of butane
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32. (a) Give the name and structural formula of one member each of the following:
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(i) alkane ; (ii) alkene ; (iii) alkyne ; (iv) cycloalkane.
(b) Give the common name of (i) ethyne, and (ii) ethene.
(c) Write the molecular formula and structure of benzene.
Solution:
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Aa
(i)
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(b) (i) Acetylene (ii) Ethylene
(c) C6H6
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33. (a) What is the unique property of carbon atom? How is this property helpful to us?
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(b) Explain why, diamond is hard while graphite is soft.
Solution:
(a) Carbon can form long chains by combining atoms to atoms. Catenation is the most unique
property of a carbon atom. This gives a large number of carbon compounds or organic compounds.
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(b) Diamond and graphite are made up of carbon. Diamond is hard and graphite is soft. Because the
strong covalent bond between carbon forming a tetrahedron which is hard to break. Graphite is flat
hexagonal ring forming layers of carbon atoms.
34. (a) Giving their structures, state the number of single bonds, double bonds and triple
bonds(if any) following compounds:
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(i) ethyne (ii) ethene (iii) benzene
(b) Write the molecular formula and structure of cyclohexane. How many covalent bonds are
there in the molecule of cyclohexane?
Solution:
Aa
(i)(ii)
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(iii)
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Aa
(i) Ethyne:- Single bonds: Two; Triple bond: One
(ii) Ethene:- Single bonds: Four; Double bond: One
(iii) Benzene: Single bonds C-C: Three; Single bond C-H: Six; Double bonds C=C: Three
(b) C6H12 is cyclohexane.
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35. (a) Write two points of difference in the structures of diamond and graphite.
(b) Explain why, graphite can be used as a lubricant but diamond cannot.
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(c) Explain why, diamond can be used in rock drilling equipment but graphite cannot.
(d) State one use of diamond which depends on its ‘extraordinary brilliance’ and one use of
graphite that depends on its being ‘black and quite soft’.
Solution:
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(a) (i) In diamond, carbon atoms are linked to four other carbon atom
In graphite, carbon atom is joined to only three other carbon atoms.
(ii) In diamond, crystal has tetrahedral arrangement
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In graphite, crystal has a hexagonal ring structure.
(b) Graphite can be used as lubricant because of its softness.
(c) Diamond can be used as rock drilling equipment because of its hardness nature. It has a rigid
structure.
Aa
(d) Diamonds are used for making jewellery
Graphite is used for making pencil leads.
Long Answer Type Questions
36. (a) What is diamond? Of what substance is diamond made?
(b) Describe the structure of diamond. Draw a simple diagram to show the arrangement of
carbon atoms in diamond.
(c) Explain why, diamond has a high melting point.
(d) State any two uses of diamond.
Solution:
(a) Diamond is a colourless transparent substance having extraordinary brilliance. It is made up of
carbon.
(b) A diamond crystal is a giant molecule of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in the diamond crystal
is linked to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. The four surrounding carbon atoms
are at the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron. This rigid structure of diamond makes it a very hard
substance.
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(c) It has high melting point and huge amount of energy is required to break the network of strong
covalent bonds.
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(d) (i) Used for making jewellery
(ii) Used for rock drilling
37. (a) What is graphite? Of what substance is graphite made?
(b) Describe the structure of graphite with the help of a labeled diagram.
Aa
(c) Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity but diamond is a non-conductor of electricity?
(d) State any two uses of graphite.
Solution:
(a) Graphite is an allotrope of carbon which is soft, greyish black and opaque substance made up of
carbon atoms.
(b)
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A graphite crystal consists of layers of carbon atoms or sheets of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom
in a graphite layer is joined to other three carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds to form flat
hexagonal rings. The various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are held together by weak Van der
Waals forces. Due to this sheet like structure, graphite is a comparatively soft substance.
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(c) In graphite crystal, each carbon atom is connected to only three other carbons. Therefore the
fourth valence electron is free and are responsible for the conduction of electricity in graphite.
(d) Graphite is used as lubricant and used for making pencil leads
38. (a) Explain the term ‘isomers’. Give one example of isomers.
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(b) Write (i) structural formula, and (ii) electron-dot structure, of any one isomer of n-heptane.
(c) Write the IUPAC name of the compound having the formula n-C4H10.
Aa
(d) Write the IUPAC names for the following:
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Solution:
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(a) The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures are known as
isomers for ex: n-butane and iso-butane are isomers.
(b) Isomer of n-heptane: 2-methylhexane.
(i)
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Aa
(ii)
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(c) Butane
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(d) (i) 2-methylpropane
(ii) 2-methylbutane
(iii) Propene
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(iv) Propyne
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39. (a) What are hydrocarbons? Explain with examples.
(b) Explain the meaning of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two examples each.
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(c) Give the names and structural formulae of one saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and one
unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon.
(d) Give one example of a hydrocarbon, other than pentane, having more than three isomers.
Aa
(e) How many isomers of the following hydrocarbons are possible?
(i) C3H8 (ii) C4H10 (iii) C5H12 (iv) C6H14
Solution:
(a) A compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only is called a hydrocarbon. For example:
methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethene (C2H4), and ethyne (C2H2), all are hydrocarbons as they
are made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen.
(b) Saturated hydrocarbons are those which the carbon atoms are connected by single bonds and
also called alkanes. Example: Methane and ethane
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are those which the two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond
or a triple bond.
Example: Ethene and ethyne
(c) Saturated cyclic hydrocarbon: Cyclohexane C6H12
Unsaturated Cyclic hydrocarbon: Benzene C6H6
(d) Hexane C6H14
(e) (i) No isomers
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(ii) Two
(iii) Three
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(iv) Five
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ’s)
40. Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of the element:
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(a) Phosphorus
(b) Fluorine
(c) Carbon
(d) Sulphur
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Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.
41. Out of the following pairs of compounds, the unsaturated compounds are:
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(a) C2H6 and C4H6
(b) C6H12 and C5H12
(c) C4H6 and C6H12
(d) C2H5 and C4H10
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Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.
42. The number of covalent bonds in pentane (molecular formula C5H12) is:
Aa
(a) 5
(b) 12
(c) 17
(d) 16
Solution:
Option (d) is the answer.
43.The property of self-combination of the atoms of the same element to form long chains is
known as:
(a) Protonation
(b) Carbonation
(c) Coronation
(d) Catenation
Solution:
Option (d) is the answer.
44. A cyclic hydrocarbon having carbon-carbon single bonds as well as carbon-carbon
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double bonds in molecule is:
(a) C6H12
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(b) C6H14
(c) C6H6
(d) C6H10
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Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.
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45. The hydrocarbon 2-methylbutane is an isomer of :
(a) n-penatane
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(b) n-butane
(c) Propane
(d) Iso-butane
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Solution:
Option (a) is the answer.
46. An unsaturated hydrocarbon having a triple bond has 50 hydrogen atoms in the molecule.
The number of carbon atoms in its molecule will be:
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(a) 24
(b) 25
(c) 26
(d) 28
Aa
Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.
47. An alkyne has seventy five carbon atoms in its molecule. The number of hydrogen atom
in its molecule will be :
(a) 150
(b) 148
(c) 152
(d) 146
Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.
48. A diamond-toothed saw is usually for cutting;
(a) Steel girders
(b) Logs of woods
(c) Marble slabs
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(d) Asbestos sheets
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Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.
49.The organic compound prepared by Wohler from an inorganic compound called
ammonium cyanate was;
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(a) Glucose
(b) Urea
(c) Uric acid
(d) Vinegar
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Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.
50.One of the following is not an allotrope of carbon. This is:
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(a) Diamond
(b) Graphite
(c) Cumene
(d) Buckminsterfullerene
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Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.
51. The number of carbon atoms in the organic compound named as 2,2-dimethylpropane is:
Aa
(a) Two
(b) Five
(c) Three
(d) Four
Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.
52. The pair of elements which exhibits the property of catenation is :
(a) Sodium and silicon
(b) Chlorine and carbon
(c) Carbon and sodium
(d) Silicon and carbon
Solution:
Option (d) is the answer.
53. A saturated hydrocarbon has fifty hydrogen atom in its molecule. The number of carbon
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atom in its molecule will be:
(a) Twenty five
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(b) Twenty four
(c) Twenty six
(d) Twenty seven
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Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.
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54. A hydrocarbon having one double bond has 100 carbon atom in its molecule. The number
of hydrogen atoms in its molecule will be:
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(a) 200
(b) 198
(c) 202
(d) 196
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Solution:
Option (a) is the answer.
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55. The hydrocarbon which has alternate single and double bonds arranged in the form of a
ring is:
(a) Cyclobutane
(b) Benzene
Aa
(c) Butene
(d) Hexene
Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.
56.Which of the following cannot exhibit isomerism?
(a) C4H10
(b) C5H12
(c) C3H8
(d) C6H14
Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.
57. The pencil leads are made of mainly:
(a) Lithium
(b) Charcoal
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(c) Lead
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(d) Graphite
Solution:
Option (d) is the answer.
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58. The number of isomers formed by the hydrocarbon with molecular formula C5H12 is:
(a) 2
(b) 5
(c) 3
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(d) 4
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Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.
59. The number of carbon atoms joined in a spherical molecule of buckminsterfullerene is:
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(a) Fifty
(b) Sixty
(c) Seventy
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(d) Ninety
Option (b) is the answer.
Aa
