10

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 6
(Week 7)
Illustrating the Probability of a Union
of two Events

i
About the Module
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
in Illustrating the Probability of a Union of two Events. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
your diverse vocabulary level. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module is divided into three lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 – Introduction of Venn Diagram
Lesson 2 –General Rule of Compound Events
Lesson 3 – Probability of the Union of Two Events

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define and illustrate Venn Diagram,
2. Illustrate the general rule for compound events, and
3. Illustrate probability of two events using Venn Diagram.

ii
 What I Know (Pre-Test)
Instructions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Encircle only the letter
of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following meaning is the represented by this symbol below?
A. Intersection, “and” C. Intersection, “or”
B. Union, “or” D. union, “and”

2. If you roll one die, what is the probability of getting an even number or a
multiple of 3? This problem illustrates ____________.
A. Inclusive Events C. Mutually Exclusive Events
B. Exclusive Events D. None of the above

3. Ginny has 5 pairs of shoes (10 shoes total) in her closet. If she reaches in and
grabs two shoes at random, what is the probability that she gets a matching
pair?
1 1 1 1
A. B. C. D.
10 9 5 2

4.What does the shaded region represent?

A. Not A B. A C. A or B D. A and B

5. A total of 46 percent of the voters in a certain city classify themselves as

Independents, whereas 30 percent classify themselves as Liberals, and 24
percent as Conservatives. In recent election, 30 percent of the Independents, 60
percent of the Liberals, and 50 percent of the Conservatives voted. A voter is
chosen at random. Given that this person voted in the local election, what is the
probability that he or she is an Independent? What situation is presented in this
example?
A. Mutually Exclusive Events C. Inclusive Events
B. Exclusive Events D. None of the above
Use the diagram to answer number 6 to 8.

B D
5
6 9 3 7 11
12 13
18 15
17 19
22
21 23

24
F
6. Set F =_________
A. F = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21} C. F = {12, 18, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24}

1
 B. F = {3, 4, 12, 18, 21, 22} D. F = {15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24}
7. (B∪F) =___________________
A. (B∪F) = {3, 5, 8, 11, 12, 15, 17, 21}
B. (B∪F) = {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
C. (B∪F) = {3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 15, 22, 17, 21, 23}
D. (B∪F) = {3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 21, 22}
8. Set B = ________
A. B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 22} C. B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 18, 15, 22}
B. B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 18} D. B = {-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 22}

Use the illustration below to answer numbers 9-10. The Venn Diagram below
shows the probability of grade 8 students joining either math club or science club.

MC SC

0.6 0.2 0.1

0.1

9. P(MC∪SC)
A. 0.8 B. 0.6 C. 0.7 D. 0.9
10. P(MC)= ______
A. 0.8 B. 0.9 C. 0.7 D. 0.6
11. What type of event is shown below?

Hearts Kings A. Mutually Exclusive Events

B. Exclusive Events
2 K C. Inclusive Events
K D. None of the above
7 K

10 9

12. What graphical representation of events that is very useful for illustrating
logical relations among them?
A. Venn Diagram C. Sequence Diagram
B. Tree Diagram D. Commutative Diagram
13. The following mathematicians and logicians have contributed to the
discovery of Venn Diagram, except:
A. Ramon Llull B. Leonardo Pisano C. Leonard Euler D. John Venn
14. What general rule is expressed in P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)?
A. Mutually Exclusive Events C. Inclusive Events
B. Exclusive Events D. None of the above
15. What general rule is expressed in P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)?
A. Mutually Exclusive Events C. Inclusive Events
B. Exclusive Events D. None of the above

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 Lesson Introduction of Venn
1
Monday Diagram
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 Define and illustrate Venn Diagram

What’s In
Venn diagrams are named after British logician John Venn. He wrote
about them in an 1880 paper entitled “On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical
Representation of Propositions and Reasonings” in the Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science.

But the roots of this type of diagram go back much further, at least 600 years. In the
1200s, philosopher and logician Ramon Llull (sometimes spelled Lull) of Majorca
used a similar type of diagram, wrote author M.E. Baron in a 1969 article tracing
their history. She also credited German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried
Wilhelm von Leibnitz with drawing similar diagrams in the late 1600s.

In the 1700s, Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler (pronounced Oy-ler) invented

what came to be known as the Euler Diagram, the most direct forerunner of the Venn
Diagram. In fact, John Venn referred to his own diagrams as Eulerian Circles, not
Venn Diagrams. The term Venn Diagrams was first published by American
philosopher Clarence Irving (C.I.) Lewis in his 1918 book, A Survey of Symbolic Logic.
Venn Diagrams continued to evolve over the past 60 years with advances by experts
David W. Henderson, Peter Hamburger, Jerrold Griggs, Charles E. “Chip” Killian and
Carla D. Savage. Their work concerned symmetric Venn Diagrams and their
relationship to prime numbers, or numbers indivisible by other numbers except
1 and the number itself. One such symmetric diagram, based on prime number 7, is
widely known in math circles as Victoria.
Other notable names in the development of Venn Diagrams are A.W.F. Edwards,
Branko Grunbaum and Henry John Stephen Smith. Among other things, they
changed the shapes in the diagrams to allow simpler depiction of Venn Diagrams at
increasing numbers of sets.

What’s New
Look at this given expression.

Try this! 1 How will you explain

5 7
2 6 8 this given?

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 What Is It
A graphical representation of events that is very useful for illustrating
logical relations among them is the Venn diagram. The sample space S is
represented as consisting of all the points in a large rectangle, and the
events E, F, G,…, are represented as consisting of all the points in given
circles within the rectangle. Events of interest can then be indicated by
shading appropriate regions of the diagram.

Purpose and benefits:

1. To visually organize information to see the relationship between sets of

items, such as commonalities and differences. Students and professionals
can use them to think through the logic behind a concept and to depict the
relationships for visual communication. This purpose can range from
elementary to highly advanced.
2. To compare two or more choices and clearly see what they have in common
versus what might distinguish them. This might be done for selecting an
important product or service to buy.
3. To solve complex mathematical problems. Assuming you are a
mathematician, of course.
4. To compare data sets, find correlations and predict probabilities of certain
occurrences.
5. To reason through the logic behind statements or equations, such as the
Boolean logic behind a word search involving “or” and “and” statements and
how they are grouped.

Steps:

a. Determine your goal. What are you comparing, and why? This will help you
define sets.
b. Brainstorm and list the items in your sets, either on paper or with a platform
like Flowchart.
c. Now, use your diagram to compare and contrast the sets. You may see
things in new ways and be able to make observations, choices, arguments or
decisions.
Let us study the following examples by applying Venn Diagram.

Examples:

Illustrate the following using Venn Diagram.

1. Cruz family wants to compare which type of pet their family might agree on:
parents love dog, bird, hamster, and turtle; sons like dog, cat, hamster, and
fish; daughters love dog, cat, turtle, and snake.
2. Jane and Lovie scores in examination.
ENGLISH MATH SCIENCE FILIPINO TLE A.P.
JANE 48 35 40 30 38 30
LOVIE 42 35 26 45 38 25

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 3. In Cebu City, a music survey was carried out to find out what types of music
Cebuanos love. The results are:
Dance only - 20, Rap only-5, Rock only-16, both Dance and Rock-3,
both Rap and Dance – 6, both Rap and Rock-4, all type of music-4

Solution:
1. Cruz family wants to compare which type of pet their family might agree on:
parents love dog, bird, hamster, and turtle; sons like dog, cat, hamster, and
fish; daughters love dog, cat, turtle, and snake.
Illustration:

hamster
Bird
fish
parents sons
dog
turtle cat

snake

So, the Cruz family loves dog.

daughters

2. Jane and Lovie scores in examination.

ENGLISH MATH SCIENCE FILIPINO TLE A.P.
JANE 42 35 40 30 38 30
LOVIE 42 35 26 45 38 25

Illustration: Jane Lovie

Math (35) Filipino

Filipino
(30) (45)
TLE (38)
A.P. (30) A.P. (25)
English
(42)

So, Jane and Lovie had the same scores in Math, TLE, and English.

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 3. In Cebu City, a music survey was carried out to find out what types of music
Cebuanos love. The results are:
Dance only - 20, Rap only -5, Rock only-16, both Dance and Rock-3,
both Rap and Dance – 6, both Rap and Rock-4, all type of music-4

Illustration:

3
Dance 20 16 Rock
4

6 4

Rap

So, four Cebuanos love three types of music.

What’s More
Activity 1:
Illustrate the following using Venn Diagram.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {5, 6, 3, 8} C = {6, 1, 2, 5, 0} D = {3, 5, 1, 0, 7}

1. Set A and B
2. Set C and A
3. Set A and D
4. Set A, C, and D
5. Set B, D, and C

What to Remember
Write your learnings/insights of the lesson being studied.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
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 Lesson General Rule of Compound
2
Tuesday Events
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 Illustrate the general rule for compound events

What’s In
What is the general rule of the figure shown below?
o Mutually Exclusive Events
o Inclusive Events
o Exclusive Events
o None of the above

B
A

What’s New
Using the Venn Diagram, how do you differentiate Mutually Exclusive Events
from Non-Mutually Exclusive Events?

What Is It
We need to remember that Mutually Exclusive Events are events that
cannot happen at the same time. Examples include: right- and left-hand
turns, even and odd numbers on a die, winning and losing a game, or running and
walking. But, for Mutually Exclusive events, the probability of A or B is the sum of
the individual probabilities:

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

"The probability of A or B equals the probability of A plus the probability of B"

Non-mutually exclusive events / Inclusive events are events that can happen
at the same time. Examples include: driving and listening to the radio, even
numbers and prime numbers on a die, losing a game and scoring, or running and
sweating.

Non-mutually exclusive events can make calculating probability more complex.

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As a formula this is:

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B)

"The probability of A or B equals the probability of A plus the probability of B
minus the probability of A and B"

Here is the same formula, but using ∪ and ∩:

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)

Here are some illustrations between Mutually Exclusive Events and Non-
Mutually Exclusive Events.

Examples:

1.In a Deck of 52 Cards:

a. Illustrate using Venn Diagram, Event K is all Kings and event Q is all Queens ,
then find the probability either King or Queen?

Illustration:

King Queen Based on the illustration, a King or a

Queen has no common outcome. This
is an example of Mutually Exclusive
4 4 Event.

To get the probability of event K (all Kings) or event Q (all Queens) we need to add
the probability of two events K and Q since they are Mutually Exclusive Events.

Probability of King Probability of Queen

P(K) = 4/ 52 P(Q) = 4/ 52

P(K) = 1/13 P(Q) = 1/13

The probability of a King or a Queen is:

P(K or Q) = P(K) + P(Q)

P(K or Q) = (1/13) + (1/13)

P(K or Q) = 2/13

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 b. Illustrate using Venn Diagram, event H (all Hearts ) and event K (all Kings) ,
then find the probability of a Heart or a King?

Illustration:

Hearts Kings
King of heart is the common
2 A K outcome. This is an example
3 8 of Non-Mutually Exclusive
K
7 6 K Event.
4 5 K
10 9

To get the probability of event H (all Hearts) or event K (all Kings) the probability of
H plus the probability of K minus the probability of H and K since they are Non-
Mutually Exclusive Events

Probability of Hearts Probability of Kings

P(H) = 13/ 52 P(K) = 4/ 52

P(H) = 1/4 P(K) = 1/13

Probability of a Heart and a King The probability of a Heart or a King:

P(H∩K) = 1/ 52
P(H ∪ K)= [ P(K) + P(H) ]− P(H ∩ K)
P(H∩K) = 1/52
P(H ∪ K) = [ (1/4) + (1/13) ] – (1/52)

P(H ∪ K) = 4/13

2. Mario has 45 red chips, 12 blue chips, and 24 white chips. What is the
probability that Mario randomly selects a red chip or white chip?
Illustration:

Red Chips White Chips

Based on the illustration a red chip,
blue chip and white chip cannot be
45 12 24 selected at the same time. Thus, this
problem is an example of Mutually
Exclusive Event.
Blue Chips

Since this is an example of Mutually Exclusive Event, we add the probability of red
chip and probability of white chip.

Probability of Red Chip Probability of White Chip

P(RC) = 45/ 81 9 P(WC) = 24/ 81
P(RC) = 5/9 P(WC) = 8/27
 P(RC or WC) = P(RC) + P(WC)

P(RC or WC) = (5/9) + (8/27)

P(RC or WC) = 23/27

What’s More
Activity 2: Instructions: A. Based on the illustration below identify whether it is
mutually exclusive events or non-mutually exclusive events.
1._________________________________ 2. _________________________________

Female students A B

1 5
26 30 3
6 10
9
Male students

3.____________________________________ 4.___________________________________

fish cat
dog
H G

5.________________________________

26% 30%

What I Need to Remember

Write your learnings/insights of the lesson being studied.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

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 Lesson
3 Probability of the Union of
Wednesday
Two Events
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 Illustrate probability of two events using Venn Diagram

What’s In
Illustrate the union of events A and B using Venn Diagram.
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Does this illustrate (A∪B)? Explain.

A B

1 3 2 6 8
5 4 10

What’s New
Look at this given Venn Diagram.

Try this! 4 How will you explain

1 10
7
3 2 this diagram?
8

What Is It
The general probability addition rule for the union of two events states that
P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B), where A∩B is the intersection of the two sets. The
addition rule can be shortened if the sets are disjoint: P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B).
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Here are some examples about the probability of union of two events using the
Venn Diagram.
Examples:

1. U = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20} illustration of C∪D

C D
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
4 2 12
D={2, 8, 10, 12, 14} 8
6 14
10

Illustrate C∪D and find the probability

Solution; illustration of P(C∪D)
P(C)= 5/10=1/2 0.5; P(D)= 5/10=1/2 0.5;
P(C∩D) = 3/10 = 0.3 P(C) P(D)

P(C∪D) = P(C)+P(D)-P(C∩D) 0.2 0.3 0.2

P(C∪D) = (0.5 +0.5)-(0.3)
P(C∪D) =1.0 -0.3
P(C∪D) =0.7 0.3

2. The Venn diagram below shows the probabilities of grade 10 students joining
either soccer (S) or basketball (B).

B S

0.4 0.3 0.2

0.1
Use the Venn diagram to find the probabilities.

a. P(B)
b. P(S)

c. P(B∩S)

d. P(B∪S)

To further understand the above problem, read the discussion of the solution.

Actually, the diagram does not show or represent the entire sample

space for B and S. What is shown are the probabilities.

a. To find the P(B), we will add the probability that only B occurs to the
probability that B and S occur to get 0.4 + 0.3 = 0.7. So, P(B) = 0.7.

b. Similarly, P(S) = 0.2 + 0.3 = 0.5

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 c. Now, P(B∩S) is the value 0.3 in the overlapping region

d. P(B∪S) = 0.4 + 0.3 +0.2 = 0.9.

What’s More
Activity 3

Instructions: Write the letters of your answer that corresponds to the given
probability and use these letters to answer trivia below.
Given: U = {counting numbers from 1 to 20}
A = {counting numbers from 1 to 10}
B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
C = {even counting numbers 1 to 16}
D = {odd counting numbers 1 to 20}
E = {4, 8, 12, 16, 18}

________1. P(A∪B)
________2. P(C∪E)
________3. P(A∪D)
________4. P(B∪D)
________5. P(A∪C)

S. N.

A C B D

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.35

0.30 0.3

E 1. E.

C E A C

0.25 0.2 0.01 0.25 0.25 0.25

0.46 0.25

T. V.

A D
A B
0.3 0.20 0.25
13 0.35 0.15 0.15
0.25
0.35
A. D.

C E
B D

0.15 0.25 0.01 0.15 0.15 0.3

0.5 0.4

It is a set of outcomes of an experiment.

5
________ 1
________ 2 _________
________ 4 3
_________

What I Need to Remember

Write your learnings/insights of the lesson being studied.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Lesson Probability of The Union of

4
Thursday Two Events

What I Can Do
Activity 4:
Instructions: Illustrate the following events using Venn diagram.

Given:
U = { R1, R2, B, G1, G2, G3, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, W1, W2}
E = {R1, B, G3, Y1, Y3}
V = {G2, B, Y1, W1, W2}
N = {R2, G1, Y1, W1}
T = {G3, Y1, Y2, Y4, W1}
S = {B, W1, W2, G1, G3}

1. E∪N
2. N∪T
3. V∪T
4. T∪S
5. P(E∪N)
6. P(N∪T)
7. P(V∪T)
8. P(T∪S)
9. P(E∪V)

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 Friday : Assessment
Assessment (Post Test)

Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What general rule is expressed in P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)?

A. Mutually Exclusive Events C. Inclusive Events
B. Exclusive Events D. None of the above
2. What general rule is expressed in P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)?
A. Inclusive Events C. Mutually Exclusive Events
B. Exclusive Events D. None of the above
3. Honey has 5 pairs of sandals (10 sandals total) in her closet. If she reaches
in and grabs two shoes at random, what is the probability that she gets a
matching pair?
1 1 1 1
A. B. C. D.
2 10 2 9
4. The following mathematicians and logicians have contributed to the
discovery of Venn Diagram________________.
A. Ramon Llull B. Leonard Euler C. Leonardo Pisano D. John Venn
5. If you roll a die, what is the probability of getting an even number and a
multiple of 3? This problem illustrates ____________.
A. Inclusive Events C. Mutually Exclusive Events
B. Exclusive Events D. None of the above
6. What does the shaded region represent?
King Queen

A. Not king C. King or queen

B. Not queen D. King and queen

7. The illustration below is an example of ___________.

A B A. Mutually Exclusive Events

B. Exclusive Events
2 K C. Inclusive Events
D. None of the above
7 K
K
10 9

8. Which of the following meaning is the represented by this symbol below?

A. Union, “or” C. Union, “and”
B. Intersection, “and” D. Intersection, “or”

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 9. Given the illustration below, what are the common outcomes?

D B A. 5 and 3
5 6 9 B. -3 and 15
3 C. 3 and 11
12
8 11 15 18 D. 3 and 15
22

10. Which statement is true about Mutually Exclusive Events?

A. Events that can happen at the same time.
B. Events that cannot happen at the same time.
C. Events that probably will happen at the same time.
D. Events that probably or cannot happen at the same time.

Use the diagram to answer numbers 11 to 15.

A B
2
6 -9
12 3
5
-18 15 8 11
-19 -13
17
-20
24
C

11. Set C =_________

A. C = {3, 6, 9, -13, -19, 17, 24} C. C = {9, 15, -13, -19, 17, -20, 24}
B. C = {3, 4, 12, -13, -19, 22} D. C = {9, 15, -13, 22, 23, 24}
12. Set A = ________
A. A = {3, 6, 9, -9, 12, 15, -19 -18} C. A = {2, 3, 6, -9, 12, 18, 15, 22}
B. A = {2, 3, 6, -9, 12, -18} D. A = {-3, 2, 6, -9, 12, -18}

13. Illustrate P(C∪B)

A. C.

C B C B

0.27 0.2 0.27 0.27 0.3 0.16

0.26 0.27

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 B. D.

C B C B

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.05 0.05

0.4 0.3
14. (A∪C)=___________________
A. (A∪C) = {2, 3, 5, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21}
B. (A∪C) = {3, 9, 11, 15, -13, 8, -8}
C. (A∪C) = {2,3,15,6,-9,-18, -19, -20, 8, -13, 17, 24 }
D. (A∪C) = {3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 15, -13, 20, 24}
15. Illustrate P(A∪C)
A. C.

A C A C

0.27 0.13 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.23

0.27 0.27

B. D.

A C A C

0.4 0.2 0.35 0.4 0.13 0.27

0.05 0.2

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 18
Activity 1
1. 2.
3 4.
5.
Activity 2
Activity 3
1.V 2. E1 3. T 4. N 5. E
EVE1NT
Answer Key
References
Text Book
Callanta, Melvin M., Allan Canonigo, Arnaldo I. Chua, Jerry D. Cruz, Mirla S.
Esparrago, Elino S. Garcia, Aries N. Magnaye, Fernando
B. Orines, Rowena S. Perez, and Concepcion S. Ternida.
2015.Mathematics-Grade10 Learners’ Module. Pasig: Rex
Book Store.
Websites
Department of Education. 2010. Illustrates the Probability of a Union of Two Events.
Pasig City, October 12.
https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/tutorial/venn-diagram

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

 Name
 Grade and Section
 Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your
teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you AND return them at the end of the school
year or whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted

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