International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology

Vol-7, Issue-2; Mar-Apr, 2022

Journal Home Page Available: https://ijeab.com/

Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijeab

Peer Reviewed

The Effectiveness of Poly Alumunium Chloride (PAC) on

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Levels of Laundry
Wastewater in Batam City, Indonesia
Milenia Rossa Audria, Tri Joko, Sulistiyani Sulistiyani*

Environmental Health Department, Public Health Faculty, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Received: 25 Mar 2022; Received in revised form: 12 Apr 2022; Accepted: 17 Apr 2022; Available online: 21 Apr 2022
©2022 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract— Laundry activities produces waste water contains high pollutants such as Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD). The COD level of sample from a laundry wastewater was 541 mg/L, which over the wastewater quality
standard the Indonesian Minister of Environment Regulation no 5/2014 (100 mg/L), therefore wastewater
treatment was required to prevent any adverse effect. One of the parameters which is able to describe the pollutants
in wastewater is COD. Wastewater treatment can be done by coagulation-flocculation process with Poly
Aluminum Chloride (PAC) coagulant. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of PAC in reducing
COD levels in laundry wastewater. This study was a true experimental study with a pre-test post-test with control
group design, used jar test to simulate the coagulation-flocculation process in a laboratory scale. PAC variations
concentration were 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L, 400 mg/L, and 450 mg/L with additional samples of pretest and control.
The treatments were repeated in 6 times. Kruskal Wallis test showed population of COD level difference before
and after treatment (p=0.008). Mann Whitney test showed that groups which had significant difference in COD
reduction were between the control group and each of PAC-treated group (p<0.05). The optimum concentration
of PAC in reducing COD levels was 300 mg/L with an average effectiveness of 58.97%. The final COD levels in
this study still requires further wastewater treatment before the final disposal.
Keywords— Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Laundry, Wastewater, Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC).

I. INTRODUCTION Minister of Environment Regulation Number 5 year of 2014

The laundry activities were widely used by the community concerning Wastewater Quality Standards, which is 100
to help with household activities, along with the increasing mg/L for group I wastewater (Menteri Negara Lingkungan
demands in the communities. The development of a laundry Hidup, 2014)
activities must be equipped by waste management before Chemical substances derived from detergents contain
wastewater diposal to water bodies.(Wicheisa et al., 2018; complex chemical compounds including surfactants,
Yusmidiarti, 2018) Laundry wastewater has high pollutant builders, bleaches, and additives (Apriyani & Nani, 2017)
levels, which can be seen from chemical parameters such as These substances can increase the COD level of wastewater.
Biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen COD is defined as the equivalent amount of oxygen used in
demand (COD), phosphate, physical parameters such as the chemical oxidation of organic matter. COD
total suspended solid (TSS), and total dissolved solid (TDS) measurements were measured using strong oxidants to
(Pratiwi et al., 2012). The results of COD measurements oxidize organic matter which could only be partially
carried out on laundry wastewater X showed a COD level oxidized by microorganisms. Organic and inorganic
of 541 mg/L and there was a wastewater treatment process. components can be oxidized during COD measurement.(Hu
This figure exceeds the quality standard of the Indonesian & Grasso, 2004)

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Wastewater with high levels of COD if discharged into the sample was not treated with PAC coagulant, but the stirring
environment without going through several treatment will process was still conducted. The dependent variable was the
exceed the water's ability to adjust with the conditions in the COD level of laundry wastewater X which will be
water, so that bacteria grow rapidly and consume dissolved proceeded by calculating the reduction in COD levels and
oxygen which causes a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. the efficiency of the reduction. There were confounding
Organisms in water such as protozoa and fish will find it variables in this study. The pH value and temperature were
difficult to live without dissolved oxygen.(Aini et al., 2017) confounding variables measured, while the confounding
Laundry waste also contains phosphate which can cause variables which controlled were mixing speed, mixing time,
eutrophication, because phosphate is a nutrient for algae. and processing capacity.
Leftover detergents also contain toxic compounds that can Samples were stirred using a jar test. The stirring speed for
be harmful to life in the water and to humans who use the rapid mixing was 100 rpm with a stirring time of 1 minute,
water.(Yusmidiarti, 2018) followed by slow mixing of 40 rpm with a stirring time of
Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) is one of the coagulants 20 minutes. Precipitation was done for 1 hour. Then the
commonly used in the coagulation and flocculation samples were examined for COD levels using the open
processes of wastewater treatment because it is safe and reflux method based on APHA-5220-B standard.(Rodger B.
economical. PAC is a collection of complex inorganic Baird, Andrew D. Eaton, 2018)
compounds, hydroxyl ions, and aluminum ions with Calculation of COD reduction efficiency using the formula:
different degrees of chlorination that form polynuclear. The
COD level pretest−COD level post test
general formula for PAC is Alm(OH)nCl(3m-n). PAC can % Efficiency = X 100%
COD level pretest
reduce COD levels up to 62%-83% in a study conducted by
Data analysis of the difference in COD levels before and
Yustinawati in 2014 with oil well drilling waste
after various treatments was carried out using the Saphiro
(Yustinawati, 2014). Some of the advantages of PAC are it
Wilk normality test, followed by a homogeneity test as a
can coagulate water with different turbidity in a short time,
fulfillment of assumptions. The Kruskal Wallis test was
produces less sludge, and only leaves a small amount of
conducted with the hypothesis that there were differences in
aluminum residue in the water. Another advantage of PAC
the decrease in COD levels in each group, and the Mann
is that it can work in a wide pH range, strong adsorption
Whitney follow-up test was used to determine the pairs of
rate, and high floc formation rate even though the dose
groups with significant and non-significant differences.
given is small.(Murwanto, 2018; Rahimah et al., 2016) This
study aims to determine PAC effectiveness in decreasing
COD levels in laundry wastewater X. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Laundry X served 5-30 customers every day. In one time
II. METHOD wash, 30-100 mL of liquid detergent was used, and 50-100L
of water was used. In one time wash, the amount of dirty
This research was using true experiment, pretest post-test
laundry could reach 5 kg.
with control group design. The sample used was wastewater
produced by laundry X which located in Batam City, The results of testing the COD levels of the laundry
Indonesia. Samples were taken by grab sampling for 6 times wastewater pretest sample X for 6 days had an average of
repetition in different days. The total samples taken were 36 442.83 mg/L (see Table 1.). This figure exceeds the quality
samples consisting of 4 treatment samples, 1 control standard of the Minister of Environment Regulation
sample, 1 pretest sample, and repeated 6 times. The pretest Number 5 of 2014 for group I wastewater, which is 100
sample was first measured for temperature, pH, and COD mg/L for COD. Fluctuating COD levels were influenced by
levels and used as data before treatment. The measurement the amount of detergent used, water usage, and the presence
results of temperature, pH, and COD levels of control and of impurities in the laundry. The results of the pH value of
treatment groups were used as data after treatment (post the pretest group tended to be neutral and still met the
test). quality standard of 6-9, except for the 1st and 6th repetitions
which did not qualify the quality standard (see Table 3.). In
The independent variables used were variations in PAC
this study, no pH adjustment was made with the
concentration of 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L, 400 mg/L, and 450
consideration that PAC can work in a wide pH range. The
mg/L. Dosing of PAC was done by making a 1% PAC
average temperature for pretest samples were 26,88⁰C, with
solution and calculating the volume of the PAC solution
the minimum temperature of 25,9⁰C dan maximum
needed to reach 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L, 400 mg/L, and 450
temperature of 27,9⁰C (see Table 4). The temperature
mg/L concentration according to the dilution formula, then
measurement for 6 times repetition was considered normal
adding it to 500 mL of the wastewater sample. The control

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Audria et al. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 7(2)-2022

and still meets the 38⁰C temperature quality standard attraction between particles.(Firra & Mohamad, 2013) The
treshold according to Regulation of the Minister of electrolyte that played a role in this coagulation process is
Environment 5/2014. Al3+ cation. In the study, laundry wastewater which was
A. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) originally turbid and colored, after the addition of PAC
coagulant became clear, because the positive ions Al3+ bind
After the rapid mixing process and slow mixing, the floc
organic ions that were negatively charged in the
formed was precipitated for 1 hour, so that the floc gathered
wastewater.(Susanti & Hartati, 2003)
at the bottom of the beaker glass due to gravity. The floc
formed was less than 1 mm in size. The formation of flocs The average post-test COD levels in the control group, with
in the samples treated with PAC coagulant can be occurred variations in the treatment doses of 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L,
after the wastewater was stirred. 400 mg/L, and 450 mg/L, respectively, were 397.83 mg/L,
172.50 mg. /L, 181.50 mg/L, 194.83 mg/L, and 220.67
Flocs were formed as a result of PAC mixed in. There was
mg/L. This showed that in laundry wastewater X after being
a destabilization of colloids and suspended particles through
given a variety of treatments, the COD level has decreased.
neutralization of electric charges so that the force of
However, the average COD content of all groups still
repulsion of similar electric charges between particles was
exceeded the specified quality standard stated in Regulation
reduced. PAC had a high positive electric charge, as well as
of the Minister of Environment 5/2014 which is 100 mg/L.
a long polymer chain so that it easily increased the covalent
Table 1. COD Level Measurement Results
Post test (mg/L)
pretest
Repetition 300 350 400 450
(mg/L) Control
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
1 541 559 263 311 289 400
2 337 407 187 192 184 198
3 483 372 88 133 156 220
4 584 445 129 165 152 139
5 348 262 137 108 209 174
6 364 342 231 180 179 193
Average 442.83 397.83 172.50 181.50 194.83 220.67

In the control group, COD was increase, it could be seen in showed that the control group in the 2nd and 3rd repetitions
the 1st and 2nd repetitions that the COD post-test levels in experienced an increase in COD levels from an initial level
the control group increased. This can be due to changes in of 1.012 mg/L to 1,680 mg/L, and from an initial level of
temperature that occur. Temperature affects the physical, 717 mg/L to 979 mg/L.(Larasati et al., 2017)
chemical, and biological properties of wastewater. Changes The mixing process with the jar test in the control group
in temperature cause an increase in viscosity, evaporation, without PAC treatment can also reduce COD levels because
and volatilization. As a result, the structure of the colloidal the stirring process could increase the dissolved oxygen
particles became smaller. This caused the ability for content in the water. With the availability of oxygen in the
deposition to decrease. In the control group, only mixing water, the need for oxygen decreased, so that the COD level
and precipitation was done. The increase in COD was due decreased. A similar thing happened in Islamawati's 2018
to the fact that the colloidal particles cannot be deposited, study which showed that the COD level of control group in
so that when measuring COD levels, organic matter was the study of decreasing COD levels of tapioca wastewater
carried in the sample. This was in line with Ayu Larasati's that was treated with jar test mixing was indeed
2017 research in the study of decreasing COD levels of decreasing.(Islamawati et al., 2018)
laundry wastewater using FeCl3 coagulant which study

Table 2. COD Levels Reduction

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Audria et al. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 7(2)-2022

COD levels average (mg/L) Efficiency

Group Difference (mg/L)
Pretest Post test (%)

300 mg/L 442.83 172.50 270.33 58.79

350 mg/L 442.83 181.50 261.33 58.21
400 mg/L 442.83 194.83 248.00 54.07
450 mg/L 442.83 220.67 222.17 49.16

The decrease in COD levels in the treatment group showed 2018 study by Ulima where PAC in slaughterhouse
in Table 2 was due to the negative ionized organic matter wastewater samples can cause COD levels to decrease by
already bound with the positive ions from the PAC up to 40%.(Salsabila et al., 2018)
coagulant and forming flocs. The flocs settle to the bottom B. pH value
of the beaker glass due to gravity and were separated from
The results of pH value in the pretest and posttest treatment
water which has a lower density and clearer color. The
samples in 6 times repetition were as follows:
clearer water has lower COD levels due to the process of
removing organic matter. This was corresponding with the
Table 3. pH Measurement Results
Post test
Repetition Pretest 300 350 400 450
Control
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
1 5.98 5.8 4.61 4.55 4.5 4.48
2 6.53 6.6 4.4 4.4 4.39 4.38
3 6.97 6.86 4.31 4.33 4.33 4.37
4 6.96 6.98 4.6 4.56 4.53 4.51
5 6.69 6.8 4.44 4.42 4.42 4.41
6 9.95 10.08 8.95 8.69 8.4 8.04

The results of measuring pH value before and after The decrease in pH was caused by the addition of PAC. H +
treatment with 6 times repetition for the control group, ions were released into the water for each hydrogen group
variations in the treatment doses of 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L, produced. The PAC reaction in water can be described as
400 mg/L, and 450 mg/L in the table show that PAC can follows: Al2(OH)3Cl3➔Al2(OH)33+ + 3Cl- + 3H2O ➔
cause a decrease in pH. The more PAC given, the more 2Al(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3Cl-. Product of 3H+ ions causes pH level
acidic the pH of the wastewater. This was in line with to decrease became more acidic.(Yustinawati, 2014) This
Yustinawati's research in 2014 where the pH level of the can affect the next wastewater treatment, thus neutralization
drilling mud waste after being treated with PAC decreased is required.
by ±2 from the initial pH.(Yustinawati, 2014) Husaini's C. Temperature Measurement
2018 research also showed that PAC could lower the pH
The results of temperature measurements on the pretest
level in gold processing wastewater.(Husaini et al., 2018)
and post test samples of treatment in 6 times repetition
were as follows:

Table 4. Temperature Measurement Results

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Post test (⁰C)

Pretest
Repetition 300 350 400 450
(⁰C) Control
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
1 26.4 25.5 25.5 25.3 25.3 25.2
2 27.4 26.7 26.6 26.4 26.5 26.5
3 27.2 25.5 25.2 25.2 25.1 25.2
4 26.5 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.4 24.4
5 25.9 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.4 24.3
6 27.9 27.9 27.6 27.3 27.1 27.2

The results of the measurement of the temperature of the Minister of Environment 5/2014 which was 38⁰C because
wastewater sample can be seen in the table above. The they were still adjusting to room temperature.
temperature of the treatment group decreased from the D. COD Reduction Efficiency
results of the temperature measurement of the pretest group
The following was a graph of the efficiency of reducing
with a difference of ±1⁰C. All temperatures of the group
COD levels in the control group and various doses of PAC
qualify the quality standard according to Regulation of the
treatment:

60.00
Reduction Efficiency of

50.00
COD Levels (%)

40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
300 mg/L 350 mg/L 400 mg/L 450 mg/L

Fig. 1 COD level Reduction Efficiency

According to the COD levels in the pretest and posttest colloidal particles. This also caused the wastewater that was
groups in Table 2, there was a decrease in COD levels. The given a dose of coagulant that has passed the optimum dose
average decrease in COD levels for the group with PAC to increase turbidity.(Susanti & Hartati, 2003; Yustinawati,
doses variation of 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L, 400 mg/L, and 450 2014) So that the decrease in COD levels was more
mg/L were 270.33 mg/L, 261.33 mg/L, 248 mg/L, and significant at lower dose of coagulant. The PAC dose of 300
222.17 mg/L. The COD reduction efficiency in the four mg/L was the optimum dose for this study.
groups were 58.79%, 58.21%, 54.07%, and 49.16%, Similar result occurred in Adysti’s research in 2014 for
respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that treating laundry wastewater using combination wastewater
laundry X wastewater treated with PAC coagulant causes a treatment using PAC and active carbon filtration. In the
decrease in the level of COD parameters. research, the optimum dose was 55 mL/L, whereas the
Treatments with doses of 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L, 400 mg/L, higher doses showed the decreasing efficiency of COD
and 450 mg/L showed lower efficiency and lower COD removal.(Maretha N et al., 2014)
levels decrease at higher dose. This was caused by colloid COD levels reduction data before and after treatment did not
re stabilization that occurs when high doses of coagulant meet the normality assumption. One of the data category,
were given to wastewater, there was excessive absorption of which was group of 450 mg/L PAC variation was not
cations by colloidal particles. So that the positive ions of the distributed normally. Meanwhile homogeneity assumption
coagulant were no longer able to adsorb the negative ions of

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terted with Levene test shown that the COD levels reduction used and the next research also may do a combination of
data were homogen. Further test conducted with non wastewater treatment with biological treatment so that the
parametric tests. final pollutant parameter qualified the referenced quality
Based on a test using the Kruskal Wallis test, it was standard.
concluded that there were differences in the pretest and
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