NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 12

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is designed to be a part of the school’s extension service which focuses on
community development. Community service is performed by the NSTP 12 students for the benefit
of the public and the community itself. It is a part of the learning process and development of
individuals for the love of the community and the country as a whole.
PRE-REQUISITE(S)

None

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

CO1: Familiarize and be responsive to the problems in the community;
CO2: Identify and seek resolutions to major issues concerning the community and its
people; and
CO3: Determine community service based on the needs of the community particularly in
social problems.

Lesson 1: GOOD GOVERNANCE

Every citizen dreams for a good government which is run by honest and good
leaders. With the advent of advanced information technology, globalization and
decentralized governance, there is an increased need for effective, accountable and
transparent administrative management and structures based on collaboration and
partnership among the essential players of the state.
DEFINITION OF GOVERNANCE
Governance is the management of the resource endowment of a state. It is practiced
through processes, mechanisms and institutions through which the citizens and other
groups of society articulate their interests, exercise legal rights, meet their obligations and
mediate their differences.
It is further defined as the manner in which the power of government authorities is
exercised through the economic and social resources of the country’s development.
However, Manasan and Gaffud( 1999) state that “ governance is not simply about
how government conducts business in its own sphere. It is also about how government
interacts with the civil society. It tells how the government encourages and facilitate
people’s participation not only in the delivery of service, but also in the evaluation and
monitoring of government performance.”
The manner in which the responsibility is discharged by government officials is
through governance which can be acquired by means of election, appointment or
delegation in the public domain or in the area of commerce- corporate governance.
DEFINITION OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
Good Governance pertains to the existence of an efficient and accountable
institution, be it judicial, executive, administrative, economic, corporate, and entrenched
rules that protect human rights, respect the rule of law, and ensure that people are free to
participate in and will be heard on, decisions that affect their lives, and most especially for
the promotion of society’s development.
Good governance should demand the following characteristics from effective and
efficient government officials.
1. ACCOUNTABLE. This means that the government authority is answerable to the public for
the decision he has rendered.
2. PARTICIPATORY. This means that the government official practices participatory
management wherein the public is involved in decision making, in all the activities they are
undertaking through their representatives.
3. TRANSPARENT. The public is entitled to information and can access documents, provided
it will not bring danger to the State.
4. BASED ON THE RULE OF LAW. There is fairness in decision-making and the enforcement
of the law is not impartial.
5. EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE. The services rendered by the government officials to the
public meet the needs of their constituents.
PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
Good governance is guided by the following principles for officials to be able to
render effective and efficient service to the public.
1. It focuses on the organization’s purpose and on the outcomes for citizens and service
users.
This means that the purpose of the organization is clear for the users to receive a
high quality service and the taxpayers receive value for what they have paid.
2. It performs effectively in clearly defined functions and roles
The government officials carry out their responsibilities effectively in consonance
with their defined functions and roles.
3. It promotes values for the whole organization and demonstrate these values of good
governance through behaviour.
All the good values expected of the government officials are put into practice. They
serve as good models to their constituents.
4. It means that the information relative to their decisions and risk management are
transparent.
 The leader sees to it that there is an effective risk management in operation for the
organization and the information is accessible to the public.
5. It develops the capacity and capability of the governing body to be effective.
The elected government officials undergo seminars and training to enhance their
skills, knowledge and experience they need to perform their task well.

WORKSHEET NO. 1
1. Define the following in your own words:
a) GOVERNANCE
b) GOOD GOVERNANCE
2. Do you think our elected government officials practice good governance? Explain.
3. Enumerate the characteristics of Good Governance and explain each in your own words.
Lesson 2: SAFEGUARDING THE ELECTORAL AND POLITICAL PROCESSES
A GOOD CITIZENSHIP GUIDE TO RESPONSIBLE VOTING
Why should I vote?
Voting or suffrage is a privilege and right given to every Filipino citizen. More than
anything else however, it is a responsibility that every Filipino is expected to fulfil in earnest.
By voting, a Filipino is given the opportunity to be directly involved in the affairs of
the nation and have a stake in national interest. Thus, voting is a privilege.
Upon having met the prescriptions of the law, every citizen is entitled to vote and
cannot be deterred from fulfilling this function. Hence, voting is one of the Filipino’s most
inalienable rights.
By casting his vote, a Filipino makes himself a part of the nation’s conscience
whereby his decision affect the history of the whole nation, the well-being of his community
and the fate of his family. Therefore, by deciding the fate and interest of the whole nation,
the Filipino is charge with the responsibility to promote and uphold what is beneficial to the
Common Good. Thus, voting is a critical responsibility of every qualified Filipino citizen.
CHEATING DURING ELECTIONS
REGISTRATION
1. Registration of non-qualified voters
This can also be called “packing of voters’ lists”. To ensure that a candidate will have
captive votes, he will haul in voters even if these voters do not meet the citizenship, age or
residence requirements. When the registration period has already lapsed, the same
objective can be achieved through the manipulation of inclusion proceedings in the court.
2. Disenfranchisement of qualified voters
This is resorted to when a candidate believes that a voter or group of voters will vote
for his opponent/s. It can come in the form of discouraging them from registering at all or, if
they managed to register, to exclude them from the voters’ lists through an ostensibly legal
exclusion proceeding in the court.
ELECTION
1. VOTE BUYING
A) With or without chained balloting
Some candidates will take the word of the bought voter. However, if he wants to be
sure that he gets his money’s worth, the candidate will employ chained balloting or
“lansadera.” At the start of the day, all the potential “buyees” are gathered in one place
and, as soon as the polls are opened, one of them is sent to the polling place.
After he has signed and has been given a ballot by the clerk, he now takes it with him
to the polling both.
What he does with the ballot becomes the heart of the illegal scheme. Instead of
filling out the ballot, he puts it in his pocket and casts something that looks like a ballot into
the ballot box. Thereafter, he presents the blank official ballot to the buyer who pays him an
amount for his effort. The buyer then fills out the ballot himself and hands the same to the
second voter. The second voter goes to the polling place and obtains a blank official ballot,
which he turns over later to the buyer and the cycle is repeated.
B) WITH OR WITHOUT IDENTIFYING MARKS
Another way of ensuring that the brought voter will live up to his end of the bargain
is to specify how that voter will fill out his ballot. The voter can be required to write the
candidate’s name in a peculiar way, e. g. first name last, with nickname, misspelled names,
etc.
2. NEGATIVE VOTE BUYING
This is the simplest way of buying votes, where a candidate is certain that a voter will
not vote for him, he can pay him not to vote. Efficiency can be achieved by herding the
voters together and getting them on a bus that will take them away for the rest of the day.
A lot of times, the voters will be compelled to have their index fingers smeared with
indelible ink.
3. WAYLAYING OF VOTERS
A) Through fraud or stealth
This has the same objective as negative vote buying except that no financial benefit
accrues to the voter. With the connivance of the Board of Election Inspectors, the voter’s
name is deleted from the list. This result s in confusion resulting to voter’s
disenfranchisement.
B) Through intimidation or downright terrorism.
4. STUFFING OF BALLOT BOXES WITH FAKE BALLOTS
5. BALLOTS WRITING BY ONLY ONE PERSON OR GROUP OF PERSONS
6. VOTING BY PERSONS OTHER THAN THE REGISTERED VOTERS
Toward the end of the voting period, the list is scanned for those who have not
voted yet. Ballots are issued to persons other than the registered voters and are filled out by
the co-conspirators of the cheating candidate. As expected, it gives name that will appear in
the appropriate place.
7. MISREADING OF BALLOTS
8. BALLOTS/BALLOT BOXES SNATCHING OR DESTRUCTION
9. BALLOTS/BALLOT BOXES SUBSTITUTION
10. FALSIFICATION (TAMPERING) OF ELECTION RETURNS
After counting is completed in the precinct, the votes are recorded in a document
called Election Return.
The intercalation of a single digit can result in a hundred votes in favor of a
candidate. This is so easy to do because by this time the level of awareness has been
relaxed, the recording being anti-climactic to the counting.
11. FALSIFICATION OF STATEMENT OF VOTES OR CERTIFICATE OF CANVASS IN THE
MUNICIPAL OR CITY BOARD OF CANVASSERS
Falsification even becomes more vicious when the manipulation is done at the level
of the city or municipal board of canvassers.
The results of all the precincts in a city or municipality are recorded in a document
called the Statement of Voters prepared by the Board of Canvassers. The insertion or
intercalation of one or two digits can result in tens of thousands of votes undeservedly
added.

OVERSEAS ABSENTEE VOTING ACT OF 2003

Who may apply?
All citizens of the Philippines abroad, at least eighteen (18) years of age on the day of
the election, not otherwise disqualified by law land who are not registered as voter under
R.A. No. 8189, known as The Voters Registration Act No. 8189 ( System of Continuing
Registration).
Who are disqualified?
 1. Those who have lost their citizenship in accordance with Philippine laws;
2. Those who have expressly denounced their Philippine citizenship and who have pledged
allegiance to a foreign country;
3. Those who have been convicted by final judgement of a court or tribunal of an offense
punishable imprisonment for not less than one year, unless such disability has been
removed by plenary pardon or amnesty;
4. An immigrant or permanent resident who is recognized as such to the host country,
unless he/she executes upon filing of an application for registration as overseas voter, an
affidavit declaring that:
a) He/She shall resume actual physical permanent residence in the Philippines not
later than three years from the approval of his/her registration; and
b) He/She has not applied for citizenship in another country.
5. Any citizen of the Philippines abroad previously declared insane or incompetent by
competent authority in the Philippines.

DO’S AND DON’TS

DO’S
1. Choose a credible candidate;
2. Support the campaign for a peaceful and orderly conduct of election;
3. If possible, attend and participate in the “Miting De Avanse” of the candidates for you to
be able to know their platforms and goals.
4. Encourage voters to exercise their rights;
5. Adhere to the results/procedures set by the COMELEC;
6.Prepare a list of your chosen candidates before going to your respective polling place;
7. Go to the polling center early to avoid the rush;
8. Beware of trouble-makers who intend to disrupt the conduct of the election; and
9. Report any untoward incident to the nearest police station or COMELEC.

DON’TS
1. Raise funds thru dances, lotteries, and cockfighting in support of particular candidates;
2. Carry firearms and deadly weapons;
3. Post, display, distribute and use of illegal campaign materials;
4. Sell, furnish, distribute, offer, serve or take intoxicating liquor;
5. Vote-selling
6. Vote more than once or in substitution of another;
7. Hold fairs, cockfights, boxing , horse races or similar sports;
8. Open booths of stalls of the sale , etc. of wares, merchandise or refreshments, within
thirty meters radius from polling places; and
9. accept free transportation, foods, drinks and things of value from any candidate of their
parties.
WORKSHEET NO. 2

1. Is voting a right or a privilege? Explain.

2. How is cheating done in elections from Registration to Election time?
3. Who has the right to vote? Explain.

LESSON 3: SOCIAL MOBILIZATION

COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL MOBILIZATION

The social mobilization’s concept is mainly based on the development approach to
empower the deprived and poor people of rural as well as urban areas for improving their
position in life and condition in a sustainable way. It is basically guided by the following
components which has an impact on the lives of the community people directly or
indirectly.
1. to achieve GROWTH in the physical, intellectual, volitional and moral capabilities of the
deprived people as persons; this means that the people should acquire useful knowledge,
social awareness, and ability to make choices, physical security and self-assurance.
2. The complementary component is EMPOWERMENT of deprived people through
strengthening of their collective capabilities. This implies bonafide leadership, solidarity, and
participatory decision-making of the self-help groups/organization.
3. The TRANFORMATION OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS in keeping with the principles of equity
and social justice;
4. ENHANCEMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL RESORCE is where the deprived people depend for
their physical security and sustenance.
5. DYNAMIC CULTURAL INNOVATION in the values, beliefs and norms that constitute the
blueprint for a developed society and for the behaviour of its members.

The self-help organization which can be initiated by the students in the National
service training Program can help deprived community to be able to lead their self-
development process in the following self-propelled manner:
1. help in providing local mechanism for mobilizing savings of the community and provide
credit to meet their financial needs;
2. assist in creating people’s institutions to initiate/support local communities and groups to
identify and mobilize local resources and properly utilize external resources;
3. help in building confidence and enhancing the capacity of community people in
promoting self-reliance; and
4. assist in establishing a network of community financial institutions owned and
democratically operated by the community people.

Therefore, Social Mobilization as expounded by ABHIYAN (2004) in his advocacy

program states that it is also known as a process of formation and management of self-help
organization/group by the concerned community people which could be led by the NSTP
students. In this context, the role of the students is as catalysts and they should do the
following:
1. Identification of the needs of the people in the community where they are assigned;
2. Assist the people in analysing their problems;
3. Guide the group to form and manage self-help groups
4. Help them on how they could develop their institutions;
5. Guide them on how they could increase access and control over the resources; and
6. help them plan and implement self-reliance through small entrepreneurial activities at
the community level.
The NSTP students should bear in mind that the sustainable and self-propelled
development of the community is impossible they take charge of their development process
with their own decision-making and implementation mechanism. It is capacitated in terms
of conceptual understanding and management and advocacy related to Knowledge, skills
and attitudes. The intervention of NSTP students in any deprived community should provide
an appropriate environment for the formation and growth of self-help groups to achieve
their common goals.

The following guidelines could be very helpful to the NSTP students for Social
Mobilization at the grass-root level.
1. We do not develop the community people. They develop themselves through our
guidance.
2. We have to use participatory approach by involving the community people in key
decisions and acquiring the appropriate skills.
3. We work with groups and not with individuals. Hence, we should be aware of the
presence of individual differences among the groups.
4. The groups are small and functionally specific. They have commonalities.
5. Self-reliance in resource mobilization is very basic.
6. The initial objective of social mobilization should be looked into.
7. We think big, but help the community people to start small. The objective is to have a
quick success so that cohesion and self-image can be develop.
8. Use a process not a “blue print approach”, be flexible. Emphasize a process “not events”
to help the community achieve a self-propelled sustainable development.
9. Work with 2 or more groups in the community in case conflict arises in their line of
interest/problems.
10. Education and training should be an on-going process which are reflected on the needs
of the organization, its purpose, etc. and required knowledge, skills and attitude for its
effective functioning.
11. Regular meetings should be conducted in order to keep group cohesion and prevent the
emergence of members and leaders syndrome.
12. The NSTP students must not impose on the group; and
13. Just provide moral support and legitimacy to grassroots action for social change.

COMMUN ITY ACTION CYCLE FOR COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION

1. PREPARE TO MOBILIZE
a) Select/identify issues and problems and define the community;
b) Put together a community mobilization;
c) Gather information about the issues/problems;
d) Identify resources and constraints;
e) Develop a community mobilization plan; and
f) Organize your team.
2. ORGANIZE THE COMMUNITY FOR ACTION
 a) Orient the community;
b) Build harmonious relationship;
c) Invite community partici9pation; and
d) Develop a “core group” from the community.
3. EXPLORE THE ISSUES/PROBLEMS AND SET PRIORITIES
a) Decide the objectives;
b) Explore the issues/problems;
c) Analyze the problems; and
d) Set priorities for action.
4. PLAN TOGETHER
a) Decide the objectives of the planning preparation;
b) Determine who will be involved in the planning and their roles;
c) Conduct and facilitate the planning sessions; and
d) Create a community action plan.
5) ACT TOGETHER
a) Define your team’s role in accompanying community action;
b) Strengthen the community’s capacity to carry out the action plan;
c) Monitor community programs; and
d) Problems- solve, trouble shoot, advise and mediate.
6) EVALUATE TOGETHER
a) Conduct participatory evaluation;
b) Provide feedback to the community;
c) Document and share lessons learned and recommendation for future use; and
e) Prepare to re-organize.
7. PREPARE TO SCALE UP
Establish and maintain a monitoring and evaluation system

BENEFITS OF SOCIAL MOBILIZATION

Social mobilization is very essential in the development of the community through
people’s own concerted efforts. The benefits are the following:
1. Poverty Alleviation.
The people are trained for self-sufficiency through the guidance of the NSTP
students.
2. Promoting Democratic Governance.
Social mobilization encourages participation in decision-making, builds
capacity for participatory planning in the community.
3. Environment.
It helps people to manage better their natural resources and fight against
practices and organizations that degrade the environment.
4. Conflict Prevention.
It organizes people to address common problems and to collectively improve
their socio-economic condition in an equitable, democratic and transparent
manner.

CONCLUSION
Social Mobilization is an approach that empowers the community people to
participate actively in the development process through the leadership of the NSTP
students. It helps the community people to be well-informed, empowered/proactive and
build a strong civil society that could become a valuable partner of the government in
shaping a national development that is equitable and sustainable.

WORKSHEET NO. 3
1. Draw a schema/ diagram of a COMMUNITY ACTION CYCLE FOR COMMUNITY
MOBILIZATION.
2. Discuss your role in community social mobilization.
3. Explain briefly the following 7 steps in the community action cycle for community
mobilization.

LESSON 4
DYNAMICS IN THE COMMUNITY

Introduction
The school-community relations constitute a vital function area in the educational
system. The school administrator’s concern should not only be within the four corners of
the school campus, but should extend to the community. Close school-community relations
must be established and maintained in order to make the school more serviceable and
responsive to the needs of the community and to draw the community to the school. The
school is the extension of the community and vice-versa.
Dynamics in the community should be taken into consideration considering the fact
that today’s society is beset with so many problems. They may be spiritual, economic and
political problems, all of which are but symptoms of a much deeper problem- a problem
anchored in the mind and in the hearts of the Filipino people.

The community can achieve its goals if it could:

1. develop the skills of the constituents;
2. understand the rights and duties of a citizen in a democratic society, to be diligent and
competent in the performance of their obligation as members of the community and
citizens of the nation; and
3. develop and maintain good health and physical fitness.

COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT

A needs assessment is an inventory survey instrument that is developed to collect

information, which will identify the needs of a particular community. It serves as a means of
establishing a baseline and does so through a systematic data gathering process. Needs
assessment must be developed, administered and analyzed to establish a positive and
supportive atmosphere among the people. It can be employed to accomplish a variety of
purposes such as finding out the needs, wants, concerns or goals of the community.

How are we going to assess the country’s needs? The most important thing that we
can is to find out the most pressing problems that greatly affect the lives of the people.

With the political issues that our country is suffering nowadays, everybody can feel
the dwindling economy. The country’s economy greatly contributes to the poverty problem.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE COMMUNITY
There are some conditions that exist in the community which are threatening the
lives of the people such as poverty, unemployment, drug addiction, prostitution, cybersex,
child abuse, street children, squatting, pollution, etc.

POVERTY
There are many myths and stereotypes- and many theories exist about the poor and
the causes of poverty. It focuses on societal needs and social forces as explained by
sociologists. It is also defined as lack of sufficient wealth ( usually understood as capital,
money, material goods or resources, especially natural resources) to live what is understood
in society as a normal life. An example of a normal life is when we are capable of raising a
healthy family, by providing all the basic needs, and especially educating children and
participating in a society.
Another definition of poverty starts that it is an outcome of longstanding conflicts
between haves and have –nots. It has an effect of limiting opportunities and justifying social
inequality. Thus, poverty is perpetuated through class discrimination and unequal
opportunities for upward mobility. Hence, it is often strongly correlated with social
problems such as crime, disease, squatting, unemployment, homelessness , terrorism,
malnutrition, and illiteracy. As a result, many societies employ social workers from the
Department of Social; Welfare and Development and the National anti-Poverty Commission
to fight poverty by variety of methods, which range from moral persuasion to financial
subsidy to physical coercion.

The following are the social, scientific and cultural disciplines about poverty:
1. In Economics- There are 2 kinds of poverty being considered: the relative and absolute.
Absolute poverty is defined by Ronquillo, et al (no date) in terms of cash income or
expenditures in food, clothing and shelter.

The following are the situations of a family under absolute poverty:

1. The family cannot afford to buy adequate and balanced diet food;
2. They cannot afford to buy at least 3 sets of clothing;
3. They cannot send their children even up to Grade VI;
4. They cannot attend to their medical needs, such as buying vitamins, medicines for their
illness;
5. They don’t pay attention to the sanitation of their families, home and surroundings; and
6. They cannot pay their house rentals.

According to Ronquillo, et al (no date) , Relative Poverty is defined in terms of

median family income. According to the National Economic Development Authority, the
median family income can be determined by arranging the different income ranges by
increasing or decreasing order, then determine the middle-income level. People earning
lower than the median family income are considered poor.
2. In Politics- the fight against poverty is usually regarded as a social goal, and most
governments have done so, through active intervention in the form of housing plans, social
pensions, special job opportunities, or requirements.

3. In Law- It is recognized as a mitigating factor for the determination of punishment.

Poverty is considered as one of the causes of increased crime rates amongst the poor by
increasing their stress.

4. In Education- poverty affects the learning ability of the pupils to effectively profit from the
conducive learning environment. No matter how much the teacher motivates, if the children
are hungry, no learning will take place. Pupils coming from poor families, whose primary
needs are not met as described in MASLOW”S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS , the need for a stable
home to live in, clothes to keep them warm and protect them from the heat of the su n and
regular meals, are hampered in their ability to learn.
There is a term use in education circles which states that “ the rich getting richer and
the poor getting poorer” and this is called the MATHEW EFFECT.

CAUSES OF POVERTY
Poverty is a political issue. People with right-wing views often consider it as related
to laziness and population explosion.
Those who are leftists view poverty as related to social justice, lack of opportunity in
education, graft and corruption and unequal distribution of wealth.
TYPES OF CAUSES OF POVERTY
1. Individual
Poverty is explained by individual circumstances and/or characteristics of poor
people. Some examples are:
 Status of education, skills, experience and intelligence;
 Health, handicap, and age;
 Work orientation, time horizon, and culture of poverty; and
 Discrimination, together with race and sex, etc.

2. Aggregate
There are two types of the aggregate of poverty theory and these are: CASE and
GENERIC.
1. CASE- According to this theory, aggregate poverty is just the sum of individual poverty.
2. GENERIC- This is explained by general economy-wide problems, such as:
 T
 Inadequate overall demand (macro problems, macro policy)
 Low national income ( Less Developed country)

ELIMINATING POVERTY
The following are the different measures that should be considered in addressing the
underlying causes of poverty:
1. Broaden access to education and technology among the marginalized groups, and
especially among girls and women.
 If all the citizens are educated and have developed their inherent potentials
or
God-given talent, especially the women who have a strong bearing on the well-being
of their families, no one will become poor.

2. Share the benefit of economic growth through an emphasis on more widespread

employment.

The government policies should consider not only aggregate economic

impact,
but also the equal distribution employment. Socially responsive venture capital and
micro credit initiatives can foster employment-generating businesses that
complement the local culture and environment.

3. Rout out corruption, which harms society as a whole.

What places a heavy cost on society is the effect of graft and corruption, not
only in the government but in businesses as well.

4. Improve government capacity to provide universal access to essential goods and

services, including potable water, affordable food, primary health care, education,
housing and other social services.

Government should make a commitment to these social welfare programs. It

is often politically difficult to raise adequate resources through effective taxation
and
other mechanisms.

WORKSHEET NO. 4
1. What are the different measures to eliminate poverty.
2. What do you think are the reasons why there are people suffering from poverty.
Explain.
3. What is the role of the Non-Government Organizations(NGOs) in our society to
eliminate poverty.

LESSON 5. CHILD ABUSE

There is no accepted definition of child abuse or cruelty to children. This results in

confusion about which behaviors and intentions are abusive. Only the legal or health
professional can label a person or family as abusive by using different criteria. Differences
between physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect oftentimes confuse the
situation.
One useful definition of an abused child is “ any child who receives non-accidental
physical injury as a result of acts or omission on the part of his parents.
 Physical, emotional and sexual abuse and neglect have profound immediate and long
term effects on a child’s development. Higher rates of psychiatric disorders increase rates of
substance abuse, and a variety of severe relationship difficulties. Child abuse and neglect are
inter-generational problems. The perpetrators of abuse and neglect were most frequently
victims of abuse and are profoundly damaged people.
Links between neglect and abuse are clear and later psychological, emotional,
behavioural and interpersonal disorders are manifested. The basis for this linkage is the
impact on the brain development of the abused and neglected children.
The brains of abused and neglected children are not as well integrated as the brains
of non-abused children. This is the reason why they have significant difficulties with
emotional regulations, integrated functioning and social development. Their early
interpersonal experiences have also a profound impact on the brain.
The effects of early maltreatment on a child’s are profound and long lasting. It is the
impact of maltreatment on a child’s developing brain that causes effects seen in a wide
variety of domains including social, psychological and cognitive development.
These discussions strongly suggest that parents should have an effective treatment
that requires an effective attuned relationship with children. Their children feel secure,
hence their development is balanced.

1. CHILD ABUSE. This refers to the maltreatment of a child, whether habitual or not, which
includes any of the following:
A. Psychological and physical abuse, sexual abuse, cruelty, neglect and emotional
maltreatment;
B. An act which could either be by words or deeds which debases, degrades or demeans the
intrinsic worth and dignity of a child as a person;
C. Deprivation of the child’s basic needs unreasonably for survival such as food, clothes and
shelter, and
D. No medical treatment is given to an injures child which results in a serious impairment of
his growth and development or in his permanent incapacity or death.

2. SEXUAL ABUSE. It is any sexual act between an adult and a minor or between two minors
when one exerts power on the other.
It is any employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, coercion, of a child
to engage in, or assist another person engage in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct, or
the molestation, prostitution, or incest with children.

3. BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME. It refers to child abuse and neglect.

FORMS OF CHILD ABUSE

The kinds of child abuse are:
1. PHYSICAL ABUSE. It is any act which results in non-accidental and/or unreasonable
inflicting of physical injury to a child which ( includes but is not limited to lacerations,
fractures, burns, strangulation, human bites, and similar acts. It is also known as child
battering.
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE. It is any harm to a child’s emotional or intellectual functioning
through verbal assault, which includes but is not limited to cursing, belittling, rejecting and
other similar acts.

3. DECEPTION. It is the deprivation of children’s proper leaning opportunity by giving them

incorrect ideas and concepts. As a result, they may develop an inclination n to solve
problems through violence, promiscuity or drug abuse.

4. CHILD TRAFFICKING. It is the act of engaging in trading and dealing with children including
but not limited to, the act of buying and selling a child for money or for any consideration,
or barter.

5. NEGLECT. It is the deprivation of the child’s basic needs unreasonably, such as food,
clothing, shelter, education, medical, general care, love and concern and supervision by
parents, guardians or custodian.

6. CHILD LABOR. Children below 15 years of age are employed, allowed, permitted to suffer
from work in any public or private establishment not directly under the responsibility of
their parents or guardians or employing minors as artists, actors, actresses, entertainers,
and the like without a work permit. The number of child workers under the age of ten is far
from negligible, although the internationally recommended age for work is fifteen years old
( ILO Convention No. 138 ). Almost all the data available on child labor concerns the ten to
fourteen age groups.

7. ABUSERS AND NEGLECTERS

A. The special Parent. The parent who has the potential to be abusive, most often
has also been abused during his childhood days. He has been described as emotionally
immature,
Lacking self-esteem, inexperienced and having unrealistic expectations of the child like
having in mind that the child should be someone to love me and never leave me.
B. The special Child. The child is viewed differently from other children in the family.
The child may be physically handicapped or may be regarded with special meaning ( a child
of a former marriage or resembles a negatively regarded person)

CHARACTERISTICS OF ABUSIVE PARENTS

1. Inadequate parenting skills and lack of knowledge concerning normal child development
are exhibited.
2. Emotional immaturity with poor impulse control is often demonstrated.
3. They are socially isolated, especially from community resources and lack of social support
system ; and
4. They often come from families with violent parents.

HELPING THE YOUNG CHILD COPE WITH CHILD ABUSE

The child who is a victim of sexual abuse will seldom share her/his ordeals with the
parents. The best thing that parents can do is to tell the child that she/he believes her/him,
and failure to believe can be far from devastating than the abuse itself.
1. The most significant factor that can reduce the negative impact of sexual abuse is the
support and belief by parents and significant other adults.
2. Stay calm. You should not show to your child that you are shocked with what she
discloses to you and don’t get hysterical.
3. Let the child know that she/he is not to be blamed for what happened. Do not blame the
child. Let her understand that it is not her fault.
4. A child’s own internal coping resources will have an impact effect if the child has not had
any serious life stressors other than those she has already encountered, life stressors such
as physical abuse and domestic violence. The self-esteem and resiliency of the child are
already lowered; hence she faces even greater difficulties from an additional stress of sexual
victimization.
5. The child’s developmental level age and gender influence the effect of sexual behavior.
If the victim is still young in the chronological age and in the developmental stage,
there are strong and serious negative effects of the child.
There is a strong impact on girl victims than on boys. The latter are more apt to act
out their anger about the abuse while the former are prone to keep their anger inside and
direct it to themselves.
6. The child who is sexually abused by the person whom she trusts and has a type of
parental type of relationship with the perpetrator has a more serious effect on the victim
than a child who is a victim of a non-friendly member.
7. The child appears to be more seriously affected when physical abuse, threats or
intimidation accompany the sexual abuse.

SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
The children who are sexually abused at an early age are prematurely introduced to
sexual acts. They experience sexual stimulation and pleasure, hence they are unable to
understand and cope because of their young age. They also tend to increase their interest in
sexual matters. Their sexual behaviors are a learned response to their experience from the
perpetrator and sexual abuse acts.
The victims of sexual abuse appear to have more problem behaviors in the area of
sexuality. These include:
1. acting out with peers sexually;
2. false or pseudo-mature sexual behaviour;
3. excessive masturbation;
4. confusion on sexual identity and what is appropriate sexually between children and adult.

WORKSHEET NO. 5
1. What are the forms of child abuse?
2. What are the characteristics of abusive parents?
3.What are the ways of helping the young child cope with the child abuse?
4. Discuss in your own words the following:
A) child abuse
B) sexual abuse
C) child trafficking

LESSON 6: THE DANGERS OF PORNOGRAPHY

 The word pornography comes from the Greek words “porne”, which means a harlot,
prostitute or whore and “graphos” means a writing or depiction.

It is defined by Mackinnon (1983) as the very embodiment of dominance which

means that:
Pornography is the celebration, the promotion, the authorization and the
legitimization of rape, harassment, battery and the abuse of children, for the sexual pleasure
of men. Pornography eroticizes dominance and submission, of which rape, battery, sexual
harassment, and the sexual and physical abuse of children. It employs the enforcement of
others’ powerlessness.
It is also defined by Russell ( 1993 ) as “ material that combine sex and/or the
exposure of genitals with abuse or degradation in a manner that appears to endorse,
condone, or encourage such behaviour.
Steinem ( 1978) concludes that pornography’s message is “violence, dominance, and
conquest. It is sex being used to reinforce some inequality, or to create one, or tell us that
pain and humiliation are really the same as pleasure”.

THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF PORNOGRAPHY

There are 8 harmful effects of pornography on a person such as:
1. sexual arousal ;
2. aggression;
3. desensitization;
4. attitude toward women;
5. decline in family values;
6. causal mode of rape;
7. feminist ideological effects; and
8. catharsis

SEXUAL AROUSAL. This is brought by visual and literary pornography. This effect has been
shown both mentally and physically. The males and females are sexually aroused from
material portraying nudity or sexual acts according to the research of Kinsey (1948).

AGGRESSION. This is related to the idea of arousal that exposure to pornography leads men
to greater levels of aggression toward women. Bandura (1973) hypothesized that emotional
arousal would intensify aggressive behaviour. A number of experimental studies have tested
this hypothesis.

DESENSITIZATION. Studies conducted by Donnerstein and Linz ( 1988) have found that
prolonged exposure to so called slasher films desensitizes viewers to violence against
women.
Sexually violent slasher films that were originally anxiety provoking and depressing
became less so with repeated exposure. Men exposed to the slasher films also reported
seeing less violence with continued exposure, and films found to be degrading to women
were judged to be less so after prolonged exposure.
Desensitization effects were strongest among R-rated slasher films which, while
containing sexual scene, were not pornographic.
ATTITUDE TOWARDS WOMEN. Exposure to pornography leads to antisocial attitudes about
women.

DECLINE IN FAMILY VALUES. Those massively exposed to pornography will become

distrusting of their partners in extended relationship. There is also growing dissatisfaction
with sexual reality. According to Linz and Malamuth (1993) exposure to pornography “
fosters a lack of respect for social institutions such as the family and traditional sex roles for
women”.

CAUSAL MODEL OF RAPE . Russel (1993) argues that pornography predisposes some males
to want to rape women by:
1. pairing sexually arousing stimuli with rape;
2. increasing males self-generated rape fantasies;
3. sexualizing dominance and submission;
4. creating an appetite for increasingly stronger material.

IDEOLOGICAL EFFECTS. This view grows out of the traditional feminist critique of patriarchy
which finds that the oppression of women is an institutionalized and socially constructed
tool which men use to maintain the status-quo.
In short, the system of sexism male power-or male supremacy is institutionalized so
that men, as a group have access to economic, social, sexual and political power that
women do not have.

CATHARSIS. Pornography prevents harmful effects like rape and other sex crimes. The
cathartic effect of pornography is believed due to a substitution effect, by which potential
sex defenders receive sexual gratification from pornographic content, rather than from
criminal acts against individuals.

CYBERSEX
AN INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL WORLDS: THE CYBERSEX
Everyday we are facing a new area of danger especially for the youths-the Internet.
The internet is an exciting new territory for many young people as well as adults especially if
they use it in cybersex or computer sex. Many of our young women are hooked into
cybersex. It is now being considered as one of the problems in our society, in the urban as
well as in rural areas.
DEFINITION
Cybersex or computer sex is a virtual sex encounter wherein two or more persons
are connected remotely via a computer network and send sexually explicit messages
describing a sexual experience to one another. It is a form of role-playing wherein the
participants pretend to have an actual sexual intercourse by describing what they are doing
and by responding to their chat partners mostly in written form with the intention of
motivating their sexual feelings and fantasies.

WORKSHEET NO. 6

1. Explain pornography in your own words.

2. What are the harmful effects of pornography?
3. Explain in your own words cybersex.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cybersex if any?
5. Is cybersex acceptable in our country? Explain.

LESSON 7 : POPULATION EXPLOSION

INTRODUCTION
There are questions being posed whether population explosion is a boon or a curse.
For the European countries like Italy and Spain, where the population is decreasing, this
might be considered a boon. However, for our country which is developing, population
explosion is a curse and is damaging the development of the country and society. With the
rapidly increasing population, the developing countries are already facing a lack in their
resources, the availability of which is reduced further, thus leading to increased poverty,
malnutrition, and other large population- related problems.

DEFINITION OF POPULATION AND POPULATION EXPLOSION

As defined in the Webster dictionary (1992), population is the whole number of
people or in habitants in a country or region and population explosion is a pyramiding of
number of a biological population. As the number of people in a pyramid increases, so do
the problems related to the increased population. The birth rate, death rate and migration
to urban places, especially in Metro Manila are the main factors affecting the population
change. According to Miller (2000), birth rate is the ratio between births and individuals in a
specified population and time. The death rate is the ratio between the number of death and
individuals in a specified population and time. He also defined migration as the number of
people moving in (immigration) or out (emigration) of a country, place or locality. The
population change is calculated by the formula: Population change= ( Births + Immigation) –
(Deaths + Emigration).
The recent increase in world population has been caused by the following major
reasons:
1. increase in birth rates due to medical improvements;
2. Decrease in death rates due to better medical facilities and advancements in the field of
medicine; and
3. Migration to urban cities due to several reasons like better job opportunities, rebellion,
and natural causes like floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and so forth.
The Philippines being one of the third world countries and still on the developing
stage has had to face several economic and political challenges. One of which is population
explosion which greatly affects the lives of the people.

EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

The population explosion has led to the following effects:
1. unemployment
2. poverty
3. malnutrition
4. air and water pollution
5. lack of education resources
6. domestic violence
7. juvenile delinquency
8. Shortage of basic needs; and
9. increased death rates.

MEASURES TO CONTROL POPULATION EXPLOSION

The success of birth control lies in the hands of women or mothers and their status.
It is imperative for them to be educated so that they can decide on how many children they
can afford to raise and be aware of the available birth control measures. They should be
made aware of the impact on their health as well as on their children. Not only the young
ones are to be educated but also the older women so that they can teach the right family
planning to their own daughters.

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

INTRODUCTION
Juvenile delinquency is one of the effects of population explosion and poverty. This is
regarded as a serious problem not only in our country, but in many other countries as well.
It is particularly widespread in highly industrialized nations that have large cities.
Juvenile delinquency refers to the violation of a law by a juvenile. It includes those
acts that would be crimes if committed by adults, such as car theft and burglary. It includes
acts that are illegal for children like buying alcoholic beverages. Many people use the term
juvenile to include anything the youngsters do that violates the standards of society
regardless whether these are committed legally or illegally.
The legal age in which a person is considered a juvenile varies from place to place. In
most countries, it is under 17 years old.

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

The term juvenile delinquency was established so that young offenders could avoid
the disgrace of being classified as criminals in the logbook of police headquarters. Juvenile
delinquency laws were designed to provide treatment rather than punishment.
A youngster can be branded as delinquent for breaking any of a number of laws
ranging from running away from home to robbery. An act committed in one place, which is
considered as a crime, may be treated differently in another community. In other places, the
policemen may just ignore children who are accused of minor delinquencies or refer them
directly to their parents.

PREDICTORS OF DELINQUENCY
The following are the causes of delinquency:
1. community disorganization;
2. availability of drugs and firearms
3. persistent poverty
4. violence in the home
5. problem behaviors
6. poor parental monitoring
7. inconsistent disciplinary parents
8. maltreatment

WORKSHEET NO. 7

1. What are the effects of population explosion?

2. Define in your own words population explosion.
3. How will you motivate the community people to practice family planning
4. What are the predictors of juvenile delinquency?
5. As future parent, how will you handle your children so that they will not become
delinquent?

LESSON 8: POLLUTION

INTRODUCTION
Pollution is something that is added to the ecosystem which has a detrimental effect.
The high rate of energy usage by a modern growing population is one of the causes of
pollution.

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF POLLUTION:

1. Air pollution
These are substances which are accumulated in the air. It endangers human health
once it is in sufficient concentration or produce other measured effects on living things and
other materials.
The power and heat generations are among the major sources of pollution as well as
the burning of solid wastes, industrial processes and especially transportation. The six major
types of pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate,
sulphur dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.
Examples of Air Pollution
 TOBACCO SMOKE. This is one of the major forms of pollution in buildings. It is not
only the smoker who is affected, but also everyone who inhales it. Smoking and lung
cancer have a very strong concentration with each other. Bronchitis is common
among smokers. The unborn baby whose mother is a smoker, also suffers from the
hamful effects of smoking.
 EXHAUST GASES OF VEHICLES. Pollution from exhaust gases which are emitted by
vehicles is responsible for 60% of all air pollution and in cities up to 80 %. One of the
most dangerous gases is LEAD which is present in a large variety of harmful
chemicals in the air.

2. Noise pollution
 This pollution is also known as unwanted sounds that are carried by the air. It has
irritating and detrimental effects on humans and animals.
In order to control noise pollution, there should be careful planning of streets and
building constructions in busy roads.
 COMBUSTION OF COAL. These can be serious consequences if the combustion of
coal has no special precautions. If the winds do not blow away the poisonous gases,
they can have fatal effects on people that may lead to their death.
 ACID RAIN. This is a pollution which is present in other countries. This is caused when
sulphur and nitrogen dioxides combine with atmospheric moisture to produce highly
acidic rain, snow, hail for fog. The acid eats into stone, brick and metal articles and
pollutes water sources. Coal in South Africa is rich in sulphur and power stations in
the Mpumalanga province could be responsible for acid rain over other areas in said
country.

CONTROL MEASURES
It is through the concerted effort of the people that we can combat or minimize air
pollution. It is through legislation where air pollution can be controlled efficiently. The
common control measures enforced include the following:
 Establishment of more smokeless zones as mandated by republic Act No. 9211.
 Control over the kinds of fuel used in cars, airplanes, power stations, etc

3. Water pollution
This pollution is the introduction of chemical, physical or biological material into
fresh or ocean waters that degrade the quality of water and affects the organisms living in it.
This process ranges from simple addition of dissolved or suspended solids that discharged
the most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants (such as nonbiogradable, bioaccumulative,
chemical compounds, pesticides and heavy metals)

EXAMPLES OF WATER POLLUTION

 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND DOMESTIC WASTES
These are domestic and farm wastes as well as sewage that are thrown into
rivers and dams.

 MINING AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES

Large quantities of acid water are thrown into the rivers and seas by mines,
especially gold and coal mines. Agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides may
wash into rivers and stagnant water bodies.
 INDUSTRIAL AFFLUENT
This is water thrown by factories and industries after having been used in
production processes. This wastewater may contain acids, alkalis, poisons and oils
and in some cases, harmful bacteria.

CONTROL MEASURES
 Through the cooperation of the Filipino people not to pollute water in any manner;
 Education of the community people by the NSTP students; and
 Through research and legislation.
4. LAND POLLUTION
It is brought by the degradation of the Earth’s land surface through misuse of the soil
by poor agricultural practices, industrial wastes dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of
urban wastes and mineral exploitation.

EXAMPLES OF LAND POLLUTION

 Waste Disposal
Accumulated waste matter invites household pests and turns urban areas
into dirty, eyesores and unhealthy places to live in. This threatens the health of the
people living in this environment.

CONTROL MEASURES
 An anti-littering campaign can make the people aware about the effects of land
pollution on their health;
 Organic wastes should be thrown and dumped in places far from residential houses;
 Recycling of inorganic materials such as cans, glass, plastic, paper and metals.

WORKSHEET NO. 8

1. What are the different kinds of pollution and give examples of each?
2. How can you be of help to the community to control pollution in the Barangay?

LESSON 9 UNEMPLOYMENT

WORK, EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT

INTRODUCTION
Work is very essential in order for us to live. We will not be able to support ourselves
in our daily sustenance as well as our families if we do not work.
Work has been in existence from the time god created the world. At the very
beginning of the Bible, God reveals Himself as a worker. Hence, there is a need for us to look
into the Bible doctrine of work. In Genesis 1:26, 28 and 31, we read, “ Then God said, “ let us
make man in our image, in our likeness, and let him rule over the fish of the sea and the
birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move
along the ground.”God blessed them and said unto them, “ Be fruitful and increase in
number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and
over every living that moves on the ground. God saw all that He had made and it was very
good.
In the verses mentioned, we have beautiful examples of god’s satisfaction in his
work. In Genesis 2:8, 15 we are informed how god planted the garden of Eden and put the
man whom He had made into this garden, commanding him to “till it and keep it”. This
means that the man has to cultivate and protect it. Just as what He had put the earth in
general into the care of man.
 In views of these revelations about God and man in Genesis 1 and 2, God, the worker
as well as man, a worker made in the image of god, we must develop a Biblical doctrine of
work. We have to bear in mind 3 things:

1. WORK IS INTENDED FOR THE FULFILLMENT OF THE WORKER

This means that satisfaction in job is a Biblical concept. The two sentences in Genesis
1:26 belong together. God said, “ Let us make man in our own image and let them have
dominion”. This is because we bear the image of God that we share the dominion of God.
Therefore, being creative for work, which is our potential, is an essential part of our Godlike
humanness and work of some kind is indispensable for our humanness. We are not
considered human beings if we do not work. It is further supported by Eccl. 3:22 which
states “ there is nothing better for a man than to enjoy his work “

2. WORK IS INTENDED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE COMMUNITY

Adam was able to feed and clothe himself and his family by cultivating the land. God
gave Israel” a land flowing with milk and honey” and in doing so, He commanded that the
poor, the alien, the orphan, the widow, and other deprived people should share in the
productivity of the soil.

3. WORK IS INTENDED FOR THE GLORY OF GOD

We view this as the highest level of work, because in God’s creation, He deliberately
humbled Himself in order to require the cooperation of man and woman in running the
earth. He did not create earth for His own benefit.

DEFINITION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment is defined as the percentage of the labor force unemployed at
anytime. It is endemic in very single free market economy.

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT. This is a type of unemployment caused by workers

voluntarily changing jobs and by temporary layoffs.
2. STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT. This is unemployment of workers whose skills are not
demanded by employers; they lack sufficient skill to obtain employment, or they cannot
easily move to locations where jobs are available.
3. CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT-BUSINESS-CYCLE. This is a type of unemployment caused by
insufficient total spending ( or by insufficient aggregate demand).

CAUSES OF UN EMPLOYMENT
1. Social security benefits for the unemployed reduce incentives to work;
2. fixed costs associated with hiring workers make it uneconomical to do so;
3. Changing industries require changing skills and geographic locations which the workforce
cannot keep up with;
4. immigrants taking all our jobs
5. Exportation of jobs to the developing world; and
6. overpopulation
THE CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT
The industrial psychologists describe various stages of the trauma in which the
unemployed persons have experienced the loss of jobs as bereavement.
1. SHOCK. This is a feeling of humiliation. It is a real blow to the self-image.
2. DENIAL. The unemployed person starts to search for an explanation why he is fired. He
may be too numb even to begin to understand. At the beginning of his unemployment, he is
on a kind of holiday. Denial from reality protects him for the deep hurt.
3. FRUSTRATION. The make-believe denial is starting to shatter especially if the wife and the
children are starting to demand for their needs.
4. DEPRESSION AND PESSIMISM. There can be anticipation and a feeling of optimism at the
beginning of the unemployed’s search for a job. He scans the daily newspapers and sends
his application and curriculum vitae. After repeated setbacks, the unemployed becomes
pessimistic and depressed.
5. DESPAIR. After several years without work, the unemployed feels hopeless and bitter. He
is demoralized and dehumanized because he cannot find a job. Part of this despair is
loneliness and he becomes isolated from his former workmates. He goes to bed lat and
wakes up too late, to avoid observing the people around him .
6. RESIGNATION. There is a marked feeling of inferiority and submissiveness. Many lose the
ability to crack a joke and experience deterioration in health.

WORKSHEET NO. 9

1. What are the types of unemployment?

2. What are the causes of unemployment?
3. What are the contemporary problems of unemployment?
4. Define unemployment in your own words.

LESSON 10: GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

INTRODUCTION
Graft and corruption is not only true to our country, but all over the world. They only
differ in the degree and different times related to their stage and development.
As mentioned by Ronquillo et al, most scholars have found that corruption is more
rampant in newly independent states. It is the deviation of officials from the norm of what
prevails at a given time. It can be in the form of bribery, nepotism, and appropriation of
public resources for private use which is not in accord with established rules.
Another definition states that it is the impairment of integrity, virtue or moral
principle. It is an act of acquiring money, position, or other profit by dishonest and illegal
means, as by actual theft or taking advantage of a public office or a position of trust or
employment to obtain fees, prerequisites, profit or contracts, or pay for work not done or
service not rendered or performed.

CAUSES OF CORRUPTION
Corruption is present in all kinds of societies but they only differ in severity and
volume.
1. BAD EXAMPLES SET BY THE LEADERS IN GOVERNMENT
 The leaders do not set a good example or role model, hence the subordinates will
also do the same. The leader loses moral and spiritual clout on his subordinates.

2. LOW AND UNREALISTIC SALARIES OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

With the low and unrealistic salaries of government employees who could hardly
cope with the economic crisis in our country, they tend to accept other sources of income.
They only receive a salary which is not even enough for hand-to-mouth existence.

3. MARKED DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE CULTURAL AND LEGAL NORMS

The legal norms are based on rational and universalistic concepts while the cultural
(folk) norms emphasize reliance and obligation toward kinship, friendship, and other
primary groups.

4. The excessive discretionary powers accorded to public officials and the presence of red
tape in the bureaucracy usually result in corruption due to high attractive inducements
offered under the circumstances.

5. The complex system of the judiciary which hinders the prosecution of public servants who
have been accused of corrupt practices.

6. Segments in the bureaucracy are prone to corruption.

THE EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION

1. ILL EFFECTS
A) Loss of respect for allegiance to the government.
B) Dislocates national economic planning.
C) Causes wastage of government funds. Funds are channelled to the pockets of
contractors and government officials.
D) Cost of corruption is eventually passed on to the public and becomes a form of
Taxation
E) Accentuates already existing inequalities in the society
2. POSITIVE EFFECTS
If there are negative effects of graft and corruption, there are also some positive
effects.
A) The depressed sector may benefit in the form of gainful employment as in
nepotism.
B) It provides supplement mechanism for investment purposes. The money can be
invested in private enterprise.
C) It may increase the effectiveness level of the bureaucracy.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 the provision of the constitution, specifically Article II- State Policies Sec. 27
which clearly provides that “ the State shall maintain honesty and integrity in
the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and
corruption,” should be implemented.
 the role of the Ombudsman in acting promptly on complaints in any manner
against public officials or employees of government.
  the Code of Conduct and ethical Standards should be observed.

WORKSHEET NO. 10.

1. What are the causes of graft and Corruption?

2. Define in your own word Graft and Corruption.
3. Discuss the positive and negative effects of graft and corruption.

LESSON 11: ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION
In the past decades, we witnessed that the Philippines had a very rich and healthy
environment. There were vast trees and plants in the Philippine forests which were the
sources of our medicine, but sad to say, that situation in our environment today is no longer
true. The seas, rivers and waters are the sources of fish and some of our mineral resources.
It is only in the Philippines where the fish die of old age, and yet the country imports
sardines. It is sad to note also that some Filipino fishermen still use dynamite in fishing, and
this destroys the ecological balance of the nature.

There is now a wanton destruction of our environment, which is brought about by

selfishness, greed, and the lack of concern and vision of our people and our leaders.
The limited natural resource of our country’s environment has been destroyed to an
almost very dangerous level. If we do not watch out and become vigilant in involving
ourselves in protecting and preserving our environment, we might find ourselves suffering
from the evil of our own acts. The examples of incidents brought by our negligence are:
1. the floods in Ormoc City which killed thousands of Filipinos;
2. the sight of fish dying in Manila Bay, the incidence of red tide, which stalls the growth of
marine life;
3. industrial pollution which has caused many respiratory problems;
4. water shortage;
5. cholera;
6. dengue;
7. malnutrition;
8. Payatas tragedy which killed hundreds of Quezon City constituents living in the dumpsite;
9. nuclear waste from nuclear tests which are very dangerous to our health;
10. flash floods in Baguio, Nueva Viscaya, Antipolo, and San Mateo;
11. volcanic eruption in Bicol, Taal and Zambales; and
12. lahar floods where many of our brother and sisters died.

OUR PLANET EARTH

People all over the world are increasingly alarmed over the rapid deterioration of our
natural environment according to Toh Swee-Hin & Cawagas (1990) . The global warming
through the “greenhouse effect” and the continuing depletion of the ozone layer in our
planet earth has been the subject of study of many scientists who are urgently looking for
solutions to save our planet from eventual destruction.
 It is predicted that there will be an increase in the incidence of skin cancer and other
ailments due to harmful solar radiation. The rising global temperature causes the melting of
glaciers and polar caps, which will result in severe flooding in coastal cities and
communities. The so called “greenhouse effect” is compounded as countries continue to
burn fossil fuels like coal oil, natural gas, and other petroleum by-products, which increase
the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.
You can read in our daily newspapers that there is an alarming and rapidly
deteriorating ecological situation in the country. There is a continuing rape of our forests
and seas, the unabated soil erosion of our mountains and shores, the destruction of
watersheds, the drying up of rivers and their pollution with harmful chemicals. The roots of
many of our economic and political problems, and a more deep seated crisis than political
instability, economic decline and a growth in armed conflict are brought about by the
wanton exploitation of our lands and waters.
In the urban areas, especially in Metro manila, the air that we breath is no longer
safe. It poses a danger to our health. The unhealthy attitude of Filipinos throwing garbage
into the rivers, lakes and seas can cause death because the marine resources are being
contaminated with “red tide” and other poisonous chemicals. The red tide phenomenon is
truly one message from nature to remind all of us of the harsh reality that the garbage we
throw will come back to us in another form of trash.
The bad situation of our environment today requires the collective effort of all
individuals, institutions, organizations and government. Caring for the environment is
everybody’s concern. Sustainable development must be a vision shared by all citizens. How
are we going to lessen the environmental problems if not totally eradicate them?
1. One way is to solve the mounting garbage problem in Metro manila. We have to be
concerned with our rivers. Let us have joint efforts in maintaining the rivers clean;
2. Second is the green Revolution. Poor families could survive by planting vegetables and
fruit bearing trees in their backyard. Even if we do not have backyards, we can do this in
cans.
3. the Government should be concerned with the poor families who are homeless. There
should be more housing projects for them. Filipinos will be more productive if they do not
worry about the house rentals and where to live.
4. Everybody should be encourage to clean his surroundings. Make some posters containing
‘tapat ko, linis ko” and ‘tapat mo, linis mo” . Another is “ Ang kalinisan ay kagandahan”.

Therefore, let us bear in our minds and in our hearts the importance of environment
awareness, especially to our youth, for the sake of future generations.

HEALTHFUL ENVIRONMENT
In republic Act No. 9211 which is otherwise known as An act regulating the
packaging, use, sale, distribution and advertisements of tobacco products and for other
purposes and its implementing Rules and regulations provide that:

Rule 1 SMOKING BAN AND DESIGNATION OF SMOKING AREAS

Section 1. Smoking ban in public places- smoking shall be absolutely prohibited in the
following public places:
1. Centers of youth activity such as playschools, preparatory schools, elementary schools,
highschools, colleges and universities, youth hostels, and recreational facilities for persons
under 18 years old. Such recreational facilities for persons under 18 years old shall include,
but not limited to playgrounds;
2. Elevators and stairways;
3. Locations in which fire hazards are present, including gas stations and storage areas for
flammable liquids, gas explosives or combustible materials;
4.Within the buildings and premises of public and private hospitals, medical, dental and
optical clinics, health centers, nursing homes, dispensaries and laboratories.;
5. Public conveyance and public facilities including airport and ship terminals and train and
bus stations, restaurants and conference halls, except for separate smoking areas; and
6. Food preparation areas. Food preparation areas shall include areas where food or
beverages are actually being manufactured or prepared.

Section 2. Smoking ban in public conveyances; exemption.

The absolute ban on smoking in public conveyances mentioned in the preceding section
does not apply to inter-island vessels, where smoking areas have been designated which
conform to the specifications set forth under these Rules.

Section 3. Designation of smoking and non-smoking areas.

In all enclosed places that are open to the general public, public and private workplaces, and
other places not covered by Section 1 of this rule, where smoking may expose a person
other than the smoker to tobacco smoke, the owners, proprietors, operators, possessors,
managers or administrators of such places shall establish smoking and non-smoking areas.
Such areas may include a designated smoking area within the building, which may be in an
open space or a separate area with proper ventilation, but shall not be located within the
same room that has been designated as a non-smoking area.

Section 4. Standards for designated smoking area

The owners, proprietors, operators, possessors, managers or administrators of
establishments not covered by section 1 of this rule shall determine the size and
specifications of the smoking or non-smoking area:
1. the designated smoking area other than in an open space shall be completely enclosed or
physically separated from the rest of the premises and equipped with adequate ventilation
in conformity with provisions of Presidential decree No. 1096, otherwise known as the
National Building Code and the Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers Code.
2. The designated smoking area must be set apart, enclosed or confined by means other
than those described in Section 4.2.1 above: Provided, that said means enable compliance
to air quality standards set forth in the National building code and The Philippine Society of
Mechanical Engineering Code. Said standards are reproduced and attached herewith as
“schedule A’ and made an integral part of these rules.

Section 5. Signage for Designated Smoking and Non-smoking areas.

All designated smoking areas shall have at least 1 legible and visible sign posted saying
“SMOKING AREA”, in English or Filipino, for the information and guidance of all concerned.
The sign shall be placed conspicuously at the entrance to the designated smoking area and
shall be in accordance with the specifications set forth in Schedule B of these rules which
states “GOVERNMENT WARNING: CIGARRETTES ARE ADDICTIVE” , which should be posted
beginning July 1, 2004 until December 32, 2004. In addition, the sign or notice shall include a
warning in English or Filipino about the ill effects of both direct and secondary exposure to
tobacco smoke. Said warning may be any of the 4 variants of the health warning prescribed
to be printed on the packages of tobacco products under Title V, rule 1 of these rules .
Under no circumstances shall any mark, device word or image associated with any tobacco
company or product be included in any of these signs and materials. Non-smoking areas
shall likewise have at least 1 legible and visible sign posted saying “ NON-SMOKING AREA”
or “NO SMOKING.”

RULE II- MINIMUM AGE FOR ACCESS TO TOBACCO PRODUCTS

Section 1. Minimum Age requirement. – the sale or distribution to, as well as the
purchase from any minor of cigarettes, and other tobacco products is absolutely prohibited.
As such, it shall be unlawful:
1. For any retailer of tobacco products to sell or distribute tobacco products to any minor;
2. For any person to purchase cigarettes or any tobacco products from a minor;
3. From a minor to sell or buy cigarettes or any tobacco products; and
4. For a minor to smoke cigarettes or any tobacco products.

Section 2. Ignorance of real age of minor not a defense- it shall not be a defense for
the person selling, distributing or purchasing cigarettes or any tobacco products that he/she
did not know or was not aware of the real age of the minor to whom said cigarettes or any
tobacco products were sold or distributed, or from whom they were purchased, as the case
may be. Neither shall it be a defense that he/she did not know nor had any reason to
believe that the cigarette or any other tobacco product was for the consumption of the
minor to whom it was sold.

Section 3. Sale of Tobacco products within the perimeters of centers of youth

activity.
The sale or distribution of tobacco products is prohibited within 100 meters from any point
of the perimeter of a school, public playground or other facility frequented particularly by
minors.
Section 4. Proof of age verification. In case of doubt as to the age of the buyer,
retailers shall verify, by means of any valid form of identification paper containing both the
photograph and the date of birth of the bearer, such as, but not limited to, passport, driver’s
license, Social security system identification card, postal identification card and the like, that
the buyer is at least 18.

CLEAN AIR ACT

Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act is a
comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to achieve and
maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT

The CAA provides that the state shall:
 protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in
accord with rhythm and harmony of nature;
  promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the primary
responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems;
 recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily
are-based;
 recognize that polluters must pay;
 recognize that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should
therefore be the concern for all.

COVERAGE OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT

All potential sources of air pollution must comply with the provision of the law. All
emissions must be within the air quality standards;
Mobile sources refer to vehicles like cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys, tricycles,
motorcycles and vans;
Area sources refer to sources of emissions other than the above. These include
smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from construction, unpaved grounds, etc.

COMPLIANCE MANDATES FOR MOBILE SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

Exhaust emission standards for various mobile sources that are either in use, new,
rebuilt, and imported second-hand have been set.
All new motor vehicles defined under the Philippine National Standards 1891 of the
Bureau of Product Standards of the department of trade and Industry, whether locally
assembled/manufactured or imported are to be covered by a Certificate of Conformity
(COC). The COC is to be issued by the DENR to the motor vehicle manufacturer, assembler
or importer.
In- use motor vehicles will only be allowed renewal of their registration upon proof
of compliance with emission standards through actual testing by the Motor Vehicle
Inspection System (MVIS) of the DOT/LTO.
On the other hand, rebuilt motor vehicles or imported second hand completely built-
up or pre-regulated vehicles retrofitted with second hand engines will only be allowed
registration or renewal of registration upon submission of a valid certificate of Compliance
to emission standards (CCES) issued by the DOTC. The CCES will only be issued if the exhaust
emission standard for that specific motor vehicle is met, as verified by actual testing through
the MVIS.

WHAT WILL BE DONE TO SMOKE BELCHING VEHICLES ON THE ROAD

Smoke belching vehicles on the road shall be subjected to emission testing by
properly equipped enforcement teams from the DOTC/LTO or its duly deputized agents.
Violators will be subjected to the following fines/penalties.
1st offense- 1,000
2nd offense- 3,000
3rd offense- 5,000 plus a seminar on pollution management.

WHAT WILL BE DONE TO POLLUTING INDUSTRIES?

A fine not more than P100,000 for every day of violation shall be charged against the
owner of a stationary source, until such time that standards have been met.
 For gross violation, the penalty is imprisonment of not lower than six years but not
more than 10 years upon the discretion of the court. At the same time, the Pollution
Adjudication Board could close the firm through the issuance of a cease and desist order.

WHAT ABOUT FUELS?

Clean fuels are needed to achieve clean air. The CAA thus provides for:
 the complete phase-out of leaded gasoline before the end of the year 2000;
 the lowering of the sulphur content of industrial and automotive diesel, respectively,
from 0.5% to 0.3% and from 0.2% to 0.055%
 the lowering of aromatics in unleaded gasoline from 45% maximum to 35%
maximum; and the lowering of benzene in unleaded gasoline from 4% maximum to
2% maximum.
Further improvement on the fuel quality, excluding cleaner alternative fuels, will be
spearheaded by the Department of Energy.

WHAT ABOUT OTHER SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION?

Smoking is banned beginning May 25, 2001, in any of the following locations:
 Inside a public building
 Enclosed public places including vehicles and other means of transport
 In any enclosed area outside of one’s private residence, private place of work; or
 Any duly designated area which will be enclosed.

WHO SHOULD IMPLEMENT THE CLEAN AIR ACT?

The implementation of the Act is a multi-sectoral undertaking to be spearheaded by
the department of Environment and Natural Resources. Other government agencies are:
DOTC, LTO, DTI, DOST, Bureau of Customs-DOF, Bureau of Import Services,

WORKSHEET NO. 11

1. NAME AT LEAST 12 EXAMPLES OF INCIDENTS BROUGHT BY OUR NEGLIGENCE.

2. NAME THE PLACES IN WHICH SMOKING IS PROHIBITED.
3. WHAT ARE THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CLEAN AIR ACT?
4. AS AN NSTP STUDENT, HOW WILL YOU HELP MAINTAIN OUR AIR CLEAN?

LESSON 12. COMMUNITY OUTREACH PROGRAM

The school and the community serve as alliances in the National development. How
can the school administrators determine the parameters of this symbolic relationship?
Good practice is based on sound theories. Any training of NSTP students must
provide for the field application of learned concepts, theories and methods in the classroom
experience. This is very important for the development of skills. The development of a
positive attitude towards work and responsibilities may accrue as a result of extensive
training in the school.
Outreach programs for knowledge of the different components of NSTP specifically
the CWTS. It is very practical if the students could be sent to the place where they are
residing to enable them to deal with work conditions that are closest to the realities in the
areas of their assignment.
 The community activities are manned by well-trained NSTP coordinators who should
provide necessary guidance and direction for the day-to-day activities of the students as
field counsellors.

GROUP/TEAM BUILDING
Harmonious inter-relationship is very essential in all fields of endeavour. In this
stage, it will include:
1. relationship with the group members;
2. relationship with the NSTP coordinators;
3. relationship with the Local Government Officials in the Community.

BRAINSTORMING ON THE ANTICIPATED PROBLEMS

This will be done through brainstorming by looking into the sociological factors of
the community.

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
In this stage, the participants to the program together with the NSTP coordinator
assigned and the local community officials will hold a brainstorming to be able to decide on
the activities and projects that will be undertaken to answer the needs of the community.
The analysis should lead to project identification and formulation. This series of activities
should be planned ahead. Hence, the first step that should be taken into consideration after
they have settled down is to prepare a plan of work which will indicate the activities to be
undertaken, date of activity, the students who will undertake them and then collaboration
with the local government officials.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMMUNITY PROJECT

Identification of the community structure and function such as the community
leaders and other stakeholders:
 Status of the local government organizations;
 Decision making process
 Channels of communication

FORMAT OF OUTREACH PROGRAM WRITTEN REPORT

Chapter 1 Description of the outreach program experience.
1. Description of the Barangay where they are assigned;
2. Arrival date in the area and Departure date;
3. Courtesy call with the barangay officials
Chapter 2. Situational Analysis
1. Describe the vision, mission, goals or objectives of the Barangay. Include developmental
activities of the barangay.
2. Give description of the following:
a) Socio-economic status of the people;
b) Population Characteristics
3. Problem Identification and Analysis of Setting Priority
a) describe the process involved in the problem identification and analysis;
b) Determine criteria for prioritization of problem.
Chapter 3. Project Formulation
 Describe the plans to meet the social problems of the barangay and the process
involved. Plans should include:
 Rationale, goals, objectives and strategies utilized;
 Activities or inputs required of personnel and community and time frame for each
Chapter 4. Project Implementation and Evaluation
They should contain:
 Attainment of objectives
 Outcome of activities
 Inputs of those persons involved
 Mechanism should be clearly defined which will be used in order to follow-up as well
as the persons responsible for answering sustainability of the project should be
identified.
Chapter 5. Lesson Learned
Briefly state the lessons you have gained from the outreach programs which will
benefit you as a student which you could utilized in your future activities in your own place.