ADAMS/Car

Templates

About This Guide 3

Using Communicators 5

Template Descriptions 15
2 ADAMS/Car Templates
Copyright

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ADAMS/Car Templates 3
About This Guide

About This Guide

Welcome to ADAMS/Car Templates

Welcome to ADAMS/Car, Mechanical Dynamics’ (MDI) virtual prototyping software.
ADAMS/Car creates, catalogues, and analyzes full vehicles and vehicle suspensions.
ADAMS/Car is part of MDI’s template-based products. All template-based products have
two interfaces: Standard Interface and Template Builder. You use the Template Builder
interface to create and modify components and templates.
This guide introduces you to the communicators and templates that are specific to
ADAMS/Car. For general information, see the guide, Building Templates.

What This Guide Assumes

The guide assumes that you:
■ Know the basics of using ADAMS/Car. For an introduction to ADAMS/Car,
see the guide, Getting Started Using ADAMS/Car.
■ Are familiar with the information presented in the guide, Building Templates.
4 ADAMS/Car Templates
About This Guide
1 Using Communicators

Overview
Communicators are the key elements in ADAMS/Car that
enable the different subsystems that make up your assembly to
exchange information with each other and with test rigs.
For general information about communicators, see Setting Up
Communication Between Templates and Test Rigs on page 29
in the guide, Building Templates.
This chapter describes the communicators you can use in the
ADAMS/Car test rigs.
■ Communicators in the Suspension Test Rig, 6

■ Communicators in the SDI Test Rig, 8

6 ADAMS/Car Templates
Using Communicators

Communicators in the Suspension Test Rig

Tables 1 and 2 describe the input and output communicators in the suspension test rig
(._MDI_SUSPENSION_TESTRIG). In the tables, the notation:
■ [lr] indicates that there is both a left and right communicator of the specified
name, as in ci[lr]_camber_angle.
■ s indicates a single communicator, as in cis_steering_rack_joint.

Table 1. Input Communicators in Suspension Test Rig

Belongs to the From

The communicator: Receives:
class: minor role:

ci[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real any Camber angle value

from the suspension
subsystem. Sets correct
orientation of the test
rig wheels.

ci[lr]_suspension_mount mount any Part to which the test

rig wheels can attach.

ci[lr]_suspension_upright mount any Part to which the test

rig wheels can attach.

ci[lr]_toe_angle parameter_real any Toe angle value from

the suspension
subsystem. Sets correct
orientation of the test
rig wheels.

ci[lr]_wheel_center location any Location of the wheel

center from the
suspension subsystem.
Test rig wheels attach
to the suspension at that
location.
ADAMS/Car Templates 7
Using Communicators

Table 1. Input Communicators in Suspension Test Rig (continued)

Belongs to the From

The communicator: Receives:
class: minor role:

cis_leaf_adjustment_steps parameter_integer any Integer value stored in

the leaf spring template
(currently not
available).

cis_steering_rack_joint joint_for_motion any Steering rack

translational joint from
the steering subsystem.

cis_steering_wheel_joint joint_for_motion any Steering wheel revolute

joint from the steering
subsystem.

cis_suspension_parameters_ array any Array used in the

ARRAY suspension
characteristic
calculations; comes
from the suspension
subsystems.

Table 2. Output Communicator in Suspension Test Rig

Belongs
From
The communicator: to the Used with:
minor role:
class:

cos_leaf_adjustment_multiplier array any Leaf Spring toolkit. It is

currently not supported in the
standard product.

co[l,r]_tripot_to_differential mount any Outputs the ge[lr]_diff_output

parts.
8 ADAMS/Car Templates
Using Communicators

Table 2. Output Communicator in Suspension Test Rig (continued)

Belongs
From
The communicator: to the Used with:
minor role:
class:

cos_tire_forces_array_left array any Outputs array of ADAMS

IDs used by the conceptual
suspension module.

cos_tire_forces_array_right array any Outputs array of ADAMS

IDs used by the conceptual
suspension module.

Communicators in the SDI Test Rig

Tables 3 and 4 describe the input and output communicators in the SDI test rig
(.__MDI_SDI_TESTRIG). In the tables, the notation [lr] indicates that there is both a left and
right communicator of the specified name.
Table 3. Input Communicators in SDI Test Rig

Belongs to the From

The communicator: Receives:
class: minor role:

cis_body_subsystem mount inherit Output from the body

subsystem. It indicates
the part that represents
the body.

cis_chassis_path_reference marker any Marker from the body

subsystem. It is used to
measure path, roll, and
sideslip error in a
constant radius
cornering maneuver.
ADAMS/Car Templates 9
Using Communicators

Table 3. Input Communicators in SDI Test Rig (continued)

Belongs to the From

The communicator: Receives:
class: minor role:

cis_driver_reference marker any Marker from the body

subsystem. It is used in
ADAMS/Driver
simulations.

cis_engine_rpm solver_variable any ADAMS/Solver

variable for engine
revolute speed from the
powertrain subsystem.

cis_measure_for_distance marker any Marker used to measure

the distance travelled in
the forward direction of
the vehicle, from the
body subsystem.

cis_diff_ratio parameter_real any Real parameter variable

for final drive ratio,
from powertrain
subsystem.

cis_steering_rack_joint joint_for_motion front Steering rack

translational joint from
the steering subsystem.

cis_steering_wheel_joint joint_for_motion front Steering wheel revolute

joint from the steering
subsystem.

cis_max_brake_value parameter_real any Output from brake

subsystem (maximum
brake signal value).
10 ADAMS/Car Templates
Using Communicators

Table 3. Input Communicators in SDI Test Rig (continued)

Belongs to the From

The communicator: Receives:
class: minor role:

cis_max_engine_speed parameter_real any Output from powertrain

subsystem (maximum
engine rpm value).

cis_max_gears parameter_integer any Output from powertrain

(maximum number of
allowed gears).

cis_max_rack_displacement parameter_real any Output displacement

limits from steering
subsystem. Used by the
Standard Driver
Interface.

cis_max_rack_force parameter_real any Output force limits from

steering subsystem.
Used by the Standard
Driver Interface.

cis_max_steering_angle parameter_real any Output angle limits from

steering subsystem.
Used by the Standard
Driver Interface.

cis_max_steering_torque parameter_real any Output from steering

subsystem.

cis_max_throttle parameter_real any Output from powertrain

(maximum value of
throttle signal).
ADAMS/Car Templates 11
Using Communicators

Table 3. Input Communicators in SDI Test Rig (continued)

Belongs to the From

The communicator: Receives:
class: minor role:

cis_min_engine_speed parameter_real any Output from powertrain

subsystem (minimum
engine rpm value, used
for shifting strategy).

cis_rotation_diff diff any Output from powertrain

(it is a differential
equation used to
measure crankshaft
acceleration; its integral
is used for engine rpm).

cis_transmission_spline spline any Spline for transmission

gears (output from
powertrain: reduction
ratios for every gear).
12 ADAMS/Car Templates
Using Communicators

Table 4. Output Communicators in SDI Test Rig

Belongs to From
The communicator: Outputs:
the class: minor role:

cos_brake_demand solver_variable any Brake demand to the brake

subsystem.

cos_clutch_demand solver_variable any Clutch demand to the

powertain subsystem.

cos_desired_velocity solver_variable any Desired velocity

ADAMS/Solver variable.
Other subsystems can
reference it.

cos_initial_engine_rpm parameter_real any Initial engine RPM real

variable to the powertain
subsystem.

cos_throttle_demand solver_variable any Throttle demand to the

powertain subsystem.

cos_transmission_ solver_variable any Transmission (gear) demand

demand to the powertain subsystem.
ADAMS/Car Templates 13
Using Communicators

Matching Communicators with Test Rigs

When you create a template, you must meet the following conditions to ensure that an
analysis will work with your new template:
■ The template must be compatible with other templates and with the test rigs, for
example, the .__MDI_SUSPENSION_TESTRIG. The template must also contain
the proper output communicators.
■ If the template is a suspension template (for example, its major role is
suspension), the template must contain a suspension parameters array. The
suspension parameters array identifies to the suspension analysis how the steer
axis should be calculated and whether the suspension is independent or
dependent.
For example, for a suspension template to be compatible with the suspension test rig, the
suspension template must contain either the mount or the upright output communicators. In
Table 5, the notation [lr] indicates that there is both a left and right communicator of the
specified name.
Table 5. Output Communicators in Suspension Template

Belongs to the From minor

The communicator: Matching name:
class: role:

co[lr]_suspension_mount mount inherit suspension_mount

co[lr]_suspension_upright mount inherit suspension_upright

co[lr]_wheel_center location inherit wheel_center

co[lr]_toe_angle parameter_real inherit toe_angle

co[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real inherit camber_angle

The co[lr]_suspension_mount output communicators publish the parts to which the test rig
wheels should mount. As you create these communicators, ensure that you set their minor
role to inherit. By setting the minor role to inherit, the communicator takes its minor role
from the minor role of the subsystems that use your suspension template.
14 ADAMS/Car Templates
Using Communicators

The co[lr]_wheel_center output communicators publish the location of the wheel centers to
the test rig so the test rig can locate itself relative to the suspension. As you create these
types of communicators, make sure that you also leave their minor role set to inherit.
The toe and camber communicators (co[lr]_toe_angle and co[lr]_camber_angle) publish, to
the test rig, the toe and camber angles set in the suspension so the test rig can orient the
wheels correctly.
2 Template Descriptions

Overview
This chapter describes each of the templates that MDI provides with
ADAMS/Car. It describes the most common and general design
solutions for which you would use the templates. You can use the
template descriptions to help you create subsystems from the templates
or as general guidelines for good practices when building your own
templates.
This chapter contains the following information and descriptions:
■ Conventions in Template ■ Parallel-Link Steering System,
Descriptions, 16 53
■ Location of Templates, 16 ■ Pitman Arm Steering System, 57
■ Simple Anti-Roll Bar System, 17 ■ Powertrain System, 61
■ Disk-Brake System, 21 ■ Quad-Link Axle Suspension, 66
■ Conceptual Suspension System, ■ Rack and Pinion Steering
26 System, 70
■ Conceptual Steering System, 30 ■ Rear Driveline System, 74
■ Double-Wishbone Suspension, 32 ■ Rigid Chassis, 78
■ Flexible LCA Double-Wishbone ■ Simple Powertrain, 82
Suspension, 37
■ Torsion Bar Double-Wishbone ■ Tire System, 87
Suspension, 39
■ ISO Road Course, 42 ■ Trailing Arm Suspension, 90
■ MacPherson Suspension, 44 ■ Twist Beam Suspension, 94
■ Multi-Link Suspension, 49
16 ADAMS/Car Templates
Conventions in Template Descriptions

For more information about how templates fit within the file architecture, and how to work
with templates, see Introducing ADAMS Template Builder on page 5 in the guide, Building
Templates.

Conventions in Template Descriptions

For each template description, we provide the following:
■ Overview - A brief description of the template.
■ Template Name - The file name containing the template.
■ Application - The types of analyses in which you can use the template.
■ Description - A complete description of the template and its use.
■ Files Referenced - The property or MNF files that the template uses to define
such entities as bushings, springs, and flexible bodies.
■ Topology - How the different entities of the template connect and how forces or
torques are transferred from one entity to another.
■ Parameters - Describe the parameter variables that are used to store key
information in the template. For example, in the templates, parameter variables
often store the toe and camber angles for a suspension or the orientation of the
spin axis.
■ Limitations - Lists any limitations of the template design that you should be
aware of.
■ Communicators - Lists the communicators used in the template.
■ Notes - Contains miscellaneous information about the template.
In the template descriptions, when we refer to communicator and parameter names, we
often use the notation [lr] to indicate that there is both a left and right communicator or
parameter of the specified name.

Location of Templates
The templates are located the templates.tbl table, or directory, of the shared ADAMS/Car
database. The shared ADAMS/Car database is usually located in the installation directory
of ADAMS/Car. See your system administrator for location details.
ADAMS/Car Templates 17
Simple Anti-Roll Bar System

Simple Anti-Roll Bar System

Overview
The simple anti-roll bar system template represents a bar fitted transversely to the
suspension. The bar is made out of steel or a user-defined material. The bar is installed
in a vehicle to reduce the roll of the vehicle body as the vehicle takes a corner. It
increases suspension roll rate.
Figure 1. Simple Anti-Roll Bar System

Droplink

Bushing
attachments

Template Name
_antiroll_simple

Major Role
Antiroll

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle analyses
18 ADAMS/Car Templates
Simple Anti-Roll Bar System

Description
The anti-roll bar system template provides a simple model of anti-roll bar (also known
as stabilizer bar). It consists of two bar halves connected by a torsional spring damper
element.

Files Referenced
Bushing property files

Topology
A revolute joint connects the two bar halves of the anti-roll bar system. Bushings then
attach the bar halves to the body or to the suspension subframe. Drop links transmit the
suspension motion to the bar ends. The drop links attach to the suspension with
spherical joints and to the bar ends with convel joints.
Table 6 maps the topology of the anti-roll bar system template.

Table 6. Topology

The joint: Connects part: To part:

jo[lr]sph_droplink_ upper_bal ge[lr]_droplink mt[lr]_droplink_to_suspension

jo[lr]con_droplink_to_arb ge[lr]_droplink ge[lr]_arb

josrev_arb_rev_joint ger_arb gel_arb

arb_torsion_spring (rotational spring) ger_arb gel_arb

Parameters
A parameter variable (pvs_torsional_stiffness) defines the torsional stiffness of the
spring damper element. Table 7 lists the parameter, its value, and units.
Table 7. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

pvs_torsional_stiffness Real variable Nmm/Degrees

ADAMS/Car Templates 19
Simple Anti-Roll Bar System

Limitations
The anti-roll bar system template represents a simple approximation of a stabilizer bar.
For more complex solutions, you would need to create a more accurate representation
of the bar through the discretization of rigid bodies, nonlinear rods, or flexible bodies.

Communicators
Mount parts provide the connectivity to the suspension subsystems. An output
communicator exports information about the location of the ARB pick-up point.
Table 8 lists the communicators that the template uses.

Table 8. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_arb_bushing_mount mount inherit

ci[lr]_droplink_to_suspension mount inherit

co[lr]_ARB_pickup location inherit

20 ADAMS/Car Templates
Simple Anti-Roll Bar System

Notes
The spring damper element applies a rotational action-reaction force between the two
bar halves. The following linear equation describes the torque applied at the i marker:
Ta = -C(da/dt) - Kt (a - ANGLE) + TORQUE
where:
■ C is the damping term (defaults to 0 in the template).

■ Kt is the torsional stiffness.

■ a is the angle between the bar halves.

■ ANGLE is the initial angular displacement.

■ TORQUE is the torsional preload. Torque applied on the j marker is equal and
opposite to the torque on the i marker.
ADAMS/Car Templates 21
Disk-Brake System

Disk-Brake System
Overview
The disk-brake system template represents a device that applies resistance to the
motion of a vehicle.
Figure 2. Disk-Brake System

Caliper

Rotor

Template Name
_brake_system_4Wdisk

Major Role
Brake

Description
The disk-brake system template represents a simple model of a brake system. It applies
a rotational torque between the caliper and the rotor.
22 ADAMS/Car Templates
Disk-Brake System

Application
Full-vehicle analysis to simulate the effect of braking on the dynamics of the vehicle.

Files Referenced
None

Topology
The caliper part is mounted to the suspension upright, while the rotor is mounted to the
wheel. A rotational SFORCE is applied between the two parts.

Parameters
The toe and camber values that the suspension subsystem publishes define the spin axis
orientation. In addition, the braking torque is expressed as a function of a number of
parameters.
Table 9 lists the parameters in the template.

Table 9. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

front_brake_bias Real No units

front_brake_mu Real No units

front_effective_piston_ radius Real mm

front_piston_area Real mm2

front_rotor_hub_wheel_ offset Real mm

front_rotor_hub_width Real mm

front_rotor_width Real mm

max_brake_value Real No units

rear_brake_mu Real No units

ADAMS/Car Templates 23
Disk-Brake System

Table 9. Parameters (continued)

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

rear_effective_piston_ radius Real mm

rear_piston_area Real mm2

rear_rotor_hub_wheel_ offset Real mm

rear_rotor_hub_width Real mm

rear_rotor_width Real mm

Limitations
The disk-brake template is a simple model of a brake system. It does not model the
complex interaction between the rotor and caliper.

Communicators
Mount parts provide the connectivity between the template and suspension
subsystems. Input communicators receive information about the toe and camber
suspension orientation and the wheel center location. Input to the brake system is brake
demand.
Table 10 lists the communicators in the template.

Table 10. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_front_camber_angle parameter_real front

ci[lr]_front_rotor_to_wheel mount front

ci[lr]_front_toe_angle parameter_real front

ci[lr]_front_wheel_center location front

ci[lr]_front_suspension_ upright mount front

24 ADAMS/Car Templates
Disk-Brake System

Table 10. Communicators (continued)

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_rear_rotor_ro_wheel mount rear

ci[lr]_rear_suspension_ upright mount rear

ci[lr]_rear_toe_angle parameter_real rear

ci[lr]_rear_camber_angle parameter_real rear

ci[lr]_rear_wheel_center location rear

cis_brake_demand solver_variable any

cos_max_brake_value parameter_real inherit

Notes
The torque on the rotor depends on a number of parameters. The front right torque
function is:
T = 2 × PistonArea × BrakeLinePressure × µ × EffectivePistonRadius × STEP

where:
■ BrakeLinePressure is calculated as follows:
BrakeLinePressure = BrakeBias * BrakeDemand * 0.1
ADAMS/Car Templates 25
Disk-Brake System

where:
❖ BrakeBias defines the front and rear proportioning of the brake line pressure.
Note that although the term is constant, in reality, simple hydraulic systems
allow dynamic front and rear proportioning of the brake pressure depending
on a number of factors, including longitudinal slip angle of the tires and
dynamic load transfer.
❖ BrakeDemand is the force on the pedal (N) as it is output from the analysis.
❖ 0.1 is a conversion factor that converts the force applied on the pedal into
pressure.
■ STEP is the function of the rotation of the rotor to wheel and suspension upright
markers. The function prevents backwards spinning of the wheels. STEP is a
simple function that measures the WZ rotation of the marker on the rotor with
respect to the marker on the upright and reverses the sign of the applied torque
if the wheel is spinning backwards.
26 ADAMS/Car Templates
Conceptual Suspension System

Conceptual Suspension System

Overview
Using conceptual templates, ADAMS/Car allows you to study system-level vehicle
dynamics without having to create detailed multibody suspension models. You can use
the conceptual suspension system to define the wheel movements with respect to the
body using a collection of characteristic curves or dependencies.
Figure 3. Conceptual Suspension System

csm damper and spring ude

Half shafts

Wheel carrier

Template Name
_concept_suspension

Major Role
Suspension

Application
Suspension or full-vehicle analyses. You can mix and match conceptual suspensions
in a full-vehicle assembly with multibody suspension models.
ADAMS/Car Templates 27
Conceptual Suspension System

Default Files Referenced

References the file dwb_front.scf, stored in the suspension_curves.tbl directory in the
ADAMS/Car shared database. The suspension characteristic file defines kinematic
relations or dependencies between suspension characteristic angles, suspension track,
and base and the vertical wheel and steer travel.

Topology
The topology of the template is very simple, and you do not need to modify it in the
Template Builder.
Three curve-to-curve constraints drive each wheel carrier along a predefined
trajectory. A user-written curve subroutine calculates the trajectory depending on the
inputs to the system, such as the forces and torques coming from the tire subsystem and
the amount of wheel and steer travel.
A conceptual suspension will have 4 degrees of freedom. A conceptual vehicle,
therefore, will have 14 degrees of freedom. Table 11 lists the model topology for the
left side of the template. The right side entities are connected in a similar way.
Table 11. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

left_ptcv_O (point-to-curve) wheel_carrier_left mts_body

left_ptcv_X (point-to-curve) dummy_left_X mts_body

jolrev_spindle_upright hub_left wheel_carrier_left

joltra_tripot_to_differential gel_tripot mtl_tripot_to_ differential

jolcon_drive_sft_int_jt gel_tripot gel_drive_shaft

jolcon_drive_sft_otr gel_drive_shaft hub_left

jolinp_dummy_wheelplane_y dummy_left_X wheel_carrier_left

jolinp_dummy_wheelplane_z dummy_left_X wheel_carrier_left

jolori_dummy_wheelplane_ori dummy_left_X wheel_carrier_left

josfix_subframe_to_body ges_subframe mts_body

28 ADAMS/Car Templates
Conceptual Suspension System

Parameters
The toe and camber parameter values define the wheel spin axis, and the unsprung
mass parameter variable defines the wheel carrier part mass. Finally, 68 hidden
variables define the dependency flags array, with each of parameters setting the status
(active or inactive) of a dependency.

Communicators
Mount parts provide connectivity from the template to the body subsystems and
differential. Input communicators receive information about the tire forces, the steer
axis, and the steering wheel joint. Output communicators publish toe, camber, steer
axis, and wheel center location information.
Table 12 lists the communicators in the template.

Table 12. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_ARB_pickup location inherit

ci[lr]_tripot_to_differential mount inherit

cis_body mount inherit

cis_characteristics_input_ ARRAY array inherit

cis_steering_wheel_joint joint_for_motion inherit

cis_tire_forces_array_left array inherit

cis_tire_forces_array_right array inherit

co[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_suspension_mount mount inherit

co[lr]_suspension_upright mount inherit

co[lr]_toe_angle parameter_real inherit

ADAMS/Car Templates 29
Conceptual Suspension System

Table 12. Communicators (continued)

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

co[lr]_tripot_to_differential location inherit

co[lr]_wheel_center location inherit

cos_driveline_active parameter_integer inherit

cos_engine_to_subframe mount inherit

cos_suspension_parameters_ARRAY array inherit

Notes
Spring and damper entities in the conceptual suspension template consist of a special
user-defined element. A user-written subroutine computes the forces. The subroutine
takes into account the nonlinear spring/damper characteristics and the stabilizer bar
forces.
You must use the conceptual suspension system template with the Conceptual Steering
System on page 30.
30 ADAMS/Car Templates
Conceptual Steering System

Conceptual Steering System

Overview
Using conceptual templates, ADAMS/Car allows you to study system-level vehicle
dynamics without having to create detailed multibody suspension models.
Figure 4. Conceptual Steering System

Steering
wheel

Steering wheel
revolute joint

Steering
column

Template Name
_concept_steering

Major Role
Steering

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle analyses with the conceptual suspension system template.
ADAMS/Car Templates 31
Conceptual Steering System

Description
The conceptual steering system is a very simple model of steering that communicates
the steering wheel revolute joint to the conceptual suspension system. The conceptual
suspension system uses the rotation of the joint i and j markers as a measure of the
steering input.

Topology
The conceptual steering system template consists of a steering wheel and column
rotating through a revolute joint. The revolute joint connects the rigid bodies to a
mount part.

Communicators
Mount parts provide the connectivity from the template to the body subsystems. Output
communicators publish steering limits for displacement, angle, and force, and torque
information.
Table 13 lists the communicators that the template uses.

Table 13. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

cos_max_steering_angle parameter_real inherit

cos_max_steering_torque parameter_real inherit

cos_steering_wheel_joint joint_for_motion inherit

cis_steering_column_to_ body mount inherit

32 ADAMS/Car Templates
Double-Wishbone Suspension

Double-Wishbone Suspension
Overview
A double-wishbone suspension is one of the most common suspension designs. It uses
two lateral control arms to hold the wheel carrier and control its movements.
Figure 5. Double Wishbone Suspension

Upper control arm

Subframe

Spring/Damper

Driveshaft

Lower control arm

Template Name
_double_wishbone

Major Role
Suspension

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
ADAMS/Car Templates 33
Double-Wishbone Suspension

Description
The double-wishbone template represents the most common design for double-
wishbone suspensions. You can use the template as a front steerable suspension or as
a rear non-steerable suspension.
You can set subsystems based on this template to kinematic or compliant mode. In
kinematic mode, ADAMS/Car replaces the bushings that connect the control arms to
the body mount part with a corresponding purely kinematic constraint. ADAMS/Car
also does this for the top mount and lower strut mount.
You can deactivate the subframe part, as well as the halfshafts. A spring acts between
the upper mount part and the lower strut. A bumpstop acts between the upper and lower
strut parts.

Files Referenced
Bushings, springs, dampers, and bumpstops property files

Topology
The lower wishbone connects to a subframe or to the mount if you’ve deactivated the
subframe. The upper wishbone connects to the body mount part. A spherical joint
constrains the upright part to the upper and lower arms.
A spherical joint also connects the tie rods to the uprights. Tie rods attach to mount
parts through convel joints. Convel joints also connect the tripots to the drive shafts. A
static rotation control actuator locks the rotational degree of freedom of the hub during
quasi-static analyses.
Table 14. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jklrev_lca gel_lower_control_arm ges_subframe

jolsph_lca_balljoint gel_upright gel_lower_control_arm

jolsph_tierod_outer gel_tierod gel_upright

jolcon_tierod_inner gel_tierod mtl_tierod_to_steering

josfix_subframe_rigid ges_subframe mts_subframe_to_body

34 ADAMS/Car Templates
Double-Wishbone Suspension

Table 14. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jklhoo_top_mount_kinematic gel_upper_strut mtl_strut_to_body

jolsph_uca_balljoint gel_upper_control_arm gel_upright

jolcyl_lwr_upr_strut gel_lower_strut gel_upper_strut

jklrev_uca gel_upper_control_arm mtl_uca_to_body

jklhoo_lwr_strut_kinematic gel_lower_strut gel_lower_control_arm

joltra_tripot_to_differential gel_tripot mtl_tripot_to_differential

jolcon_drive_sft_int_jt gel_tripot gel_drive_shaft

jolcon_drive_sft_otr gel_drive_shaft gel_spindle

Parameters
Toe and camber variables define wheel spin axis, spindle part, and spindle geometry.
Table 15 lists the parameters in the template.

Table 15. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

phs_driveline_active Integer No units

phs_kinematic_flag Integer No units
pvs_subframe_active Integer No units
pv[lr]_toe_angle Real Degrees
pv[lr]_camber_angle Real Degrees
pv[lr]_drive_shaft_offset Real mm
ADAMS/Car Templates 35
Double-Wishbone Suspension

Communicators
Mount parts provide connectivity from the template to body subsystems and the
differential. Output communicators publish toe, camber, steer axis, and wheel center
location information to the appropriate subsystems and the test rig. Table 16 lists the
input and output communicators.
Table 16. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_ARB_pickup location inherit

ci[lr]_strut_to_body mount inherit

ci[lr]_tierod_to_steering mount inherit

ci[lr]_tripot_to_differential mount inherit

ci[lr]_uca_to_body mount inherit

cis_subframe_to_body mount inherit

co[lr]_arb_bushing_mount mount inherit

co[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_droplink_to_ suspension mount inherit

co[lr]_suspension_mount mount inherit

co[lr]_suspension_upright mount inherit

co[lr]_toe_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_tripot_to_differential location inherit

co[lr]_wheel_center location inherit

cos_driveline_active parameter_integer inherit

36 ADAMS/Car Templates
Double-Wishbone Suspension

Table 16. Communicators (continued)

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

cos_engine_to_subframe mount inherit

cos_rack_housing_to_ mount inherit

suspension_subframe

cos_suspension_ parameters_ARRAY array inherit

Notes
The integer parameter variables allow you to activate and deactivate the subframe part
and the driveshafts. The kinematic flag variable toggles between kinematic and
compliant mode.
ADAMS/Car Templates 37
Flexible LCA Double-Wishbone Suspension

Flexible LCA Double-Wishbone Suspension

Overview
The flexible LCA double-wishbone suspension template is similar to the standard
Double-Wishbone Suspension on page 32. In the flexible template, however, a
flexible representation replaces the rigid body lower control arms.
Figure 6. Flexible LCA Double-Wishbone Suspension

Flexible lower
control arm (shell)

Template Name
_double_wishbone_flex

Major Role
Suspension

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
38 ADAMS/Car Templates
Flexible LCA Double-Wishbone Suspension

Description
Flexible bodies replace the left and right rigid lower control arms.

MNF Files Referenced

LCA_left_shl.mnf and LCA_right_shl.mnf. In addition, because of the way the node IDs
are numbered, you can swap the default modal neutral files with LCA_left_tra.mnf and
LCA_right_tra.mnf.

Topology
In addition to the general topology described for the Double-Wishbone Suspension on
page 32, this template uses interface parts to connect the flexible bodies to the rest of
the suspension. Node IDs define the location of interface parts.

Parameters
Refer to the Double-Wishbone Suspension on page 32.

Communicators
Refer to the Double-Wishbone Suspension on page 32.

Notes
Refer to the Double-Wishbone Suspension on page 32.
ADAMS/Car Templates 39
Torsion Bar Double-Wishbone Suspension

Torsion Bar Double-Wishbone Suspension

Overview
The torsion bar double-wishbone suspension template is a modified version of the
standard Double-Wishbone Suspension on page 32. In this template, however, a
torsion bar spring replaces the coil spring.
Figure 7. Torsion Bar Double-Wishbone Suspension

Torsion bar

Template Name
_double_wishbone_torsion

Major Role:
Suspension

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
40 ADAMS/Car Templates
Torsion Bar Double-Wishbone Suspension

Description
In the torsion bar double-wishbone suspension template, a torsion bar spring replaces
the coil spring used in the standard Double-Wishbone Suspension on page 32. The
torsion bar consists of two bar halves connected by a rotational SFORCE (joint torque
actuator). The rotational SFORCE exerted between the two bar halves is a function of
a torsional stiffness and of the relative rotation along the torsion bar longitudinal axis.

Files Referenced
Refer to the Double-Wishbone Suspension on page 32.

Topology
The torsion bar consists of two bar halves connected by a cylindrical joint and a joint
torque actuator. The first half is rigidly connected to the lower control arm, and the
second half is fixed to the mount part and gets rigidly connected to the chassis if you
use the suspension in full-vehicle assemblies.

Parameters
The torsion bar double-wishbone suspension template includes additional parameter
variables besides those described in the Double-Wishbone Suspension on page 32.
The variable defining the torsional stiffness defines the torsion bar stiffness. Also,
another parameter variable defines the torsional preload applied between the lower
control arm and the torsion bar.
Table 17 lists the additional parameters.

Table 17. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

pv[lr]_tbar_stiffness Real Nmm/Degrees

pvs_tbar_preload Real Nmm

Communicators
Refer to the Double-Wishbone Suspension on page 32.
ADAMS/Car Templates 41
Torsion Bar Double-Wishbone Suspension

Notes
The torsion bar double-wishbone suspension template includes a toe adjustment. It
uses an adjustable force ADAMS/Car element to reach a desired toe angle at static
equilibrium.
42 ADAMS/Car Templates
ISO Road Course

ISO Road Course

Overview
The ISO road course template represents a closed circuit with an ISO lane change
section.
Figure 8. ISO Road Course

Template Name
_ISO_road_course

Major Role
Environment

Application
With the optional ADAMS/Driver module
ADAMS/Car Templates 43
ISO Road Course

Description
The ISO road course template consists of shell elements and frustums, and represents
a closed circuit with an ISO lane change section.

Files Referenced
Geometry elements (shells) reference shell files stored in the ADAMS/Car shared
database in the shell_graphics.tbl directory. The shell files are Iso_road_inr.shl,
Iso_road_otr.shl, and Iso_road_c.shl.

Topology
All the graphic elements are created on the ground part.

Parameters
Contains no parametric information.

Communicators
Contains no communicators.

Notes
The corresponding ADAMS/Driver representation of this course is available as a trace
on the x-y plane and lane width in the driver_roads.tbl directory. The file is called
ISO_road_course.drd. You can use the file to run full-vehicle analyses with
ADAMS/Driver. Including the ISO road course template in your full-vehicle assembly
adds a graphical representation of the circuit.
44 ADAMS/Car Templates
MacPherson Suspension

MacPherson Suspension
Overview
The MacPherson suspension design in this template is similar to the SLA geometry,
and is probably the most often used suspension for passenger cars in the world. It uses
a telescopic strut incorporating a damper element. The upper end is fixed to the body
and the lower end is located by linkages. The MacPherson design provides advantages
in packaging, and it is generally used for front-wheel drive cars.
Figure 9. MacPherson Suspension
Top mount

Tie rod

Upright and spindle

Driveshaft

Subframe
Control
arm
Tripot

Template Name
_macpherson

Major Role
Suspension

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
ADAMS/Car Templates 45
MacPherson Suspension

Description
The MacPherson suspension template represents the most common design for
MacPherson suspensions. You can use the template as a front steerable suspension or
as a rear non-steerable suspension.
You can set the subsystems based on this template to kinematic or compliant mode. In
kinematic mode, ADAMS/Car replaces the bushings with the corresponding kinematic
constraints. The bushings connect the control arm and the damper strut to the body
mount parts. You can also activate or deactivate driveshafts.
A spring acts between the upper strut part and the lower strut. Bumpstops and
reboundstops are also present.

Files Referenced
Bushings, springs, dampers, bumpstops, and reboundstops property files

Topology
The MacPherson suspension template represents a standard design employing a one-
piece lower control arm (also known as A-arm) and a subframe. The upright to which
the wheel mounts is located by the lower control arm, the tie rod, and the strut. The
lower control arm regulates the fore-aft and lateral motions of the upright. The tie rod
controls steering rotation of the upright, and the strut controls the vertical motion of the
upright and the side and front view rotations, as well. A static rotation control actuator
locks the rotational degree of freedom of the hub during quasi-static analyses.
Table 18 lists the topological information of the left side of the MacPherson
suspension.
Table 18. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jklrev_lca gel_lower_control_arm ges_subframe

jolsph_lca_balljoint gel_upright gel_lower_control_arm

jolcyl_strut gel_upright gel_upper_strut

46 ADAMS/Car Templates
MacPherson Suspension

Table 18. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jolsph_tierod_outer gel_tierod gel_upright

jolcon_tierod_inner gel_tierod mtl_tierod_to_steering

jksfix_subframe_rigid ges_subframe mts_subframe_to_body

jklhoo_top_mount_kinematic gel_upper_strut mtl_strut_to_body

joltra_tripot_to_differential gel_tripot mtl_tripot_to_differential

jolcon_drive_sft_int_jt gel_tripot gel_drive_shaft

jolcon_drive_sft_otr gel_drive_shaft gel_spindle

jolrev_spindle_upright gel_spindle gel_upright

Parameters
Toe and camber variables in the template define the wheel spin axis, spindle part, and
spindle geometry. Table 19 lists the parameters in the templates.
Table 19. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

phs_driveline_active Integer No units

phs_kinematic_flag Integer No units

pv[lr]_toe_angle Real Degrees

pv[lr]_camber_angle Real Degrees

pv[lr]_drive_shaft_offset Real mm
ADAMS/Car Templates 47
MacPherson Suspension

Communicators
Mount parts provide the connectivity from the template to the body subsystems and
differential. Output communicators publish toe, camber, steer axis, and wheel center
location information to the appropriate subsystems and test rig. Table 20 lists the input
and output communicators in the template.
Table 20. Communicators

The communicator: Is of the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_ARB_pickup location inherit

ci[lr]_strut_to_body mount inherit

ci[lr]_tierod_to_steering mount inherit

ci[lr]_tripot_to_differential mount inherit

cis_subframe_to_body mount inherit

co[lr]_arb_bushing_mount mount inherit

co[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_droplink_to_ suspension mount inherit

co[lr]_suspension_mount mount inherit

co[lr]_suspension_upright mount inherit

co[lr]_toe_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_tripot_to_differential location inherit

co[lr]_wheel_center location inherit

cos_driveline_active parameter_integer inherit

cos_rack_housing_to_ suspension_subframe mount inherit

cos_suspension_parameters_ARRAY array inherit

48 ADAMS/Car Templates
MacPherson Suspension

Notes
The integer parameter variables let you activate and deactivate the driveshafts. The
kinematic flag variable toggles between kinematic and compliant mode replacing the
joints with the corresponding elastic elements. For example, ADAMS/Car replaces the
revolute joints that connect the lower control arms to the subframe with bushings.
ADAMS/Car Templates 49
Multi-Link Suspension

Multi-Link Suspension
Overview
The multi-link suspension represents an independent suspension model for use as a rear
suspension.
Figure 10. Multi-Link Suspension
Control arm

Track rod

Subframe

Lateral link

Trailink link
Driveshafts

Upright

Template Name
_multi_link

Major Role
Suspension

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
50 ADAMS/Car Templates
Multi-Link Suspension

Description
The multi-link suspension template represents a common rear independent suspension
design. It includes a subframe (represented by the outline graphics) that is connected
to the upper arm, to the lateral links, and to the track rod. The suspension is non-
steerable and intended to be used as a rear suspension only.

Files Referenced
Springs, dampers, and bushings property files

Topology
Spherical joints, which are active in kinematic mode, connect the uprights to links.
Bushings connect the trailing links to the mount parts. Springs and dampers act
between the trailing links and the body. A static rotation control actuator locks the
rotational degree of freedom of the hub during quasi-static analyses.
Table 21 provides a topological map of the template.

Table 21. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jklsph_hub_tl gel_Upright gel_Trailing_Link

jklhoo_trailing_link_body gel_Trailing_Link mtl_trailing_link_body

jklrev_ula_sbf gel_upper ges_Subframe

joltra_dpr_upr_dpr_lwr gel_Damper_Upper gel_Damper_Lower

jklsph_dpr_lwr_tl gel_Damper_Lower gel_Trailing_Link

jklhoo_dpr_spring_seat_upper gel_Damper_Upper mtl_Spring_Seat_Upper

jksfix_sbf_body ges_Subframe mtl_body_sbf_front

jklsph_hub_ll gel_Upright gel_lateral

jklsph_hub_tr gel_Upright gel_Track_Rod

ADAMS/Car Templates 51
Multi-Link Suspension

Table 21. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jklhoo_sbf_ll ges_Subframe gel_lateral

jklhoo_sbf_tr ges_Subframe gel_Track_Rod

jklsph_hub_ula gel_Upright gel_upper

joltra_tripot_to_differential gel_tripot mtl_tripot_to_differential

jolcon_drive_sft_int_jt gel_tripot gel_drive_shaft

jolcon_drive_sft_otr gel_drive_shaft gel_spindle

jolrev_spindle_upright gel_spindle gel_Upright

Parameters
Toe and camber variables define the wheel spin axis, spindle part, and spindle
geometry. Table 22 lists the parameters in the template.
Table 22. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

phs_driveline_active Integer No units

phs_kinematic_flag Integer No units

pvs_subframe_active Integer No units

pv[lr]_toe_angle Real Degrees

pv[lr]_camber_angle Real Degrees

pv[lr]_drive_shaft_offset Real mm
52 ADAMS/Car Templates
Multi-Link Suspension

Communicators
Table 23 lists the communicators in the template.

Table 23. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_body_sbf_front mount inherit

ci[lr]_body_sbf_rear mount inherit

ci[lr]_Spring_Seat_Upper mount inherit

ci[lr]_trailing_link_body mount inherit

ci[lr]_tripot_to_differential mount inherit

co[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_suspension_mount mount inherit

co[lr]_suspension_upright mount inherit

co[lr]_tripot_to_differential location inherit

co[lr]_wheel_center location inherit

cos_driveline_active parameter_integer inherit

cos_suspension_ parameters_ARRAY array inherit

Notes
The integer parameter variables let you activate and deactivate the subframe part and
the driveshafts. The kinematic flag variable toggles between kinematic and compliant
mode.
ADAMS/Car Templates 53
Parallel-Link Steering System

Parallel-Link Steering System

Overview
The parallel-link steering system template is essentially a four-bar mechanism
consisting of a pitman arm, center link, and idler arm.
Figure 11. Parallel-Link Steering

Idler arm

Steering shaft

Ball screw

Center link
Pitman arm

Template Name
_parallel_link_steering

Major Role
Steering

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
54 ADAMS/Car Templates
Parallel-Link Steering System

Description
A recirculating ball steering gear transmits motion from the steering wheel to the
pitman arm. The pitman arm rotates to impart motion to the center link and idler arm.
The translation of the center link pulls and pushes the tie rods to steer the wheels.

Files Referenced
Steering assist and torsion bar deflection property file. The default property file is
mdi_steer_assis.ste, stored in the steer_assist.tbl directory of the shared ADAMS/Car
database.

Topology
The recirculating ball steering gear consists of three major parts:
■ Ball screw
■ Rack
■ Sector
The steering wheel rotates the steering input shaft. A torsion bar attaches the steering
input shaft to a ball screw. The ball screw imparts translational motion to the steering
gear through a coupler. The steering gear, in turns, rotates the sector through a coupler,
which is connected directly to the pitman arm shaft.
Table 24 maps the topology of the template.

Table 24. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

joshoo_column_intermediate ges_steering_column ges_intermediate_shaft

joshoo_intermediate_shaftinput ges_intermediate_shaft ges_input_shaft

josrev_steering_wheel ges_steering_wheel ges_column_housing

joscyl_steering_column ges_steering_column ges_column_housing

josfix_column_housing_to_ ges_column_housing mts_steering_column_

housing_mount to_body
ADAMS/Car Templates 55
Parallel-Link Steering System

Table 24. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jolsph_centerlink_arm ges_center_link gel_arm

jolrev_pitman_arm_steering_gear gel_arm swl_steering_gear_mount

josrev_ball_screw_steering_gear ges_ball_screw swl_steering_gear_mount

josrev_input_shaft_steering_gear ges_input_shaft swl_steering_gear_mount

jostra_rack_steering_gear ges_rack swl_steering_gear_mount

josfix_steering_gear_housing ges_steering_gear_ swl_steering_gear_mount

housing

josper_centerlink_pitman_arm ges_center_link gel_arm

vfo_steering_assist ges_rack swl_steering_gear_mount

gksred_ball_screw_input_shaft_ josrev_ball_screw_ josrev_input_shaft_steeri

lock steering_gear ng_ gear

grsred_steering_wheel_column_ josrev_steering_wheel joscyl_steering_column

lock

grsred_ball_screw_rack josrev_ball_screw_ jostra_rack_steering_gear

steering_gear

grsred_pitman_arm_rack jolrev_pitman_arm_ jostra_rack_steering_gear

steering_gear

Parameters
A parameter variable switches between kinematic and compliant mode, effectively
defining the status of the ball screw input shaft lock reduction gear.
56 ADAMS/Car Templates
Parallel-Link Steering System

Communicators
Table 25 lists the communicators in the template.

Table 25. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_steering_gear_to_body mount inherit

ci[lr]_steering_gear_to_suspension_subframe mount inherit

cis_steering_column_to_ body mount inherit

co[lr]_tierod_to_steering mount front

cos_steering_rack_joint joint_for_motion inherit

cos_steering_wheel_joint joint_for_motion inherit

Notes
The parallel-link steering template contains general spline elements. The general spline
element gss_torsion_bar spline provides torque as a function of the angular deflection
of the input shaft relative to the ball screw. A switch part is also present. It allows you
to explore two different topological solutions. You can rigidly connect the steering
gear to the body or to the suspension_subframe part.
ADAMS/Car Templates 57
Pitman Arm Steering System

Pitman Arm Steering System

Overview
The pitman arm steering system template is a simple steering system derived from a
parallel-link design. It is commonly used in trucks. It consists of a three-bar
mechanism: pitman arm, draglink, and tie rod.
Figure 12. Pitman Arm Steering System

Steering shaft

Draglink

Ball screw

Pitman arm

Tie rod

Template Name
_pitman_arm

Major Role
Steering

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
58 ADAMS/Car Templates
Pitman Arm Steering System

Description
A recirculating ball steering gear transmits motion from the steering wheel to the
pitman arm. The pitman arm rotates to impart motion to the draglink. The draglink
pulls and pushes the tie rod and steers the wheels.

Files Referenced
The point torque actuator references the torsion_bar datablock in the mdi_steering.ste
property file, stored in the ADAMS/Car shared database, under the steer_assists.tbl
table or directory.

Topology
The recirculating ball steering gear consists of three major parts:
■ Ball screw
■ Rack
■ Sector
The steering wheel rotates the steering input shaft. The steering input shaft attaches to
the ball screw through a torsion bar, currently locked by a coupler. The ball screw
imparts translational motion to the rack, through a coupler. The rack, in turns, rotates
the sector through a coupler.
The sector is connected directly to the pitman arm shaft. The pitman arm drags the
draglink, which is directly connected to the right wheel, and pulls the tie rod, connected
to the left wheel. Spherical joints connect the draglink and tie rod.
Table 26 maps the topology of the template.

Table 26. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

joshoo_column_ ges_steering_column ges_intermediate_shaft

intermediate

joshoo_intermediate_shaft_ ges_intermediate_shaft ges_input_shaft

input
ADAMS/Car Templates 59
Pitman Arm Steering System

Table 26. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

josrev_steering_wheel ges_steering_wheel ges_column_housing

joscyl_steering_column ges_steering_column ges_column_housing

josfix_column_housing_to_ ges_column_housing mts_steering_column_

housing_mount to_body

josrev_pitman_arm_steering ges_idle_arm mts_steering_gear_to_

_gear suspension_subframe

jossph_centerlink_arm ges_idle_arm ges_draglink

josrev_input_shaft_steering_ ges_input_shaft mts_steering_gear_to_

gear suspension_subframe

josrev_ball_screw_steering_ ges_ball_screw mts_steering_gear_to_

gear suspension_subframe

jostra_rack_steering_gear ges_rack mts_steering_gear_to_

suspension_subframe

jossph_draglink_to_tierod ges_draglink ges_tierod

grsred_steering_wheel_ josrev_steering_wheel joscyl_steering_column

column_ lock

gksred_ball_screw_input_ josrev_ball_screw_ josrev_input_shaft_

shaft_ lock steering_gear steering_ gear

grsred_pitman_arm_rack josrev_pitman_arm_steering jostra_rack_steering_gear

_gear

grsred_ball_screw_rack josrev_ball_screw_ jostra_rack_steering_gear

steering_gear
60 ADAMS/Car Templates
Pitman Arm Steering System

Parameters
A parameter variable switches between kinematic and compliant mode, effectively
defining the status of the ball screw input shaft lock reduction gear.

Communicators
Table 27 lists the input and output communicators in the template.

Table 27. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_steering_gear_to_suspension_subframe mount inherit

cis_steering_column_to_ body mount inherit

cos_tierod_to_steering mount front

cos_draglink_to_steering joint_for_motion inherit

cos_steering_wheel_joint joint_for_motion inherit

Notes
The pitman arm steering system template does not interface with any of the
ADAMS/Car shared database suspension templates because those suspension
templates have tie rods. To correctly assemble the pitman arm steering to a suspension
subsystem, you must remove the tie rods from the suspension. The draglink and the tie
rod have to be mounted to the left and right upright parts.
ADAMS/Car Templates 61
Powertrain System

Powertrain System
Overview
The powertrain template includes the engine, which provides the source of propulsive
power to the vehicle, and the mechanical systems by which the engine power is
transmitted to the wheels.
Figure 13. Powertrain

Shell graphics

Engine mount

Diff output

Template Name
_powertrain

Major Role
Powertrain

Application
Full-vehicle assemblies
62 ADAMS/Car Templates
Powertrain System

Description
The powertrain system template represents an engine, transmission, and driveline. It
does not contain any additional high-speed rotating parts that might slow down
ADAMS/Solver and, therefore, increase simulation time. It is entirely a functional
representation based on an engine combustion model, a clutch model, and a driveline
model:
■ The driveline model contains the transmission and the differential. It transfers
the engine torque through the transmission, driveshafts, differentials, and
halfshafts out to the driven wheels.
■ The engine combustion torque model takes the throttle input and produces a
resultant torque on the engine crankshaft. It uses a three-dimensional engine
torque spline to map the relationship between crankshaft torque, engine RPM,
and driver throttle input. The driver throttle demand and the engine RPM
(modeled using a differential equation) interpolate the output torque.
■ The clutch model is simple but adequate for full-circuit driving. Its main
purposes are to:
❖ React to the engine torque by transferring it to the driven wheels.
❖ Remove the torque from the transmission during shifting on driver demand.

Files Referenced
The file, V12_engine_map.pwr, stored in the powertrains.tbl directory, defines the
engine map. The differential references the MDI_viscous.dif property file, stored in the
differentials.tbl directory. It defines the slip speed-torque relationship as a two-
dimensional spline.

Topology
The powertrain template contains very simple topological information because it is a
functional representation of the powertrain. The only general rigid parts, besides the
engine body, are the diff outputs and the revolute joints that connect the rigid bodies to
the engine body.
ADAMS/Car Templates 63
Powertrain System

Parameters
Table 28 lists the powertrain system template parameters.

Table 28. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

phs_driveline_active Integer No units

phs_kinematic_flag Integer No units

pvs_gear_[1,6] Real No units

pvs_final_drive Real No units

pvs_drop_gear Real No units

pvs_beavel_gear Real No units

pvs_engine_rotational_ inertia Real kg-mm2

pvs_engine_rev_limit Real No units

pvs_engine_idle_speed Real No units

pvs_clutch_torque_ threshold Real Nmm

pvs_clutch_stiffness Real No units

pvs_clutch_damping Real No units

pvs_max_throttle Real No units

64 ADAMS/Car Templates
Powertrain System

Communicators
Mount parts provide the connectivity from the template to the body subsystems. Output
communicators publish information, such as engine RPM and transmission spline.
Table 29 lists the input and output communicators in the powertrain system template.

Table 29. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_diff_tripot location inherit

cis_clutch_demand solver_variable inherit

cis_engine_to_subframe mount inherit

cis_initial_engine_rpm parameter_real any

cis_powertrain_to_body mount inherit

cis_throttle_demand solver_variable inherit

cis_transmission_demand solver_variable inherit

co[lr]_output_torque force inherit

co[lr]_tripot_to_differential mount inherit

cos_diff_ratio parameter_real inherit

cos_drive_torque_left solver_variable inherit

cos_drive_torque_right solver_variable inherit

cos_engine_rpm solver_variable inherit

cos_max_engine_speed parameter_real inherit

cos_max_gears parameter_ integer inherit

cos_max_throttle parameter_real inherit

cos_min_engine_speed parameter_real inherit

cos_transmission_spline spline inherit

ADAMS/Car Templates 65
Powertrain System

Notes
The engine rotational inertia parameter variable defines the differential equation that
calculates the engine RPM, such that:
Engine Omega = (Crankshaft Torque - Clutch Torque)/(EngineRotational Inertia)
66 ADAMS/Car Templates
Quad-Link Axle Suspension

Quad-Link Axle Suspension

Overview
The quad-link axle suspension template is an example of a dependent suspension
model. The wheels are mounted at either end of a rigid beam so the movement of one
wheel is transmitted to the opposite wheel causing them to steer and camber together.
Solid beam axle suspensions are commonly used on the front of heavy trucks, where
high-load carrying capacity is required.
Figure 14. Quad-Link Axle Suspension

Upright

Rigid beam

Lower link
Upper link

Draglink

Template Name
_quad_link_axle

Major Role
Suspension

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
ADAMS/Car Templates 67
Quad-Link Axle Suspension

Description
The quad-link axle suspension template represents a common design for solid axles
suspensions. You can use the template as a front steerable suspension or as rear non-
steerable suspension.
You can set subsystems based on this template to kinematic or compliant mode. In
kinematic mode, ADAMS/Car replaces the bushings that connect the lower and upper
links to the body mount part with the corresponding purely kinematic constraints.

Files Referenced
Bushing, spring, and damper property files

Topology
Spherical joints connect the upper and lower links to the solid axle. The draglink is
attached to the bell crank. The bell crank moves the tie rod, which steers the wheels.
Revolute joints connect the uprights to the solid axle. A joint force actuator locks the
hub to the wheel carrier.
Table 30 maps the topology of the template.

Table 30. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jklhoo_lower_link_ frame gel_lower_link mtl_lower_link_frame

jklhoo_upper_link_frame gel_upper_link mtl_lower_link_frame

jklsph_upper_link_axle gel_upper_link ges_axle

jklsph_lower_link_axle gel_lower_link ges_axle

jolrev_knuckle_ axle gel_knuckle ges_axle

josrev_bell_crank_axle ges_bell_crank ges_axle

jossph_draglink_ pitman_arm ges_draglink mts_draglink_steering

joshoo_draglink_ bell_crank ges_draglink ges_bell_crank

68 ADAMS/Car Templates
Quad-Link Axle Suspension

Table 30. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jossph_tierod_ knuckle ges_tierod gel_knuckle

jolrev_bearing gel_hub gel_knuckle

josinp_tie_rod_bell_crank ges_tierod ges_bell_crank

Parameters
Toe and camber variables define wheel spin axis, spindle part, and spindle geometry.
Table 31 lists the parameters in the template.

Table 31. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

phs_kinematic_flag Integer No units

pv[lr]_toe_angle Real Degrees

pv[lr]_camber_angle Real Degrees

ADAMS/Car Templates 69
Quad-Link Axle Suspension

Communicators
Mount parts provide the connectivity from the template to body subsystems and
steering. Output communicators publish toe, camber, steer axis, and wheel center
location information to the appropriate subsystems and the test rig. Table 32 lists the
input and output communicators.
Table 32. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_lower_link_frame mount inherit

ci[lr]_spring_upper_to_body mount inherit

ci[lr]_upper_link_frame mount inherit

cis_draglink_steering mount inherit

co[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_suspension_mount mount inherit

co[lr]_suspension_upright mount inherit

co[lr]_toe_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_wheel_center location inherit

cos_suspension_ parameters_ARRAY array inherit

Notes
The kinematic flag variable toggles between kinematic and compliant mode.
70 ADAMS/Car Templates
Rack and Pinion Steering System

Rack and Pinion Steering System

Overview
The rack and pinion steering system is usually found in passenger cars. The pinion gear
translates the rotary motion of the steering wheel into the linear motion of the rack. The
rack moves the tie rods back and forth to steer the vehicle.
Figure 15. Rack and Pinion Steering System

Steering wheel

Steering shaft
to body

Rack
housing

Steering
column

Rack
Housing to
suspension mount

Template Name
_rack_pinion_steering

Major Role
Steering

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
ADAMS/Car Templates 71
Rack and Pinion Steering System

Description
A series of hooke joints, which connect the three steering column shafts, transmit
motion from the steering wheel to the pinion. A revolute joint connects the lower
column shaft to the rack housing. A bushing (torsion bar) connects the shaft to the
pinion. A revolute joint connects the pinion to the rack housing.
In kinematic mode, a reduction gear is active and connects the steering input shaft
revolute joint to the pinion revolute joint. The underlying ADAMS/View entity (a
coupler) is active only in kinematic mode. The reduction gear (pinion to rack) converts
pinion rotational motion to the rack translational motion. A translational joint
constrains the rack to the rack housing. An additional VFORCE provides the steering
assist force.

Files Referenced
Property file, mdi_steer_assis.ste, stored in the steer_assist.tbl of the shared
ADAMS/Car database. It defines the steering assist vector force.

Topology
Table 33 provides a topological map of the template.

Table 33. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

joshoo_column_intermediate ges_steering_column ges_intermediate_shaft

joshoo_intermediate_ shaftinput ges_intermediate_shaft ges_steering_shaft

jostra_rack_to_rackhousing ges_rack ges_rack_housing

josrev_steering_wheel ges_steering_wheel mts_steering_column_to_

body

josrev_pinion ges_pinion ges_rack_housing

joscyl_steering_column_to_ ges_steering_column mts_steering_column_to_

body body
72 ADAMS/Car Templates
Rack and Pinion Steering System

Table 33. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

josrev_steering_input_shaft ges_steering_shaft ges_rack_housing

jksfix_rigid_rack_housing_ ges_rack_housing sws_rack_house_mount

mount

steering_assist_vforce ges_rack ges_rack_housing

gksred_input_shaft_pinion_ josrev_steering_input_ josrev_pinion

lock shaft

grsred_steering_wheel_ josrev_steering_wheel joscyl_steering_column_

column_lock to_body

grsred_pinion_to_rack josrev_pinion jostra_rack_to_

rackhousing

Parameters
A parameter variable switches between kinematic and compliant mode. You can set the
activity of the steering assist vector force through the hidden parameter variable,
steering_assist_active. A series of parameters define the maximum values of angle,
rack displacement, rack force, and steering wheel torque.

Communicators
Table 34 lists the input and output communicators in the template.

Table 34. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

cis_rack_housing_to_ suspension_subframe mount inherit

cis_rack_to_body mount inherit

cis_steering_column_to_ body mount inherit

ADAMS/Car Templates 73
Rack and Pinion Steering System

Table 34. Communicators (continued)

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

co[lr]_tierod_to_steering mount front

cos_max_rack_ displacement parameter_real inherit

cos_max_rack_force parameter_real inherit

cos_max_steering_angle parameter_real inherit

cos_max_steering_torque parameter_real inherit

cos_steering_rack_joint joint_for_motion inherit

cos_steering_wheel_joint joint_for_motion inherit

Notes
The rack and pinion steering system template contains general spline elements. The
gss_torsion_bar spline gives the torque as a function of the angular deflection of the
input shaft relative to the pinion.
The template also contains a switch part, which lets you explore two different
topological solutions. You can connect the steering rack housing to the body or to the
suspension_subframe.
74 ADAMS/Car Templates
Rear Driveline System

Rear Driveline System

Overview
The rear driveline system template provides an example model of a driveline for rear-
wheel drive (RWD) vehicles.
Figure 16. Rear Driveline System

Template Name
_driveline_rwd

Major Role
Driveline

Application
Full-vehicle assemblies
ADAMS/Car Templates 75
Rear Driveline System

Description
The rotational motion of the front propshaft is transmitted to the rear shaft and from
there to the diff outputs. Diff outputs should be connected to the driving wheels.

Files Referenced
Bushing property files

Topology
The rear driveline template consists of a two-piece propshaft, a slip yoke, and a
differential. For convenience, the template includes the propshaft input part for
applying motion or torque. The propshaft input part attaches to the powertrain through
a revolute joint. A bearing supports it at its aft.
The front propshaft attaches to the support bearing through an inline joint primitive that
prevents translation of the front propshaft perpendicular to the propshaft’s spin axis.
Hooke joints transmit the motion to the slip yoke part. The slip yoke supports and
transmits torque to the rear propshaft through a translational joint. The differential
input shaft receives torque from the rear propshaft through a hooke joint.
The differential is an open design rather than a limited slip. Four bushings mount it to
the body. Setting kinematic mode fixes the differential housing to the body and
deactivates the bushings.
Table 35 maps the topology of the template.

Table 35. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

josrev_diff_input ges_diff_input ges_diff_housing

jolrev_diff_output gel_diff_output ges_diff_housing

jorrev_diff_output ger_diff_output ges_diff_housing

joshoo_propshaft_at_diff ges_propshaft_rear ges_diff_input

76 ADAMS/Car Templates
Rear Driveline System

Table 35. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

joshoo_propshaft_input_to_ front ges_propshaft_input ges_propshaft_front

joscon_propshaft_front_to_ yoke ges_propshaft_front ges_slip_yoke

jostra_propshaft_rear_to_yoke ges_propshaft_rear ges_slip_yoke

josrev_propshaft_input_to_ trans ges_propshaft_input mts_propshaft_input_to_

powertrain

jksfix_diff_housing_to_body ges_diff_housing mts_diff_housing_to_body

josinl_support_bearing_to_ ges_support_bearing ges_propshaft_front

propshaft_front

josori_support_bearing_ ges_support_bearing mts_propshaft_support_to_

orientation body

josinp_support_bearing_ location ges_support_bearing mts_propshaft_support_to_

body

jksinl_support_bearing_to_ body ges_support_bearing mts_propshaft_support_to_

body

grsdif_differential josrev_diff_input jolrev_diff_output

grsdif_differential josrev_diff_input jorrev_diff_output

grsdif_differential jolrev_diff_output jorrev_diff_output

Parameters
The parameter variable final_drive_ratio defines the pinion to ring ratio.
ADAMS/Car Templates 77
Rear Driveline System

Limitations
The rear driveline template uses a number of rotating parts. If the driveline dynamics
are not of interest to you, then it is more efficient to apply direct drive torque to the
wheels, because the rotating parts in the template might slow the numerical integration
during the analysis.

Communicators
Output communicators of the type mount publish the left and right differential output
shafts to the suspension templates and subsystems. Table 36 lists the input and output
communicators.
Table 36. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_tripot_to_differential location rear

cis_diff_housing_to_body mount inherit

cis_driveline_torque solver_variable inherit

cis_propshaft_input_to_ powertrain mount inherit

cis_propshaft_support_to_ body mount inherit

co[lr]_tripot_to_differential mount rear

78 ADAMS/Car Templates
Rigid Chassis

Rigid Chassis
Overview
The rigid chassis template represents the base frame of a vehicle.
Figure 17. Rigid Chassis

Chassis shell
graphic

Template Name
_rigid_chassis

Major Role
Body

Application
Suspensions, tires, and steering systems in full-vehicle assemblies

Description
A single rigid body part models the chassis.
ADAMS/Car Templates 79
Rigid Chassis

Files Referenced
Shell elements create the chassis graphic. All the shell files are stored in the
ADAMS/Car shared database, in the shell_graphics.tbl directory.

Topology
The ges_chassis part is unconstrained.

Parameters
The rigid chassis template defines a series of parameter variables, most of which are
used to compute the aerodynamic forces acting on the body. Table 37 lists the
parameters in the template. For a detailed description of the force function, see Force
Function Description on page 79.

Table 37. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

pvs_aero_drag_active Integer No units

pvs_aero_frontal_area Real No units

pvs_air_density Real No units

pvs_drag_coefficient Real No units

Force Function Description

Air density and area parameter variables are dimensionless. ADAMS/Car, however,
expects them to be in model units (MKS). The aerodynamic force function provides
the conversion to model units.
As a result of an air stream interacting with the vehicle, forces and moments are
imposed on the vehicle. Out of the three forces and three moments, only the most
relevant ones are modeled in the template. The aerodynamic general force takes into
consideration the drag force (longitudinal force) and torque (pitching moment and
torque along the y-axis of the vehicle, in the SAE coordinate system). In detail:

2
F = 0.5 × AirDensity × DragCoeff × Area × VX ( chassis )
80 ADAMS/Car Templates
Rigid Chassis

T = F × DZ ( RideHeight )

The pitching moment acts to transfer weight between the front and rear axles. It arises
because the drag does not act at the ground plane. Therefore, it accounts for the
elevation of the drag force.

Limitations
The rigid body modeling of the chassis does not account for torsional stiffnesses and
other effects. You could create a more accurate representation of a chassis frame by
connecting the multiple rigid bodies though spring dampers to take into account
torsional stiffnesses and using modal flexibility.

Communicators
The rigid chassis template defines a series of mount part communicators. The assembly
process matches them with the corresponding output communicators created in
suspensions, steering, and other subsystems. Table 38 lists the communicators. Note
that the output communicator tierod_to_steering (rear) allows the tierod_to_steering
mount parts in the rear suspension to connect to the chassis body.

Table 38. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

co[lr]_mbr_insul_fr mount inherit

co[lr]_mbr_insul_rr mount inherit

co[lr]_spring_to_body mount inherit

co[lr]_strut_to_body mount inherit

co[lr]_s_abs_upr_insul mount inherit

co[lr]_tierod_to_steering mount rear

co[lr]_trod mount inherit

co[lr]_tv_link mount inherit

ADAMS/Car Templates 81
Rigid Chassis

Table 38. Communicators (continued)

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

co[lr]_uca_to_body mount any

co[lr]_upr_link_fr mount inherit

co[lr]_upr_link_rr mount inherit

co[lr]_upr_s_abs mount inherit

cos_body mount inherit

cos_body_subsystem mount inherit

cos_chassis_path_ reference mount inherit

cos_concept_to_body mount inherit

cos_diff_housing_to_body mount rear

cos_driver_reference mount inherit

cos_measure_for_distance mount inherit

cos_powertrain_to_body mount inherit

cos_propshaft_support_to_body mount rear

cos_rack_to_body mount inherit

cos_steering_column_to_ body mount inherit

cos_subframe_to_body mount inherit

Notes
The rigid chassis light template (_rigid_chassis_lt) is exactly the same as the rigid
chassis template (_rigid_chassis), but without the shell graphic geometry.
82 ADAMS/Car Templates
Simple Powertrain

Simple Powertrain
Overview
The simple powertrain template is an example model that outputs drive torque either
to the wheel subsystems or to the driveline subsystems in response to throttle and
transmission gear demands.
Figure 18. Simple Powertrain

Template Name
_powertrain_simple_Ddrive

Major Role
Powertrain

Application
Full-vehicle assemblies to simulate the effect of a powertrain generating torque to the
driving wheels or to the driveline systems.
ADAMS/Car Templates 83
Simple Powertrain

Description
The simple powertrain template represents an engine. It does not include the inertia
effects of the reciprocating and rotating engine and transmission parts. It also does not
include the engine torque speed characteristic.
You can connect the powertrain to the driveline, if one is present, or directly to the
driving wheels. You set the selection during assembly when ADAMS/Car assigns
communicators.

Files Referenced
None

Topology
The simple powertrain template consists of a single powertrain part that represents the
total engine and transmission mass. Three bushings and a mount part attach the
powertrain part to the body subsystems.
Two different reaction torques act on the powertrain part: one is active if the driveline
is present and one is active if the direct drive torque is applied to the wheels. You
should note that the different axes (lateral for reaction torque of direct drive and
longitudinal for reaction torque on driveline) about which the reaction torques are
acting.
Table 39 maps the topology of the powertrain.

Table 39. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jksfix_rear_engine_mount ges_powertrain mts_powertrain_to_body

driveline_torque_reaction ges_powertrain ges_powertrain

direct_drive_torque_reaction ges_powertrain ges_powertrain

84 ADAMS/Car Templates
Simple Powertrain

Parameters
The simple powertrain template includes a set of ADAMS/Solver variables that
calculate the engine, transmission, driveline, and direct torques. Table 40 lists the
parameter variables. For a detailed description of the functional equations, see:
■ Engine Torque, 85

■ Transmission Torque, 85

■ Driveline Torque Front and Rear, 85

■ Direct Drive Torque, 86.

Table 40. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

phs_kinematic_flag Integer No units

pvs_engine_height Real mm
pvs_engine_length Real mm
pvs_engine_width Real mm
pvs_front_drive_ distribution Real No units
pvs_front_final_drive_ratio Real No units
pvs_gear_ratio_[1,6] Real No units
pvs_gear_ratio_neutral Real No units
pvs_gear_ratio_reverse Real No units
pvs_max_engine_torque Real N mm
pvs_pumping_loss Real N mm
pvs_rear_final_drive_ratio Real No units
pvs_throttle_lag Real s
ADAMS/Car Templates 85
Simple Powertrain

Engine Torque
Engine torque is primarily a linear function of the throttle demand and the maximum
engine torque that the powertrain can output. To ensure that the torque does not change
to abruptly, the throttle demand is filtered through a first order lag (differential
equation) with a time constant given by the parameter variable pvs_throttle_lag.
Further, to ensure that the engine torque is zero at time=0 and builds up smoothly
during the initial 0.1 second of simulation, the throttle demand is multiplied by a STEP
function. Finally, a pumping loss term, which you can change, is subtracted from the
engine torque, such that:

EngineTorque = STEP ×  ------------------------------------------------- – Loss

ThrottleActual
 100 × MaxTorque

Transmission Torque
The transmission torque is the engine torque multiplied by the selected transmission
gear ratio. The transmission gear ratios are stored in a spline (gear ratio spline).
TransmissionTorque = Engine × GearRatio

Driveline Torque Front and Rear

The simple powertrain template outputs driveline torque for front and rear drivelines.
The torque is split between front and rear according to the parameter variable,
front_drive_distribution. If the front or rear driveline activity is set to off (no drivelines
are available at the assembly creation), then the appropriate driveline torques are set to
0:
distribution
DrivelineTorqueFront = TransmissionTorque × --------------------------------
100

DrivelineTorqueRear = TransmissionTorque × 1.0 –  --------------------------------

distribution
 100 
86 ADAMS/Car Templates
Simple Powertrain

Direct Drive Torque

Direct drive torque is output to the front and rear wheel subsystems when no
driveshafts are available. The direct drive torque is split between the front and rear
wheels according to the parameter variable, front_rear_distribution. It is multiplied by
the appropriate final drive ration (differential ratio) and divided by two to equally split
the torques between the left and right wheel. The following is an example of the direct
drive torque for the front left wheel:
·
TransmissionTorque distribution
Torque = ------------------------------------------------------------ × FinalRatio × --------------------------------
2 100

Communicators
The simple powertrain template has a series of mount part communicators. The
assembly process matches them with the corresponding output communicators created
in other subsystems. Table 41 list of communicators in the template.

Table 41. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

cis_driveline_active_front parameter_integer front

cis_driveline_active_rear parameter_integer rear

cis_powertrain_to_body mount inherit

cis_throttle_demand solver_variable inherit

cis_transmission_demand solver_variable inherit

cos_diff_housing_to_ powertrain mount front

cos_direct_drive_torque_ front solver_variable front

cos_direct_drive_torque_ rear solver_variable rear

cos_driveline_torque_front solver_variable front

cos_driveline_torque_rear solver_variable rear

cos_propshaft_input_to_ powertrain mount rear

ADAMS/Car Templates 87
Tire System

Tire System
Overview
The tire system template provides three basic functions:
■ Supports vertical load.
■ Develops longitudinal forces for acceleration and braking.
■ Develops lateral forces for cornering.
Figure 19. Tire System

Wheel

Template Name
_handling_tire

Major Role
Wheel
88 ADAMS/Car Templates
Tire System

Application
Full-vehicle analyses

Description
The tire system template consists of wheel parts rigidly connected to mount parts. The
tire contact patch forces are transformed in forces and torques applied at the hub. A
series of user-written subroutines perform the force calculation depending on the tire
property file that you selected. The contact type (string element) and the road property
file determine the road model. For additional information about using ADAMS/Tire in
ADAMS/Car, see the guide, Using ADAMS/Tire.

Files Referenced
The tire system template references a tire property file for each wheel part. The default
tire property file is mdi_tire01.tir, stored the tires.tbl directory of the ADAMS/Car
shared database.

Topology
A fixed joint connects the wheel part to the spindle mount part.

Communicators
Mount parts provide connectivity to the suspension subsystems, and output
communicators publish information about tire forces and wheel orientation.
Table 42 lists the communicators in the tire system template.

Table 42. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real inherit

ci[lr]_suspension_mount mount inherit

ci[lr]_toe_angle parameter_real inherit

ci[lr]_wheel_center location inherit

cis_driveline_active parameter_ integer inherit

ADAMS/Car Templates 89
Tire System

Table 42. Communicators (continued)

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

co[lr]_rotor_to_wheel mount inherit

co[lr]_wheel_orientation orientation rear

cos_tire_forces_array_left array inherit

cos_tire_forces_array_right array inherit

90 ADAMS/Car Templates
Trailing Arm Suspension

Trailing Arm Suspension

Overview
The trailing arm suspension template is one of the most simple and economical designs
for independent suspensions.
Figure 20. Trailing Arm Suspension

Damper

Drive shaft

Spring seat

Control arm

Template Name
_trailing_arm

Major Role
Suspension

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
ADAMS/Car Templates 91
Trailing Arm Suspension

Description
The trailing arm suspension template is a simple non-steerable suspension design. You
can deactivate the driveline simply by selecting inactive in the Toggle Driveline
Activity dialog box. Note that it is possible to define the spring concentric to the
damper just by moving the spring upper- and lower-seat hardpoints.

Files Referenced
Bushing, spring, damper, bumpstop, and reboundstop property files

Topology
Trailing arms to the left and right sides mount to a rigid subframe that in turns connects
to the body mount part through bushings. The arms alone locate the wheel centers.
Springs and dampers act between the arms and the body mount parts. A static rotation
control actuator locks the rotational degree of freedom of the hub during quasi-static
analyses.
You can set the suspension to kinematic or compliant mode. Kinematic mode allows
purely kinematic connections between the upper strut parts, arms, subframe, and mount
parts, while compliant mode replaces the kinematic joints with their corresponding
elastic elements.
Table 43 maps the topology of the template.

Table 43. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jklhoo_upr_strut_to_body mtl_strut_to_body gel_upper_strut

jklrev_arm_inner_ pivot gel_arm ges_subframe

jksfix_subframe_to_body_fixed ges_subframe mts_subframe_to_body

jklhoo_lwr_strut_to_arm gel_lower_strut gel_arm

jolcyl_lwr_upr_ strut gel_upper_strut gel_lower_strut

joltra_tripot_to_ differential gel_tripot mtl_tripot_to_differential

92 ADAMS/Car Templates
Trailing Arm Suspension

Table 43. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jolcon_drive_sft_ int_jt gel_tripot gel_drive_shaft

jolrev_spindle_ upright gel_spindle gel_arm

Parameters
The driveline offset variable defines the driveline geometry. Toe and camber variables
define wheel spin axis, spindle part, and spindle geometry.
Table 44. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

phs_kinematic_flag Integer No units

pv[lr]_toe_angle Real degrees

pv[lr]_drive_shaft_offset Real mm

phs_driveline_active Integer No units

pv[lr]_camber_angle Real Degrees

ADAMS/Car Templates 93
Trailing Arm Suspension

Communicators
Mount parts provide the connectivity from the template to the body subsystems. Output
communicators publish toe, camber, steer axis, and wheel center location information
to the appropriate subsystems and the test rig. Table 45 lists the input and output
communicators.
Table 45. Communicators

Belongs to the
The communicator: Has the role:
class:

ci[lr]_spring_to_body mount inherit

ci[lr]_strut_to_body mount inherit

ci[lr]_tripot_to_differential mount inherit

cis_subframe_to_body mount inherit

co[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_suspension_mount mount inherit

co[lr]_suspension_upright mount inherit

co[lr]_toe_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_tripot_to_differential location inherit

co[lr]_wheel_center location inherit

cos_driveline_active parameter_integer inherit

cos_suspension_ parameters_ARRAY array inherit

Notes
The kinematic flag variable toggles between kinematic and compliant mode.
94 ADAMS/Car Templates
Twist Beam Suspension

Twist Beam Suspension

Overview
The twist beam suspension is a dependent suspension model intended for use only as
a rear suspension. It does not include a panhard rod.
Figure 21. Twist Beam Suspension

Damper

Driveshaft

Spring seat

Flexible twist
beam

Template Name
_twist_beam

Major Role
Suspension

Application
Suspension and full-vehicle assemblies
ADAMS/Car Templates 95
Twist Beam Suspension

Description
The twist beam suspension template represents a common rear dependent suspension
design. It does not include a subframe. The suspension is non-steerable and intended
to be used as a rear suspension only.
The twist beam is a flexible body generated using shell elements. Interface parts
connect the flexible body to the rest of the suspension.
You can toggle the suspension between kinematic and compliant modes. In addition,
you can deactivate driveshafts.

Files Referenced
Springs, dampers, and bushings property files. Also, the flexible body references the
file PonteV.mnf, stored in the flex_bodies.tbl directory of the ADAMS/Car shared
database.

Topology
A static rotation control actuator locks the rotational degree of freedom of the hub
during quasi-static analyses.
Table 46 maps the topology of the twist beam suspension.

Table 46. Topology

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jklhoo_upr_strut_to_body mtl_strut_to_body gel_upper_strut

jolcyl_lwr_upr_strut gel_upper_strut gel_lower_strut

joltra_tripot_to_differential gel_tripot mtl_tripot_to_differential

jolcon_drive_sft_int_jt gel_tripot gel_drive_shaft

jolcon_drive_sft_otr gel_drive_shaft gel_spindle

jolhoo_strut_to_beam gel_lower_strut ipl_damper_lwr

96 ADAMS/Car Templates
Twist Beam Suspension

Table 46. Topology (continued)

The joint: Connects the part: To the part:

jklrev_beam_to_body ipl_beam_to_subframe mts_body

jolrev_spindle_to_beam gel_spindle ipl_spindle_to_beam

Parameters
In the twist beam suspension, toe and camber variables parameterize wheel spin axis,
spindle part, and spindle geometry.
Table 47 lists the parameters in the template.

Table 47. Parameters

The parameter: Takes the value: Its units are:

phs_driveline_active Integer No units

phs_kinematic_flag Integer No units

pv[lr]_toe_angle Real Degrees

pv[lr]_camber_angle Real Degrees

pv[lr]_drive_shaft_offset Real mm
ADAMS/Car Templates 97
Twist Beam Suspension

Communicators
Table 48 lists the communicators in the template.

Table 48. Communicators

The communicator: Belongs to the class: Has the role:

ci[lr]_spring_to_body mount inherit

ci[lr]_strut_to_body mount inherit

ci[lr]_tripot_to_differential mount inherit

cis_body mount inherit

co[lr]_camber_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_suspension_mount mount inherit

co[lr]_toe_angle parameter_real inherit

co[lr]_tripot_to_differential location inherit

co[lr]_wheel_center location inherit

cos_driveline_active parameter_integer inherit

cos_suspension_parameters_ARRAY array inherit

Notes
The integer parameter variables let you activate and deactivate the driveshafts. The
kinematic flag variable toggles between kinematic and compliant mode.
98 ADAMS/Car Templates
Twist Beam Suspension
ADAMS/Car Templates 99
Index

Index
Symbols A-B
._MDI_SDI_TESTRIG, communicators in 8
._MDI_SUSPENSION_TESTRIG, communicators in 6 C-D

A-B E-F
Anti-roll bar system template, described 17
G-H
_antiroll_simple template, described 17
Brake system, disk template, described 21 I-J
_brake_system_4Wdisk template, described 21
K-L
C-D
M-N
Chassis
rigid light template 81
O-P
rigid template, described 78
Communicators Q-R
in SDI test rig 8
in suspension test rig 6 S-T
matching with test rigs 13
_concept_steering template, described 30 U-V
_concept_suspension template, described 26
W-Z
Conceptual
steering system template, described 30
suspension system template, described 26
Conventions, used in template descriptions 16
Disk-brake system template, described 21
100 ADAMS/Car Templates
Index

Double-wishbone suspension A-B

flexible LCA template 37
standard template 32 C-D
torsion bar template, described 39
_double_wishbone template, described 32 E-F
_double_wishbone_flex template, described 37
G-H
_double_wishbone_torsion template, described 39
Driveline system, rear template, described 74 I-J
_driveline_rwd template, described 74
K-L
E-F
M-N
Flexible LCA double-wishbone suspension template, described 37

G-H O-P
_handling_tire template, described 87 Q-R
I-J
S-T
Input communicators
in SDI test rig 8 U-V
in suspension test rig 6
ISO road course template, described 42 W-Z
_ISO_road_course template, described 42

K-L
LCA double-wishbone suspension template, described 37
Location of templates 16
ADAMS/Car Templates 101
Index

M-N A-B
MacPherson suspension template, described 44
_macpherson template, described 44
C-D
Matching communicators with test rigs 13 E-F
Multi-link suspension template, described 49
G-H
_multi_link template, described 49

O-P I-J
Output communicators K-L
in SDI test rig 12
in suspension test rig 7 M-N
Parallel-link steering system template, described 53
_parallel_link_steering template, described 53
O-P
Pitman arm steering system template, described 57 Q-R
_pitman_arm template, described 57
S-T
Powertrain
simple template 82
U-V
system template 61
_powertrain template, described 61 W-Z
_powertrain_simple_Ddrive template, described 82

Q-R
Quad-link axle suspension template, described 66
_quad_link_axle template, described 66
Rack and pinion steering system template, described 70
_rack_pinion_steering template, described 70
Rear driveline system template, described 74
102 ADAMS/Car Templates
Index

Rigid chassis A-B

light template 81
template 78 C-D
_rigid_chassis template, described 78
_rigid_chassis_lt template, described 81
E-F
Road course, ISO, described 42 G-H
S-T
I-J
SDI test rig, communicators in 8
Simple anti-roll bar system template, described 17 K-L
Simple powertrain template, described 82 M-N
Steering system
conceptual template, described 30 O-P
parallel link template, described 53
pitman arm template, described 57 Q-R
rack and pinion template, described 70
Suspension S-T
conceptual template, described 26
double-wishbone template 32 U-V
MacPherson template 44
multi-link template 49 W-Z
quad-link axle template 66
test rig, communicators in 6
trailing arm template 90
twist beam template 94
Templates
conventions used in descriptions 16
described 15
location of 16
ADAMS/Car Templates 103
Index

Test rigs A-B

communicators in SDI 8
communicators in suspension 6 C-D
matching communicators with 13
Tire system template, described 87 E-F
Torsion bar double-wishbone suspension template 39
G-H
Trailing arm suspension template, described 90
_trailing_arm template, described 90 I-J
Twist beam suspension 94
K-L
_twist_beam template, described 94
M-N
W-Z
Welcome to ADAMS 3 O-P

Q-R

S-T

U-V

W-Z