PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES AMONG

MARRIED MEN IN SHAGARI WARD YOLA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT

AREA

Perception and Acceptance of Family Planning Services among Married Men in Shagari

Ward Yola South Local Government Area

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the study

Family planning is the conscious effort to determine the number and spacing of births. It is the

right of individuals and couples to "freely and responsibly" decide the number and spacing of

their children and to have the information, education and means to do so (World Population

Conference, 2014). According to Kaseje D.O (2013), of the six billion people in the world by

2000, 4.9 billion or 81.67% live in developing nations. That much has not been achieved in

the developing countries by way of reduction in fertility rate has been very obvious because

most of their youths are likely to be in their child bearing age or approaching.

According to the Nigeria Demographic Health Survey (NDHS 2018), the level of fertility rate

is 5.7, which means that an average Nigerian will bear approximately six (6) children. The

2006 population census conducted by Nigerian Population Commission, gave a total number

of Nigerians population at One Hundred and Forty Two Million (142 million), with an annual

growth rate figure of 3.1 percent, which means that Nigeria’s population will double itself in

the next 22 years if not increase to One Hundred and Fifty Two Million (152 million).

The world Health organization (2017) stated that male involvement in family planning helps

not only in accepting a contraceptive but also in its effective use and continuation by their

wives. It is well documented that men’s general knowledge and attitude concern the ideal

family size and gender preference of children. Ideally the family planning method used can

help ensure healthiest timing and spacing of pregnancy.

Before now, fertility and family planning programme had ignored mens role in contraception

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but now, there has been a shift in male participation and contraceptive use and achieving

demographic goal to achieving gender equality and fulfilling various reproductive

responsibilities. Eze (2013) defined family planning as “a voluntary step taken by individuals

to prevent, delay or achieve pregnancy”. Family planning as a health program is very

beneficial and important to reduce the currently high growing fertility and maternal mortality

rate. Many families are crumbling due to problems of infertility. However, family planning

stands as a solution to this problem. Adebusola A.S (2014) is of the view that when men are

involved in family planning the whole family and the entire country will benefit. Family

planning is an important tool in combating poverty and raising or uplifting living standard of

Nigerians. There is a great disparity between knowledge of family planning techniques and

actual usage as 85% and 10% respectively (National Demographic and Health Survey of

Nigeria 2013)

The National Bureau of statistics (NBS2012) stated that “family planning has remained low

due to lack of contraceptive materials and effective campaigns for child spacing in Urban and

Rural Areas”. Spouses influence, economic status, provider availability and reputation, future

uncertainly and vasectomy knowledge and understanding are factors militating acceptance of

family planning by men. According to Cates W. (2009), “Family planning is essential to

achieving all the Millennium Development goals”.

1.2 Statement of problem

Adequate knowledge and good attitude of Men toward family planning increases the rate of

utilization by family holders and thereby making family planning services effective and as a

result increasing good health of mothers as well as the entire communities. In the years passed

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and up till now, knowledge on family planning has been a topic given through mass media

such as Radio stations, television stations, newspapers, magazines and community

mobilization. Despite the effort made to sensitise the general public, only a few of men who

are family holders are found to be interested. However, fingers are always pointed toward the

women concerning any failure in family planning services (UNESCO, WHO 2010).

Therefore, the importance of men involvement in family planning can’t be overemphasized

because of their vital role in the family setup especially in Africa where culture and norms are

the basics of the family. Women who show up for family planning services do it most at times

without the consent of their other spouse and this is because of their disagreement toward the

engagement of the family services into the family (Mbizvo, M. and D. Adamchak 2012) is a

strategy by family planning facilitators for men to be massively involved in the family’s

decision to engage family planning into the home but however, this isn’t obtainable but

instead against it.

Through encounter in conversations and statistical record, the researcher discovered that

women are mostly the ones that utilize family planning services in Shagari Community of

Yola South Local Government of Adamawa State and the researcher could not really figure

out why men are not so much involved considering even its familial benefit to the family.

Therefore, the above stirred up the interest of the researcher to assess the Perception and

Acceptance of Family Planning Services among Married Men in Shagari Ward Yola South

Local Government Area.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1. To assess the perception of men on family planning Services among Married Men in

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 Shagari Ward Yola South Local Government Area

2. To assess the Acceptance of Family Planning Services among Married Men in Shagari

Ward Yola South Local Government Area

3. To assess the factors that hinder married men in Shagari ward from accepting family

planning services.

4. To identify the implications of family planning services on the health families in

Shagari community.

1.4 Research question

1. What is the perception of men on family planning Services among Married Men in

Shagari Ward?

2. Do married men in Shagari ward Acceptance of Family Planning Services?

3. What are the factors that hinder married men in Shagari ward from accepting family

planning services?

4. What is the implication of family planning services on the health of the community?

1.5 Significant of the study

Efficient knowledge and good attitude by men will give the family a size that will not

pressurize their limited resources.

To the women, this will reduce the risk of unsafe abortions, maternal mortality and morbidity.

To the children, there will be low infant mortality, child abuse and they will have proper

education.

To the health care workers example, Nurses and midwives, burden of being over worked with

complicated cases of pregnancies will reduced.

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To policy makers, the findings will help them to ascertain the extend of the knowledge and

attitude men toward family planning and to re-enforce their policies.

To Shagari community, juvenile delinquencies and child abandonment will reduce and there

will be increased number of well behave children in that community.

To the government, it will help them to know the statistic and ensure proper education of men

and provision of appropriate family planning services.

This research will also serve as source of reference to future researchers who have an interest

in studying the same or related topic.

1.6 Scope/Delimitation

The scope of the study is to find out the Perception and Acceptance of Family Planning

Services among Married Men in Shagari Ward Yola South Local Government Area.

1.7 Operational definition of terms

Perception: conscious understanding of family planning services by married men in Shagari

ward.

Acceptance: this is the engagement of married men in Shagari Ward towards family planning

services.

Married Men: Male adults who are married and resides in Shagari Ward, Yola South Local

Government Area

Family planning services: the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their

desired number of children and the spacing and timing of pregnancy.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

This chapter deals with the relevant literature related to the study. The literature reviewed

from books articles, journals & internet materials in order to discuss the knowledge and

attitude of men towards family planning and it`s implication to health, the literature will be

discussed under the following sub- heading:

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1 Family Planning Definition

2.1.2 Benefit of Family planning

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.3 Empirical Review

2.3.1 Knowledge of family planning

2.3.2 Attitude of men towards family planning

2.3.3 Implication of family planning to men

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1 Family planning definitions

WHO defines family planning as a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily upon

the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decision by individual and couples in other to

promote health and welfare of the family and thus contribute effectively to the social

development of the country (W.H.O 2014).

It allows individuals and couples to anticipate and have their desired number of children,
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and to achieve healthy spacing and timing of their births. Family planning is achieved

through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility. Other

techniques commonly used include sexuality education, prevention and management of

sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling and management, and infertility

management. The use of birth control to determine the number of children in a family and

when those children are born.

Some of the definitions given by various social scientists and demographers

James Allman (2013): The conscious action taken by an individual or couples to

regulate the number and spacing of their children in accordance with their personal

preferences.

M. Iqbal Chaudhry (2016): Family Planning does not imply absence of children nor

sterilization, but it is concerned only with low rate of reproduction and nothing un-natural

and inhuman.

Nasar M. Shah (2012): Knowledge about methods to prevent or delay pregnancy is

essential for women and to control the number of children

Christopher Tietze (2014): Individuals and couples adopt patterns of birth control in

accordance with their cultural values reinforced by formal or informal social pressure.

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 Benefit of family planning

 Saving children's lives: There are strong links between family planning and

improvements in child health and survival. There are two key means by which access to

contraception can positively influence the health and well-being of children.

 Well-being: Promoting family planning and ensuring access to different

contraceptive methods for women and couples is vital to ensuring women's well-being and

autonomy, whilst supporting the health and development of communities.

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 Prevention of HIV and AIDS: Family planning lowers the risk of unintended pregnancies

among women living with HIV, resulting in fewer infected babies and orphans.

Additionally, male and female condoms protect against unintended pregnancies as well as

STIs including HIV.

 Empowering people and enhancing education: Family planning helps people make

informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health. Family planning represents an

opportunity for women for enhanced education and participation in public life, including

paid employment in non-family organizations. Additionally, having smaller families allows

parents to invest more in each child. Children with fewer siblings tend to stay in school

longer than those with many siblings.

 Reducing adolescent pregnancies: Pregnant adolescents are more likely to have preterm

or low birth-weight babies. Babies born to adolescents have higher rates of neonatal

mortality. Many adolescent girls who become pregnant have to leave school. This has long-

term implications for them as individuals, their families and communities.

 Improved community Health: an individual will benefit if they received the time, love,

food and attention needed to grow. Each family can be more productive if childbearing is

well spaced as limited number does not deplete family resources. Each community can

adjust and more ready to the demand of health services, schools, food supplies,

employment and transportation if there’s moderate gradual population growth.

To fathers:

 Emotional Stabilities: from worries of not being able to meet up with pressure of

responsibilities.

 Hypertension which can lead to stroke.

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 Enhance longevity

 Promote good social interaction/ participation in societal matters or issues.

 Reduce sexual transmitted infections including HIVS/AIDS by the use of condoms.

2.1 Theoretical frame work

The researcher used the Health Belief Model for the study.

The Health Belief Model is one of the most widely used theoretical frameworks for

understanding health behavior. Developed in the early 1950s, the model has been used with

great success for almost half a century to promote greater condom use, seat belt use, medical

compliance, and health screening use to name a few behaviors.

The Health Belief Model is based on the understanding that a person will take a health-related

action, if that person;

1. Feels that a negative health condition can be avoided (implication of not practicing family

planning).

2. Has a positive expectations that by taking a recommended action, he/she will avoid a negative

health condition (practicing family planning for better family economy and child spacing) and

3. Believes that he can successfully take a recommended health action (he can practice the

strategies and know his sexual and reproductive right as a man with confidence).

The health believe model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and

predict health behaviors. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and believes of individuals.

It was postulated by Hochbaum, Rosen stock and Kegels in 1950’s. The Health Belief Model

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was spelled out in terms of four constructs representing the perceived threat and net benefits,

perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. These

concepts were proposed as accounting for people's "readiness to act." An added concept, cues

to action, would activate that readiness and stimulate overt behavior. A recent addition to the

Health Belief Model is the concept of self-efficacy, This concept was added by Rosenstock

and others in 1988 to better fit the challenges of changing habitual unhealthy behaviors, such

as being sedentary, smoking, or overeating (Health communication health Belief Model).

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Diagrammatic representation of Health Belief Model

Application of Health belief model in relation to this study

Concept Knowledge and Attitude of Men Towards Family

Planning and its implication to health

1.Perceived If men believe that family planning is a duty of the

Susceptibility women, and if the women didn`t continue to

reproduced, She didn`t fulfill one of her duty as a wife,

then men won’t be aware of the consequences on their

(women’s) health.

2.Perceived Severity When men believe they are at risk of financial and

economic burden due to large family size and as a

result of not practicing family planning or involving

their wives, they are more likely going to take actions.

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3.Perceived Benefits When men believe that getting sufficient information

about family planning will affect their health by saving

children lives, they will be open to information that

will help them practice family planning.

4.Perceived Barriers When men identify their personal barriers to family

planning (i.e. lack of formal education, laziness, etc.)

they will explore ways to eliminate or reduce these

barriers.

5.Cues to Action When men receive reminder on cues for action from

media stations, posters, pamphlets, the likelihood of a

person taking recommended preventive health action

depends on the perceived benefits of the action minus

the perceived barriers to the action.

6. Self-Efficacy As a result of the above men will receive guidance on

how to adopt and build confidence on themselves from

their clinic nurses, friends and during seminars, from

books, researches and during hospital visits to their

health care provider, in order to effectively practice

family planning and encourage their wives.

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2.3 Empirical Review

2.3.1. Knowledge of family planning

The rate of population in Nigeria is among the highest in the world, consequently, there is

need to encourage the use of contraceptives in order to reduce the alarming growth rate.

This is particularly important considering the age at first marriage among especially the

Hausa people (Davis, 2014).

International perspective on sexual and reproductive health 2010, two years after the birth

spacing program was established, the National population committee (NPC) conducted a

qualitative study exploring Jordanian men's and women's attitudes and practices concerning

family planning. Findings from 24 focus-group discussions held throughout the country

revealed that respondents typically defined family planning as "a deliberate decision to

limit all future births". Most said that economic considerations were the main reason that

they used (or intended to use) family planning, although some cited the ability to provide a

good quality of life for their children as the most pressing reason for wanting to limit their

family size.

In a study by the Jordanian National Population Commission JNPC 2010 on Final Report

on Family Planning Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in Jordan revealed that, 98% of

respondents said they had heard about the concept of birth spacing. However, only 40%

correctly defined it as "planning for pregnancies". 42% mistakenly thought it means

"delivering a smaller number of children," and 10% said that it means "using

contraceptives to prevent pregnancy."

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Similar research by Jordanian National Population Commission JNPC 2011 showed that

69% of respondents were aware of the presence of some male contraceptives on the

market, 60% opposed the marketing of male methods. Some 70% did not know of any

source of information about male contraceptives; 35% stated that media and information

programs should be available, including 26% who called for a special television program

addressing issues related to male contraceptives.

When asked about their knowledge and readiness to use male contraceptives, in a study on

Family planning and women's lives, 28% of the respondents voiced their awareness and

willingness to do so. While 33% said they would use a method if their wives were unable

for medical reasons to use any female contraceptives, 60% said they would not use a

method in such circumstances, and 15% said that they did not know what they would do

(Family Health International (FHI), 2012).

Many works have been done worldwide on men’s participation in family planning, but

there is a dearth of researches on similar issues in Nigeria, especially when it comes to

people of traditional background and the rural communities. According to

Demographic Health Survey data from 15 countries most of them in Africa, it was

observed that more men are more likely than women in the same country to report

knowledge and use of contraception (USAID, 2012). It was also indicated that most family

planning methods and program efforts are focused on women and men often feel

uncomfortable and unwelcome in family planning clinics that are oriented to women.

Increasingly however, programs are focusing more on men and addressing their interests

and needs. This will encourage women’s use of contraception, and improved continuation

rates among men.

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Knowledge of contraceptives among the respondents is generally high with 63.6 percent of

the respondents indicating knowing at least one method. Knowledge of family planning

methods is associated with place of residence, age and education.

2.3.2. Attitude

Men’s perception, knowledge and attitude are very important in family planning issue.

Men’s attitudes towards family planning influence their partner’s attitudes and eventual

adoption of contraceptive method. Present study has addressed men’s attitudes towards the

use and choice of contraception by women in India.

The National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3) data has been used, Findings shows, 22%

of men in India think contraception is women's business, and men should not have to worry

about it. 16% of men believe that by using contraception, women may become

promiscuous. A lactating woman, can’t become pregnant, 66% men accept that male

condom, if used correctly in most of the time, can protect unwanted pregnancy.

Men at present continue to determine familial fertility and contraceptive decisions.

Consequently, at least for the time period relevant for current policy planning purposes, the

willingness of husbands to adopt or allow their spouses to use family planning

practices will determine the pace of fertility reduction in Nigeria. The results

revealed that there is high knowledge of contraceptives, a generally negative attitude

towards limiting family size for economic reasons, and consequently low rates of

contraceptive use.

In this case, the attitudes of people toward family planning and contraception will influence

adoption of family planning methods. The attitudes of an individual may be influenced by a

number of factors such as education, age, income, influence of other individuals around

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him, etc. Typically favorable attitudes to family planning methods will translate into use

and can be expected to affect fertility. This makes the attitudes of males significant since

most decisions to use contraceptives are influenced by men, particularly in sub-Saharan

societies. The inclusion of men in Zimbabwe 2013, has affected the success of the family

planning programme. This is because there are many women who desire to use family

planning but could not do so because of unfavourable attitudes of their spouses.

Khalifa 2012, study on Attitude of Urban Sudanese Men toward Family planning revealed

that because the husband pays dowry in marriage to the bride's family as a compensation

for the loss of her services and expenses of upbringing. In return, she is expected to

contribute to the husband's family in terms of labor and bearing of children. For this reason,

a woman cannot cease child bearing voluntarily because it will be seen as failure of the

wife to fulfill her obligation.

Consequently, there is a general negative attitude towards use of family planning. Negative

attitude results from low literacy level and prevailing religious, political and cultural

beliefs of the people. Inaccessibility of the services, especially in rural areas, may be a

limiting factor, while the apparent benefits parents derive from their children do not

support fertility control (Kritz, 2011).

Consequently, there is a desire for large family resulting from positive values attached to

family life, marriage and procreation. The desire for a large family is deeply entrenched in

the fundamental belief that children are a gift from God, which makes people desire as

many children as God grants. This belief is buttressed in the dominant religions in the

country, Islam and Christianity (Davis, 2014).

All the ethnic groups abhor barrenness, while women with many children among some

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ethnic groups are honored. For instance among the Igbos "Ewu-Ukwu" is a ceremony for

mothers of ten or more children. Women who attain this position of distinction enjoy some

privileges with high esteem (Davis, 2014). In addition; the perception of family planning

by people in northern Nigeria is remarkably influenced by the religion of the people, which

is deeply rooted in their culture and tradition.

The attitudinal disposition of the respondents towards family planning methods is generally

unfavorable, with 55 percent of the respondents having unfavorable attitude and 35.7

percent having favorable attitude. This is possibly related to the cultural and religious

beliefs of the people which discourage the practice unless on medical grounds.

2.3.3 Implication of Family Planning to Men

The issue of family planning all over the world has attracted attention due to its importance

in decision making about population growth and development issues. Uncontrolled birth is

a major contributing factor of an increase in the world’s population, particularly in Nigeria.

There are so many problems that have been found to result from poor family planning

method. Some of these problems include: Over population, criminal abortion, child

dumping, increased child morbidity and mortality, as well as increased maternal morbidity

and mortality rates. Over population as one of the consequences of poor family planning

has succeeded in causing a lot of harm to individuals, families, society and the nation at

large.

Maternal mortality and child mortality have been found to occur due to poor family

planning practice, according to the statement of the WHO (World Health Organization) and

United Nation Education, Scientific Children’s Organization (UNESCO) in 2011) that over
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three million children and two hundred thousand women die each year and also women’s

health and action research (2014) had showed rates of child and maternal mortality and

morbidity rate in the world due to poor attitude towards Ante-natal care in which family

planning is one of the objectives.

An analysis of fertility trends in 23 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa from 1980 to 1995

showed that in two-thirds of the countries there was evidence of fertility decline, with a

particularly rapid decline in Kenya and Zimbabwe. Furthermore 2011 statistics show the

African total fertility rate to be standing at 4.7. These rates reflect contraceptive

prevalence of these specific regions.

Generally in all world regions, contraceptive use corresponds with fertility patterns. In

regions where contraceptive use is widespread, fertility is low but in regions where

contraceptive use is uncommon, fertility is high in some countries, however, unmet need

remains persistently high (more than one-fifth of married women) or is increasing,

indicating that greater efforts are needed to understand and address the causes of unmet

need. Empirical findings have shown that couples are having more children than they want

due to unavailability of family planning services to enable them prevent unwanted

pregnancies. In this regard Africa is a good point of reference. (International Development.

2009) Currently, approximately 24.8 percent of African women have an unmet need for

family planning; this simply means 24.8 million women of reproductive age who prefer to

avoid or postpone childbearing are not using any method of contraception (Department of

Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2011). Net increases in unmet need

were noted in a few countries, particularly Chad and Uganda, indicating rising demand for

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family planning that is not being met in these countries.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Methodology

This chapter includes the research methodology to determine the knowledge and attitude

of men regarding family planning and it implication to health in Yolde parte community.

The research design, population and sampling procedures, data collection and data

analysis methods are also discussed.

3.1 Research design

The researcher used a descriptive research design as it allows the researcher to study his

variables the way they are without control or manipulation.

3.2 Study setting

The research was carried out in Yola South; Yola is the capital of Adamawa state which is

within the northern Eastern region of Nigeria. It has such physical features as rivers, hills

and plains with characteristic forest found in various part of the vicinity of Yola. Yola has

a long standing history, the name was derived from “fulfulde‟‟ word “Yolde” meaning a

“knoll” that is small hill, it was founded in 1814 by Modibo Adama. Yolde parte ward of

Yola South was used for the study. Yolde parte ward covers an area of about 68 square

kilometers, has latitude of 50 meters and is located on 120ᵒ West. The economic resources

in Yolde parte ward are centered on agriculture, fishing, cattle rearing and trading.

The main tribes in Yolde parte are Fulani, Hausa, Chamba and Verre. Yolde parte ward

has a tropical climate marked by dry and raining season. Raining commences in April and

ends late October while dry season starts in November and ends in April. It has March and

April as the hottest months and the coldest months are November and December.

There are three main religions that are practiced by the people, Christianity, Islam and

Tradition. The main languages spoken by the people are Fulfulde and Hausa.

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3.3 Target population

The researcher used all married men in Yolde parte community as the target population

which is to a total of 300.

3.4 Sample size

The researcher used the Taro Yamane’s formula to obtain sample from the target

population as shown below:

N
n= 2
1+ N (e )

Where n= sample size

N= target population = 300

e= level of significance (0.05)

300
Therefore, n= 2 n=300/1+300(0.0025) n=300/1.75
1+ 300(0 . 05 )

n = 171

However, since the sampled size is greater than 50% of the population, finite population

correction can be used to decrease the sample size thus,

na=nr/1+(nr-1)/N

Where na = adjusted population

nr =original sample size

N= total population

Solution

na=171/1+(171-1)/300

=171/1+(170)/300

=171/1+0.567

=171/1.567

n=109

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3.5 Sampling technique

The researcher used simple random sampling technique, this method of sampling enable

the study population to have an equal and independent chance of appearing in the study

sample.

3.6 Instrument for data collection

The researcher used a self-developed questionnaire with closed ended questions to collect

data for the study, and it was structured under the following sections:

Section A: Demographic data

Section B: Knowledge of family planning

Section C: Attitude of men toward family planning

Section D: Implication of family planning on communities’ health

3.7 Validity of instrument

The instrument was validated by the supervisor and other experts in the field to ensure that

all unnecessary questions are excluded and the questionnaire well structured.

3.8 Reliability of instrument

The reliability of the instrument was tested using a pilot test which was conducted in

Sabon Pegi shagari phase II community, the researcher observed that these community

have common characteristics with Yolde parte community which also shows an increased

family size more than seven to eight children despite the low economic status of most of

the parent which brought about increase morbidity and malnutrition rates.

3.9 Method of data collection

The researcher administered the questionnaire together with a research assistant who was

trained. The questionnaire after being filled was collected back and analyzed.

3.10 Method of Data Analysis

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The data collected was analyzed using simple percentages and the result was presented

using a frequency distribution tables.

3.11 Ethical Consideration

A letter of introduction was obtained from the academic secretary of the college by the

researcher to the ward head for permission to conduct the study.

Informed consent of the respondent was made by explaining every detail the respondent

need to know as to give their personal consent.

Confidentiality of all information given by the research participants was done by the

researcher.

Anonymity was made to avoid tracing the respondent after the research.

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26
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with data analysis and presentation of tables. One hundred and four

(104) questionnaires were administered to the respondents and all one hundred and four of

the questionnaires were retrieved which represent 100% retrieval. The data obtained are

represented below.

SECTION A: Demographical data

S/N ITEM
1 Sex Male Female
104 0
100% 0%
2 Age 20-29 30-45 46-59 60 and
above

32 57 11 4
30.77% 54.81% 10.58% 3.84%
3 Religion Christianity Islam
21 83
20.19% 79.81%
4 Marital Married Single Widower Divorced
Status 91 10 0 3
87.50% 9.61% 0% 2.89%
5 Occupation Unemployed Employed Self- Others
employed

18 21 63 2
17.31% 20.19% 60.58% 1.92%
6 Level of O Level Undergraduate Post Others
Education graduate
12 65 20 7

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 11.54% 62.50% 19.23% 6.73%
TABLE 4.1: Demographical data

Figure 1. Above shows that all 104(100%) of the respondent are male.

Figure 2. Above shows that 32(30.77%) of the respondent were age 20-29yrs, 57(54.81%)

of them were age 30-45yrs, 11(10.58%) of the respondent were age 46-59yrs and

4(3.84%) were of age 60 and above.

Figure 3. Above shows that 21(20.19%) of the respondent are Christian and 83(79.81%)

of the respondent are Muslim.

Figure 4. Above shows that 91(87.50%) of the respondents were married,10(9.61%) of

the respondents were single, 3(2.89%) of the respondents were divorced and none was a

widower.

Figure 5. From the table above shows that 18(17.31%) of the respondents are unemployed

workers, 21(20.19%) of the respondents are employed workers, 63(60.58%) of the

respondents are self-employed and 2(1.92%) of the respondents do other works.

Figure 6. Shows that 12(11.54%) of the respondents attained o-level education,

65(62.50%) of the respondents attained undergraduate education, 20(19.23%) of the

respondent attained postgraduate education and 7(6.73%) of the respondents attained other

levels of education.

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 SECTION B: Knowledge of men towards family Planning.
ITEM YES NO
7 Family planning is a deliberate decision to limit all future 98 6
birth. 94.24% 5.76%
8 Family planning is the foundation for healthy family. 102 2
98.08% 1.92%
9 Male contraceptives are being advertised on bill board, in 12 92
television (mass media) in your community. 11.54% 88.46%
10 There is family planning facility for men in your 30 74
community. 28.85% 71.15%
11 When men have knowledge about family planning it will 86 18
encourage the utilization of family planning services by 82.69% 17.31%
their wives and improve continuity rate among men.
12 It helps to bring couples much closer 69 35
73.08% 33.65%
13 Family planning offers the chance to care and provide for 76 28
the children effectively 73.08% 73.08%
Family planning is mostly found in educated couples. 45 59
14 43.27% 56.73%

TABLE 4.2: Knowledge of men towards family Planning.

Section B: Knowledge of men towards family Planning

The above table shows data obtained from assessment of respondents’ knowledge of men

towards Family Planning.

Figure 7: shows that 98(94.24%) of the respondents said yes that family planning is a

deliberate decision to limit all future birth while 6(5.76%) of the respondents said no that

Family planning is not a deliberate decision to limit all future birth.

Figure 8: revealed that 102(98.08%) said yes that Family planning is the foundation for

healthy family while 2(1.92%) said no to the statement that Family planning is the

29
foundation for healthy family.

Figure 9: shows that 12(11.54%) said yes that Male contraceptives are being advertised

on bill board, in television (mass media) in their community while 92(88.46%) said no that

Male contraceptives are not advertised on bill board, in television (mass media) in their

community.

Figure 10: shows that 30(28.85%) said yes that there is comfortable family planning

facility for men in their community while 74(71.15%) said there is no comfortable family

planning facility for men in their community.

Figure 11: it shows that 86(82.69%) said yes that when men have knowledge about family

planning it will encourage the utilization of family planning services by their wives and

improve continuity rate among men while 18(17.31%) said that when men have

knowledge about family planning it will not encourage the utilization of family planning

services by their wives and improve continuity rate among men.

Figure 12: shows that 69(66.35%) of the respondents said yes that It helps to bring

couples much closer while 35(33.65%) of the respondents said no that It helps to bring

couples much closer.

Figure 13: shows that 76(73.08%) of the respondents said yes that Family planning give

chance to care and provide for the children effectively while 28(26.92%) of the

respondents said no that Family planning give chance to care and provide for the children

effectively.

Figure 14: shows that 45(43.27%) of the respondents said yes that Family planning is

mostly found in educated couples while 59(56.73%) of the respondents said no that

Family planning is mostly found in educated couples.

30
 SECTION C: Attitude Of Men Toward Family Planning.
ITEM YES NO
15 Contraception is women business and men should not 101 3
have to worry about it. 97.12% 2.88%
16 When women use contraception, they may become 55 49
promiscuous. 52.88% 47.12%
17 Lack of access to family planning service is one of the 84 20
reason for non-utilization of the service. 80.77% 19.23%
18 Literacy, religion, political and cultural belief of people 96 8
results to negative attitude towards family planning. 92.31% 7.69%
19 The love of large family and children as God's gift 65 39
results to non-compliance to family planning. 62.50% 37.50%
20 Procreation is solely the affairs of the women. 98 6
94.23% 5.77%

21 The use of contraceptive maybe influenced by a 73 31

number of factors such as education, age, income and 70.19% 29.81%
individual around him.
22 Child bearing is a womans duty so use of contraceptive 64 40
is failure to fulfill her obligation. 61.54% 38.46%
Table 4.3: Attitude of men toward Family planning.

SECTION C: Attitude of men toward Family planning.

Figure 15: shows that 101(97.12%) of the respondents said yes that Contraception is

women business and men should not have to worry about it. while 3(2.88%) of the

respondents said no to the statement that contraception is women business and men should

not have to worry about it.

Figure 16: shows that 55(52.88%) of the respondents said yes that when women use

contraception, they may become promiscuous while 49(47.12%) of the respondents said

no that when women use contraception, they do not become promiscuous.

31
Figure 17: shows that 84(80.77%) of the respondents said yes that Lack of access to

family planning service is one of the reason for non-utilization of the service while

20(19.23%) of the respondents said no to the statement that lack of access to family

planning service is one of the reason for non-utilization of the service.

Figure 18: shows that 96(92.31%) of the respondents said yes that Literacy, religion,

political and cultural belief of people results to negative attitude towards family planning

while 8(7.69%) of the respondents said no to the statement that literacy, religion, political

and cultural belief of people does not result to negative attitude towards family planning.

Figure 19: shows that 65(62.50%) of the respondents said yes that love of large family

and children as God's grant results to non-compliance to family planning while

39(37.50%) of the respondents said no to the statement that love of large family and

children as God's grant results to non-compliance to family planning.

Figure 20: shows that 98(94.23%) of the respondents said yes that Procreation is solely

the affairs of the women while 6(5.77%) of the respondents said that procreation is not

solely the affairs of the women alone.

Figure 21: shows that 73(70.19%) of the respondents said yes that use of contraceptive

maybe influenced by a number of factors such as education, age, income and individual

around him while 31(29.81%) of the respondents said no to the statement that use of

contraceptive maybe influenced by a number of factors such as education, age, income and

individual around him.

Figure 22: shows that 64(61.54%) of the respondents said yes that Child bearing is

women duty so use of contraceptive is failure to fulfill her obligation while 40(38.46%) of

the respondents said no to the statement that child bearing is women duty so use of

contraceptive is failure to fulfill her obligation.

32
 SECTION D: Implication of family planning on the health of the community.
ITEM YES NO
Family planning helps in decreasing transmission of HIV 34 70
2 infection. 32.69 67.31
3 % %

Family planning helps in improving infant health. 22 82

2 21.15 78.85
4 % %

2 Hunger and poverty risk can be reduced through utilization 67 37

5 of family planning. 64.42 35.58
% %
Poor family planning practice results in increased rate of 63 41
2 unintended pregnancy. 60.58 39.42
6 % %
Family planning minimize the incidence of child dumping. 95 9
2 91.35 8.65%
7 %
Poor family planning practice result in increased rate of 98 6
2 maternal morbidity and mortality. 94.23 5.77%
8 %
Family planning enhances community development. 78 26
2 75.00 25.00
9 % %
Family planning reduce overcrowding in home and less air 59 45
3 pollution or environmental health hazard. 56.73 43.27
0 % %
TABLE 4.4implication of family planning on the health of the community

SECTION D: Implication of family planning on the health of the community

Figure 23: shows that 34(32.69%) of the respondents said yes that family planning helps

in decreasing transmission of HIV infection while 70(67.31%) of the respondents said that

33
family planning does not help in decreasing transmission of HIV infection.

Figure 24: shows that 22(21.15%) of the respondents said yes that family planning helps

in improving infant health while 82(78.85%) of the respondents said family planning does

not help in improving infant health.

Figure 25: shows that 67(64.42%) of the respondents said yes that hunger and poverty

risk can be reduced through utilization of family planning while 37(35.58%) of the

respondents said no to the statement that that hunger and poverty risk can be reduced

through utilization of family planning.

Figure 26: shows that 63(60.58%) of the respondents said yes that poor family planning

practice results in increased rate of unintended pregnancy while 41(39.42%) of the

respondents said no to the statement that poor family planning practice results in increased

rate of unintended pregnancy.

Figure 27: shows that 95(91.35%) of the respondents said yes that family planning

minimizes the incidence of child dumping while 9(8.65%) of the respondents said no to

the statement that family planning minimizes the incidence of child dumping.

Figure 28: shows that 98(94.23%) of the respondents said yes that poor family planning

practice result in increased rate of maternal morbidity and mortality while 6(5.77%) of the

respondents said no to the statement that poor family planning practice result in increased

rate of maternal morbidity and mortality.

Figure 29: shows that 78(75.00%) of the respondents said yes that family planning

enhances community development while 26(35.00%) of the respondents said no to the

statement that family planning enhances community development.

Figure 30: shows that 59(56.73%) of the respondents said yes that family planning reduce

overcrowding in home and less air pollution or environment health hazard while

45(43.27%) of the respondents said family planning does not reduce overcrowding in

34
home and less air pollution or environment health hazard.

35
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter dealt with the discussion of findings, relationship with other studies/literature

review, Implication for Nursing, summary, conclusion and recommendations.

5.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Research Objective 1

FAMILY PLANNING IS THE DELIBERATE DECISION TO LIMIT ALL

FUTURE BIRTH.

Based on the research findings, the researcher found out that 94.24% of the respondents

agreed that family planning is a deliberate decision to limit all future birth this finding is in

line with a study conducted by International perspective on sexual and reproductive health

2010, who revealed that respondents typically defined family planning as "a deliberate

decision to limit all future births." Most said that economic considerations were the main

reason that they used (or intended to use) family planning, although some cited the ability

to provide a good quality of life for their children as the most pressing reason for wanting

to limit their family size.

The researcher also found out that 82.69% of the respondents strongly agreed that when

men have knowledge about family planning it will encourage the utilization of family

planning services by their wives and improve continuity rate among men this finding

furthermore goes in agreement with a survey study by Demographic Health Survey data

from 15 countries most in Africa, it was observed that more men are more likely than

women in the same country to report knowledge and use of contraception or if not, using,

that they intend to use it (USAID, 2014). It was also indicated that most family planning

methods and program efforts are focused on women and men often feel uncomfortable and

unwelcome in family planning clinics that are oriented to women. Increasingly however,

36
programs are focusing more on men and addressing their interests and needs. This will

encourage women’s use of contraception, and improved continuation rates among men.

Research Objective 2

LITERACY, RELIGION, POLITICAL AND CULTURAL BELIEF OF PEOPLE

RESULTS TO NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS FAMILY PLANNING.

Based on the research findings, the researcher found out that 92.31% of the respondents

strongly agree that Literacy, Religious, Political and Cultural belief of people results to

negative attitude towards family planning this finding is in line with Kritz, 2011, study

who stated that, there is a general negative attitude towards use of family planning.

Negative attitude results from low literacy level 5 and prevailing religious, political and

cultural beliefs of the people.

The researcher further found out that 62.50% of the respondents strongly agreed that the

love of large family and children as God grants results to non-compliance to family

planning the finding is in line with Davis, 2014 finding who further stated that

Consequently, there is a desire for large family resulting from positive values attached to

family life, marriage and procreation. The desire for a large family is deeply entrenched in

the fundamental belief that children are a gift from God, which makes people desire as

many children as God grants. This belief is buttressed in the dominant religions in the

country, Islam and Christianity.

Research Objective 3

HUNGER AND POVERTY RISK CAN BE REDUCED THROUGH UTILIZATION

AND FAMILY PLANNING.

Based on the research findings, the researcher found out that 64.42% of the respondents

agreed that hunger and Poverty risk can be reduced through utilization of family planning

37
the finding agrees with Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

2011, where it was stated that Net increases in unmet need were noted in a few countries,

particularly Chad and Uganda, indicating rising demand for family planning that is not

being met in these countries.

The researcher also found out that 60.58% of the respondents agreed that Poor family

planning practices result in increased rate of unintended pregnancy this finding is in line

with International Development. 2016 study on implication of family planning (FP) where

Empirical findings have shown that couples are having more children than they want due

to unavailability of family planning services to enable them prevent unwanted

pregnancies, in this regard Africa is a good point of reference.

5.2 Implication for Nursing

If men are more aware of the available methods of family planning and are willing to

utilize it, it will increase the utilization by their women and also allow their partner

practice family planning by so doing, they will have the family size they can manage with

less health problems and minimal spending’s. Therefore, Nursing should embark on

awareness creation and also advocate for more focus on the reproductive health of men,

also male (nurses) should be encourage to go for specialty in family planning programs

which will in turn encourage men to attend family planning units thereby broaden men’s

awareness and utilization of family planning.

5.3 Limitation of the Study

The study was focused mainly in Yolde Pate Community of Adamawa State, and was

limited to the knowledge and attitude of men toward family planning and its implication to

health, financial constraint, not having enough time to conduct the study, research

38
expertise in research is limited.

5.4 Summary

The study was carried out on the knowledge and attitude of men toward family planning

and its implication to health in Yolde Pate Community of Adamawa State.

A general introduction of the study was made in the chapter one, statement of the problem,

research objectives, significance of the study and research questions were also highlighted.

Literatures relevant to the study were reviewed consisting of conceptual, theoretical and

empirical reviews.

Simple random sampling technique was used to collect data from 104 respondents through

the use of a questionnaire, which were retrieved and the findings were then analyzed using

frequencies and percentages illustrating the result.

The research shows that most of the men have average knowledge about family planning

and its benefits. The study also revealed that men still see family planning as women

affairs despite the average level of knowledge about family planning; this will prevent the

utilization family planning services among men.

5.5 Conclusion

This study has identified particular demographic, socio-cultural and socio-economic

factors that work against family planning approval and use. These include desire for large

family sizes (4-5 children, 6+ and any number), religious believe, and lack of knowledge

on contraceptives. It is important, therefore that these factors be adequately and

appropriately addressed when designing or improving family planning programs.

5.6 Recommendation

39
 The study has shown that exposure to mass media, specifically listening to radio, reading

newspaper and to some extent watching television have positive influence on men's

knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning. Since radio and newspapers are

relatively affordable and reach a wider audience in both rural and urban areas, they remain

the best media through which the family planning program can relay family planning

information and other population policies. This study therefore recommends the continued

and/or increased use of radio and newspapers as a channel for disseminating family

planning information.

 It was also found that education up to completed primary level was adequate to influence

men's knowledge and attitude. This would be further enhanced by introducing family

planning education as part of the home science subject in the primary education

curriculum.

 Large preferred family size was a major barrier to family planning approval. The family

planning program should come up with special initiatives aimed at changing men's

preferred family size, which is still high (well over 4 children) to enable men internalize

the small family norm. There is need for the family planning program to promote the

concept of family size limitation, rather than to promote family planning solely for birth

spacing purposes since this practice has been found to dampen the effect of family

planning on overall fertility.

5.7 Suggestion for Further Studies

There is need for further study on the assessment of knowledge of various method of

contraception for men and the level of utilization of family planning services by men.

40
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