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Pure Math – Formulae

Trigonometry
Relations among Trigo functions: Multiple angle formulae:
sin2 + cos2 =1 sin2A = 2 sinA cosA
sec2 – tan  = 1
2 cos2A = cos2A – sin2A
csc  – cot2 = 1
2 = 2 cos2A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2A
1 2 tan A
cos2 A  tan 2 A 
1  tan2 A 1  tan 2 A
2
sin2 A  tan A sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A
1  tan2 A cos3A = 4cos3A – 3cosA
tan 3 A  3 tan A  tan
3
A
Inverse Trigo. functions: 1  3 tan A
2

sin 1 x  cos 1 x  
2 Half angle formulae:
tan x  cot x  
1 1
sin 2 A = 1 1  cos A
2 2 2
sec 1 x  csc 1 x   cos2 A = 1 1  cos A
2 2 2
csc 1 x  sin 1 1 tan 2 
A 1  cos A
x
2 1  cos A
1 1
sec x  cos
1
x tan A  1  cos A  sin A
2 sin A 1  cos A
cot 1 x  tan 1 1 A
x tan  csc A  cot A
2
sin–1(–x) = – sin–1x
cos–1(–x) =  – sin–1x sin A  2 t 2
1 t
tan–1(–x) = – tan–1x
cos A  1  t 2
2

cot–1(–x) =  – cot–1x 1 t
sec–1(–x) =  – sec–1x
tan A  2 t 2
csc–1(–x) = – csc–1x 1 t

Compound angle formulae: Transformation of Sum & Product:

sin(A+B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
sin A cos B  1 sin A  B  sin A  B
cos(A+B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB 2
tan A  B  tan A + tan B cos A sin B  1 sin A  B  sin A  B
1  tan A tan B 2
sin(A–B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB cos A cos B  1 cos A  B  cos A  B
cos(A–B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB 2
tan A  B  tan A  tan B sin A sin B  cos A  B  cos A  B
1
1  tan A tan B 2
=  1 cos A  B  cos A  B
2
Subsidiary angle form: sin A  sin B  2 sin A  B cos A  B
a cos   b sin   a 2  b2 sin   2 2
A  B A  B
 a 2  b2 cos   sin A  sin B  2 cos sin
2 2
a b 
where tan   , tan   cos A  cos B  2 cos A B cos  B
A
b a 2 2
cos A  cos B  2 sin A  B sin B  A
2 2
 2 sin A  B sin A  B
2 2
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Differentiation
Differentiation of Algebraic Function: Differentiation of Exponential Functions:
d c=0 d a u  a u ln a du
dx dx dx
d x=1 d e u  e u du
dx dx dx
d x n = n x n–1 d u v  vu v1 du  u v ln u dv
dx dx dx dx
d (u  v) = du  dv
dx dx dx Differentiation of Trigo Function:
d  u  
n n
dui d sin u = cos u du
dx  
i 1
i 
 i 1 dx dx dx
d (uv) = u dv  v du d cos u = – sin u du
dx dx
dx dx dx
n d tan u = sec2u du
d  
n dui
ui    k1 uk dx
n
dx dx
dx  i 1  i 1 k i d cot u = – csc2u du
dx dx
d k u = k du d sec u = sec u tan u du
dx dx dx dx
d u n = n u n–1 du d csc u = – csc u cot u du
dx dx dx dx
v du

d ( u )  dx u dx
dv
d sin 1 u  1 du
dx v v2 dx 1  u 2 dx
If y = F(x) = f (u) = f (g(x)), d cos 1 u   1 du
dy df dg dy du dx 1  u 2 dx
   
dx dg dx du dx d tan 1 u  1 du
dx 1  u 2 dx
Differentiation of Logarithm: d cot 1 u   1 du
dx 1  u 2 dx
d ln u  1 du
dx u dx d sec 1 u  1 du
dx u u 2  1 dx
d log u  log a e du
dx a
u dx
d csc 1 u   1 du
dx u u 2  1 dx

Integration
Polynomial & Functions:  sec xdx  tan x
2

  f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx  cot xdx   cot x

2

 kf ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx kR  sec x tan xdx  sec x

 kdx  kx  csc x cot xdx   csc x
n 1
x
 x dx  n  1
n
 sin xdx  x sin x  1  x
1 1 2

 cos xdx  x cos x  1  x

1 1 2

Trigonometric Functions:
 tan xdx  x tan x  ln 1  x
1 1 2
 sin xdx   cos x
 cos xdx  sin x  cot xdx  x cot x  ln 1  x
1 1 2

 tan xdx  ln sec x  sec xdx  x sec x  ln x  x

1 1 2
1

 cot xdx  ln sin x  csc

1
xdx  x csc 1 x  ln x  x 2  1
 sec xdx  ln sec x  tan x
x 
 sec xdx  ln tan 2  4 
 csc xdx  ln csc x  cot x
x
 csc xdx  ln tan 2
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Exponential & Logarithmic Function: Common reduction formulae:

 e dx  e
n1
x x
xdx   sin x cos x  n 1 sin n2 xdx
 sin n 
n

x
n
a
 a dx  ln a
x n1
x  n 1 cosn2 xdx
 cos xdx  sin x cos n 
n
n
 ln xdx  x ln x  x n1

 tan xdx  tann 1x   tan xdx

n n 2

n1
Integrals involving Reciprocals:  cot xdx   cotn 1x   cot xdx
n n 2

 dxx  ln x n 2

 sec xdx  sec n x1tan x  nn 12  sec xdx

n n 2

 1dx x  sin x
1
n 2

 csc xdx   csc n x1cot x  nn 12  csc xdx

2 n n 2

 1 dxx  tan x  ln x  dx  xln x   n ln x  dx

1 n n n 1
2

 x dxx  1  sec x  sin

m
1 x cosn xdx
2 m 1 n 1
 sin x cos x  n  1  sin m x cosn  2 xdx
mn mn
 x dx a  1a tan ax
1

 sin x cos
2 2 m n
xdx

 x dx a  21a ln xx  aa
m 1 n 1
 sin x cos x  n  1  sin m x cosn  2 xdx
2 2
mn mn

 a dx x  21a ln xx  aa  sin x cos

m n
xdx
2 2 m 1 n 1
 sin x cos x  n  1  sin m x cosn  2 xdx
 x dx a  lnx  x  a  mn mn
2 2

 sin x cos
2 2 m n
xdx

 x dx a  ln x  x  a
m 1 n 1
 sin x cos x  m  n  2  sin m  2 x cosn xdx
2 2
2 2 m 1 m 1

 a dx x  sin ax
2 2
1
 dx  1
(ax 2  bx  c)n (n  1)(4ac  b2 )
 
Square Roots:
 dx 2ax  b
2a(2n  3) (ax 2  bx  c)n 1  (ax 2  bx  c)n 1 
 


2
x 2  a 2 dx  x x 2  a 2  a ln x  x 2  a 2
2 2
 
2

 x 2  a 2 dx  x x 2  a 2  a ln x  x 2  a 2
2 2
2

 a 2  x 2 dx  x a 2  x 2  a sin 1 x
2 2 a