MA1511 Engineering Calculus compiled by Elston � Partial Derivatives � Multiple Integrals

�.� Level Curves �.� Double Integrals over Rectangular Domains

The projection of the contour curve onto the x y plane is a level
� Infinite Series curve of f . Hence, a level curve consists of the set of points (x, y) for Zb Zd Zd Zb
�.� Partial Sum and Infinite Sums P which f (x, y) has a constant value. f (x, y) dydx = f (x, y) dxdy

Partial Sum {Sn } = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an = nk=1 ak .

a c c a
P1 �.� Normal Lines and Tangent Planes 0 10 1
If k=1 ak converges, limn!1 Sn = L. Else, Sn diverges. Zb Zd BBZb CC BBZd CC
Let a surface z = f (x, y) and a point P(a, b, f (a, b)) on the surface given. BB
B
CC BB
C B
f (x, y) dydx = BBB a(x)dxCCC BBB b(y)dy CCCC
CC
B@ CA B@ CA
�.� Geometric Series 0 1 0 1 0 1 a c a c
Pn n ⇣ ⌘ BBf x (a, b)CC BBf x (a, b)CC BB a CC
k 1 = a(1 r ) = a if |r| < 1 and n ! 1 Tangent Eqn : r · BBB@f y (a, b)CCCA = BBB@f y (a, b)CCCA · B@B b CAC
k=1 ar 1 r 1 r �.� Double Integrals over General Domains
1 1 f (a, b)
Type I Domain: {(x, y) : a  x  b, g1 (x)  y  g2 (x)}
0 1 0 1 0 1
BBx CC BB a CC BBBf x (a, b)CCC
B C B C
Normal Eqn : B@y CA = B@ b CA + BB@f y (a, b)CCA t, t 2 R " 2 (x)
Zb gZ
�.� Useful Results for Limits z f (a, b) 1 f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dydx
D
a g (x)
1
lim
1
= 1, a , 0.
an na �.� Chain Rule
n!1 lim = 0, a > 0 Chain Rule with One Independent Variable
n!1 an Used for curves parallel-ish to the x axis.
1
lim n n = 1 ln n dz dz dx dz dy Type II Domain: {(x, y) : c  y  d, h1 (y)  x  h2 (y)}
n!1 lim =0 = ⇥ + ⇥
n!1 na
n
lim r = 0, |r| < 1 dt dx dt dy dt
n!1 an 2 (y)
Zd hZ
✓ ◆n lim =0 Chain Rule with Two Independent Variables "
a n!1 n! f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dxdy
lim 1 + = e a 8a. n! D
n!1 n lim =0 dz dz dx dz dy dz dz dx dz dy c h (y)
1
n!1 nn
= ⇥ + ⇥ and = ⇥ + ⇥
ds dx ds dy ds dt dx dt dy dt
Order of Magnitude: nn > n! > an > na > ln n used for curves parallel-ish to the y-axis.
�.� Directional Derivatives Change of Order of Integration
�.� Convergence Tests Directional derivative of f (x, y) at (a, b) in the direction of u is given Step 1: Sketch the domain of integration
Test Conditions Conclusion Types of Series by: Step 2: If given integral is of Type I, rewrite it as a Type II integral.
1
nth term
lim a , 0
n!1 n
diverges X
an ,
Du f (a, b) = rf (a, b) · u (and vice versa)
divergence test lim an = 0 No conclusion
n!1 i
p-series test
X1
1
converges () p > 1 p-series
where unit vector u = q 1 (u1 i + u2 j), grad. vector rf = f x i + f y j . �.� Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
p (p-series) u12 +u22
n n
an+1 converges
lim
n!1 an
= c, c < 1 Factorials [n!] For max. DD, u is in the same dir. as rf .
Ratio Test* diverges Polynomials [n2 ]
c>1
c=1 Exponentials [c n ]
For min. DD, u is in the opp. dir. as rf .
no conclusion
1 converges
Root Test*
lim ak k = c, c < 1
k!1 diverges
Exponentials [c n ] �.� Local Extrema
c>1
no conclusion
ka , a 2 R To determine for the nature of critical points,
c=1
Let (a, b) be a critical point of f , that is f x (a, b) = 0 andf y (a, b) = 0 .
Let D = f xx (a, b)f yy (a, b) (f xy (a, b))2
• f has a local maximum at (a, b) if D > 0 and Fxx (a, b) < 0 .
*Used to test for absolute convergence. • f has a local minimum at (a, b) if D > 0 and Fxx (a, b) > 0 .
1 a • f is at a saddle point at (a, b) if D < 0 . Polar Regions
i.e. lim |ak k | = c or lim | n+1 | = c
k!1 n!1 an (Note: Inconclusive if D = 0) . D = {(r, ✓) : g(✓)  r  h(✓) and ↵  ✓  }, where 0  ↵  2⇡.
�.� Power Series �.� Lagrange Multipliers
P The max/min values of f (x, y) subject to constraint g(x, y) = 0 occurs
Power Series: 1 k Z h(✓)
Z
k=0 ck (x a) , a is the center and ck are the coefficients.
"
at point (x,y) thats satisfies: f (x, y)dA = f (r cos ✓, r sin ✓)rdrd✓
1. Find absolute convergence. (|L| < 1 converges) D
2. Form |x a| < R, where R is the radius. Then find interval of f x = gx , f y = gy ↵ g(✓)
convergence.
g(x, y) = 0 Polar Rectangles
Special Cases: It also satisfies the following equations: D = {(r, ✓) : a  r  b and ↵  ✓  }
- L = 0: Series converges for all x. Radius = 1
- L = 1: Series diverges 8x except x = a. Radius = 0 f xi = gxi , i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n Examples
- L < 1: Find limits by solving for inequality.
g(x1 , x2 , .., xn ) = 0 • Region within a circle centered at (0, 0) and radius a
Note: test endpoints to see whether ak fulfils ratio/root test. Include
the value into the limits. • Region within a sector of a circle centered at (0, 0) and radius a
 MA1511 Engineering Calculus compiled by Elston � Vector Fields � Other Formulas
df df df �.� Taylor Series
Gradient Field: rf = dx i + dy j + dz k
1 (k)
X
� Vector-valued Functions �.� Line Integrals of Vector Fields Taylor series:
f (a)
(x a)k
�.� Curves and Motion in Space Line Integral of F along C : r(t), a  t  b is k!
0 1 0 0 1 0 00 1 k=0
BBf (t)CC BBf (t)CC BBf (t)CC Z Zb Taylor series centered at a = 0 is Maclaurin series of f .
pos. r(t) = BB@ g(t) CCA vel. r (t) = BB@ g (t) CCA acc. r (t) = BBB@ g 00 (t) CCCA
B C 0 B 0 C 00
F · dr = F (r(t)) · r 0 (t)dt General Series
h(t) h0 (t) h00 (t) C a 1 1
�.� Vector Equations of Tangent Lines 1
X X ( 1)k+1 k
Line integrals in vector fields represent work done by F along C from 1.
1 x = xk |x| < 1 6. ln(1 + x) = x |x| < 1
0 1 0 0 1 k
BBf (t0 )CC BBf (t0 )CC a to b. k=0
1
k=1
1
At t = t0 , r(t) = BBB@ g(t0 ) CCCA + t BBB@ g 0 (t0 ) CCCA , t 2 R
X X 1 k
1 ( 1)k xk |x| < 1
2.
1+x = 7. ln(1 x) = x |x| < 1
h(t0 ) h0 (t0 ) 3-D Fields k=0 k=1
k

�.� Di�erentiation Rules Field F(x, y, z) = P(x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k, X1
1 k
1 ✓ ◆
X ↵ k
3. e x = x x2R 8. (1 + x)↵ = k x |x| < 1
u(t) and v(t) are vector-valued functions, C is a constant vector, c is a Curve C : r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k k=0
k!
k=0
1 1
constant scalar, and f is a di↵erentiable scalar function. Z Z b 0Bx(t)1C 0 1 0 1 X ( 1)k
x2k+1 x 2 R 9. tan 1 x =
X ( 1)k
x2k+1 |x|  1
BB CC 0 BBx(t)CC BBx(t)CC 4. sin x =
(2k + 1)! 2k + 1
d C=0
1. dt d u(t) · v(t) = u0 (t) · v(t)
5. dt F · dr = P BB@y(t)CCA · x (t) + Q BB@y(t)CCA · y (t) + R BB@y(t)CCCA · z0 (t) dt
B C 0 B k=0
1
k=0
C a z(t) z(t) z(t)
X ( 1)k 2k
d cu(t) = c d u(t)
2. dt + v0 (t) · u(t) 5. cos x =
(2k)!
x
dt d u(t) ⇥ v(t) = u0 (t) ⇥ v(t) k=0
d (u(t) + v(t)) = u0 (t) + v0 (t)
3. dt 6. dt �.� Conservative Fields and Potential Functions
0 Vector fields are considered conservative if there is a scalar function �.� Integration and Di�erentiation Techniques
d f (t)u(t) = f 0 (t)u(t) + f (t)u0 (t) + v (t) ⇥ u(t)
4. dt
7. dt (u(f (t)) + v(t)) = f 0 (t)u0 (t)
d such that F = rf . f (x) f 0 (x) f (x)
R
f (x)dx
Under standard conditions: ⇣ ⌘
�.� Integrals of Vector-valued Functions F = Pi + Qj + Rk is conservative () Py = Qx , Qz = Ry and Rx = Pz . sin 1 x p 1 p 1 sin 1 xa
1 x2 a2 x 2
0R 1 The scalar function f is called the potential function for G.
cos 1 x p 1 tan x ln(sin x)
Z BB R f (t) dt CC 1 x2
BB C �.� Line Integrals in Conservative Fields
r(t) dt = BBB R g(t) dt CCCC tan 1 x 1 1
⇣ ⌘
1 tan 1 x
@ A For conservative field F = rf for some di↵erentiable scalar function 1+x2 x2 +a2 a a
h(t) dt f, R csc x csc x cot x csc x ln(csc x + cot x)

�.� Space Curves and its Parametric Equations Smooth Curve C : r(t), a  t  b, C F · dr = f (r(b)) f (r(a))
H sec x sec x tan x sec x ln(sec x + tan x)
1. Line Segments Closed Curves C : r(t), a  t  b, C F · dr = 0 ⇣ ⌘
! ! R f (x)g(x) f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x) 1 1 x+a
2a ln x a
(Note: F is conservative () C F · dr is path independent.) a2 x 2
For any two distinct points A and B, r(t) = OA + t AB , 0  t  1 f (x) g(x)f 0 (x) f (x)g 0 (x) ⇣ ⌘
1 1 x a
g(x) g 2 (x) x 2 a2 2a ln x+a
2. Circles
✓ in◆2D Space �.� Green’s Theorem
r cos t In Component Form:
r(t) = r sin t , ↵  t  for suitable ↵, R R
Z Z Integration by Parts: u dv dx
dx = uv v du
dx
dx
�.� Arc Length 0 1 F · dr = Pdx + Qdy �.� Trigonometric Identities
BBf (t)CC C C sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
The length of L of a smooth curve of r(t) = BB@ g(t) CCCA , a  t  b is given by
B
cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ⌥ sin A sin B
h(t) By Green’s Theorem, D is enclosed by a simple closed positively ori- tan A±tan B
ented curve C tan(A ± B) = 1⌥tan A tan B
Z bq I ! sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
(f 0 (t))2 + (g 0 (t))2 + (h0 (t))2 dt dQ dP cos 2A = cos A sin2 A = 2 cos2 A 1 = 1 2 sin2 A
2
"
L= Pdx + Qdy = dA
a dx dy tan 2A = 2 tan2A
C D 1 tan A
(Note: for curves deflned explicitly by y = f (x), C can be represented sin P + sin Q = 2 sin 12 (P + Q) cos 12 (P Q)
Positively Oriented - Anti-clockwise Direction
Rbp sin P sin Q = 2 cos 12 (P + Q) sin 12 (P Q)
by x = t, y = f (t), then length of C will be L = a 1 + (f 0 (t))2 dt) Negatively Oriented - Clockwise Direction ((-) sign in front)
cos P + cos Q = 2 cos 12 (P + Q) cos 12 (P Q)
�.� Line Integrals
Line Integrals over 2D Smooth Curves �.� Curl and Divergence cos P cos Q = 2 sin 12 (P + Q) sin 12 (P Q)
R Rb p Curl of F is a vector which is the cross product of the vector di↵erenti-
f (x, y)ds = a f (x(t), y(t)) (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt al operator and F. �.� Partial Fractions
C
Line Integrals over 3D Smooth Curves 0 1 0 1 ! ! ! px + q A B
R Rb p BBd/dx CC BB P CC = +
f (x, y, z)ds = f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) (x 0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 + (z 0 (t))2 dt r ⇥ F = BBd/dy CC ⇥ BBQCC = dR dQ i + dP dR j + dQ dP k (ax + b)(cx + d) (ax + b) (cx + d)
C a @ A @ A dy dz dz dx dx dy
�.� Parametric Surfaces d/dz R px2 + qx + r A B C
= + +
Parametric surfaces r(u, v) = x(u, v)i + y(u, v)j + z(u, v)k defined expli- Divergence of F is given by scalar product between the del operator (ax + b)(cx + d)2 (ax + b) (cx + d) (cx + d)2
citly by z = g(x, y) can be parametrized to x = u, y = v and z = g(u, v). and F.
dP dQ dR px2 + qx + r A Bx + C
Vector Equation of tangent plane at P(a, b, f (a, b)) to a smooth surface div F = r · F = + + (ax + b)(x2 + c2 )
= +
(ax + b) (x2 + c2 )
dx dy dz
is given by r · (ru ⇥ rv ) = (a, b, f (a, b)) · (ru ⇥ rv ) .