BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MESRA, DEOGHAR Campus

Assignment Sheet (Question Bank)

EE 355: Power System Analysis (B.Tech. EEE VI Semester)

MODULE 1 (Introduction)

1. The base impedance and base voltage for a given power system are 10Ω and 400 V
respectively. Calculate the base kVA and base current. (16kVA, 40A)

2. The base current and base voltage of a345-kV system are chosen to be 3000A and 300kV,
respectively .determine the per unit voltage and the base impedance for the system. (100Ω,
1.15pu).

3. If the rating of the system of Q.(2), above problem, is 1380 MVA, calculate the per –unit
current referred to the base of Q.(2). (1.33)

4. Express a 100Ω impedance, a 60- A current and a 220 voltage as per unit quantities referred
to the base value of Q.(1). (10pu,1.5pu,0.55pu)

5. A single phase, 10kVA, 200V Generator has an internal impedance Zg of 2Ω. Using the rating
of the Generator as base value, determine the Generator per unit voltage that is required to
produce full load current under short circuit condition. (0.5 pu)

6. Let a 5-kVA, 400/200V transformer be approximately represented by 2Ω reactance referred to

the low voltage side. Considering the rated value as base quantity, express the transformer
reactance as per unit quantity. (0.25)

7. Repeat Q.(6) expressing all quantities in the term of the high voltage side. (8Ω, 0.25pu)

8. Express the per unit impedance Zpu and per unit admittance Ypu of a power system in the term
of the voltage Vbase and the base volt-amperes (VA)base. (Ypu=1/Zpu=YV2base/(VA)base).
(Zpu = Z(VA)base /V2base)

9. A 345 KV transmission line has a series impedance of (4+60j) Ω and a shunt admittance of
j2*10-3S. Using 100 MVA and the line voltage as base value, calculate the per unit impedance
and per unit admittance of the line . (j2.38pu)

10. A 3 phase, wye – connected system is rated at 50 MVA and 120kV. Express 40000 kVA of 3
phase apparent power as a per unit value referred to (a) the 3 phase system kVA as base (b)
the per phase system kVA as base.. (0.8pu, 0.8pu)

11. A 3phase, wye connected 6.25kVA, 220V synchronous generator has a reactance of 8.4 Ω
per phase. Using the rated kVA and voltage as base value, determine the per unit reactance.
Then refer this per unit value to a 230 V, 7.5 kVA base. (0.688Ω)
12. A 3 phase 13 KV transmission line deliver 8 MVA of load. The per phase impedance of the
line is (0.01 + j 0.05) pu, referred to a 13 KV, 8 MVA base. What is the voltage drop across
the line? (663.1V)

13. A portion of a power system consist of 2 generators in parallel, connected to a step up

transformer that links them with 230 KV transmission line. The rating of these components
are (where % reactances are computed on the basis of individual component ratings) :
GeneratorG1-10 MVA, 12 %reactance
Generator G2 -5MVA,8% reactance
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 Transformer :15MVA , 6% reactance
Transmission line: (4+j60) Ω, 230V. Express % reactance and impedance in % with 15MVA
as the base value. [(0.113+j1.7)%]

14. Draw the impedance diagram for the system shown in figure 1. Expressing all value as per
unit value

Figure 1

15. Draw an impedance diagram for the system shown in figure 2, expressing all value as
%value.

figure 2

16. Draw a per unit reactance dig. for the system shown in figure 3

Figure 3
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17. Obtain the per unit reactance diagram of the power system of figure 4.
(0.546,0.418, 0.44,0.396,0.936.0.437)

Figure 4
Generator No. 1 : 30 MVA, 10.5 KV, X” = 1.6 ohms
Generator No. 2 : 15 MVA, 6.6 KV, X” = 1.2 ohms
Generator No. 3 : 25 MVA, 6.6 KV, X” = 0.56 ohms
Transformer T1 (3-phase) :15 MVA, 33/11 KV, X = 15.2 ohms/phase on HT side
Transformer T2 (3-phase) :15 MVA, 33/6.2 KV, X = 16 ohms/phase on HT side
Transmission Line : 20.5 ohms/phase
Load A : 15 MW, 11 KV, 0.9 lagging pf.
Load B : 40 MW, 6.6V, 0.85 lagging pf.

18. The reactance data of generator and transformer are usually specified in pu value, based on
equipment rating than in actual ohmic value as given in Q(17),while the transmission line
impedance may be given actual value. Obtain the per unit impedance diagram of the power
system figure (4),by assuming the following pu value of reactance-
Transformer T1- 0.209
Transformer T2- 0.220
Generator G1- 0.435
Generator G2- 0.413
Generator G3- 0.3214
With a base MVA of 30,base voltage of 11KV in the circuit of Generator1 and base voltage of
6.2 KV in the circuit of Generator2 and 3 as used in (0.418,0.44,0.396,0.936,0437)

19. The rating and reactance of the various components are shown in figure 5. A load of 60 MW
at 0.9 power factor lagging is tapped from the 66KV substation which is to be maintained at
60 KV. Calculate the terminal voltage of the synchronous machine. Represents the
transmission line and the transformer by the series reactance only. (12KV).

j 150 

Figure 5

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20. Draw the pu impedance dig. For the power system shown in figure 6. neglect resistance ,and
use a base of 100 MVA , 220kV in 50 Ω line . The rating of the generator, motor and
transformer are
Generator 40 MVA, 25kV,X”= 20%
Motor 50 MVA , 33%
Y-Y transformer ,40MVA,33Y-220 Y kV, X=15%
Y-∆ transformer , 30 MVA,11 ∆- 220 Y kV ,X=15%

Figure 6

21. What is per unit system ? How are the base quantities selected ?

22. What are the advantages of per unit calculation?

23. In what way per unit method of calculation is better than % method of calculation.

24. What do you mean by ‘One Line Diagram’, ‘Impedance Diagram’ and ‘Reactance Diagram’?

25. Explain the assumptions taken for drawing reactance diagram from impedance diagram.

MODULE: 2 (Load Flow Analysis)

1. What is ‘Load Flow’? Why load flow analysis is done?

2. Table gives the line impedance identified by the buses on which these terminate. The shunt
admittance at all the buses is negligible.
a) Find Ybus assuming that the line shown in figure 1 as dotted is not connected .

Figure 1
b) What modification need to be carried out in Ybus if the line shown dotted is connected.

Line bus to bus R,pu X,pu

1-2 0.05 0.15
1-3 0.10 0.30
2-3 0.15 0.45
2-4 0.10 0.30
3-4 0.05 0.15

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 (b) Ybus= 3-j9 -2+j6 -1+3j 0 (a) Y11 = 1- j3; Y22 = 1.66 - J5
-2+j6 3.66-11j -0.66+2j -1+3j Y 12 = Y21 = 0
-1+3j -0.66+2j 3.66-11j -2+6j Other elements unchanged
0 -1+3j -2+6j 3-9j

3. Line reactances are indicated in pu in figure 2. Line resistance are negligible. The magnitude
of all the 4 bus voltage is specified to be 1 pu. The bus powers are specified in Table given
below. Find the unknowns.

figure 2

Bus Real demand Reactive Real Reactive

demand generation generation
1 PD1=1 QD1=0.5 PG1=? QG1=
unspecified
2 PD2=1 QD2=0.4 PG2=4 QG2=
unspecified
3 PD3=2 QD3=1 PG3=0 QG3=
unspecified
4 PD4=2 QD4=1 PG4=0 QG4=unspecified

(QG1=.57pu ; QG2=.62pu ; QG3=1.132pu ; QG4=1.132pu ; P G1 = 2pu)

4. The generators are connected at all 4 bus in Figure (1), while loads are at bus 2 and 3. All
bus other than the slack are PQ bus. Find the voltage and bus angle at the 3 buses at end of
the first iteration. Assume a flat voltage start. Use GS method

Bus P pu Q pu V pu Remarks
1 - - 1.040o Slack bus
2 0.5 -0.2 - PQ bus
3 -1 0.5 - PQ bus
4 0.3 -0.1 - PQ bus

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 [V4 = (1.025-j0.0093); V3 = (1.028-j0.087) pu; V2 = (1.019 + j 0.046) pu]

5. In Q. (4) let bus 2 be a PV bus now with |V 2| =1.04pu. Also given 0.2  Q2  1. Once again
assuming a flat voltage start, find Q2, V3, V4 at end of the first GS iteration.
(0.2079pu, 1.0317-j0.08937, 0.9985  j0.0031)

6. The power system in figure (1) is now modified to include a regulating transformer in line 3-4
near bus 3. Find modified YBUS of the system for V3/V3’ = 1.04 or  = 1/1.04.
[ Y33 = 3.516 – j 10.547; Y34 = 1.92 + j 5.777; Y43 = 1.92 + j5.777; rest same]

7. Obtain the complex bus bar voltage at bus 2 at the end of the first iteration. Use the GS
method. In figure 3 below, line impedances shown are in p.u.
P2+jQ2= -5.96+j1.46, |V3| =1.02 and V1 = 1.0 0o, V20 = 100, V30 = 1.0200.
[ V2(1) = 0.972  8.150 ]

Figure 3

8. Find the voltage at the receiving bus at the end of the first iteration. Load is 2+j0.8 pu. Voltage
at the sending end (slack) is 1+j0 pu. Line admittance is 1-j 4 pu. Transformer reactance is
j0.4pu. Off nominal turns ratio is 1/1.04. Use the technique GS. Assume Vr =10o.

figure 4

[ V2(1) = 1.26  74.660 ]

9. Find the bus admittance matrix for the 4 bus system in figure 5. It is given that all the line are
characterized by a series impedance of 0.1+ j0.7Ω/km and a shunt admittance of j0.35*10-5.
Line are rated at 220 kV. Use the base value 220kV and 100MVA. Express all admittance
and impedance in pu.

figure 5

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10. The pu line reactance are indicated on the figure 6. The line resistances are negligible. The
magnitude of all the 3 bus voltage are specified to be 1pu. The bus powers are specified in
table.

Bus Real reactive Real generation reactive

deman demand generat
d ion
1 PD1=1 QD1=0.6 PG1=? QG1=?
2 PD2=0 QD2=0 PG2=1.4 QG2=?
3 PD3=1 QD3=1 PG3=0 QG3=?

Carry out approximate load flow solution.

[ P12 =  0.598 pu; P13 = 0.2 pu; P23 = 0.796 pu ]
[ Q12 = Q21= 0.036 pu; Q13 = Q31 = 0.004 pu; Q23 = 0.064 pu ]

11. (a) Repeat above question (10) with bus voltage specification changed as :
V1==1 pu
V2= 1.04pu
V3= 0.96pu
Your result should show that no significant change occurs in real power flow, but the reactive
flow change as Q is sensitive to voltage.
[ P12 = 0.58; P13 = 0.214; P23 = 0.792; Q12 = 0.165; Q21 = 0.243; Q13 = 0.204; Q31 = 0.188;
Q23 = 0.479; Q32 = 0.321 ]

(b) Resolve the above problem with:

PG1=1pu, PG2= 1pu, PG3=0. V1=V2=V3=1pu.in this case the result will show that the
reactive flow are unchanged, but the real flow are changed.
[ P12 = .333; P23 = 0.664; P13 =  0.334; Q12 = Q21 = 0.011; Q31 = 0.011; Q23 = Q32 = 0.044 pu]

12. The 3 bus system of Q (10), where a regulating transformer is now interconnected in the line
1-2 near bus 1. Other system data remain as that of Q(10). Consider two cases;
(a) RT is a magnitude regulator with a ratio =V1/V’1=0.99
(b) RT is phase angle regulator having a ratio =V1/V’1 = еj3,
Find out the modified Ybus matrix.

13. For the system shown in Figure 7, it is desired that magnitude of V1 and V2 are 1 p.u. The
loads S1 and S2 are shown in fig. The line impedance is j0.05 pu. If the real power input at
each bus is 10 pu. Calculate power and the pf. at two ends.

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 (16+j 15.36 pu, 0.72 lagging; 24+j 13.36 pu, 0.87 lagging)

14. For the two bus system of Figure. 8, with the data as shown and with 11 = 22 = 1.6 -80o pu
and 21 = 12 = 1.9 100o pu, determine the per unit voltage and swing bus power at bus 2 by
GS method.

(V2(2) = 1.047-8.6o pu; 0.3209 + j 0.2816 pu)

15. How buses are classified for load flow ?

16. What are significance of slack bus in load flow analysis ?

17. Give the reasons-

a) A direct solution of load flow problem is not possible .
b) A majority of the buses in power system are load buses.
c) An acceleration factor is commonly used in load flow studies using in GS method.
d) Bus admittance matrix is a sparse matrix.
e) One of the buses is taken as slack bus in load flow studies.

18. Starting from the first principle show the that a diagonal element of Ybus equals of the sum of
admittance connected to that buses and an off diagonal element equals the negative of the
sum of the admittance directly connected b/w the buses.

19. Derive basic load flow equations in both rectangular and polar form. Comment on their
nature.
20. Starting from the fist principle develop the equation for real, and reactive power of the bus.
21. Explain the GS method for solution of basic load flow equation.
22. What is regulating transformer ?
23. How real and reactive power flow are affected by presence of regulating transformer ?
24. How YBUS is modified in presence of RT in a line ?
25. Give the control, state and perturbation vectors for n-bus power system load flow.
26. Explain the nature of constraints presents in the load flow problem of a power system.

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MODULE 3 (Symmetrical Short Circuit Analysis)

1. For the radial network in fig. 1, a 3-phase fault occur at F. Determine the fault current and the
line voltage at 11 kV bus under fault condition. (1715A ,9.68kV).

figure 1

2. A 25 MVA ,11kV generator with Xd’’= 20% is connected through a transformer, line and a
transformer to a bus that supplies 3 identical motors as shown in fig. 2. Each motor has
X’’d=25% and X’d=30% on a base of 5MVA ,6.6kV. The 3-phase rating of the step-up
transformer is 25MVA ,11/66kV with leakage reactance of 10% and that of the step-down
transformer is 25MVA ,66/6.6kV with a leakage reactance of 10% . Reactance of line is 15%
on a base of 25MVA, 66 kV. The bus voltage at the motor is 6.6kV when a 3-phase fault
occurs at the point F. Calculate :
(a) The sub transient current in the fault
(b) The sub transient current in the breaker B,
(c)The momentary current in the breaker B, and
(d) The current to be interrupted by breaker B in the 5 cycles.
(9229A, 7479.5A, 11967A,7581A)

Figure2

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 3. A synchronous generator and a synchronous motor each rated 25MVA,11kV having
15%subtransient reactance are connected through transformers and a line as shown in
figure 3. The transformer are rated 25MVA, 11/66kV and 66/11kV with leakage reactance of
10% each .The line has a reactance 10% on a base of 25 MVA, 66kV. The motor is drawing
15 MW at0.8leading factor and terminal voltage of 10.6kV when a symmetrical 3 phase
fault occurs at the motor terminal .Find the sub transient current in the generator, motor and
fault. (1312.2A).

Figure3
[ Ig” = ( 816.4  j2197.4) A; Im” = (8162 – j9041.8) A; If =  j 11239 A ]

4. Buses 1 and 2 are generator bus and 3 and 4 load buses. The generators are rated 11kV,
100MVA, with transient reactance of 10 % each. Both the transformers are 11/110kV,
100MVA with a leakage reactance of 5% .the reactance of the lines to a base of 100MVA,
110kV are indicated on the fig.4. Obtain the short circuit solution for a 3- phase solid fault on
the bus 4 (load bus). Assume that prefault voltage to be 1 pu and prefault currents to be zero.
(SC MVA at bus 4 = 737.463)

figure4

5. What simplifying assumptions are taken for short circuit calculations ?

6. What is series reactor ? What are the different types of reactors and their location which are
used to limit fault current ?

7. Define the transient current on the transmission line with effective formulation?

8. Give the condition about the short circuit in the synchronous machine on No load as well as
on load.

9. Derive the formulation of synchronous machine on No load.

10. Derive the formulation of synchronous machine on load with particular assumption.

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11. The system shown in figure 5 is initially on no load. Calculate the sub-transient fault current
that results when a 3 phase fault occurs at F, given that the transformer voltage on HV side
is 66Kv?[-j2.375]

figure5

12. The pu reactance of a synchronous generator are Xd= 1, Xd’= .35 and Xd”=.25. The generator
supplies a 1 per unit load at .8pf lag. Calculate the voltage behind the synchronous, transient
and sub-transient? [1.79pu, 1.24 pu, 1.17 pu]

13. The estimated SC MVA at the busbar of a generating unit G 1 is 1000MVA and the SC MVA
at the busbar of G2 is 500 MVA as shown in figure6 They are interconnected through a .4
ohm reactance. The operating voltage is 11kV. Determine maximum value of SC MVA?
[732.6 MVA]

figure 6

14. A small generating station has 2 alternators of 5 MVA each with reactance 8%, connected to
a busbar (figure 7). The CB at outfeed are rated 150 MVA. A new supply is added rated 10
MVA with a reactance of 7.5%. can the sane breaker be used? If not what is the value of the
reactance to be connected in series with the bus bar section, if the bus bar is 3.3Kv?

figure 7
[ No, XSc = 0.3673  ]

15. A 100 MVA Y connected 13.2 KV synchronous generator is connected to 13.2/132 KV 100
MVA Δ–Y transformer. The generator are X”d= .1pu X’d= .25 pu and Xd= 1.2 pu on 100 MVA
base, while the transformer reactance is .1 pi on the same base. The machine is operating at
no load, rated voltage, when a 3 phase fault occurs at the HT terminals of transformer. Find
a) sub-transient, transient and steady state fault currents in pu and in amperes b) maximum
possible DC current
[(a) I”rms = 5-90, I’rms = 2.857 -90, Is = 0.7692 -90 (b) 7.07 pu ]
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16. Using the data of the above problem (Q. 15) find a) Maximum value of instantaneous current.
b) Maximum rms value of the asymmetrical SC current?[14.14 pu, 8.66 pu]

17. Three 6.6 KV A,B,C respectively are connected as shown in figure 8 by a tie bar through
current limiting reactors of 12%. A 3 phase feeder is supplied from the bus bar of generator A
at the line voltage of 6.6 KV The feeder has resistance of .06ohm per phase and on inductive
reactance of .12 ohm per phase. Estimate maximum MVA that can fed into a symmetrical
circuit at far end of feeder.[212 MVA]

figure 8

18. For the system of figure 2, find the symmetrical currents to be interrupted by CB A & B for a
fault at P and Q[IA = 2.386 KA , IB = 1.75 KA]

19. A synchronous generator rated 500 KVA, 440 V .1 pu sub-transient reactance is supplying a
passive load of 400 KW at .8 lag power factor. Calculate initial symmetrical rms current for a
3 phase fault at generator terminal. [6.97 KA]

20. For the fig. 2, find the symmetrical currents to be interrupted by circuit breakers A and B for a
fault at (i) P and (ii) Q.
[ (i) IA = 2.386 KA; IB = 1.75 KA; (ii) IA = 4.373 kA; IB = 1.75 KA ]

21. For the system in Fig. 3, the ratings of various components are :

Generator : 25 MVA, 12.4 kV, 10% sub-transient reactance

Motor : 20 MVA, 3.8 kV, 15% sub-transient reactance
Transformer T1 : 25 MVA, 11/33 kV, 8% reactance
Transformer T2 : 20 MVA, 33/3.3 kV, 10% reactance
Line : 20 ohms reactance

The system is loaded so that the motor is drawing 15 MW at 0.9 loading power factor, the
motor terminal voltage being 3.1 kV. Find the sub-transient current in generator and motor for
a fault at generator bus.
[ 8.87 KA; 4.93 KA ]

22. Two synchronous motors are connected to the bus of a large system through a short
transmission line as shown in Fig. (10). The ratings of various components are :

Motors (each) : 1 MVA, 440 V, 0.1 pu transient reactance

Line : 0.05 ohm reactance
Large system : Short circuit MVA at its bus at 440 V is 8.

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 When the motors are operating at 400 V, calculate the short circuit current (symmetrical) fed
into a three-phase fault at motor bus.

Figure(10)
[ 26.96 KA]

23. A generator-transformer unit is connected to a line through a circuit breaker. The unit ratings
are :

Generator : 10 MVA, 6.6 kV; X”d = 0.1 pu, X’d = 0.20 pu and Xd = 0.80 pu
Transformer : 10 MVA, 6.9/33 kV, reactance 0.08 pu

The system is operating no load at a line voltage of 30 kV, when a three-phase fault occurs
on the line just beyond the circuit breaker. Find

a) the initial symmetrical rms current in the breaker

b) the maximum possible DC off-set current in the breaker
c) the momentary current rating of the breaker
d) the current to be interrupted by the breaker and the interrupting kVA, and
e) the sustained short circuit current in the breaker.

[ .9277 KA; 1.312 KA; 1.4843 KA; 1.0205 KA; 53.03 MVA; 0.1959 KA ]

24. The system shown in figure 11 is delivering 50 MVA at 11 kV, 0.8 lagging power factor into a
bus which may be regarded as infinite. Particulars of various system components are :

Generator : 60 MVA, 12 kV; X’d = 0.35 pu

Transformers (each) : 80 MVA, 12/66 kV, X = 0.08 pu
Line : Reactamce 12 ohms, resistance negligible

Calculate the symmetrical current that the circuit breakers A and B will be called upon to
interrupt in the event of a three-phase fault occurring at F near the circuit breaker B.

figure11
[ 8.319 KA ]

25. A two generator station supplies a feeder through a bus as shown in fig. 12. Additional power
is fed to the bus through a transformer from a large system which may be regarded as
infinite. A reactor X is included between the transformer and the bus to limit the SC rupturing
capacity of the feeder circuit breaker B to 333 MVA (fault close to breaker). Find the inductive
reactance of the reactor required. System data are :

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 Generator G1 : 25 MVA, 15% reactance
Generator G2 : 50 MVA, 20% reactance
Transformer T1 : 100 MVA, 8% reactance
Transformer T2 : 40 MVA, 10% reactance

Assume that all reactances are given on appropriate voltage bases. Choose a base of 100
MVA.

figure(12)
[ 2.39 pu ]

26. For the three-phase power network shown in figure 13, the ratings of the various components
are :
Generators G1 : 100 MVA, 0.30 pu reactance
G2 : 60 MVA, 0.18 pu reactance
Transformers (each) : 50 MVA, 0.10 pu reactance
Inductive reactor X : 0.20 pu on a base of 100 MVA
Lines (each) : 80 ohms (reactive); neglect resistance.
With the network initially unloaded and a line voltage of 110 kV, a symmetrical short circuit
occurs at mind point F of line L2.
Calculate the short circuit MVA t be interrupted by the circuit breakers A and B at the ends of
the line. What would these values be, if the reactor X were eliminated ? Comment.

figure 13
[ 132.1, 47.9; 136.9, 45.6 ]

27. A synchronous generator feeds bus 1 of a system. A power network feeds bus 2 of the
system. Buses 1 and 2 are connected through a transformer and transmission line. Per unit
reactances of the various components are :

Generator (connected to bus bar 1) 0.25

Transformer 0.12
Transmission line 0.28
The power network can be represented by a generator with a reactance (unknown) in series.
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 With the generator on no load and with 1.0 pu voltage at each bus under operating condition,
a three-phase short circuit occurring on bus 1 cases a current of 5.0 pu to flow into the fault.
Determine the equivalent reactance of the power network.
[ 0.6 pu ]

28. Consider the 3-bus system of figure 14 The generators are 100 MVA, with transient
reactance 10% each. Both the transformers are 100 MVA with a leakage reactance of 5%.
The reactance of each of the lines to a base of 100 MVA, 110 KV is 10%. Obtain the short
circuit solution for a three phase solid short circuit on bus 3. Both transformers are rated
11/110 kV.
Assume prefault voltages to be 1 pu and prefault currents to be zero.

figure 14
f f
[ I = j 8.006 pu; I 13 = j 4.004 pu ]

29. An 11 kV 100 MVA alternator having a sub-transient reactance of 0.25 pu is supplying a 50

MVA motor having a sub-transient reactance of 0.2 pu through a transmission line. The line
reactance is 0.05 pu on a base of 100 MVA. The motor is drawing 40 MW at 0.8 pf. leading
with a terminal voltage of 10.59 kV when a 3-phase fault occurs at the generator terminals.
Calculate the total current in the generator and motor under fault conditions.
[ Igf = 19105.6 82.4 A; Imf = 13148 261.8 A ]

30. A 10 MVA, 132/6.6 kV, transformer having a reactance of 0.15 pu is fed from an infinite bus.
The transformer feeds 2 motors each 5 MVA, 6.6 kV. Each motor has a transient reactance of
0.3 pu and a sub-transient reactance of 0.2 pu based on its own rating. A 3-phase fault
occurs at the terminals of one motor as shown in figure15 Find (a) sub-transient fault current
(b) sub-transient current in breaker D (c) momentary current rating of breaker D (d) current to
be interrupted by breaker D which has a breaking time of 5 cycles. Assume suitable values of
factors to account for dc offset.

figure 15
[ (a) 10209 A; (b) 8022 A; (c) 12835 A; (d) 8015.7 A ]
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MODULE 4 (Symmetrical Components & Unsymmetrical Short Circuits)

1. A delta connected balanced resistive load is connected across an unbalanced 3 phase

supply as shown in Fig. 1. With currents in line A and B specified. Find the symmetrical
components of line currents. Also find the symmetrical components of delta currents. Do you
notice any relationship between symmetrical components of line and delta currents?
Comment. [Ans:IA1 = 14300 , IA2= 4.65 2480 , IA0 =0, IB1= 14 2820, IB2= 4.65 80, IB0= 0,
Ic1=14 1620 , IC2= 4.651280, IAB1= 8 720, IAB2= 2.7 2180]

Fig 1

2. A 25 MVA, 11 KV, 3-phase generator has a subtransient reactance of 20%. The generator
supplies 2 motors over a transmission line with transformers at both ends as shown in
Figure.2. The motors have rated inputs of 15 & 7.5 MVA, both 10 KV, with 25% subtransient
reactance. The 3-phase transformers are both rated 30 MVA, 10.8/121 KV, connection Δ- Y
with leakage reactance 10%. The line series reactance is 100 ohms. Draw the positive and
negative sequence network of the system with reactance marked in per unit. Select
generator rating as base in generator circuit. Assume that the negative sequence reactance
of machine is equal to subtransient reactance. Also draw the zero sequence network.
Assume zero sequence reactances for generator and motors of 0.06 pu. Current limiting
reactors of 2.5 ohm each are connected in the neutral of the generator and motor no. 2. Zero
sequence reactance of transformer line is 300 ohms.

Figure 2

3. Sketch the Zero sequence network for the one line diagram shown below(Figure 3):

Figure 3

D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ

4. Determine the Symmetrical Components of three voltages Va = 20000, Vb= 2002450, Vc=
2001050 V ? [Va1= 197.8-3.30 , Va2 = 20.2158.10 , Va0 = 21.610.630]

5. Three Identical resistors are star connected and rated 2500 V, 750 KVA. This three-phase
unit of resistors are connected to the Y side of a Δ –Y transformer. The following are the
voltages at the resistor load
| Vab | = 2000 V; |Vbc| = 2900 V: |Vca| = 2500V
Choose base as 2500V, 750 KVA and determine the line voltage and currents in per unit on
the delta side of the transformer. It may be assumed that load neutral is not connected to the
neutral of the transformer secondary ? [VBC = .953 -65.40, VCB= .995 -113.10, VAB= 1.17
109.50, IA = j1.16 pu,]

6. Compute the following in polar form

a) α2 -1 b) 1-α- α2 c) 3 α2 + 4α + 2 d) jα
[1.732 L2100, 2 L00, 1.732 L1500 , 1 L2100]

7. Figure 4 shows a power system network. Draw Zero Sequence network of this system. The
system is given as:
G1 → 50 MVA, 11KV, X0 = .08 pu
T1 → 50 MVA, 11/220KV, X0 = .1 pu
G2 → 30 MVA, 11KV, X0 = .07 pu
T2 → 30 MVA, 11/220KV, X0 = .09 pu
Zero sequence reactance = 555.6 ohms

figure 4

figure 5
9. Figure 5 shows a power system network. Draw positive , negative and Zero sequence
network. The system data is as under:

Equipment MVA rating Voltage Xl X2 pu X0

rating
(KV)
G1 100 11 .25 .25 .05
G2 100 11 .2 .2 .05
T1 100 11/220 .06 .06 .06
T2 100 11/220 .07 .07 .07
Line 1 100 220 .1 .1 .1
Line 2 100 220 .1 .1 .3

D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ

10. Discuss the principle of symmetrical components. Derive the necessary equations to convert
a) phase quantities to symmetrical components b) symmetrical components into phase
components?

11. Draw a general circuit which can be used to determine the zero sequence network of two
winding transformer. Using this circuit, draw the zero sequence networks of a) star-star
transformer with star grounded b) delta-delta transformer?

12. Three resistances of 10, 15 and 20 ohms are connected in star across a three-phase supply
of 200 V per phase as shown in figure 6 The supply neutral is earthed while the load neutral
is isolated. Find the currents in each load branch and the voltage for load neutral above
earth. Use the method of symmetrical components.

fig6
[ Ia= 16.16 + j 1.335A; Ib = 9.24 j10.66 A; Ic 6.93 + j9.32 A; YNn = Va0= 40.75V ]

13. Explain qualitatively as to why the sequence impedance of a synchronous machine are, in
general, different.

14. Prove that average 3-phase power in terms of the symmetrical components is equal to the
sum of symmetrical component power.

15. The line currents in a 3 phase supply are IA = 560o, IB = 5-60o A and IC = 0 A. the phase
sequence is ABC. Calculate the sequence components of currents ?
[ Iao = 1.667 0A; Ia = 3.3360A; Iaz = 1.667 120 A ]

16. The line currents in a 3 phase systems are IA = 60 +j 40, IB = -80 +j20 and IC = 20 –j60.
Calculate symmetrical components of line currents ? [ IA1= 6.9-j8.87, IA2= 53 + j48.8A . IA0 =
0]

17. The voltages at the terminals of a balanced load consisting of three 20 ohm Y connected
resistors are 200 00 , 100 255.50 , 200 1510 V. Find the line currents from the
symmetrical components of the line voltages if the neutral of the load is isolated. What
relation exists between the symmetrical components of the line and phase voltages? Find the
power expanded in three 20 ohm resistors from the symmetrical components of current and
voltages ? [1500.2 w]

18. A delta connected resistive load is connected across a balance 3 phase supply of 400 V as
shown in figure 7. Find the symmetrical components of line and delta currents. Phase

D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ

 sequence is ABC? [ IA1 = 27.87 -300 , IA2 = 13 -44.930 , IA0 = 0, Iab1 = 16.1, Iab2 = 7.5-750
, Ica= 7.5750 ]

figure 7

19. A single phase resistive load of 100 KVA is connected across line bc of a balanced supply of
3 KV. Compute the symmetrical components of the line currents. [I a1= 19.23-300, Ia2 =
19.231500, Ia0 = 0]

20. Give reasons: the phase shift in the positive and negative sequence quantities through a star
delta transformer are opposite to each other.

Unsymmetrical Short Circuits

1. Two 11 KV, 20 MVA, 3 phase star connected generators operate in parallel as shown in
figure 1. The positive, negative and zero sequence reactance of each being, respectively
j.18, j.15, j.10 pu. The star point of one of the generators is isolated and that of the other is
earthed through a 2 ohm resistor. A single line to ground fault occurs at the terminals of one
of the generators. Estimate i) the fault current ii) current in ground resistors and iii) the
voltage across grounding resistor ? [If = 2.827-j.756, |If|= 3.07, V= 6.13 KV]

figure 1

2. For above problem (Q1) assume that the grounded generator is solidly grounded. Find the
fault current and voltage of the healthy phase for a line to line fault on terminals of the
generators. Assume solid fault(Zf =0)? [If= -10.496, Va = .91]

3. For above problem assume that the grounded generator is solidly grounded. Find the fault
current in each phase and voltage of the healthy phase for a double line to ground fault on
generator terminal. Assume solid fault (Zf =0)? [Ia1= -j7.53, Ia2= j4.306, Ia0= j3.23, Va = .969]

4. A 30 MVA, 11Kv generator has Z1= Z2 = j0.2, Z0= j.05 pu. (a) A line to ground fault occurs on
the generator terminals. Find the fault current and line to line voltages during fault conditions.
Assume that the generator neutral is solidly grounded and the generator is operating at no
load and at rated voltage at the occurrence of fault. (b)find the line current for a 3 phase
fault.?[-j6.66 pu , Vab = .88279.10 pu, Vbc= 1.732 2700, Vca=.882100.90]

D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ

 figure 2

5. A fault occurs at the bus 2 of the network of figure 2. Reduce the sequence network to give
the Thevenin’s equivalents looking into bus 2.

6. A single line to ground fault occurs at bus 2 of the above example (Q5) Figure 2. Find a) fault
current b) line to neutral voltages at fault point c) currents and voltages at generator
terminals? [If = 2156.93, Va= 0, Vb= 113.18 L256.370, Vc=113.18 L103.6370 , Ia= 16218.8 A,
Ib= 5038=Ic]

7. A 3 phase 37.5 MVA, 33 KV alternator having X1= .18 pu, X2=.12 pu, X0= .10 pu, based on
its rating, is connected to a 33 KV overhead line having X1= 6.3 ohms , X2= 6.3 ohms and X0
=12.6 ohms per phase. A single line to ground fault occurs at the remote end of the line. The
alternator neutral is solidly grounded. Calculate fault current? [1552.3 A]

8. A 50 MVA, 11Kv, 3 phase alternator was subjected to different types of faults. The faults
current were: 3 phase fault 1870 A, line to line fault 2590 A, single line to ground fault 4130
A. the alternator neutral is solidly grounded. Find the pu values of the three sequence
reactance of the alternator?[X1= 1.4pu, X2= .35 pu,X3= .15 pu]

9. Give reasons: for a fault at alternator terminal, a single line to ground fault is generally more
severe than a 3 phase faults?

10. Derive the necessary equations to determine the fault currents for a single line to ground
fault. Draw a diagram showing inter-connection of sequence networks for this type of fault?

11. Show that positive and negative sequence currents are equal in magnitude but out of phase
by 1800 in a line to line fault. Draw a diagram showing inter-connection of sequence networks
for this type of fault?

12. Draw a diagram showing interconnections of sequence network for a double line to ground
fault. Derive equations for sequence currents?

13. In what respects are the faults calculations, for a fault on the alternators terminals, different
from the fault calculations for a fault in a power system networks?

14. In a power system it is observed that the magnitude of fault current for an L-G fault is 7.5 pu
and for an L-L fault 8.66pu. if the pre fault voltage at fault point is 1 pu, find Z0 of the system?
[.2 pu]

15. The positive, negative and zero sequence reactance of a 20 MVA, 13,2 Kv, Synchronous
generator are .3 pu, .2 pu and .1 pu. The generator is not loaded and solidly grounded. A
line- ground fault occurs on phase a. neglecting all the resistances, determine the fault
current? [4374 A]

16. A line to line fault occurs at the terminals of the unloaded generator of above example(Q15).
Calculate the fault current?[3030A]
D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ
17. The generator of (Q15) is initially unloaded. A double line to ground fault occurs at the
generator terminals. Calculate the fault current and the line voltages?[4750 A, Va= .543 pu,
Vb= Vc=0, Vab= 4.14=Vca, Vbc= 0]

figure 3

18. A single line to ground fault on phase a occurs on the bus1 of the system of figure3. find : a)
current in the fault. b) SC current on the transmission line in all 3 phase? Rating of machine
1200 KVA, 600 v with X’= X2 =10%, X0= 5%. Transformers are rated at 1200 KVA, 600V –Δ/
3300 V – Y with leakage reactance of 5%. The reactance of transmission lines are
X1=X2=20% and X0= 40% on a base of 1200 KVA.3300 V. the reactance of the neutral
grounding are 5% on the KVA and voltage base of Machine? [If1-1=-j3.92 pu, IfA-12= j
f f
2.75, I B-12=-j.79, I C-12= j.79 ]

19. For (Q18) find SC current in phase ‘a’ of the generator and voltage of the healthy phases of
the bus 1? [ IfA-G= -j4.76, VfC-1=.905 L1070, VfB-1=.905 L-1070]

20. When a line to ground fault occurs on phase ‘a’, the current in phase ‘a’ is 250 A. The zero
sequence current is
a) 250 A b) 0 A c) 125 A d) 83.3 A

21. The neutral of a synchronous generator is grounded through a reactance Xn. The generator
has balanced emfs and sequence reactances X1, X2 and X0 such that X1 = X2 > X0.
a) Derive expressions for fault current for a solid L-G fault on phase a.
b) Show that if neutral is grounded solidly, the LG fault current would be more than the
3-phase fault current.
c) Write expression for neutral grounding reactance, such that LG fault current is less
than the 3-phase fault current.

MODULE 5: (Power System Stability)

1. Explain steady state, transient and dynamic stabilization of a power system

2. Write swing equation and explain each term fully?

3. Define transfer reactance and inertia constant?

4. Explain the concept of equal area criterion. How can it be used to study transient stability?
Explain qualitatively.

5. Draw diagram to illustrate the application of equal area criterion to study transient stability for
the following cases:
a) A sudden increase in input of generator.
D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ
 b) A switching operation causing out of one of circuits, of a double circuit line feeding an
infinite bus.

6. Draw diagram to illustrate the application of equal criterion to study transient stability for:

a) A fault on one of the parallel circuits of a two circuit line feeding an infinite bus. The fault is
very close to sending end bus and is subsequently cleared by opening of faulted line.
b) Fault on one of the parallel circuits of a two circuit line feeding an infinite bus . The fault is
at middle of one of the line and is subsequently cleared by the opening of faulted line. The
circuit breakers are of reclosing type. Mark the accelerating and decelerating area in each
case

7. Using equal area criterion, derive an expression for critical clearing angle for a system having
a generator feeding a large system through a double circuit line.

8. How can transient stability of a system be improved ? Discuss the traditional as well as new
approaches to the problem.

9. What do you understand by DISCOS?

10 a) What is synchronizing power coefficient ?

b) What is power angle curve and swing curve? Explain.

11. Discuss why ?

a) Transient stability limit is lower than steady state stability limit.
b) An early fault clearing means better chances of maintaining system stability.

12. Why ?
a) Present day generators are less stable than the generators made a few year ago.
b) A system has better chances of maintaining synchronism if the generators are fitted
with fast acting automatic voltage regulators.

13. Explain why ?

a) The use of automatic reclosing circuit breakers improves system stability.
b) A salient pole machine is more stable than a cylindrical rotor motor.

14. A generator having Xd=0.7pu delivers rated load at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
(a) Find pe , Qe, E and δ. Draw phasor diagram.
(b) The steam valve of the prime mover is opened further so that Pe increases by 20%.
Find new values of Pe, Qe, E and δ. Draw phasor diagram.
(c) The steam valve is resorted to the original position. The exciter is adjusted to raise E
by 20%. Find new value of Pe, Qe, E and δ.

(V=(0.8-j0.6)pu; E0=1.53∟21.5º ; Pe0=0.8; Qe0=0.6pu)

15. A 200 MVA, 11kV, 50 HZ, 4 pole, turbo generator has an inertia constant of 6MJ/MVA. (a)
Find the stored energy in the rotor at synchronous speed. (b) The machine is operating at
load of 120MW when the load suddenly increases to 160MW. Find the rotor retardation.
Neglect losses; (c) The retardation calculated above is maintained for 5 cycles. Find the
changes in power angle and rotor speed in rpm at the end of this period. (d) Another
generator 150MVA, 3000rpm , having H=4 MJ/MVA is put in parallel with above generator.
Find the inertia constant for the equivalent generator on a base of 100 MVA. (1200MJ, 300,
1497.5 rpm, 18 MJ/MVA)

D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ

16. Figure 11 shows a generator transformer unit feeding an infinite bus bar through a
transmission line. At the middle of transmission line a 3-phase inductor of reactance 0.5pu
per phase is connected .The generator e.m.f. behind synchronous reactance is 1.1pu and
the voltage of infinite bus is 1pu. Find (a) Transfer reactance and steady state power limit
with inductor switch open: (b) transfer reactance and steady state power limit with switch
closed; (c) transfer reactance and steady power limit with inductor replaced by a capacitor of
the same pu reactance; (d) transfer reactance and steady state power limit if, instead of
shunt capacitor, a series capacitor of same per unit reactance is connected in series with the
line at the same location.

(.9167 pu, j 0.6875 pu, 1.375 pu , 1.57 pu)

17. A 50 Hz generator of reactance 1 pu is connected to an infinite bus through a line of

reactance 0.5 pu. E=1.1 pu and V=1. The inertia constant is 5MW-sec/MVA. The generator
is loaded to 50% of the maximum power limit. Find the frequency of natural oscillations. (30,
0.635, 5/50π, 0.71Hz)

18. The inertia constant H for a 60 Hz, 100-MVA hydroelectric generator is 4.0 MJ/MVA. How
much kinetic energy is stored in the rotor at synchronous speed?
If the input to the generator is suddenly increased by20 MVA, what acceleration is imparted
to rotor ? (540/s2)

19. A 500 MVA synchronous machine has H1=4.6MJ/MVA, and a 1500-MVA machine has
H2=3.0 MJ/MVA. The two machines operate in parallel in a power station. What is the
equivalent H constant for the, relative to a 100-MVA? (68 MJ/MVA)

20. A 100-MVA, Two-pole, 60 Hz generator has a moment of inertia of 50×103 kg.m2. What is the
energy stored in the rotor at rated speed? What is the corresponding angular momentum?
Determine the inertia constant H?(35.53MJ/MVA,0.329MJ rad/s)

21. The input to the generator of problem 20 is suddenly increased by 25 MW. Determine the
rotor acceleration. (76/s2)

22. Assuming the acceleration calculated in Problem-21 remain constant for twelve cycle,
calculate the change in the power angle and the speed that occurs during those twelve
cycles. (3678.7rev/min)

23. A 60Hz generator, connected directly to an infinite bus operating at a voltage of 1∟00 pu,
has a synchronous reactance of 1.35 pu. The generator no load voltage is 1.1 pu, and it’s
inertia constant H is 4 MJ/MVA .The generator suddenly loaded to 60 percent of its maximum
power limit; determine the frequency of resulting natural oscillation of generator
rotor.(0.882Hz)

D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ

24. The kinetic energy stored in the rotor of a 50 MVA ,six pole , 60 Hz synchronous machine is
200MJ. The input to the machine is 25MW at a developed power of 22.5MW. Calculate the
acceleration power and the acceleration. (2.356rad/s2)

25. If the acceleration of the machine of Problem-24 remain constant for ten cycles, what is the
power angle at the end of ten cycle. (0.0327+δ0 rad)

26. A 50 Hz, 4 pole turbo generators rated 100MVA, 11 KV has an inertia constant of 8.0
MJ/MVA.
a) Find stored energy in rotor at synchronous speed.
b) If mechanical input suddenly raised to 80 MW for an electric load of 50MW, find rotor
acceleration, neglecting mechanical and electrical losses.
c) If acceleration calculated in part (b) is maintained for 10 cycles, find the change in
torque angle and rotor speed in revolution per minute at the end of this period.
(( a) E=800 MJ, b) ά = 337.5 elect. Deg/s2 , c) 1505.625 rpm.)

27. In the system shown in figure 2 a three-phase static capacitive reactor of reactance 1pu per
phase is connected through a switch at motor bus bar. Calculate the limit of steady state
power with and without reactor switch closed. Recalculate the power limit with capacitive
reactor replaced by an inductive reactor of same value. Assume the internal voltage of the
generator to be 1.2 pu and that of the motor to be 1.0 pu. (.49 pu, 1.244 pu)

figure 2

28. The generator of fig. 3 is delivering 1.0pu power to the infinite bus (│V│=1.0 pu), with the
generator terminal voltage of │Vt│=1.0 pu. Calculate the generator emf behind transient
reactance. Find the maximum power that can be transferred under the following conditions:
a) System healthy
b) One line shorted (3-phase) in the middle.
c) One line open.
Plot all the three power angle curves. (1.79 pu, 1.79sinδ, 0.694 pu, 0.694sinδ, 1.265
pu,1.265 sinδ)

Figure 3

D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ

29. In the system of problem-28, the generator has an inertia constant of 4MJ/MVA; write the
swing equation upon occurrence of the fault. What is the initial angular acceleration? If this
acceleration can be assumed to remain constant for ∆t=0.05s,find the rotor angle at the end
of this time interval and the new acceleration.(1341 elect.deg/s2)

30. A synchronous generator of reactance 1.20 pu is connected to an infinite bus bar

(│V│=1.0pu) through transformers and a line of total reactance of 0.60 pu. The generator
no load voltage is 1.20 pu and its inertia constant is H=4MW-s/MVA. The resistance and
machine damping may be assumed negligible. The system frequency is 50Hz.
Calculate the frequency of natural oscillations if the generator is loaded to
(i) 50% and
(ii) 80% of its maximum power limit. (0.758 Hz, j3.96, 0.63Hz)

31. Find the steady state power limit of a system consisting of a generator equivalent reactance
0.5 pu connected to an infinite bus through a series reactance of 1.0 pu. The terminal
voltage of the generator is held at 1.20 pu and the voltage of infinite bus is 1.0 pu.
( Pmax = 1.152 pu, Pmax = 0.8 pu)

32. A two pole, 50 Hz, 11 kV turbo alternator has a rating of 100 MW , power factor 0.85
lagging. The rotor has a moment of inertia of a 10,000 kg-m2. Calculate H and M.
(4.19 MJ/MVA ,0.0547 MJ-sec/elec deg)

33. Two turbo alternator with ratings given below are interconnected via a short transmission
line.
Machine -1: 4 pole , 50 Hz, 60 MW power factor 0.8 lagging , moment of inertia 30,000 kg-
m2 Machine-2 : 2 pole , 50 Hz, 80 MW power factor 0.8 5lagging , moment of inertia 10,000
kg-m2
Calculate the inertia constant of single equivalent machine on a base of 200MVA.
(4.315 MJ/MVA)

34. Power system 1 has four identical generator sets each rated 80 MVA and each having an
inertia constant 7MJ/MVA; while power station 2 has three sets each rated 200MVA,
3MJ/MVA. The stations are located close together to be regarded as a single equivalent
machine for stability studies. Calculate the inertia constant of equivalent machine on
100MVA base.
(40.4 MJ/MVA)

35. For system shown in figure 4, the per unit values of different quantities are
E=1.2,V=1, X’d=0.2, X1=X2=0.4
The system is operating in equilibrium with Pi=1.5pu when one of the line is suddenly
switched out. Predict whether the system will be stable or not. If the system is stable find
the maximum value which δ attains. (1.218 radian)

Figure 4

D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ

36. A synchronous motor of negligible resistance is receiving 25% of power that it is capable of
receiving from an infinite bus. If the load on the motor is suddenly doubled calculate the
maximum value of power angle δ during the swinging of the motor around its new equilibrium
position. (0.253, .524, .81)

37. A 100MVA, 50 Hz alternation is operating at rated speed. The H constant of the machine is
5kW.sec.per kVA. The load suddenly increased by 50 MW. Due to delay in governor action
there is delay of 0.6 seconds in opening of steam valve. Find the frequency deviation?
(3.046%)

38. A 3phase generator delivers 1.0 pu power to an infinite bus through a transmission network
when a fault occurs .The maximum power which can be transferred during prefault , during
fault and post fault condition is 1.75 pu, 0.4 and 1.25 pu. Find critical clearing angle. (51.6
degree)

39. A synchronous generator, capable of delivering 500MW of power, operates at a power angle
of 80. By how much can the input shaft power be increased suddenly without loss stability?
(313.42 MW)

40. Determine the maximum additional load that could suddenly be taken on the transmission
line of above Problem without losing stability. (1299.6 MW)

41. A synchronous generator is operating at an infinite bus and supplying 0.45 pu of its
maximum power capacity. A fault occurs, and the reactance between the generator and the
line becomes 4-times its value before fault. The maximum power that can be delivered after
the fault is cleared is 70% of original maximum value. Determine the critical clearing angle.
(72.2 Degree)

42. Derive, from first principle, swing equation.

43. Give the system of figure where a three phase fault is applied at the point P as shown. Find
the critical clearing angle for clearing the fault with simultaneous opening of breaker 1 and2 .
The reactance values of various components are indicated on diagram. The generator is
delivering 1.0 pu power at the instant preceding the fault. (0.45 radian ,0, 55.8 degree )

Figure 5

44. Find critical clearing angle for system shown in figure 6 for a 3-phase fault at the point P. The
generator is delivering 1.0 pu power under prefault conditions (.633 radian, .495 sinδ,49.1
degree)

D:\Tutorials\Power System Analysis (SP-09).doc RCJ

 Figure 6

45. A generator is operating at 50 Hz delivers 1 pu power to an infinite bus through a

transmission circuit in which resistance ignored. A fault takes place reducing the maximum
power transferable to 0.5 pu whereas before the fault, this power was 2.0 pu and after the
clearance of the fault, it is 1.5 pu. By the use of equal area criterion, determine the critical
clearing angle. (70.3 degree)

46. A power deficient area receives 50 MW over a tie line from another area . The maximum
steady state capacity of the tie line is 100MW .Find The allowable sudden load that can be
switched on without loss of stability.
(72.54 MW)

47. A synchronous motor is drawing 30% of maximum steady state power from an infinite bus
bar .If the load on motor is suddenly increased by 100%, would the synchronism be losed? If
not, what is the maximum excursion of torque angle about new steady state rotor position.
(δ =530)

48. The transfer reactance between a generator and an infinite bus bar operating at 200kV under
various conditions on the interconnector are:
Prefault 150 Ω per phase
During fault 400 Ω per phase
Post fault 200 Ω per phase
If the fault is cleared when the rotor has advanced 60 degrees electrical from its prefault
position, determine the maximum load that could be transferred without loss of stability.
(127.3 MW)

49. A synchronous generator is feeding 250 MW to a large 50 Hz network over double circuit
transmission line. The maximum steady state power that can be transmitted over the line
with both circuits in operation is 500MW with any one circuit.
A solid 3-phase fault occurring at the network end of one of the lines causes it to trip
Estimates the critical clearing angle in which the circuit breakers must trip so that
synchronism is not lost.
What further information needed to estimate the critical clearing time? (53 degree)

*******************

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