(STUDY AND SIMULATION OF SUBSTATION AND ITS COMPONENTS)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

of the degree of

Bachelors of Engineering
by
DALAVI PRASHANT DEVENDRA

UID 120EL3319A
DESHMUKH SANDESH SHIVAJIRAO
UID 120EL1083A
DINGANKAR SUMIT BABAN

UID 120EL3362A
DUBEY AKANSHA SURESH
UID 120EL3119B

Guide:
Prof. Veena Deepika Darala

Electrical Engineering Department

Mahatma Gandhi Mission's College of

Engineering and Technology

University of Mumbai

2020 - 2021
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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled STUDY AND SIMULATION OF SUBSTATION AND
ITS COMPONENTS is a bonafide work of DUBEY AKANSHA SURESH (120EL3119B),
submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering.

(Name and sign)

Guide

(Name and sign) (Name and sign)

Head of Department Director

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 Project Report Approval for B.E.

This Project report entitled (STUDY AND SIMULATION OF SUBSTATION AND ITS
COMPONENTS) by (DUBEY AKANSHA SURESH) is approved for the degree of
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering.

Examiners

1. -

2. -

Guide

1.

2.

Date:

Place:

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 Acknowledgements
I am profoundly grateful to Prof. Veena Deepika Darala for his expert guidance and
continuous encouragement throughout to see that this project rights its target.

I would like to express deepest appreciation towards Dr. Geeta Lathkar, Director, MGMCET, Navi
Mumbai and Prof. HOD Department whose invaluable guidance
supported me in this project.

At last I must express my sincere heartfelt gratitude to all the staff members of Electrical
Engineering Department who helped us directly or indirectly during this course of work.

DALAVI PRASHANT DEVENDRA

DESHMUKH SANDESH SHIVAJIRAO

DINGANKAR SUMIT BABAN

DUBEY AKANSHA SURESH

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 Declaration

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above
will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action
from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

(Signature)

DUBEY AKANSHA SURESH 16

(Name of student and Roll No.)

Date:

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 ABSTRACT
The electrical power can be transmitted from the units of generation to distribution
using various electrical substation components namely isolator, bus bar, power
transformer, etc are connected together in the substation. The electrical substation
components are essential for installation of the substation. The substation equipment
and their functions mainly include the following. The Electrical substation design is a
complex method with full of engineer planning. The key steps in the substation
designing include switching-system, Planning and placing of equipment, selection of
components as well as ordering, support of engineers, structural design, the design of
electrical layout, protection of relay, and major apparatus ratings.

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 INDEX

Sr. TITLE Page

No. No.
1 SUBSTATION
2 TYPICAL COMPONENT OF A POWERPLANT
A BUSHAR
B INSULATOR
C CIRCUIT BREAKER
D CURRENT TRANSFORMER
E VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
F EARTHING SWITCH
G SURGE ARRESTOR
3 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
4 132KV/11KV distribution substation
5 66KV/11KV distribution substation
6 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
7 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
8 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
9 CONDUCTOR
10 INSULATOR
11 ISOLATOR
12 BUS BAR
13 LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
14 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
15 RELAYS
16 BATTRIES
17 WAVE TAPPER
18 INDOOR SUBSTATION
19 OUTDOOR SUBSTATION

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 1. SUBSTATION
A station in the power transmission system at which electric
power is transformed to a conveniently used form. The station
may consist of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other
auxilliary equipment. Its main function is to receive energy
transmitted at high voltage from the generating station, by either
step-up or step-down the voltage to a value appropriate for local
use and provide facilities for switching. Substations have some
additional functions.

2. TYPICAL COMPONENT OF A POWERPLANT

A - Busbar

B - INSULATOR

C - Circuit Breaker

D - Current Transformer

E - Voltage Transformer

F - Earthing Switch

G - Surge Arrestor

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 A. BUSBAR
is a term we use for a main bar or conductor carrying an electric
current to which many connection may be made.

B. INSULATOR
It is a disconnection switch and to be operated on no load . It is used
to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de
energized for service or maintenance . It provides electrical isolation
of the equipment

C. CIRCUIT BREAKER
is used to interrupt circuits while current is flowing through them.

D.CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformer are used with ammeters, watt meters, power-
factor meters, watt-hour meters,compensators, protective and
regulating relays and the trip coil of circuit breakers.

E. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
also know as potential transformer, are used with volt-meters,
wattmeters, watt- hour meters, power-factor meters, frequency
meters, synchroscopes and synchronizing apparatus, protective and
regulating relays and the no-voltage and over-voltage trip coils of
automatic circuit breakers.

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 F. EARTHING SWITCH
also known as ground disconnect, which used to connects the
equipment to a grid of electrical conductors buried in the earth on
the station property. It is intended to protect people working on the
grounded equipment. It does this by completing a circuit path,
thereby reducing the voltage difference between the equipment
and its surroundings.

G. SURGE ARRESTOR
are devices used to provide the necessary path to ground for such
surges, yet prevent any power current from following the surge. An
ideal arrester must therefore have the following properties:

1. Ability to remove the surge energy from the line in a

min. time.

2. High resistive to flow of power current.

3. A valve action automatically allowing surge to pass and

then closing up so as not to permit power current to flow to
ground.

4. Always ready to perform.

5. Performance such that no system disturbances

are introduced by its operation.

6. Economically feasible

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 3. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
(1) Transformer substation:In this type of substation,electrical

power is received at one voltage and it is converted to the

required voltage.

(2) Industrial substation:power required for big industrial estates is

received from this substation.

(3) Switching substation:In such substation,voltage is not

changed but switching operation of power line is carried out.

(4) Frequency changer substation:in this type of substation,the

power frequency is changed.For a.c traction,frequency is
converted to 25Hz from 50Hz.

Classification on the basis of method of control

(1) Manual control substation:in such substation,the control

of equipments is done manually.

(2) Automatic control substation:In such substation,control

operation is done automatically.In this the control signal is
obtained from the supervisory substation and the equipment is
operated.

(3) Supervisory substation:such substation supervises the other

substation and controls them according to the need.This includes
operations like opening and closing of the circuit breakers and
isolators,tap changing of transformers,etc.

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4. 132KV/11KV DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

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 5. 66KV/11KV distribution substation
One 66KV line comes to the 66KV bus bars.

From the same bus bars,outgoing line is taken which goes to the
other substation.

66KV PT is connected to the 66KV bus bar through isolator.

A 66 KV/33KV,star delta transformer is connected to the 66KV

bus bars.

Secondary winding is connected to 33KV tubular bus bars.Circuit

breakers and isolators are connected on each side of transformer.

Substation gets 440KV supply through 33KV/440KV station

transformer connected to 33KV bus bars.

33KV feeders are taken out from 33KV bus bars through

isolators and circuit breakers.

Two transformers each of 66KV/11KV,10MVA are connected to

66KV strain bus bars through isolators and circuit breakers.

11KV is taken to the control room through underground cable.

Number of 11KV feeders taken out from 11KV bus bars through
isolators and circuit breakers.

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 6.Instrument Transformers:
The instrument transformer is a static device utilized for reduction of higher currents and
voltages for safe and practical usage which are measurable with traditional instruments such
as digital multi-meter etc. The value range is from 1A to 5A and voltages such as 110V etc.
The transformers are also used for actuation of AC protective relay through supporting
voltage and current. Instrument transformers are shown in the figure below and its two types
are also discussed underneath.

Instrument transformers

7.Current Transformer:

A current transformer is a gadget utilized for the transformation of higher value currents into
lower values. It is utilized in an analogous manner to that of AC instruments, control
apparatus, and meters. These are having lower current ratings and are used for maintenance
and installation of current relays for protection purpose in substations.

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 Current Transformer

8.Potential Transformer:
The potential transformers are similar in characteristics as current transformers but are
utilized for converting high voltages to lower voltages for protection of relay system and for
lower rating metering of voltage measurements.

Potential Transformer

9. Conductors:

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Conductors are the materials which permit flow of electrons through it. The best conductors
are copper and aluminum etc. The conductors are utilized for transmission of energy from
place to place over substations.

10.Insulators:
The insulators are the materials which do not permit flow of electrons through it. Insulators
are resisting electric property. There are numerous types of insulators such as shackle, strain
type, suspension type, and stray type etc. Insulators are used in substations for avoiding
contact with humans or short circuit.

11, Isolators:

The isolators in substations are mechanical switches which are deployed for isolation of
circuits when there is an interruption of current. These are also known with the name of
disconnected switches operation under no-load conditions and are not fortified with arc-
quenching devices. These switches have no specific current breaking value neither these have
current making value. These are mechanically operated switches.

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Isolator

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 12. Busbars:
The busbar is among the most important elements of the substation and is a conductor which
carries current to a point having numerous connections with it. The busbar is a kind of
electrical junction which has outgoing and incoming current paths. Whenever a fault occurs in
the busbar, entire components connected to that specific section should be tripped for giving
thorough isolation in a small time, for instance, 60ms for avoiding danger rising due to
conductor’s heat. These are of different types such as ring bus, double bus, and single bus
etc. A simple bus bar is shown in the figure below which is considered as one of the most
vital electrical substation components.

Busbar in Substation

13.The Lightning Arresters:

The lightning arresters can be considered as the first ever components of a substation. These
are having a function of protecting equipment of substation from high voltages and are also
limiting the amplitude and duration of the current’s flow. These are connected amid earth and
line i.e. connected in line with equipment in the substation. These are meant for diversion of
current to earth if any current surge appears hence by protecting insulation as well as
conductor from damages. These are of various types and are distinguished based on duties.

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 Lightning Arrester

14.Circuit Breakers:

The circuit breakers are such type of switches utilized for closing or opening circuits at the
time when a fault occurs within the system. The circuit breaker has 2 mobile contacts which
are in OFF condition in normal situations. At the time when any fault occurs in the system, a
relay is sending the tripped command to the circuit breaker which moves the contacts apart,
hence avoiding any damage to the circuitry.

Circuit Breaker in Substation

15. Relays:
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Relays are a dedicated component of electrical substation equipment for the protection of
system against abnormal situations e.g. faults. Relays are basically sensing gadgets which
are devoted for sensing faults and are determining its location as well as sending interruption
message of tripped command to the specific point of the circuit. A circuit breaker is falling
apart its contacts after getting the command from relays. These are protecting equipment
from other damages as well such as fire, the risk to human life, and removal of fault from a
particular section of the substation. Following is the substation component diagram is known
as a relay.

Relays

16.Batteries:

Some of the important substation parts such as emergency lighting, relay system, and

automated control circuitry are operated through batteries. The size of the battery bank is
depending on the voltage required for operation of the DC circuit respectively. The storage
batteries are of two basic types i.e. acid-alkaline batteries and lead-acid batteries. The lead
acid batteries are of the most common type and used in substations in abundance as these
provide high voltages and are cheaper in cost.

Substation Batteries

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21
 17.Wave Trapper:
The wave trapper is one of the substation components which is placed on the incoming lines
for trapping of high-frequency waves. The high-frequency waves which are coming from
nearby substations or other localities are disturbing the current and voltages, hence its
trapping is of great importance. The wave trapper is basically tripping high-frequency waves
and is then diverting the waves into telecom panel.

Wave Trapper in Substation

Metering and Indication Instruments:

There are numerous instruments for metering and indication in each substation such as watt-
meters, voltmeters, ammeters, power factor meters, kWh meters, volt-ampere meters, and
KVARH meters etc. These instruments are installed at different places within substation for
controlling and maintaining values of current and voltages. For instance, 33/11KV substation
equipment will comprise digital multi-meters for various readings of currents and voltages.

Equipment for Carrier Current:

The equipment of carrier current is installed in the substation for the purpose of
communication, supervisory control, telemetry, and/or relaying etc. Such equipment is often
mounted on a room which is known as carrier room and is connected across the power circuit
of high voltages.

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 18.Indoor Substation
A substation in which the apparatus is equipped inside the substation
building is called indoor substation. Such type of substation is mainly used
for the voltage up to 11000 v, but when the surrounding air is contaminated
by impurities such as metal corroding gases and fumes, conductive dust,
etc., their voltage can be raised up to 33000 V to 66000 v.

The indoor substation is subdivided into several compartments like control

compartment, indicating and metering instruments and protective device
compartment main bus-bar compartment, current transformer and cable
sealing box compartment as shown in the figure below.

The switch gear

on the supply or primary side will consist of oil circuit breaker only. The
high voltage supply is given to the primary of the transformer through a
circuit breaker. From the bus bar, various feeders emerge out. The panel
on each feeder consists of an isolator switch and a circuit breaker. In
addition to isolator and circuit breaker, the panel also provided the
measuring instrument.

For the protection of feeders usually, reverse power relay is used. For the
protection of oil filled transformer Buchholz relay is used. The accessories
of the indoors type substations are a storage battery, fire fighting
equipment such as water, buckets, and fire extinguisher, etc., The battery
is used for the operation of protective gear and switching operating

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solenoids and emergency lighting in substations in the case of failure of
supply.

Indoor substations and transformer substation, as well as, high voltage

switchboards consist of a series of open and enclosed chamber or
compartments. The main equipment for this installation is arranged in
these compartments. The chamber space within which the equipment of
the main bus-bar is connected is called a compartment or a cubical cell.

Substations of the Integrity Built Type  In such type of substation, the

device is equipped on site. In such substation, the cell structure is
constructed of concrete or bricks.

Substations of the Composite Built-Up Type  In such type of

substations factory or workshop are built but are assembled on site within a
substation switch gear room. The compartments of such substations take
the form of metal cabinets or enclosures, each of which contains the
equipment of one main connection cell. In such cabinets, an oil circuit
breaker, a load interrupter switch, and one or more voltage transformers
may be mounted.

Unit Type Factory Fabricated Substations and Metal Clad

Switchboards  These are built in electrical workshops and are carried to
the site of installations fully pre-assembled. After installations of
substations and switchboards only connection to the incoming and
outgoing power circuits are required to be made.

General View of A Unit -Type Metal-Clad

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Switchboard

A general view of a unit-type metal-clad switchboard assembled of several

metal-clad cubicles is shown above.

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 19.Outdoor Substation
A substation which is used for all voltage levels between 55 KV to 765 KV
is called outdoor substation. Such type of substation requires less time for
construction but uses more space. The outdoor substations are mainly
classified into two types, namely pole-mounted substation and foundation-
mounted substations.

Foundation Mounted Substation

In foundation mounted substation all the equipment area assembled and

the substations are embedded by the fence for safety purpose. The
equipment required for such type of substations are heavy, and hence the
site selected for such type of substation must have a good path for heavy
transport. Foundation mounted outdoor substation is shown in the figure
below.

Foundation-Mounted Outdoor
Substation
Advantages of Outdoor Substation

The outdoor substations have the following main advantages. These are

 All the equipment in the outdoor substations is within view, and

therefore fault location is easier.
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  The expansion of the installation is easier in the outdoor
substations.
 The time requires in the construction of such substations is lesser.
 The smaller amount of building material like steel, concrete is
required.
 The construction work required is comparatively less, and the cost
of the switchgear installation is also very low.
 Repairing work is easy, and proper space is provided between the
apparatus so that the fault occur at one point will not be carried
over to another point.
Disadvantages of Outdoor Substation

 More space is required for the outdoor substations.

 Protection devices are required to be installed for the protection
against lightning surges.
 The length of the control cables increases which increase the cost
of the substation.
 Equipment designed for outdoor substation are more costly
because outdoor door substation equipment required additional
protection from the dirt and dust.
In spite of the disadvantage, outdoor substations are very widely used in
the power system

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 Classification of Substations
The substation is the medium of transferring the power from generating
unit to the consumer end. It consists different types of equipment like
transformer, generator, power cable which helps in the power transmission.
The generation, transmission and distribution are the main work of the
substation.

The substation which generates the power is known as the generating

substation. Similarly, the transmission substation transmits the power, and
the distributing substations distribute the power to the load. The
subcategories of the electrical substations are explained below.

Classifications of Substations

The substations may be classified in numerous ways, such as by nature of

duties, service rendered operating voltage, importance, and design.

Classification of Substations by Nature of Duties

The classification of the substation by nature of functions is explained

below in details.

Step-up or Primary Substations – Such types of substations generate

low voltage like 3.3, 6.6, 11, or 33kV. This voltage is stepped up by the
help of a step-up transformer for transmitting the power over large
distances. It is located near the generating substation

Primary Grid Substations – This substation lowered the value of primary

stepped up voltages. The output of the primary grid substation acts as the
input of the secondary substations. The secondary substation is used for
stepping down the input voltage to more lowered for further transmission.

Step-down or Distribution Substations – This substation is placed near

the load centre where the primary distribution is stepped down for sub-
transmission. The secondary distribution transformer feeds the consumer
through the service line

Classification of  Substations by Service Rendered

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Transformer substations – In such type of substation transformers are
installed for transforming the power from one voltage level to another level
as per need.

Switching Substations – The substations use for switching the power line

without disturbing the voltage is known as the switching substations. This
type of substations is placed between the transmission line.

Converting Substations – In such types of substations, AC power

converting into DC power or vice versa or it can convert high frequency to
lower frequency or vice versa.

Classification of Substations by Operating Voltage

The substations, according to operating voltage, may be categorised as

High Voltage Substations (HV Substations) – Involving voltages

between 11 KV and 66 KV.

Extra High Voltage Substations – Involving voltages between 132 kV

and 400 KV.

Ultra High Voltage – Operating voltage above 400 KV.

Classifications of Substation by Importance

Grid Substations – This substation is used for transferring the bulk power
from one point to another. If any fault occurs on the substation, then the
continuity of whole of the supply is affected by it.

Town Substations – These substations step down the voltage at 33/11 kV

for more distribution in the towns. If there is any fault occurs in this
substation, then the supply of the whole town is blocked.

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