Writing and Language Test

44 Questions

Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions

in this section.

Directions
Each passage in this section is accompanied by a number of questions.
For some questions, you will consider how the passage might be
revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other questions, you
will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in
sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question
may be accompanied by one or more graphics (such as a table or
graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing
decisions.

Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage.

Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to
think about the passage as a whole.

Page 1
A pair of brackets containing an uppercase Q and a number — for
example, [Q1] — indicates that an associated question refers to that
location in the passage or to the following underlined portion of the
passage. The number in brackets is the number of the associated
question. The bracketed element is hyperlinked to the associated
question, and the question heading is hyperlinked back to the related
location or portion of the passage.

There are two ways to follow a link. One is to move the flashing text
cursor, or caret, into the hyperlinked text and press the Enter key; the
other is to place the mouse cursor, or pointer, over the hyperlinked
text and press Ctrl+left-click (that is, press and release the left button
on the mouse while holding down the Ctrl key on the keyboard).

After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that
most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that
makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written
English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that
option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of
the passage as it is.

Page 2
In questions that ask you to consider potential revisions, the list of
answer choices is followed by a presentation of each revision in
context. A set of revisions in context is surrounded by “Begin
skippable content” and “End skippable content” labels formatted
as level-6 headings. If a question includes a “NO CHANGE” option, that
option in the skippable content will present the relevant context of the
passage in its original form with the original underlined text. For the
following options, the same context will be repeated with the
underlined portion replaced by each revision to be considered.

Punctuation is essential to some questions in this test, so we suggest

that you either activate the punctuation-reading function of your
software or utilize the character-by-character capabilities.

Questions 1 through 11 are based on the following passage.

Prehistoric Printing

Paleontologists are using modern technology to gain a greater

understanding of the distant past. With the aid of computed
tomography (CT) scanning and 3-D printing, researchers are able to
 

create accurate models of prehistoric fossils. [Q1] These models have

expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient species and [Q2] swear to
advance the field of paleontology in the years to come.

C T scanners use X-rays to map the surface of a fossil in minute detail,

 

recording as many as one million data points to create a digital

blueprint. A 3-D printer then builds a polymer model based on this

Page 3
blueprint, much as a regular computer printer reproduces digital
documents on paper. [Q3] Whereas the head of an ordinary computer
printer moves back and forth while printing ink onto paper, the
corresponding part of a 3-D printer moves in multiple dimensions while
squirting out thin layers of melted polymer plastic. The plastic hardens
quickly, [Q4] it allows the printer to build the layers of the final model.
Compared with older ways of modeling fossils, scanning and printing in
this way is extremely versatile.

One significant benefit of 3-D printing technology is its ability to create

scale reproductions of fossils. But now 3-D scale models can be
rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to scientists. A team led
by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of
dinosaur bones one-tenth the bones’ original sizes [Q5] in order to
learn how they fit together when the animals were alive. In the past,
such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well
as [Q6] its preciousness and fragility. In many cases, scientists had to
rearrange bones virtually, using artists’ renderings. [Q7]

Because CT scanners can map objects that are impossible to excavate,

 

C T scanning and 3-D printing can also be used to reproduce fossils

 

that scientists cannot observe firsthand. [Q8] By contrast, researchers

from the National Museum of Brazil [Q9] has relied on this technique
to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a
rock at an old São Paulo railroad site. [Q10] The fossil was too delicate
to be removed from the rock. Because of the fossil’s delicate nature,
the team dug up a block of stone around the fossil and brought it to
their lab. With the aid of a C T scanner and a 3-D printer, they were
 

able to produce a resin model of the fossil. Examining the model, the
researchers determined that [Q11] one had found a new species, a

Page 4
75-million-year-old crocodile. While not every discovery will be as
dramatic as this one, paleontologists anticipate further expanding their
knowledge of ancient life-forms as CT scanning and 3-D printing
 

continue to make fossils more accessible.

Question 1.
At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

Fossils provide paleontologists with a convenient way of estimating

the age of the rock in which the fossils are found.

Should the writer make this addition here?

A. Yes, because it supports the paragraph’s argument with an

important detail.

B. Yes, because it provides a logical transition from the preceding

sentence.

C. No, because it is not directly related to the main point of the

paragraph.

D. No, because it undermines the main claim of the paragraph.

Page 5
Question 2.
A. NO CHANGE (swear)

B. subscribe

C. vow

D. promise

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. These models have expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient
species and swear to advance the field of paleontology in the years
to come.

B. These models have expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient

species and subscribe to advance the field of paleontology in the
years to come.

C. These models have expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient

species and vow to advance the field of paleontology in the years to
come.

D. These models have expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient

species and promise to advance the field of paleontology in the
years to come.

End skippable content.

Page 6
Question 3.
The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence.

The underlined sentence is as follows:

Whereas the head of an ordinary computer printer moves back and

forth while printing ink onto paper, the corresponding part of a 3-D
printer moves in multiple dimensions while squirting out thin layers
of melted polymer plastic.

Should the sentence be kept or deleted?

A. Kept, because it helps explain why X-rays are used in C T scanners.

 

B. Kept, because it provides details to illustrate how a 3-D printer

works.

C. Deleted, because it contradicts the passage’s information about

digital blueprints.

D. Deleted, because it creates confusion about how researchers gather

data.

Page 7
Question 4.
A. NO CHANGE (it)

B. this

C. which

D. that

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. The plastic hardens quickly, it allows the printer to build the layers
of the final model.

B. The plastic hardens quickly, this allows the printer to build the
layers of the final model.

C. The plastic hardens quickly, which allows the printer to build the
layers of the final model.

D. The plastic hardens quickly, that allows the printer to build the
layers of the final model.

End skippable content.

Page 8
Question 5.
A. NO CHANGE (in order to learn)

B. in order for learning

C. so that one is learning

D. so to learn

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is
making models of dinosaur bones one-tenth the bones’ original
sizes in order to learn how they fit together when the animals were
alive.

B. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is

making models of dinosaur bones one-tenth the bones’ original
sizes in order for learning how they fit together when the animals
were alive.

C. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is

making models of dinosaur bones one-tenth the bones’ original
sizes so that one is learning how they fit together when the animals
were alive.

D. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is

making models of dinosaur bones one-tenth the bones’ original
sizes so to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive.

End skippable content.

Page 9
Question 6.
A. NO CHANGE (its)

B. it’s

C. their

D. there

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the
fossils as well as its preciousness and fragility.

B. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the
fossils as well as it’s preciousness and fragility.

C. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the
fossils as well as their preciousness and fragility.

D. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the
fossils as well as there preciousness and fragility.

End skippable content.

Page 10
Question 7.
To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should be placed

A. where it is now.

B. before sentence 1.

C. after sentence 4.

D. after sentence 5.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. One significant benefit of 3-D printing technology is its ability to
create scale reproductions of fossils. But now 3-D scale models can
be rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to scientists. A team
led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making
models of dinosaur bones one-tenth the bones’ original sizes in
order to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive. In
the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the
fossils as well as its preciousness and fragility. In many cases,
scientists had to rearrange bones virtually, using artists’ renderings.

B. But now 3-D scale models can be rearranged with ease, which is a
huge boon to scientists. One significant benefit of 3-D printing
technology is its ability to create scale reproductions of fossils. A
team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making
models of dinosaur bones one-tenth the bones’ original sizes in
order to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive. In
the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the
fossils as well as its preciousness and fragility. In many cases,
scientists had to rearrange bones virtually, using artists’ renderings.

Page 11
C. One significant benefit of 3-D printing technology is its ability to
create scale reproductions of fossils. A team led by Drexel
University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur
bones one-tenth the bones’ original sizes in order to learn how they
fit together when the animals were alive. In the past, such research
was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as its
preciousness and fragility. But now 3-D scale models can be
rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to scientists. In many
cases, scientists had to rearrange bones virtually, using artists’
renderings.

D. One significant benefit of 3-D printing technology is its ability to

create scale reproductions of fossils. A team led by Drexel
University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur
bones one-tenth the bones’ original sizes in order to learn how they
fit together when the animals were alive. In the past, such research
was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as its
preciousness and fragility. In many cases, scientists had to
rearrange bones virtually, using artists’ renderings. But now 3-D
scale models can be rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to
scientists.

End skippable content.

Page 12
Question 8.
A. NO CHANGE (By contrast,)

B. Nonetheless,

C. Besides,

D. For example,

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Because CT scanners can map objects that are impossible to
 

excavate, C T scanning and 3-D printing can also be used to

 

reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand. By

contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has relied
on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered
protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

B. Because CT scanners can map objects that are impossible to

 

excavate, C T scanning and 3-D printing can also be used to

 

reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand.

Nonetheless, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has
relied on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was
discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

C. Because CT scanners can map objects that are impossible to

 

excavate, C T scanning and 3-D printing can also be used to

 

reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand. Besides,

researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has relied on this
technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered
protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

Page 13
D. Because CT scanners can map objects that are impossible to
 

excavate, C T scanning and 3-D printing can also be used to

 

reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand. For

example, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has relied
on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered
protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

End skippable content.

Page 14
Question 9.
A. NO CHANGE (has relied)

B. relied

C. will rely

D. is relying

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has
relied on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was
discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

B. By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil relied

on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered
protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

C. By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil will

rely on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was
discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

D. By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil is

relying on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was
discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

End skippable content.

Page 15
Question 10.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?

The underlined sentences are as follows:

The fossil was too delicate to be removed from the rock. Because of
the fossil’s delicate nature, the team dug up a block of stone around
the fossil and brought it to their lab.

A. The fossil could not be removed from the rock on account of it being
too delicate; moreover, the team dug up a block of stone around it
and brought it to their lab.

B. The team thought the fossil was too delicate to remove from the
rock, and their next decision was to dig up a block of stone around
the fossil and bring it to their lab.

C. The fossil was too delicate to be removed from the rock, so the
team dug up a block of stone around the fossil and brought it to
their lab.

D. In removing the fossil from the rock, the team found it was too
delicate; then they dug up a block of stone around the fossil and
brought it to their lab.

Page 16
Question 11.
A. NO CHANGE (one)

B. he or she

C. they

D. it

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Examining the model, the researchers determined that one had
found a new species, a 75-million-year-old crocodile.

B. Examining the model, the researchers determined that he or she

had found a new species, a 75-million-year-old crocodile.

C. Examining the model, the researchers determined that they had

found a new species, a 75-million-year-old crocodile.

D. Examining the model, the researchers determined that it had found

a new species, a 75-million-year-old crocodile.

End skippable content.

Page 17
Questions 12 through 22 are based on the following passage.

Thomas Nast, the Crusading Cartoonist

“Stop them pictures!” Legend has it that the corrupt politician

William “Boss” Tweed once used those words when ordering someone
to offer a bribe to Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for
cartoons that called for reforms to end corruption. [Q12] As a result,
Tweed’s attempt to silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons,
published in magazines like Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role
in bringing Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

[Q13] There were powerful political organizations in the

eighteen sixties and the eighteen seventies. The organizations were
known as “political machines” and started taking control of city
governments. These political machines were able to pack legislatures
and courts with hand-picked supporters by purchasing [Q14] votes, a
form of election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for
votes. Once a political machine had control of enough important
positions, its members were able to use public funds to enrich
themselves and their friends. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group,
which controlled New York [Q15] City in the eighteen sixties—stole
more than $30 million, the equivalent of more than $365 million today.
[Q16] Tweed had been elected to a single two-year term in Congress
in 1852. Tammany Hall was so powerful and [Q17] corrupt that, the
New York Times, commented “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the
city which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

Page 18
Given the extent of Tweed’s power, it is remarkable that a single
cartoonist could have played such a significant role in bringing about
his downfall. Nast’s cartoons depicted Tweed as a great big bloated
thief. One of the artist’s most [Q18] famous images showed Tweed
with a bag of money in place of his [Q19] head. Another featured
Tweed leaning against a ballot box with the caption “As long as I count
the votes, what are you going to do about it?” These cartoons were so
effective in part because many of the citizens who supported Tweed
were illiterate and thus could not read the newspaper accounts of his
criminal activities. Nast’s cartoons, though, widely exposed the public
to the injustice of Tweed’s political machine.

Nast’s campaign to bring down Tweed and the Tammany Hall gang
was ultimately successful. In the elections of 1871, the public voted
against most of the Tammany Hall candidates, greatly weakening
Tweed’s power. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were
[Q20] persecuted for a number of charges, including fraud and
larceny, and many of them were sent to jail. In 1875 Tweed escaped
from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly [Q21] brought about one
final [Q22] pinnacle for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish
police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.
Consequently, Tweed was sent back to jail, and Nast was hailed as the
man who toppled the great Tammany Hall machine.

Page 19
Question 12.
A. NO CHANGE (As a result,)

B. Therefore,

C. Furthermore,

D. DELETE the underlined portion.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once
used those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to
Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for cartoons that
called for reforms to end corruption. As a result, Tweed’s attempt to
silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in magazines
like Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role in bringing
Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

B. Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once

used those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to
Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for cartoons that
called for reforms to end corruption. Therefore, Tweed’s attempt to
silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in magazines
like Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role in bringing
Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

Page 20
C. Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once
used those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to
Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for cartoons that
called for reforms to end corruption. Furthermore, Tweed’s attempt
to silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in
magazines like Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role in
bringing Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

D. Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once

used those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to
Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for cartoons that
called for reforms to end corruption. Tweed’s attempt to silence the
artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in magazines like
Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role in bringing Boss Tweed
and his cronies to justice.

End skippable content.

Page 21
Question 13.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?

The underlined sentences are as follows:

There were powerful political organizations in the eighteen sixties

and the eighteen seventies. The organizations were known as
“political machines” and started taking control of city governments.

A. Powerful political organizations in the eighteen sixties and the

eighteen seventies started taking control of city governments, and
they were known as “political machines.”

B. Known as “political machines,” in the eighteen sixties and the

eighteen seventies, political organizations that were powerful
started taking control of city governments.

C. City governments were taken control of in the eighteen sixties and

the eighteen seventies, and powerful political organizations known
as “political machines” did so.

D. In the eighteen sixties and the eighteen seventies, powerful political

organizations known as “political machines” started taking control of
city governments.

Page 22
Question 14.
A. NO CHANGE (votes,)

B. votes, being

C. votes, that is

D. votes, which it is

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts
with hand-picked supporters by purchasing votes, a form of election
fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for votes.

B. These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts

with hand-picked supporters by purchasing votes, being a form of
election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for votes.

C. These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts

with hand-picked supporters by purchasing votes, that is a form of
election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for votes.

D. These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts

with hand-picked supporters by purchasing votes, which it is a form
of election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for
votes.

End skippable content.

Page 23
Question 15.
A. NO CHANGE (City in the eighteen sixties— ) 

B. City in the eighteen sixties,

C. City, in the eighteen sixties,

D. City in the eighteen sixties

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York City
in the eighteen sixties—stole more than $30 million, the equivalent
of more than $365 million today.

B. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York City

in the eighteen sixties, stole more than $30 million, the equivalent
of more than $365 million today.

C. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York City,

in the eighteen sixties, stole more than $30 million, the equivalent
of more than $365 million today.

D. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York City

in the eighteen sixties stole more than $30 million, the equivalent of
more than $365 million today.

End skippable content.

Page 24
Question 16.
The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence.

The underlined sentence is as follows:

Tweed had been elected to a single two-year term in Congress in

1852.

Should the sentence be kept or deleted?

A. Kept, because it introduces the quote from the New York Times in

the next sentence.

B. Kept, because it adds a vital detail about Tweed that is necessary to

understand his power.

C. Deleted, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph by introducing

loosely related information.

D. Deleted, because it contains information that undermines the main

claim of the passage.

Page 25
Question 17.
A. NO CHANGE (corrupt that, the New York Times, commented)

B. corrupt, that the New York Times commented,

C. corrupt that the New York Times commented,

D. corrupt that the New York Times, commented

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Tammany Hall was so powerful and corrupt that, the New York
Times, commented “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city
which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

B. Tammany Hall was so powerful and corrupt, that the New York

Times commented, “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city
which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

C. Tammany Hall was so powerful and corrupt that the New York

Times commented, “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city
which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

D. Tammany Hall was so powerful and corrupt that the New York

Times, commented “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city
which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

End skippable content.

Page 26
Question 18.
A. NO CHANGE (famous)

B. famous and well-known

C. famous and commonly known

D. famous, commonly known

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of
money in place of his head.

B. One of the artist’s most famous and well-known images showed

Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head.

C. One of the artist’s most famous and commonly known images

showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head.

D. One of the artist’s most famous, commonly known images showed

Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head.

End skippable content.

Page 27
Question 19.
Which choice adds the most relevant supporting information to the
paragraph?

A. head; like many other Nast cartoons, that one was published in
Harper’s Weekly.

B. head; Nast would later illustrate Tweed’s escape from prison.

C. head, one depiction that omits Tweed’s signature hat.

D. head, an image that perfectly captured Tweed’s greedy nature.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of
money in place of his head; like many other Nast cartoons, that one
was published in Harper’s Weekly.

B. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of
money in place of his head; Nast would later illustrate Tweed’s
escape from prison.

C. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of
money in place of his head, one depiction that omits Tweed’s
signature hat.

D. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag
of money in place of his head, an image that perfectly captured
Tweed’s greedy nature.

End skippable content.

Page 28
Question 20.
A. NO CHANGE (persecuted for)

B. persecuted on

C. persecuted with

D. prosecuted on

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were persecuted for a number of
charges, including fraud and larceny, and many of them were sent
to jail.

B. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were persecuted on a number of

charges, including fraud and larceny, and many of them were sent
to jail.

C. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were persecuted with a number of

charges, including fraud and larceny, and many of them were sent
to jail.

D. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were prosecuted on a number of

charges, including fraud and larceny, and many of them were sent
to jail.

End skippable content.

Page 29
Question 21.
A. NO CHANGE (brought)

B. bringing

C. brings

D. has brought

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly
brought about one final pinnacle for the power of political cartoons:
A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s
cartoons.

B. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly
bringing about one final pinnacle for the power of political cartoons:
A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s
cartoons.

C. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly
brings about one final pinnacle for the power of political cartoons: A
Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s
cartoons.

D. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly
has brought about one final pinnacle for the power of political
cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of
Nast’s cartoons.

End skippable content.

Page 30
Question 22.
A. NO CHANGE (pinnacle)

B. triumph

C. culmination

D. apex

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly
brought about one final pinnacle for the power of political cartoons:
A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s
cartoons.

B. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly
brought about one final triumph for the power of political cartoons:
A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s
cartoons.

C. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly
brought about one final culmination for the power of political
cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of
Nast’s cartoons.

D. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly
brought about one final apex for the power of political cartoons: A
Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s
cartoons.

End skippable content.

Page 31
Questions 23 through 33 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.

Rethinking Crowdfunding in the Arts

Crowdfunding is a popular way to raise money using the Internet. The

process sounds simple: an artist, entrepreneur, or other innovator
takes his or her ideas straight to the public via a crowdfunding
website. The innovator creates a video about the project and offers, in
exchange for donations, a series of “perks,” from acknowledgment on
a social media site to a small piece of art. Many crowdfunding
programs are all-or-nothing; in other words, the innovator must
garner 100 percent funding for the project or the money is refunded to
the donors. At [Q23] it’s best, the system can give creators direct
access to millions of potential backers.

The home page of one leading crowdfunding site features a project to

manufacture pinhole cameras on a 3-D printer. [Q24] The idea is
obviously very attractive. An obscure method of photography may be
made available to many with little expense. Within weeks, the project
was 621 percent funded. In contrast, on the same page, a small
Brooklyn performance venue is attempting to raise money for its
current season. The venue features works of performance art
showcased in a storefront window. Those who have seen the space
consider it vital. [Q25] However, that group may not be large enough;
with just fourteen days to go in the fund-raising period, the campaign
is only 46 percent funded.

Page 32
Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding
exacerbates problems that already exist. [Q26] Work, that is easily
understood and appreciated, is supported, while more complex work
goes unnoticed. [Q27] Time that could be used creating art is spent
devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors.
[Q28] In addition, audiences may contain many “free [Q29] riders,”
they did not make contributions. Ironically, the success of
crowdfunding may weaken overall funding for the arts if people begin
to feel that paying for the art [Q30] loved by them is someone else’s
responsibility.

One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system

into her crowdfunding model. Though the price for her tickets was
higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it was still affordable
to most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of the performance.
She presented the total cost for producing her play on a crowdfunding
site. Then she divided the total cost by the number of people she
expected to attend the performance. The result of the calculation was
the minimum donor price, and only donors who paid at least the
minimum ticket price were allowed to attend the performance. By
subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an
altruistic donation, the playwright showed that [Q31] our work has
monetary value to those who enjoy it. [Q32]

Page 33
Note: The following figures supplement this passage.

Page 34
Adapted from “These Were the Most Successful Projects on Kickstarter
Last Year.” ©2013 by The Economist Newspaper Limited.

Question 33 asks about the graphs.

Begin skippable figure description.

The figure presents three horizontal bar graphs titled “Crowdfunded
Projects on Kickstarter in 2012.” For the first bar graph, the horizontal
axis is labeled “Money raised, in millions of dollars,” and the numbers
0 through 100, in increments of 25, are indicated. There are 8 bars
representing different project categories. From top to bottom, the data
represented by each of the bars are as follows. Note that all values are
approximate.

Page 35
Games, $82 million

Publishing, $15 million

Food, $13 million

Art, $12 million

Theater, $8 million

Fashion, $7 million

Photography, $3 million

Dance, $2 million

For the second bar graph, the horizontal axis is labeled “Average
pledge, in dollars,” and the numbers 0 through 100, in increments of
25, are indicated. There are 8 bars representing different project
categories. From top to bottom, the data represented by each of the
bars are as follows. Note that all values are approximate.

Food, $80

Fashion, $77

Dance, $75

Theater, $74

Photography, $71

Art, $68

Games, $62

Publishing, $59

Page 36
For the third bar graph, the horizontal axis is labeled “Success rate, in
percent of fully funded projects,” and the numbers 0 through 100, in
increments of 25, are indicated. There are 8 bars representing
different project categories. From top to bottom, the data represented
by each of the bars are as follows. Note that all values are
approximate.

Dance, 77%

Theater, 68%

Art, 48%

Food, 36%

Photography, 33%

Games, 30%

Publishing, 27%

Fashion, 25%

End skippable figure description.

Page 37
Question 23.
A. NO CHANGE (it’s)

B. its

C. its’

D. their

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. At it’s best, the system can give creators direct access to millions of
potential backers.

B. At its best, the system can give creators direct access to millions of
potential backers.

C. At its’ best, the system can give creators direct access to millions of
potential backers.

D. At their best, the system can give creators direct access to millions
of potential backers.

End skippable content.

Page 38
Question 24.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?

The underlined sentences are as follows:

The idea is obviously very attractive. An obscure method of

photography may be made available to many with little expense.

A. With the idea being obviously very attractive, an obscure method of

photography may be made available to many at little expense.

B. The idea is obviously very attractive: an obscure method of

photography may be made available to many at little expense.

C. An obscure method of photography may be made available to many

at little expense, and the idea is obviously very attractive.

D. An obscure method of photography, an idea that is obviously very

attractive, may be made available to many at little expense.

Page 39
Question 25.
A. NO CHANGE (However,)

B. Therefore,

C. In effect,

D. As a rule,

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Those who have seen the space consider it vital. However, that
group may not be large enough; with just fourteen days to go in the
fund-raising period, the campaign is only 46 percent funded.

B. Those who have seen the space consider it vital. Therefore, that
group may not be large enough; with just fourteen days to go in the
fund-raising period, the campaign is only 46 percent funded.

C. Those who have seen the space consider it vital. In effect, that
group may not be large enough; with just fourteen days to go in the
fund-raising period, the campaign is only 46 percent funded.

D. Those who have seen the space consider it vital. As a rule, that
group may not be large enough; with just fourteen days to go in the
fund-raising period, the campaign is only 46 percent funded.

End skippable content.

Page 40
Question 26.
A. NO CHANGE (Work, that is easily understood and appreciated, is
supported,)

B. Work that is easily understood and appreciated is supported,

C. Work that is easily understood, and appreciated is supported

D. Work—that is easily understood and appreciated—is supported,

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding
exacerbates problems that already exist. Work, that is easily
understood and appreciated, is supported, while more complex work
goes unnoticed.

B. Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding

exacerbates problems that already exist. Work that is easily
understood and appreciated is supported, while more complex work
goes unnoticed.

C. Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding

exacerbates problems that already exist. Work that is easily
understood, and appreciated is supported while more complex work
goes unnoticed.

D. Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding

exacerbates problems that already exist. Work—that is easily
understood and appreciated—is supported, while more complex
work goes unnoticed.

End skippable content.

Page 41
Question 27.
At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

Crowdfunding tends to attract contributors from a wide variety of

professional fields.

Should the writer make this addition here?

A. Yes, because it gives more information about the people who

donate to crowdfunding campaigns.

B. Yes, because it reinforces the writer’s point about the funding of

artistic projects.

C. No, because it fails to take into account project funding received

from public institutions.

D. No, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph by introducing a

poorly integrated piece of information.

Page 42
Question 28.
A. NO CHANGE (In addition,)

B. Conversely,

C. However,

D. Thus,

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks
to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition,
audiences may contain many “free riders,” they did not make
contributions.

B. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks
to draw the attention of potential contributors. Conversely,
audiences may contain many “free riders,” they did not make
contributions.

C. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks
to draw the attention of potential contributors. However, audiences
may contain many “free riders,” they did not make contributions.

D. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks
to draw the attention of potential contributors. Thus, audiences may
contain many “free riders,” they did not make contributions.

End skippable content.

Page 43
Question 29.
A. NO CHANGE (riders,” they did not make)

B. riders,” not making

C. riders,” who did not make

D. riders” to not make

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks
to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition,
audiences may contain many “free riders,” they did not make
contributions.

B. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks
to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition,
audiences may contain many “free riders,” not making
contributions.

C. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks
to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition,
audiences may contain many “free riders,” who did not make
contributions.

D. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks
to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition,
audiences may contain many “free riders” to not make
contributions.

End skippable content.

Page 44
Question 30.
A. NO CHANGE (loved by them)

B. they love

C. loved by him or her

D. he or she loves

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken overall funding
for the arts if people begin to feel that paying for the art loved by
them is someone else’s responsibility.

B. Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken overall funding

for the arts if people begin to feel that paying for the art they love is
someone else’s responsibility.

C. Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken overall funding

for the arts if people begin to feel that paying for the art loved by
him or her is someone else’s responsibility.

D. Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken overall funding

for the arts if people begin to feel that paying for the art he or she
loves is someone else’s responsibility.

End skippable content.

Page 45
Question 31.
A. NO CHANGE (our)

B. their

C. her

D. its

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is
an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that our work has
monetary value to those who enjoy it.

B. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is
an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that their work has
monetary value to those who enjoy it.

C. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is
an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that her work has
monetary value to those who enjoy it.

D. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is
an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that its work has
monetary value to those who enjoy it.

End skippable content.

Page 46
Question 32.
To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should be placed

A. where it is now.

B. after sentence 3.

C. after sentence 4.

D. after sentence 5.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system
into her crowdfunding model. Though the price for her tickets was
higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it was still
affordable to most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of the
performance. She presented the total cost for producing her play on
a crowdfunding site. Then she divided the total cost by the number
of people she expected to attend the performance. The result of the
calculation was the minimum donor price, and only donors who paid
at least the minimum ticket price were allowed to attend the
performance. By subverting the presumption that money used for
her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that our
work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

Page 47
B. One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system
into her crowdfunding model. She presented the total cost for
producing her play on a crowdfunding site. Though the price for her
tickets was higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it was
still affordable to most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of
the performance. Then she divided the total cost by the number of
people she expected to attend the performance. The result of the
calculation was the minimum donor price, and only donors who paid
at least the minimum ticket price were allowed to attend the
performance. By subverting the presumption that money used for
her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that our
work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

C. One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system

into her crowdfunding model. She presented the total cost for
producing her play on a crowdfunding site. Then she divided the
total cost by the number of people she expected to attend the
performance. Though the price for her tickets was higher than that
of tickets for comparable shows, it was still affordable to most
theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of the performance. The
result of the calculation was the minimum donor price, and only
donors who paid at least the minimum ticket price were allowed to
attend the performance. By subverting the presumption that money
used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed
that our work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

Page 48
D. One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system
into her crowdfunding model. She presented the total cost for
producing her play on a crowdfunding site. Then she divided the
total cost by the number of people she expected to attend the
performance. The result of the calculation was the minimum donor
price, and only donors who paid at least the minimum ticket price
were allowed to attend the performance. Though the price for her
tickets was higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it was
still affordable to most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of
the performance. By subverting the presumption that money used
for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that
our work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

End skippable content.

Question 33.
Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the
graphs?

A. The project category with the lowest amount of money raised was
also the most successfully funded project category.

B. The project category with the highest average pledge amount was
also the most successfully funded project category.

C. The project category with the lowest average pledge amount was
also the project category that raised the most money.

D. The project category with the highest average pledge amount was
also the project category with the most money raised.

Page 49
Questions 34 through 44 are based on the following passage.

Investigative Journalism: An Evolving American Tradition

The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable profession

has exacerbated long-held concerns about the state of investigative
reporting in the United States. Facing lower print circulation and
diminished advertising revenue, many major newspapers have
reduced or eliminated investigative resources. Newspapers, the
traditional nurturing ground for investigative journalism, have been hit
especially hard by the widespread availability of free news online. To
survive, investigative journalism must continue to adapt to the digital
age. [Q34]

It is not difficult to understand why a cash-strapped, understaffed

publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative
[Q35] reporter’s—their work is expensive and time-consuming.
[Q36] Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves
original, often long-form reporting on such topics as [Q37] illegal
activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.
An investigative story involves one or more experienced journalists
dedicating their full energy and the resources of the publisher to a
piece for a prolonged period of time. Expensive legal battles may
ensue. The results of this work, though costly, have helped keep those
in power accountable. The exposure by Washington Post reporters
Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of government misconduct in the
Watergate scandal resulted in the resignation of
President Richard Nixon in 1974. More recently, Seymour Hersh,
reporting for the New Yorker in 2004, helped publicize the
mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners by U S personnel at Abu Ghraib during
 

Page 50
the Iraq War. [Q38] In these and other cases, exposure from reporters
has served as an important [Q39] blockade to or scolding of
malfeasance.

While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media [Q40] could not

entail the end of investigative journalism. [Q41] Although many
newsrooms have reduced their staff, some still employ investigative
reporters. Nonprofit [Q42] enterprises such as the Organized Crime
and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by
staff losses at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising freelance
reporters, newly funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social
media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public conversation
about key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, [Q43] for example,
solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing
stories to its website. Far from marking the end of investigative
journalism, [Q44] cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens
has been facilitated by the advent of the digital age through an
increase in the number of potential investigators.

Page 51
Question 34.
For the sake of the logic and cohesion of the paragraph, sentence 3
should be

A. placed where it is now.

B. placed before sentence 1.

C. placed after sentence 1.

D. DELETED from the paragraph.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable
profession has exacerbated long-held concerns about the state of
investigative reporting in the United States. Facing lower print
circulation and diminished advertising revenue, many major
newspapers have reduced or eliminated investigative resources.
Newspapers, the traditional nurturing ground for investigative
journalism, have been hit especially hard by the widespread
availability of free news online. To survive, investigative journalism
must continue to adapt to the digital age.

B. Newspapers, the traditional nurturing ground for investigative

journalism, have been hit especially hard by the widespread
availability of free news online. The recent precipitous decline of
print journalism as a viable profession has exacerbated long-held
concerns about the state of investigative reporting in the
United States. Facing lower print circulation and diminished
advertising revenue, many major newspapers have reduced or
eliminated investigative resources. To survive, investigative
journalism must continue to adapt to the digital age.

Page 52
C. The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable
profession has exacerbated long-held concerns about the state of
investigative reporting in the United States. Newspapers, the
traditional nurturing ground for investigative journalism, have been
hit especially hard by the widespread availability of free news
online. Facing lower print circulation and diminished advertising
revenue, many major newspapers have reduced or eliminated
investigative resources. To survive, investigative journalism must
continue to adapt to the digital age.

D. The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable

profession has exacerbated long-held concerns about the state of
investigative reporting in the United States. Facing lower print
circulation and diminished advertising revenue, many major
newspapers have reduced or eliminated investigative resources. To
survive, investigative journalism must continue to adapt to the
digital age.

End skippable content.

Page 53
Question 35.
A. NO CHANGE (reporter’s— )  

B. reporters:

C. reporters,

D. reporter’s;

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. It is not difficult to understand why a cash-strapped, understaffed
publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative
reporter’s—their work is expensive and time-consuming.

B. It is not difficult to understand why a cash-strapped, understaffed

publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative
reporters: their work is expensive and time-consuming.

C. It is not difficult to understand why a cash-strapped, understaffed

publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative
reporters, their work is expensive and time-consuming.

D. It is not difficult to understand why a cash-strapped, understaffed

publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative
reporter’s; their work is expensive and time-consuming.

End skippable content.

Page 54
Question 36.
A. NO CHANGE (Taking on)

B. Undertaken in

C. Overtaking

D. Taking off from

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves
original, often long-form reporting on such topics as illegal
activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political
corruption.

B. Undertaken in the public interest, investigative journalism involves

original, often long-form reporting on such topics as illegal
activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political
corruption.

C. Overtaking the public interest, investigative journalism involves

original, often long-form reporting on such topics as illegal
activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political
corruption.

D. Taking off from the public interest, investigative journalism involves

original, often long-form reporting on such topics as illegal
activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political
corruption.

End skippable content.

Page 55
Question 37.
A. NO CHANGE (illegal activities,)

B. business scandals,

C. abuse of government power,

D. DELETE the underlined portion.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves
original, often long-form reporting on such topics as illegal
activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political
corruption.

B. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves

original, often long-form reporting on such topics as business
scandals, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political
corruption.

C. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves

original, often long-form reporting on such topics as abuse of
government power, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and
political corruption.

D. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves

original, often long-form reporting on such topics as street crime,
corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.

End skippable content.

Page 56
Question 38.
At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

In 1954, Edward R. Murrow and Fred Friendly produced episodes of

the CB S television show See It Now that contributed to the end of
   

U S senator Joseph McCarthy’s anticommunist “witch hunts.”

 

Should the writer make this addition here?

A. Yes, because it helps clarify that the passage’s main focus is on

investigations of political corruption.

B. Yes, because it offers an important counterpoint to the other cases

previously described in the paragraph.

C. No, because it gives an example that is both chronologically and

substantively out of place in the paragraph.

D. No, because it provides an example that is inconsistent with the

passage’s definition of investigative journalism.

Page 57
Question 39.
A. NO CHANGE (blockade to or scolding of)

B. interference to or condemnation of

C. drag on or reproof of

D. deterrent or rebuke to

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. In these and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an
important blockade to or scolding of malfeasance.

B. In these and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an
important interference to or condemnation of malfeasance.

C. In these and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an
important drag on or reproof of malfeasance.

D. In these and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an
important deterrent or rebuke to malfeasance.

End skippable content.

Page 58
Question 40.
Which choice most effectively suggests that the “end of investigative
journalism” is a real possibility but one that can be prevented?

A. NO CHANGE (could)

B. need

C. will

D. must

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media could not
entail the end of investigative journalism.

B. While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media need not

entail the end of investigative journalism.

C. While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media will not entail
the end of investigative journalism.

D. While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media must not

entail the end of investigative journalism.

End skippable content.

Page 59
Question 41.
Which choice most effectively sets up the examples in the following
sentences?

A. NO CHANGE (Although many newsrooms have reduced their staff,

some still employ investigative reporters.)

B. Investigative journalism also declined between the nineteen thirties

and nineteen fifties, only to be revived in the nineteen sixties.

C. According to the Pew Research Center, more people get their

national and international news from the Internet than from
newspapers.

D. Indeed, recent years have witnessed innovative adjustments to

changing times.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Although many newsrooms have reduced their staff, some still
employ investigative reporters. Nonprofit enterprises such as the
Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill
the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines.
Enterprising freelance reporters, newly funded by nonprofits, make
extensive use of social media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster
a public conversation about key issues. The Help Me Investigate
project, for example, solicited readers to submit tips and
information related to ongoing stories to its website.

Page 60
B. Investigative journalism also declined between the nineteen  thirties
and nineteen fifties, only to be revived in the nineteen sixties.
Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime and Corruption
Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses
at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising freelance reporters,
newly funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social media,
including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public conversation about
key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, for example, solicited
readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to
its website.

C. According to the Pew Research Center, more people get their

national and international news from the Internet than from
newspapers. Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime and
Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by
staff losses at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising freelance
reporters, newly funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social
media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public conversation
about key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, for example,
solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing
stories to its website.

D. Indeed, recent years have witnessed innovative adjustments to

changing times. Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime
and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created
by staff losses at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising freelance
reporters, newly funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social
media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public conversation
about key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, for example,
solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing
stories to its website.

End skippable content.

Page 61
Question 42.
A. NO CHANGE (enterprises such as)

B. enterprises: such as

C. enterprises such as:

D. enterprises, such as

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime and Corruption
Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses
at newspapers and magazines.

B. Nonprofit enterprises: such as the Organized Crime and Corruption

Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses
at newspapers and magazines.

C. Nonprofit enterprises such as: the Organized Crime and Corruption

Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses
at newspapers and magazines.

D. Nonprofit enterprises, such as the Organized Crime and Corruption

Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses
at newspapers and magazines.

End skippable content.

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Question 43.
A. NO CHANGE (for example,)

B. therefore,

C. however,

D. in any case,

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. The Help Me Investigate project, for example, solicited readers to
submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

B. The Help Me Investigate project, therefore, solicited readers to

submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

C. The Help Me Investigate project, however, solicited readers to

submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

D. The Help Me Investigate project, in any case, solicited readers to

submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

End skippable content.

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Question 44.
A. NO CHANGE (cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens
has been facilitated by the advent of the digital age through an
increase in the number of potential investigators.)

B. the number of potential investigators has increased since the

advent of the digital age owing to the facilitation of cooperation
among journalists and ordinary citizens.

C. the advent of the digital age has increased the number of potential
investigators by facilitating cooperation among journalists and
ordinary citizens.

D. by facilitating cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens

the advent of the digital age has increased the number of potential
investigators.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, cooperation
among journalists and ordinary citizens has been facilitated by the
advent of the digital age through an increase in the number of
potential investigators.

B. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, the number of

potential investigators has increased since the advent of the digital
age owing to the facilitation of cooperation among journalists and
ordinary citizens.

C. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, the advent of

the digital age has increased the number of potential investigators
by facilitating cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens.

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D. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, by facilitating
cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens the advent of
the digital age has increased the number of potential investigators.

End skippable content.

Stop.
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on
this section only. Do not go on to any other section.

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