Prog Health Sci 2018, Vol 8, No 2 The influence carotenoid chlorophyll oxidative processes vegetable oils
The influence of carotenoid and chlorophyll content on the oxidative
processes in the selected vegetable oils
Mahoney EY.A-D, Milewska M.D, Mironczuk-Chodakowska I.E, Terlikowska KM.*E-F
Department of Food Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
__________________________________________________________________________________
A- Conception and study design; B - Collection of data; C - Data analysis; D - Writing the paper;
E- Review article; F - Approval of the final version of the article; G - Other (please specify)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: More than 100 plant species have been Results: Statistically significant differences of total
classified as oil products, but only a few of them colour values between both groups were found
are used in industrial production. In the available (p=0.002). The acid value of refined oils was lower
literature, there are no studies that would describe than in an unrefined group (p=0.02). A positive
the relationship between the content of plant dyes statistically significant correlation was noticed
and their impact on auto-oxidative processes. between the total colour value and the acid value in
Therefore, this study aimed to determine dye the refined group (R=0.65, p=0.04). No significant
composition and to define their effect on the acid effect of plant dyes on the acid or peroxide value of
value, peroxide value and quality assessment of unrefined oils was observed.
selected refined and unrefined oils. Conclusions: Refined and unrefined oils purchased
Materials and methods: Twenty samples from in the city of Bialystok mostly met the standard
different manufacturers were evaluated. Oils were values with the exception of cold-pressed oil from
purchased from retail trade of the Bialystok city. black cumin seeds, where the acid and peroxide
The total colour, acid, and peroxide values were value exceeded the values set in Codex
determined in accordance with the Polish Standards Alimentarius.
PN-ISO 3960: 1996, PN-A-86934: 1995 and PN- Keywords: Vegetable oils, total colour, acid
ISO 3960: 1996, respectively. number, peroxide number
_________________________________________________________________________________________
DOI
*Corresponding author:
Katarzyna Terlikowska, MSc, PhD., Department of Food Biotechnology
Medical University of Bialystok
Szpitalna 37 street, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
Received: 11.11.2018
Accepted: 23.12.2018
Progress in Health Sciences
Vol. 8(2) 2018 pp 144-151
© Medical University of Białystok, Poland
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Prog Health Sci 2018, Vol 8, No 2 The influence carotenoid chlorophyll oxidative processes vegetable oils
INTRODUCTION covalent bonds with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),
phospholipids, proteins, which affects their
A large number of research shows that mutation [8]. According to the Commission
biologically active compounds contained in Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, the maximum
vegetable oils, such as fatty acids, dyes, sterols, fat- permissible oil concentration of benzo(a)pyrene is 2
soluble vitamins and essential oils, affect the proper μg/kg, whereas the sum of dioxins and
functioning of the human body [1-4]. Saturated and polychlorinated biphenyls is 1.5 μg/g [3].
monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol under The protection of oil against unfavourable
physiological conditions can be synthesized from decomposition processes is of great importance.
de novo precursors; however, polyunsaturated fatty The ranges of auto-oxidation and hydrolysis
acids should be systematically delivered to the reactions are influenced by raw material's access to
body, along with the diet, due to human inability to water, light and oxygen, storage temperature and
introduce double bonds in the n-3 and n-6 positions type of packaging. A bottle of dark glass or a
to the carbon chain during metabolic processes [5]. varnished, zinc-coated metal can were shown to
Over 100 plants species have been qualified for reduce rancidity processes. Unfortunately, most of
oilseeds, unfortunately only a small number of them the packages are plastic bottles that do not
are used in the production of oil on an industrial constitute an appropriate external barrier [8].
scale. Edible oils are mainly pressed from the seeds Due to the numerous health and sensory
of palm, sunflower, cotton, rape, soy, olive pulp values, unrefined oils like pumpkin seeds oil, hemp,
and nuts. Chlorophylls, commonly referred to green black cumin seeds or milk thistle, are gaining on
dyes, are found in plant plastids and together with popularity. On the other hand, the biological
proteins and lipids forms complexes. 4 pyrrole rings properties and oxidative stability of these products
are the main part of the complex. They are are not fully known. In the available literature there
connected by covalent and coordination bonds with are no studies that would describe the relationship
a centrally located magnesium atom. This system is between the content of plant dyes and their impact
substituted with methyl, ethyl, ethylene groups and on auto-oxidative processes. Therefore, the aim of
acetic and propionic acid residues. The protein-lipid this study was to determine the content of
complexes of plastids also include carotenoids - carotenoid and chlorophyll dyes and to define their
dyes of aliphatic or acyclic structure, usually effect on the value of the acid number, peroxide
consisting of eight isoprene residues, with value and quality assessment of selected oils.
numerous double bonds. Both chlorophylls and
carotenoids perform important physiological MATERIALS AND METHODS
functions - chlorophylls participate in
photosynthesis, exhibit pro-oxidative properties, The material for the study consisted of 10
while carotenoids protect plants against oxidation vegetable oils samples not subjected to the process
processes. A characteristic feature of green and of extraction and purification (unrefined) and 10
orange dyes are their hydrophilic properties, hence refined, various Polish and foreign producers.
their source may be vegetable oils [6]. In addition The following unrefined oils were
to the mentioned substances, antioxidant activity is analysed: evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis
also exhibited by tocopherols, sterols and phenolic L.), linseeds oil (Oleum Lini), sunflower seeds oil
compounds [7]. (Helianthus annuus), rapeseeds oil (Brassica napus
Fats, as one of the main components of the L.), milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum (L.)
daily food ration, have a significant impact on the Gaertner), hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa L.), black
correct body functioning and development (the cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.), coconut (Cocos
construction of biological membranes, hormones, nucifera L.), pumpkin seeds oil (Cucurbita pepo),
vitamin carriers and energy source in metabolic sesame oil (Sesamum Indicum). The refined group
processes). Therefore, selected and consumed included: sunflower (Helianthus L.), maize (Zea
products should be of good quality. Unfortunately, mays), rapeseeds oil (Brassica napus L.), olive
oxidation processes especially in unrefined pomace oil (Olea europaea L.), roasted sesame
vegetable oils are already initiated during seeds and soya beans (Sesamum indicum L.,
production [8]. The durability and properties of oil Glycine max L.), rice oil (Oryza L.), grape seeds
are determined by their fatty acid profile [9,10]. (Vitis L.), arachid peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.),
During auto-oxidation, in addition to coconut (Cocos nucifera) and soya beans oil
peroxides, hydroperoxides - aldehydes, acids and (Glycine max).
ketones may form. These compounds show very All products were purchased in the city of
harmful biological activity: they damage Bialystok. The tested samples had a valid expiration
intracellular structures and cytoplasmic membranes date. The samples were carried out in triplicate
and possess cytotoxic, atherogenic and enzymatic immediately after opening the packages.
inhibition activity. Most secondary oxidation
products are mutagenic. Malonic dialdehyde creates
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Prog Health Sci 2018, Vol 8, No 2 The influence carotenoid chlorophyll oxidative processes vegetable oils
Total color the acid number and acidity were determined in
The spectrophotometric method involves accordance with the PN-ISO 660: 1998 [13].
the measurement of light absorbance (Abs, A). To
determine the carotenoid dyes, the wavelength Statistical analysis
λ=442 nm, whereas for the chlorophyll dye λ=668 The obtained results were subjected to
nm was used. The obtained Abs values where then statistical analysis using the computer program
added up and presented as the total oil colour in the Statistica 12.0., Poland. The minimum and
form of an integer without the unit [B = 1000 x maximum values, upper and lower quartiles as well
(A442 + A668)]. The total colour was determined as median values were calculated. In addition,
in accordance with Polish Standard PN-A-86934: correlation tests were carried out using the
1995 [11]. Spearman rank factor. The quantitative variables
between the groups, the non-parametric U Mann-
Peroxide number (Lea number) Whitney test were analysed. The p<0.05 was
The Lea number is a measure of peroxide considered to be statistically significant.
content and is defined as the ml number of 0.001
mol/L disodium trioxide solution used to titrate RESULTS
iodine separated from potassium iodide as a result
of peroxides contained in 1 g of oil. The content of Among unrefined oils, the highest value of
peroxides was determined in accordance with the the total colour was obtained from hemp seeds oil
International Organization for Standardization PN- (4464), in which chlorophyll dyes predominated
ISO 3960: 1996 [12]. (85.3%). The high value of this parameter was also
characteristic of pumpkin seeds oil (4049), where
The acid number and acidity carotenoids accounted for as much as 89.9%. The
The acidity value is the ml number of 1 lowest values of the total colour were shown for
mol sodium hydroxide needed to neutralize free sesame oil, sunflower seed oil and linseeds oil
fatty acids contained in 100g of oil. The acid (55.5, 118.0, 232.5, respectively). In the studied
number determines the amount of free fatty acids, group of unrefined oils, the share of carotenoid and
expressed in mg of potassium hydroxide needed to chlorophyll dyes was variable (Table 1A).
neutralize free fatty acids in 1 g of oil. The value of
Table 1A. The carotenoids, chlorophylls content and the total colour of unrefined oils
unrefined oil carotenoids (%) chlorophylls (%) total colour
evening primrose 438 (14.0) 2682 (86.0) 3120
black cumin seeds 330 (37.8) 543 (62.2) 873
pumpkin seeds 3639 (89.9) 410 (10.1) 4049
hemp seeds 657 (14.7) 3807 (85.3) 4464
coconut 211.5 (38.1) 343 (61.9) 554.5
linseeds 180.5 (77.6) 52 (22.4) 232.5
sunflower seeds 37 (31.4) 81 (68.6) 118
sesame 30.5 (55.0) 25 (45.0) 55.5
milk thistle seeds 119 (35.6) 215 (64.4) 334
rapeseeds 217 (73.1) 80 (26.9) 297
Table 1B. The carotenoids, chlorophylls content and the total colour of refined oils
refined oil carotenoids (%) chlorophylls (%) total colour
coconut 4 (16.7) 20 (83.3) 24
olive pulp pomace 40 (53.0) 35.5 (47.0) 75.5
arachid peanuts 2 (10.0) 18 (90.0) 20
sunflower seeds 21.5 (42.2) 29.5 (57.8) 51
maize 8 (34.0) 15.5 (66.0) 23.5
rice 29.5 (74.7) 10 (25.3) 39.5
roasted sesame seeds and soya beans 378.5 (92.7) 30 (7.3) 408.5
grape seeds 47 (66.2) 24 (33.8) 71
soya beans 50.5 (46.3) 58.5 (53.7) 109
rapeseeds 7 (58.3) 5 (41.7) 12
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Prog Health Sci 2018, Vol 8, No 2 The influence carotenoid chlorophyll oxidative processes vegetable oils
Refined oils were characterized by Q3=3120 vs. Me=45.2, Q1=23.5, Q3=75.5,
significantly lower total colour values. The most respectively (Table 2).
intense colour was obtained from roasted sesame The median of carotenoid pigments in
seeds and soya beans, followed by: olive pomace unrefined oils was 214.2. The richest source of
oil <grape seeds<sunflower seeds<rice< coconut< carotenoids was pumpkin seeds oil (3639), and the
maize<arachid peanuts and rapeseeds (Table 1B). poorest one - sesame oil (30.5). There were
Statistically significant differences of total colour statistically significant differences in the carotenoid
values between both groups were found (p=0.002). content between the analysed groups (p=0.006).
The total colour of unrefined oils was 9 times Among the unrefined oils, these values were 8
greater than the refined ones, Me=444.2, Q1=232.5, times higher, Me=214.2, Q1=119, Q3=438 vs.
Me=25.5, Q1=7, Q3=47, respectively (Table 2).
Table 2. The minimum, maximum, median, Q1 and Q3 values of carotenoid, chlorophyll and the total colour
in the studied oils
unrefined n* range median lower quartile upper quartile
vs. refined oils min max (Q1) (Q3)
carotenoids 10 30.5 vs. 2 3639 vs. 378.5 214.2 vs. 25.5 119 vs. 7 438 vs. 47
chlorophylls 10 25 vs. 5 3807 vs. 58.5 279 vs. 22 80 vs. 15.5 543 vs. 30
total colour 10 55.5 vs. 12 4464 vs. 408.5 444.2 vs. 45.2 232.5 vs. 23.5 3120 vs. 75.5
n-number of samples in each group
Analysis of chlorophyll content also was characterized by black cumin seeds oil (7.416
showed statistically significant differences between mg KOH/g), which was more than 7 times higher
groups - unrefined oils had more than 12.5 times than the result of coconut oil (0.112 mg KOH/g).
higher chlorophyll content (p <0.001). The lowest Cannabis seeds oil (3.202 mg KOH/ g) and milk
value was obtained by rapeseed oil (5) (Table 1B). thistle seeds oil (2.921 mg KOH/g) had also high
The highest acid number (AN) for unrefined oils, acid values (Table 3A, 3B).
Table 3A. The Lea number, acidity, acid number and acidity percentage value of unrefined oils
unrefined oil Lea number acidity value acid number acid value
[meq O2/kg] [mg KOH/g] [%]
evening primrose 1.904 1.400 0.787 0.395
black cumin seeds 59.734 13.200 7.416 3.726
pumpkin seeds 2.010 2.400 1.348 0.678
hemp seeds 5.764 5.700 3.202 1.609
coconut 0.049 0.200 0.112 0.056
linseeds 0.427 0.600 0.337 0.169
sunflower seeds 2.964 1.200 0.674 0.339
sesame 0.145 2.700 1.517 0.762
milk thistle seeds 0.907 5.200 2.921 1.468
rapeseed 1.355 1.500 0.843 0.423
Table 3B. The Lea number, acidity, acid number and acidity percentage value of refined oils
refined oil Lea number acidity value acid number acid value
[meq O2/kg] [mg KOH/g] [%]
coconut 0.000 0.400 0.225 0.113
olive pulp pomace 3.277 0.600 0.337 0.169
arachid peanuts 5.279 0.200 0.112 0.056
sunflower 3.768 0.400 0.225 0.113
maize 2.527 0.400 0.225 0.113
rice 2.286 2.500 1.404 0.706
roasted sesame seeds and soya bean 2.240 1.600 0.899 0.452
grape 3.179 0.400 0.225 0.113
soya beans 4.356 0.400 0.225 0.113
rapeseed 2.146 0.300 0.169 0.085
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Prog Health Sci 2018, Vol 8, No 2 The influence carotenoid chlorophyll oxidative processes vegetable oils
In the refined oil group the highest AN did not exceed the value above 2.964 meq O2/kg,
values were found for rice oil (1.404 mg KOH/g) only black cumin seeds oil, hemp seeds and
and roasted sesame seeds and soya beans oil (0.899 sunflower seeds oils obtained higher values. The
mg KOH/g). The lowest result was found in arachid Lea number in the majority of refined oils reached
peanuts oil (0.112 mg KOH/g). Coconut, sunflower, the range of 0.427- 2.964 meq O2/kg. A strong
maize, grape seeds and soya beans oils had an equal (R=0.65, p=0.04) positive correlation, between the
AN values - 0.225 mg KOH/g. There were total colour and the acid number in the refined
statistically significant differences in the AN values group was found. No such relationship for
between the studied groups (p=0.02). In the group unrefined oils was observed (p=0.35, R=0.34). No
of unrefined oils, the values were 4.5 times higher, statistically significant differences were noticed in
Me=1.096, Q1=0.674, Q3=2.921 vs. Me=0.225, the Lea number between groups (p=0.19). In
Q1=0.225, Q3=0.337, respectively (Table 4). unrefined oils, black cumin seeds oil score of
Approximately half of the unrefined oils 59.734 and strongly differed from the upper quartile
obtained the value of the Lea number ≥1.630 meq designated for this group (Table 4).
O2/kg. What's more almost, 75% of unrefined oils
Table 4. The minimum, maximum, median, Q1 and Q3 values of the Lea number, acidity, acid number and
acidity value of studied oils
unrefined oils n* range median lower upper
vs. quartile quartile
refined oils min max (Q1) (Q3)
Lea number 10 0.049 vs. 59.734 vs. 1.630 vs. 0.427 vs 2.240 2.964 vs.
[meq O2/kg] 0.000 5.279 2.853 3.768
acidity number 10 0.200 vs. 13.20 vs. 2.500 1.950 vs. 1.200 vs 0.400 5.200 vs.
0.200 0.400 0.600
acid number 10 0.112 vs. 7.416 vs. 1.404 1.096 vs. 0.674 vs 0.225 2.921 vs.
[mg KOH/g] 0.112 0.225 0.337
acidity value [%] 10 0.057 vs. 3.726 vs. 0.706 0.551 vs. 0.339 vs 0.113 1.468 vs.
0.056 0.113 0.169
n-number of samples in each group
DISCUSSION research, the AN values were lower: 0.112 and
0.337 mg KOH/g. A similar relationship was
The content of chlorophyll and carotenoid observed in the Lea number 1.22 meq O2/kg 2.67
pigments in vegetable oils is determined via meq O2/kg vs. 0.049 and 0.427 meq O2/kg,
maturity of the raw material, botanical variety and respectively.
production technology used. Interestingly, plant The majority of refined oils met the
dyes have both antioxidant and pro-oxidative requirements of Codex Alimentarius (Lea number
activity. The presence of chlorophyll dyes in 10≥meq O2/kg, acid number 0.6≥mg KOH/g).
unrefined oils, affects the initiation of Arachid peanuts oil slightly exceeded the
photochemical processes. Chlorophylls facilitate permissible Lea number of the Polish Standard
the conversion of oxygen into a singlet form that (5.279 meq O2/kg vs. 5 meq O2/kg) [11], [12] the
causes oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, whereas acid numbers of olive oil 0.6 mg KOH/g, rice oil
carotenoids occur to be natural preservatives [14]. 1.404 mg KOH/g and oil from roasted sesame and
Wroniak et al. [14], noticed that in soya beans (0.899 mg KOH/g) also exceeded Codex
unrefined oils, the ratio of carotenoids and Alimentarius and the Polish Standard (0.3 mg
chlorophylls is variable. In our study, a similar KOH/g). Among the refined oils, the lowest AN
trend was observed, but the share of chlorophyll values were found in arachid peanuts oil and
dyes was slightly higher. In our study, among all rapeseeds oil. It should be noted that low AN values
analysed products, pumpkin seeds oil (4049), was of rapeseed oil were associated with a high % share
the second, next to the hemp seeds oil (4464), of monounsaturated fatty acids that are oxidatively
which had the highest total colour value. stable [1-4,16].
Kruszewski et al. [15] analysed the AN in unrefined In the Zychnowska et al. study [17], the
coconut and linseeds oils and values were as research material was refined and unrefined
follows: 0.56 and 1.42 mg KOH/g, in our own rapeseeds oils. As in our own study, over 4 times
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Prog Health Sci 2018, Vol 8, No 2 The influence carotenoid chlorophyll oxidative processes vegetable oils
higher total colour values were found in unrefined 0.14-0.46 mg KOH/g and 2.10-9.43 meq O2/kg per
oils. In addition, it was noticed that rapeseeds oils Lea number. The values of the acid and peroxide
are predominantly rich source of carotenoid number set by our team were high: 1.348 mg
pigments, which is consistent with our own KOH/g and 2.010 meq O2/kg. Interestingly, in
observations. The values of the acid number of hemp seeds oil, both the AN and the Lea value were
unrefined rapeseed oils varied between 1.35-5.17 higher in our own study (3.202 mg KOH/g, 5.764
mg KOH/g, while refined oils ranged from 0.22- meq O2/kg) than in the Perschy et al. (0.10-0.39 mg
0.34 mg KOH/g [17]. In the own study, the AN KOH/g, 2.63-4.55 meq O2/kg). The milk thistle
values of rapeseeds oil - refined and unrefined were seeds oil was characterized by the acid number in
within the defined limits. It was noted that AN is the range from 0.44 to 1.06 mg KOH/g, and the
significantly lower in the case of refined oils. A peroxide value from 1.04 to 5.43 meq O2/kg. In
similar tendency was observed for the Lea number own study the AN of the milk thistle seeds oil was
1.355 meq O2/kg vs 2.146 meq O2/kg. The Lea 2.921 mg KOH/g and the peroxide value - 0.907
number did not exceed the Polish standard (10 meq meq O2/kg.
O2/kg) and Codex Alimentarius (15 meq O2/kg) Stec et al. [24] evaluated the quality of
[11,18]. refined grape seeds oils. The AN and the Lea
In the study of Derewiak et al. [19], number were 0.137 mg KOH/g and 1.958 meq
unrefined linseeds oils obtained the AN in the range O2/kg, respectively. In the own study the AN was
of 0.5-2.85 mg KOH/g. All oils met the quality slightly lower (0.225 mg KOH/g), while the
requirements described in Codex Alimentarius [18]. peroxide value was significantly higher (3.179 meq
In addition, the Lea values were in the range of O2/kg). The parameters tested in both works did
0.98-2.92 meq O2/kg. All studied unrefined oils did not exceed the established standards.
not exceed both standards. The Lea values of cold Among all tested oils the coconut one was
pressed linseed oil obtained by other researchers, characterized by the lowest values of the peroxide
including Cichosz et al. and Tańska et al. was 1.8, number. Coconut oil had high oxidative stability
1.24 meq O2/kg, respectively [8,20]. In the own due to saturated fatty acids (> 91%). Tested by
study, the values of linseed oil parameters were Prasanth Kumar et al. [25], refined coconut oils as
lower than the values set by Derewiak et al. [19]. In in the own study were characterized by zero
the Babatunde et al. [21] study, the AN of rafined peroxide number. Whereas the peroxide value of
arachid oils peeled between 0.39-0.86 mg KOH/g, unrefined coconut oil in the Prasanth Kumar et al.
while the Lea value was in the range of 1.87-3.20 study ranged from 0.0 to 2.7 meq O2/kg, the values
O2 meq/kg. Unfortunately, no information was obtained were within the normal range. In this
given regarding the methods of oils production. In study, the value of peroxide number of crude oil
our own study the arachid refined oil had the AN of (0.049 meqO2/kg) fit in the norm.
0.112 mg KOH/g and was slightly lower than range In another study, Stec et al. [26]
determined by Babatunde et al. [21]. The peroxide determined the average acid and Lea value of
value was higher and amounted to 5.279 O2 refined soya beans oils to be 0.212 mg KOH/g and
meq/kg. For unrefined evening primrose oil 2.520 meq O2/kg - both values did not exceed the
Skolimowska et al. [22], obtained the following norm. Refined rice oils had an average acid value of
parameters: AN-2.6 mg KOH/g, and Lea value-2.2 0.167 mg KOH/g, and peroxide value - 1.967 meq
O2 meq/kg, both within the norm. In our own O2/ kg. The value of AN of soya beans oils in the
research similar low values were observed 0.787 own study was similar (0.225 mg KOH/g), while
mg KOH/g and 1.904 O2 meq/kg. the peroxide value was more than twice as high
Preschy et al. [23], analysed unrefined (4.356 meq O2/kg). In case of rice oil, the AN
sesame oils, where the AN was within the range of value as well as the peroxide value exceeded the
0.02 - 0.20 mg KOH/g and the Lea number of 0.70- norm (1.404 mg KOH/g, 2.286 meq O2/kg). It was
2.20 O2 meq/kg. The value shown in own study noted that rice oil had lower peroxide values
was much higher in case of acid number (1.517 mg compared to soya beans oil. In the Kaleem A et al.
KOH/g), but lower in relation to Lea number (0.145 [27] study, refined pomace oil (3.2 meq O2/kg)
meq O2/kg). Unrefined sunflower oils tested by the obtained almost the same value as in the own study
same team reached the value of the acid number in (3.277 meq O2/kg).
the range of 0.14-0.23 mg KOH/g, while the In the scientific community, interest in
peroxide value was 2.26-6.27 meq O2/kg. The AN black cumin seeds oil is constantly growing. It
of sunflower oil in the own study was higher than seems that its composition contains a number of
the upper value of the range marked in the substances with health-promoting effects, including
compared study (0.674 mg KOH/g). The peroxide anticancer as well as antibacterial properties. The
value of sunflower oil in own research was within composition of fatty acids in the seeds of black
the range specified by the cited authors (2.964 meq cumin is as follows: polyunsaturated fatty acids -
O2/kg). In the comparison study, unrefined oils 50-60% linoleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids -
from pumpkin seeds obtained AN in the range of 20% oleic acid, 3% eicosanamide, saturated fatty
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Prog Health Sci 2018, Vol 8, No 2 The influence carotenoid chlorophyll oxidative processes vegetable oils
acids - 30% palmitic and stearic acids. It has been 4. Wroniak M. Wartość żywieniowa olejów
shown that the method of obtaining oils from seeds rzepakowych tłoczonych na zimno. Żywn
affects the percentage of free fatty acids (FAA). It Nauka Technol Jakość 2012;85(6):79-92.
was shown that cold oil pressing, causes 0.9% (Polish)
occurrence of FAA, while during extraction using 5. Mińkowski K, Grześkiewicz S, Jerzewska M.
organic solvents, this value increases up to 2.3%. In Ocena wartości odżywczej olejów roślinnych o
a study conducted by Bourgou et al. [28] and Ali et dużej zawartości kwasów linolenowych na
al. [29] the Lea number for black cumin seeds oil podstawie składu kwasów tłuszczowych,
may exceed 10, suggesting high oxidative tokoferoli i steroli. Żywn Nauka Technol
sensitivity of this oil. Solvent extracted oil from Jakość. 2011;75(2):124-35. (Polish)
Morocco was characterized by a value of 11.4 meq 6. Perscha A, Siger A, Lorenc-Kukuła K i wsp.
O2/kg, while obtained by cold stamping obtained Badania nad składem i podatnością na
the value 3.4 meq O2/kg. In this work, cold-pressed utlenianie oleju z nasion lnu modyfikowanego
oil had the highest values of the acid and peroxide genetycznie. Bromat Chem Toksykol
number (7.416 mg KOH/g, 59.734 meq O2/kg), 2008;3:286-92. (Polish)
exceeding the values set in standards, which may 7. Wroniak M, Krygier K. Oleje tłoczone na
indicate poor grain quality or inadequate storage zimno. Przemysł Spożywczy 2006;7:30-34.
methods. (Polish)
8. Cichosz G, Czeczot H. Stabilność oksydacyjna
CONCLUSION tłuszczów jadalnych-konsekwencje zdrowotne.
Bromat Chem Toksykol. 2011;1:50-60. (Polish)
Refined and the unrefined oils purchased 9. Choo W, Birch J, Dufour J. Physicochemical
in the city of Bialystok largely corresponded to the and quality character-ristics of coldpressed
established norms, with the exception of cold- flaxseed oils. J Food Comp Analys
pressed oil from black cumin seeds, where the acid 2007;20:202-11.
and peroxide values exceeded the permitted values. 10. Kruszewski B, Fąfara P, Ratusz K, Obiedziński
Significant differences of total colour values M. Ocena pojemności przeciwutleniającej i
between both groups were found (p=0.002). The stabilności oksyda-cyjnej wybranych olejów
acid value of refined oils was lower than in roślinnych. Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów
unrefined group (p=0.02). It was observed a Nauk Rolniczych 2013;572:43-52. (Polish)
positive statistically significant correlation between 11. Oleje i tłuszcze roślinne oraz zwierzęce.
the total colour value and the acid value in the Spektrofotometryczne oznaczenie barwy. PN-
refined group (R=0.65, p=0.04). There was no A-86934:1995. (Polish)
correlation between the total color and the peroxide 12. Oleje i tłuszcze roślinne oraz zwierzęce.
value in the group of unrefined oils, in which the Oznaczenie liczby nadtlenkowej. PN-ISO
share of carotenoid and chlorophyll dyes was 3960:1996. (Polish)
variable. No significant effect of plant dyes on the 13. Oleje i tłuszcze roślinne oraz zwierzęce.
acid value or peroxide of unrefined oils was Oznaczenie liczby kwasowej i kwasowości. PN-
noticed. ISO 660:1998. (Polish)
14. Wroniak M, Kwiatkowska M, Krygier K.
Charakterystyka wybranych olejów tłoczonych
Conflicts of interest na zimno. Żywn Nauka Technol Jakoś.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of 2006;47(2):46-58. (Polish)
interest. 15. Kruszewski B, Fąfara P, Ratusz K, Obiedziński
M. Ocena pojemności przeciwutleniającej i
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