FOUN1201
Module 1
Sample Questions
Name of student(s) completing worksheet:
Samantha Rankine
Kenroy Wilson
Tevon Frater
Trimaine Smith
Chazane Patterson
Renae Hutchinson
Demar McClymont
Victoria Kerr
Esther Hamilton
Shavan Elicia Beckford
Email of students(s) completing worksheet:
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
TOPIC 1 – JUNE 6 – ISSUES OF GLOBAL INTEREST
1. Fill in the table below with key terms
Term Definition
Natural greenhouse effect This is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's
atmosphere trap the sun's heat. This process makes
Earth much warmer than it would be without an
atmosphere.
Enhanced greenhouse effect The enhanced greenhouse effect is what is
sometimes referred to as climate change or global
warming and is the impact on the climate from the
additional heat retained due to the increased
amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases that humans have released into the earth's
atmosphere since the industrial revolution.
Global warming This is a gradual increase in the overall
temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally
attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by
increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and
other human pollutants.
Climate change This refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and
weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but
since the 1800s, human activities have been the
main drivers of climate change, primarily due to
the burning of fossil fuels, which produce heat
trapping gas.
Anthropocene This is an unofficial unity of geologic time, used
to describe the most recent period in Earth’s
history when human activity started to have a
significant impact on the planet’s climate and
ecosystems.
Mitigation Mitigation consists of actions to limit global
warming and its related effects. Mitigation
involves reduction in human emissions of
greenhouse gases as well as activities that reduce
their concentration in the atmosphere.
Adaptation This is the process of adjusting to the current of
expected climate change and its effects.
2. List steps causing global warming and leading to climate change.
A. Solar radiation reaches the earth's atmosphere. Some of the radiation is reflected by
the earth's atmosphere and surface. But most of the radiation is absorbed by the earth's
surface and atmosphere, warming it.
B. The earth surface re-emit some energy as infrared radiation. A portion of the infrared
radiation escapes earth's atmosphere and goes back into space.
C. Some of the infrared radiation is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
This causes the earth's surface and lower atmosphere to warm.
D. Human activities are increasing the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
which is trapping etra heat and raising earth's temperature. This intern leads to climate
change.
3. Explain the difference between greenhouse effect and ozone effect.
Ozone is a component of the Earth’s atmosphere that serves to protect us against the harmful
rays of the Sun, while Greenhouse Gases are multiple chemicals that mixes with the ozone
layer, and traps heat that should have been dissipated in space, but instead, is reflected back
to the surface of the Earth; thus facilitating Global Warming.
You can use a table to help you organise your thoughts.
Greenhouse effect Ozone effect
Carbon dioxide Ozone depletion
Methane Ozone layer
Nitrous Ozone acts as greenhouse gas
4. What is the anthropogenic period? List the effects of humans and the result in terms of
global warming.
The Anthropocene Epoch is an unofficial unit of geologic time, used to describe the most
recent period in Earth’s history when human activity started to have a significant impact on
the planet’s climate and ecosystems.
1. Degradation of the environment
2. Climate change causes by humans
There are two main causes of the Anthropocene: the model of energy production, and the
resource consumption model. The energy that is produced from the burning of coal and
natural gas are responsible for producing a large amount of the greenhouse gases, which is a
major cause of global warming.These activities cause a lot of changes in things such as the
water cycle, destruction in the ecosystems, increases in the meteorological phenomena, the
acidification of the oceans, deforestation.
5. How has the Caribbean been affected by climate change?
Due to climate change the Caribbean has been experiencing warmer temperatures that led to
water shortage which affect the wildlife and ecosystem of the islands. Raises in sea levels and
increased natural disasters. Also The open burning of garbage in the Caribbean has also
affected the change in climate by releasing methane and carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases)
that contribute to the growing effect of global warming.
6. What should be the response of the Caribbean in terms of mitigation and adaptation?
A forest may be defined as a biological community dominated by trees and other woody
vegetation. The Caribbean should reduce greenhouse gas emissions through recycling and
improving waste management companies. They should adopt energy efficiency and
conservation and look more into developing renewable energy technology.
7. List three global climate change agreements giving successes and failure
a)Name: Paris Agreement
Year of Ratification: 2015
Number of signed countries: 197
Aim of agreement:The agreement aims to significantly reduce global greenhouse gas
emissions in order to limit global temperature rise this century to 2 degrees Celsius above pre
industrial levels, while also pursuing means to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees.
Successes: The paris Agreement was able to Normalise 1.5c, normalising net zero and have a
clean energy shift.
Failures: due to the lack of commitment from some countries the aim of the agreement can
not be fully met
b) Name: Kyoto Protocol
Year of Ratification:2005
Number of signed countries:192
Aim of agreement:The Kyoto Protocol's goal is for developed countries to reduce emissions
by an average of 5% below 1990 levels, and it established a system to track countries'
progress.
Success: The Kyoto protocol was the first step to combat global warming and since 1977
there has been an increase in the ozone gases.
Failures: the Kyoto Protocol was not fully able to reduce the emission of the greenhouse
gases and most countries failed to meet their target goal.
c) Name: Montreal Protocol
Year of Ratification: 1987
Number of signed countries: 197
Aim of agreement:The aim of the agreement is to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by
gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
Successes: The Montreal Protocol has effectively assisted with the recovery of the ozone
layer by reducing the depletion of the ozone substances.
Failures: there are gases that are not apart of the treaty that poses a risk to the ozone layer
Source:
Council on Foreign Relation. (n.d.). Global climate agreements: Successes and failures.
Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved February 24, 2022, from
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements
Darby, M. (2020, December 8). Climate home. climatechangenews.com. Retrieved
February 24, 2022, from https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/12/09/five-years-
five-things-paris-agreement-achieved-didnt/
Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI). (n.d.). Issue brief: The Montreal
Protocol and its implications for climate change. EESI. Retrieved February 24, 2022,
from https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/issue-brief-the-montreal-protocol-and-its-
implications-for-climate-change
National Geographic Society. (2013, November 7). Kyoto Protocol signed. National
Geographic Society. Retrieved February 24, 2022, from
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/dec11/kyoto-protocol-signed/
TOPIC 2 – INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION
8. What is the similarity and differences between induction and deduction?
Similarities
a. Induction and Deduction both are arguments.
b. Induction and Deduction are both used every day and in the sciences.
Differences
Induction Deduction
1. Induction argues from the particular to Deduction argues from the general to
the general the particular
2. Induction opens new horizons and sets Deduction does not give us anything
new problems. new.
3. Induction is not logically valid Deduction is logically valid
4. To argue induction you need To argue deduction you need certainty
probability
Add more rows as neede
9. Give three examples each of everyday and scientific use of induction and deduction.
EVERYDAY
INDUCTION
i. Most women don’t like spiders. Pam is a woman. Pam doesn’t like spiders.
P1: Most women don’t like spiders.
P2: Pam is woman.
C: Pam doesn’t like spiders.
ii. Sarah likes maths. Today’s lesson is about division. Sarah will like today’s lesson.
P1: Sarah likes maths.
P2: Today’s lesson is about division.
C: Sarah will like today’s lesson.
iii. I have seen four students at this school leave trash on the floor. The students in this
school are disrespectful.
P1: students at this school leave trash on the floor.
C: The students at this school are disrespectful.
DEDUCTION
iv. Mr. Moffat always wears black shoes to work. Mr. Moffat will be coming to work on
Friday. Therefore, Mr. Moffat will wear black shoes on Friday.
C: Mr. Moffat always wears black shoes to work.
P1: Mr. Moffat will be coming to work on Friday.
P2: Mr. Moffat will wear black shoes on Friday.
v. All modern buildings in that city have an anti-seismic system. The building on that corner
is modern. Therefore, the corner building has an anti-seismic system.
C: All modern buildings in that city have an anti-seismic system.
P1: The building on that corner is modern.
P2: The corner building has an anti-seismic system.
vi. The students attending that university are Catholics. Roberto graduated from that
university. Consequently, Roberto is a Catholic.
C: The students attending that university are Catholics.
P1: Roberto graduated from that university.
P2: Roberto is Catholic.
SCIENTIFIC
INDUCTION
i. All mammals have hair. A gorilla has hair. Therefore, a gorilla is a mammal.
P1: All mammals have hair.
P2: A gorilla has hair.
C: A gorilla is a mammal.
ii. All human beings are born from a woman. Jessica is a human being. Tom is a human
being. So, Jessica and Tom were born from a woman.
P1: All human beings are born from a woman.
P2: Jessica is a human being.
P3: Tom is a human being.
C: Jessica and Tom were born from a woman.
iii. A dead person cannot move or breathe. John is dead. Therefore, John cannot move or
breathe.
P1: A dead person cannot move or breathe.
P2: John is dead.
C: John cannot move or breathe.
DEDUCTION
iv. All men are mortal; Peter is a man; therefore, Peter is mortal
P1: All men are mortal.
P2: Peter is a man.
C: Peter is mortal.
v. Odd numbers cannot be divided by two evenly. eleven cannot be divided evenly by two.
Therefore, eleven is an odd number.
C: Odd numbers cannot be divided by two evenly.
P1: eleven cannot be divided evenly by two.
P2: Therefore, eleven is an odd number.
vi. All birds have feathers. A parrot has feathers. An eagle has feathers. Therefore, parrots
and eagles are birds.
C: All birds have feathers.
P1: A parrot has feathers.
P2: An eagle has feathers.
P3: Parrots and eagles are birds.
10. What are the criteria of validity for induction and deduction?
Induction
1.A Premise (the first guiding point).
2.Supporting Evidence (what makes you believe the premise is true).
3.A Conclusion that is true and viable (Valid).
Deduction
1.Factual
2. Logical
TOPIC 3 – SCIENTIFIC METHOD & PARADIGMS
11. Why is the scientific method also called hypothetico-deductive?
This is because the scientific method is based on using observations to formulate hypotheses
(induction), testing these hypotheses under controlled conditions and coming to conclusions,
based on the findings of those tests (deduction). These findings may or may not support the
original hypothesis.
12. Give an example of the scientific method for one experiment by stating the
a. Observation: Moths follow light bulbs in the nights
b. Question: Why do moths follow light bulbs in the nights?
c. Hypothesis: Moths follow light bulbs because of the heat it produces.
d. Prediction: Moths will follow
e. Experiment: Moths are placed in a dark room with a light bulb that does not generate
heat, then placed in a dark room with a light bulb that does generate heat.
Independent variable: The type of light bulb
Controlled variables: The room in which the moths and light bulbs are placed
Dependent variable: The moths used to conduct the experiment
f. Expected conclusion: Moths will be attracted to the heat producing light bulb.
13. Define terms and then give an example of a paradigm and a paradigm shift.
Definition Examples
Paradigm Used to describe distinct God is always watching what we do.
concepts or thought
patterns in any scientific Men drive better than women.
discipline or other
epistemological context. Women were born to marry and raise
kids.
Paradigm shift The successive transition Evolution: Within the context of the
from one paradigm to nineteenth century, Charles Darwin’s
another via revolution is new theory of natural selection
the usual developmental shocked traditionalists. It allowed
pattern of mature science. people to question their beliefs about
the origins of the universe, humankind,
and all other species. This important
change in biological science led to
revolutions in other disciplines, too—
for instance, without this paradigm
shift, there is no field of evolutionary
psychology either.
TOPIC 4 – JUNE 13 – OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION
14. Define the terms Observation and Experiment. Give examples
Definition Examples
Observation An observation is a
statement describing a
fact. Observation is the The plant is extremely wilted.
active acquisition of
information from a primary
source.
Experiment Experiments are scientific Inflate a balloon without blowing into it
procedures undertaken to with a baking soda and vinegar
make a discovery or test a balloon experiment as seen on Little
hypothesis. Bins for Little Hands.
15. Using examples, compare and contrast general and scientific observation
How similar - All senses can be used for both scientific and general observations
Both observations acquire information from a source
Both are prompted by appropriate questioning
Both are connected with growing background knowledge on the subject under observation
How different - Sufficient, meaning a number of observations can be made for scientific
observations while only few observations are made when general.
Scientific observations can be statistically analysed while general observations can not.
Scientific observations are unbiased with trained observers while general observations are
often biassed with untrained observers.
EXAMPLES
General observation - A girl recognizing her hair falling out after brushing
Scientific observation - A doctor watching a patient after administering a covid vaccine.
General Observation Scientific Observation
Subjective - Based on individual Objective - Based on observations which
experience are measured by instruments for accuracy
Only few observations are used to come to Many observations are needed before a
a conclusion, hence, no formal training in conclusion is drawn and generally follows a
use of instruments is required systematic method of experimentation-The
Scientific Method
No purpose needed as general observations Purpose must be stated before any form of
can simply be stated observation is made
Cannot be statistically analysed Must can be statistically analysed
EXAMPLE: The car began making EXAMPLE: Newton's decomposition of
sputtering sounds and came to a halt. When sunlight with a prism.
checking for any issues it was shown that
the gas needle was pointing to
It is inferred that the car is out of gas.
16. What is the advantage of using instruments?
a. Instrumentation provides a means of obtaining more objective data than that provided from
sensory experience. For example instruments like a microscope would enable access to data
that could have never been seen or analysed by the human eye only.
b. Scientists use instruments to make observations more precise and accurate, and to extend
the data able to be collected. Consider a stopwatch or pendulum which is able to provide a
precise and accurate measure of time compared to watching the movement of the sun across
the sky.
c. Instruments used to extend range and increase validity of observations. Example, a
telescope enables distant objects to appear nearer allowing access to a wider range of valid
observation than that which would’ve been accessible with just sense organs.
Hint: use examples to drive home your points.
Give examples of actual instruments to explain your points
READ
https://www.laboratory equipment.com/article/2012/11/modern-lab-instruments-increase-
chances-success
TOPIC 5 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE
RELATIONSHIPS AND ETHICS
17. Define the terms science and technology. Give examples.
Definition Examples
Science is the process
Science involved in the discovery, Neurotransmitters control
description and mood
understanding of facts
about nature, Whether an a Most microorganism can
large or small scale, about not not survive of extreme
things living or otherwise. temperature
Because the methods of
scientific enquiry are based Spherical lenses bend light
on combinations of rays
observation, experiment
and reasoning. Fire need oxígeno to be
sustained
Technology Technology is about Antidepressant medication
applying that
understanding. It is the Boil water if there is
method (mechanisms) and possible contaminación
the meteorological (scheme
and themes) we develop in Prescription glasses
order to change, control
and exploit the world Fire blankets, Fire
around us extinguisher
18. What is the relationship between science and technology?
a) . Technology precedes science
This is the materialist view asserts that. technology is historically and
ontologically prior to science.
b) . Science precedes technology
In this case, human of technology are less concerned with the science and technology
relationship, but with the nature of technological.
c) . Technology without science
Without science there would be no episteme, no theory and no framework. Example without
science, no one could know that air contain nitrogen
d) . Science without technology
Science without developing an understanding of technology would portray an inaccurate
picture of science.
e) . Technology assisting science
Can substantially raise the interest of children. Example complex concepts of moths and
science
anymore?
HINT: For the examples
You have to say what is the science and why, What is technology and why
And then explain the relationship. Just stating is not enough
Write these as if explaining to someone who does not know what science or technology is,
and doesn’t know how they relate to each other.
19. How is ethics important to science and technology?
HINT:
FIRST DEFINE THE TERM ETHICS
ESTABLISH WHY WE NEED ETHICS
USE POINT FORM TO PRESENT YOUR POINTS. GIVE EXAMPLES
discuss ethics in science
THEN
ethics in technology
read
http://scienceblogs.com/ethicsandscience/2007/09/13/a-code-of-ethics-for-scientist/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084045/
https://www.newscientist.com/round-up/ethics-issue/ (SOME ARE MORE SCI AND SOME
MORE TECH)
Ethics is the moral principle that governs a person’s behaviour.
1. We need ethics because it keeps person’s safe and accounted for.
2. There should also be an ethical principle that persons are not deceived.
3. Ethical reasons should also be kept for confidentiality.
Ethics in science is necessary for honesty and should not be misleading (avoiding any harm).
The information should also avoid any biases or any personal experiences. The information
should also be tested. On the other hand, science works hand in hand with technology.
Technology is sometimes leading to science. Technology shows us that science is more
developed and advanced. The ethics in technology is that information should be factual and
true, it should not be misleading or create any harm to participants.
20. Who is responsible for what in science and technology?
Scientist:
Scientists use systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural
world through observation and experiment.
Technologist:
Technologists use the application of science for practical purposes.
Politicians:
We are in an era that is governed by industrialization where modernization is the order of the
day; where societies are moving from being traditional or rural societies to become urban or
industrial societies. Therefore, in order for this to take place politicians of various countries
have to seriously consider science and technology if they desire to become industrialised
societies. However, to fully understand the link between politicians and the link between
science and technology we must first understand what is the meaning of science in a given
society and technology.
You:
Any other question you want to pose and try and answer
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