For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.

com

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
Unit-08:The Internet and Internet Services (4 Hrs.) INTRODUCTION:
 Introduction; History of Internet;  The computers interconnected by LAN, MAN, and WAN are able to
 Internetworking Protocol; exchange information within their networks. Computer connected to one
network is able to exchange information with another computer connected
 The Internet Architecture;
to the same network.
 Managing the Internet;
 However, a computer connected to a particular network may need to
 Connecting to Internet;
interact with a computer connected to a different network. Internet is
 Internet Connections; defined as an interconnection of networks. Internet allows computers on
 Internet Address; different kinds of networks to interact with each other.
 Internet Services;  Any two computers, often having different software and hardware, can
 Uses of Internet; exchange information over the Internet, as long as they obey the technical
 Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT), rules of Internet communication.
 Wearable Computing, and Cloud Computing,  The exchange of information may be among connected computers located
 Introduction to E-commerce, E-governance, and Smart City, and GIS anywhere like military and research institutions, banks, educational
institutions, public libraries, commercial sectors etc.

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
HISTORY OF INTERNET: HISTORY OF INTERNET:
Growth of Internet can be discussed in three steps, as follows: US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
during 1970’s developed the ARPANET as a WAN to connect different
computers and later to connect computers on different networks
1. Internetworking Protocol - Transmission Control (Internetworking).
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in 1970s Internetworking became the focus of research at ARPA and led to the
2. Usenet groups and Electronic mail in 1980s emergence of Internet.

3. World Wide Web (WWW) in 1990s

DARPA goals included:
 the ability to interconnect different types of network
 to connect through alternate paths if some path gets destroyed, and
 to support applications of various types like audio, video, text etc.

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
HISTORY OF INTERNET: HISTORY OF INTERNET:
 Based on the design goals, a protocol named Transmission Control  In 1980s, many Internet applications like electronic mail, newsgroups, file
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was developed for computer transfer facility and remote login were developed. The Electronic mail
communication. TCP/IP has become the protocol for Internet. facility allowed users to compose, send, and receive messages.
 In late 1970s, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) designed a  Users having common interests could exchange messages using forums
successor to ARPANET, called NSFNET, which was open for use to all like Newsgroups. The Telnet command allowed users to login to a remote
university research groups, libraries and museums. computer. The File Transfer Protocol program was used to copy files from
one computer to another on the Internet.
 This allowed scientists across the country to share data and interact with
each other for their research projects.
 Internet grew exponentially when ARPANET was interconnected with
NSFNET.
For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.com

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
HISTORY OF INTERNET: Internetworking Protocol:
 In the early 1990s, a new application World Wide Web (WWW) changed TCP/IP is the communication protocol for the Internet.
the way in which Internet was used.  The TCP/IP protocol has two parts: TCP and IP.
 WWW is a system of creating, organizing, and linking documents, and was  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable transport service,
created by British scientist Tim Berners Lee. A protocol based on hypertext i.e. it ensures that messages sent from sender to receiver are properly
was developed that allowed the documents and content on WWW to be routed and arrive intact at the destination.
connected via hyperlink.
 In 1993, Marc Andreessen at the University of Illinois developed the
Mosaic browser. The WWW along with the browser made it possible to set
up number of web pages that may consist of text, pictures or sound, and
with link to other pages.
 Internet and WWW which are interconnection of networks, and
interconnection of documents and resources, respectively, has wired the
whole world together.

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
Internetworking Protocol: TCP Internetworking Protocol: IP
TCP converts messages into a set of packets at the source, which are then  Internet Protocol (IP) allows different computers to communicate by
reassembled back into messages at the destination. TCP operates with the creating a network of networks.
packet switching technique, which is described as follows:  IP handles the dispatch of packets over the network.
 The message is divided into small packets.  It handles the addressing of packets, and ensures that a packet reaches its
 Each packet contains address, sequencing information, and error control destination traveling through multiple networks with multiple standards.
information.
 The address is used to route the packet to its destination. TCP/IP protocol makes it possible for any pair of computers connected to
 Since multiple users can send or receive information over the same Internet to communicate, despite their hardware differences.
communication line, the packets can arrive out of order at the destination.
The sequencing information in the packet is used to reassemble the packets
in order, at their destination.
 The error control information is used to check that the packet arrived at the
destination is the same as that sent from the source (i.e. has not got
corrupted)

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
THE INTERNET ARCHITECTURE: Managing the Internet:
Internet is a network of interconnected networks and is designed to operate Internet is not controlled by any one person or an organization. A number of
without a central control. If a portion of the network fails, connection is made organizations manage the Internet. Some of the governing bodies of the
through alternative paths available. Internet and their functions are as
Governing Bodies of Internet Functions

 Client  Provides information about Internet

Internet Society (ISOC)
 Local Internet Service Provider (ISP)  Responsible for development of standards and
protocols related to Internet
 Regional ISP  Advisory group of ISOC
 Backbone is at top of the hierarchy. Internet Architecture Board (IAB)  Responsible for development of Internet
 Network Access Point (NAP) architecture
 Community of network designers, operators,
vendors, and researchers
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 Responsible for evolution of Internet
 Open to all individuals
For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.com

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
Managing the Internet: Connecting to Internet:
Governing Bodies of Internet Functions To be able to connect your computer to the Internet, we require
 Internet Engineering Steering Group
(1) a TCP/IP enabled computer
 Reviews standards developed by IETF
(IESG) (2) web browser software
(3) an account with an ISP
 Internet Research Task Force  Focuses on research towards the future of Internet
(IRTF) (Internet protocol, architecture etc.) (4) a telephone line, and
(5) a modem or Network Interface Card (NIC) to connect the telephone line to the
 Internet Assigned Number Authority
 Allots IP address to organizations and individuals computer
(IANA)
A modem is a device that connects a computer to Internet. A Network Interface
 Internet Network Information Center Card or NIC is a device that is required to connect a computer to Internet via a
 Responsible for domain name registration
(InterNIC)
LAN or high-speed Internet connection like cable modem or Digital Subscriber
 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
 Responsible for development of technologies for Line (DSL). A web browser is a software that allows the user to view
World Wide Web
information on WWW. WWW is a large-scale, on-line repository of
information that the users search using the web browser. Internet Explorer and
Netscape Navigator are examples of web browser.

The Internet and Internet Services Course Contents

Internet Connections:
1. Hardwired broadband access
 Dial-up access
 Integrated Services Digital Network
 Leased lines
Define internet address.
 Cable Internet access
 Digital subscriber line (DSL, ADSL, SDSL, and VDSL) Explain physical and Logical address with example.
 Fiber to the home
2. Wireless broadband access
 Satellite broadband
 Mobile broadband
 WiMAX
 Wireless ISP

Course Contents Course Contents

Internet Address: Internet Address: Physical (Mac) address
A computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address in order to  Mac Address works in layer 2 (Data Link layer) of OSI reference model.
communicate across the Internet. Most devices are connected physically with Ethernet cables or wirelessly
Every computer or device on the internet has two types of addresses: with Wi-Fi and both methods use MAC addresses to identify a device on
the network.
1. Physical address – Mac(media access control) address
2. Internet address(Logical address) – IP Address  A MAC address consists of 12 hexadecimal digits, usually grouped into six
pairs separated by hyphens. MAC addresses are available from 00-00-00-
00-00-00 through FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF.
A MAC address and an IP address each identify network devices, but they do  The first half are vendor numbers which is the address of manufacturer
the job at different levels. (also called the OUI – Organizationally Unique Identifier), and the 2nd half
is NIC serial number assigned by the manufacturer to this adapter, or
 MAC address identifies a device to other devices on the same local station address.
network. The internet address (or IP address) identifies the device globally.  Mac number is hardcoded both into Ethernet and Wi-Fi devices during the
 A network packet needs both addresses to get to its destination. manufacturing process.
For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.com

Course Contents Course Contents

Internet Address: Internet address (Logical address) – IP Address Internet Address: Internet address (Logical address) – IP Address :
 IP address works in Layer 3, the network layer, of the OSI reference model. The  A computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address in order
internet was initially built around IP version 4 (IPv4) and is in transition to IPv6. to communicate across the Internet. Internet Protocol (IP) address is
 An IP address identifies a device on the global internet. assigned uniquely to every computer connected to the Internet.
 An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits, usually written as four decimal numbers, or a  An IP address looks like 201.54.122.107. Since IP addresses are numeric, it
dotted quad. Possible decimal values range from 000.000.000.000 through is difficult to remember everyone’s IP address. So, instead of numeric IP
255.255.255.255, although many possible addresses are disallowed or reserved for address, domain name is used.
specific purposes.
 Another difference between a MAC address and IP address is the way the
 The address combines network identification and device identification data. The addresses are assigned. An IP address is bound to a network device via software
network prefix is anywhere from eight to 31 bits, and the remainder identify the configurations, and it can be changed at any time. Local network switches
device on the network. maintain Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) tables that map IP addresses to
 An IPv6 address consists of 128 bits, with the first 64 reserved for network MAC addresses. When a router sends the switch a packet with a destination
identification and the second 64 dedicated to identifying a device on the network. specified by an IP address, it uses the ARP table to know which MAC address to
 The address is written as eight sets of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons attach to the packet when it forwards the data to the device as Ethernet frames.
- for example, FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF.

Course Contents Course Contents

Internet Address: IP Address: Internet Address: IP Address:
Who provide IP Address to computer?
 If we connect to the Internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP),
temporary IP address are assigned for the duration of connection session.
 If we connect to the Internet from a local area network (LAN), computer
might have a permanent IP address or it might obtain a temporary one from
a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.
 In any case, if you are connected to the Internet, your computer has a
unique IP address.

Course Contents Course Contents

Internet Address: Domain Address: Internet Address: Domain Names and Address Resolution using DNS
 Domain name is a text name (string of words) corresponding to the
numeric IP address of a computer on the Internet.  Domain Name Service (DNS) is a distributed database which keeps track
 Domain names are used for the convenience of the user. A domain name of computer's names and their corresponding IP addresses on the Internet.
combines a group of hosts on the Internet (e.g. Yahoo, Google, MSN etc.), Many computers connected to the Internet host part of the DNS database

and a top level domain. and the software that allows others to access it. These computers are known
Some examples of top-level domain are as follows: as DNS servers.
com for commercial organizations,
 No DNS server contains the entire database; they only contain a subset of
edu for educational institutions, it. If a DNS server does not contain the domain name requested by another
net for gateways and administrative hosts, computer, the DNS server re-directs the requesting computer to another
org for non-profit organizations, DNS server.
co for companies, and
ac for academics
For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.com

Data Communication and Computer Data

The Internet and Internet Services Computer Networks and Internet Services
Internet Services: Questions:
1. World Wide Web (WWW)  What is the purpose of Network Access Point (NAP)?
Name some organizations that manage the Internet.
2. Electronic Mail 

 What is the purpose of sequencing and error control information in a packet sent by TCP
 E-mail Address
over the Internet?
 E-mail Message Format  What is the need of the IP address? What does an IP address look like? Give an example.
 E-mail Services What is the range of numbers used to write an IP address?
 How E-mail Works  What is the need of a domain name? Name five top-level domains. Give two examples of
3. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) domain names. What is the purpose of the DNS server?
 How FTP Works  Name the services provided by the Internet. What is the significance of the name World
Wide Web?
4. Terminal Network (Telnet)  What is the use of hyperlink? Differentiate between homepage and web page.
5. News  What is the function of web server? What is the use of web browser?
6. Internet Relay Chat (IRC)  What is a web portal? How is a web portal different from a web site?

Data Communication and Computer Data

Computer Networks and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
Questions: Internet Services: World Wide Web (WWW)
 What is the purpose of URL? Explain the syntax of URL? Explain the parts of the
following URL:http://www. niit.com/mainpage
 WWW (also called as Web) is a large scale, online store of information. It
 How is URL different from domain name?
is a system of creating, organizing, and linking of documents.
 List four features of e-mail? Explain the syntax of e-mail address with example.
 What is the difference between Cc and Bcc in an e-mail header?  Information is stored on WWW as a collection of documents that are
 Differentiate between application based e-mail and web based e-mail? interconnected with each other via links.
 Explain the working of e-mail.  The interconnected documents may be located on one or more than one
 What information is stored in the e-mail header? computer, worldwide, thus, the name world wide web.
 What is the significance of the SMTP, POP3, and IMAP servers in context of the e-mail?
When do you use FTP? List the goals of FTP.

The features of WWW and terms linked to WWW are given below
 Explain the working of the FTP client-server. When is anonymous login used in FTP?
 What is the use of telnet? How is FTP different from telnet?
 What is the purpose of news service on the Internet?
 What is the use of IRC? How is chat different from e-mail?

Course Contents The Internet and Internet Services

World Wide Web (WWW) Internet Services: World Wide Web (WWW)
 Hypertext format The documents on web are created in hypertext format. Hypertext facilitates
 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) linking of documents.
 Hyperlink
 The language used to create a hypertext format document is HyperText
 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Markup Language (HTML). HTML allows the designer of the document to
 Web page include text, pictures, video, images, sound, graphics, movies etc., and also
 Web site to link contents on the same document or different documents using a
 Homepage hyperlink.
 Web Server
 The hypertext format document is transferred on the Web using HyperText
 Uploading/Downloading
Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
 Web browser
 A single hypertext document is called a Web page.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
 web portal  A group of related web pages is called a Web site. A web site displays
related information on a specific topic.
For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.com

The Internet and Internet Services Course Contents

Internet Services: World Wide Web (WWW) Internet Service: How WWW works?
 The first web page or main page of a website is called Homepage. When type a URL into a web browser, works as below:
 The web pages are stored on the Internet on the Web Server. Web servers are host  If the URL contains a domain name, the browser first connects to a domain name
computers that can store thousands of web pages. server and retrieves the corresponding IP address for the web server.
 The web browser connects to the web server and sends an HTTP request (via the
 The process of storing a web page on a web server is called uploading.
protocol stack) for the desired web page.
 The process of retrieving a web page from a web server onto the user’s computer  The web server receives the request and checks for the desired page. If the page
is downloading. exists, the web server sends it. If the server cannot find the requested page, it will
 The web pages stored on web server on the Internet, can be viewed from the send an HTTP 404 error message. (404 means 'Page Not Found')
user’s computer using a tool called Web browser.  The web browser receives the page back and the connection is closed.
 Every web page is identified on Internet by its address, also called Uniform  The browser then parses through the page and looks for other page elements it
Resource Locator (URL). needs to complete the web page. These usually include images, applets, etc.
 A web portal is a web site that presents information from different sources and  For each element needed, the browser makes additional connections and HTTP
makes them available in a unified way. A web portal enables the user to search for requests to the server for each element.
any type of information from a single location, i.e. the home page of the web  When the browser has finished loading all images, applets, etc. the page will be
portal. A web portal generally consists of a search engine, e-mail service, news, completely loaded in the browser window.
advertisements, and an extensive list of links to other sites.

Course Contents Course Contents

Electronic Mail: Electronic mail (E-mail) is an electronic message transmitted E-mail Message Format:
over a network from one user to another. E-mail is a text-based mail consisting of The e-mail message consists of two parts-header and body. The header contains
lines of text, and can include attachments such as audio messages, pictures and information about the message, such as:
documents. The features of e-mail are as follows:
 From—Sender’s e-mail address.
E-mail can be sent to one person or more than one person at the same time.

 To—Recipient’s e-mail address.
 Communicating via e-mail does not require physical presence of the recipient. The
recipient can open the e-mail at his/her convenience.  Date—When the e-mail was sent.
 Since messages are transmitted electronically, e-mail is a fast way to communicate with  Subject—The topic of the message.
the people in your office or to people located in a distant country, as compared to postal  Cc—Addresses where carbon copies of the same e-mail will be sent. The
system. recipients of e-mail can see all e-mail addresses to which the copies have
E-mail messages can be sent at any time of the day.

been sent.
 A copy of e-mail message that the sender has sent is available on the senders computer for
later reference.  Bcc—Addresses where Blind carbon copies (Bcc) of the same e-mail will
 In addition to sending messages, e-mail is an ideal method for sending documents already be sent. The recipients of e-mail do not know that the same e-mail has been
on the computer, as attachments. sent to other e-mail addresses.
 E-mail has features of the regular postal service. The sender of e-mail gets the e-mail  The size of e-mail.
address of the recipient, composes the message and sends it. The recipient of e-mail can
The body contains the text of the message and any attachments to be sent.
read the mail, forward it or reply back. The recipient can also store the e-mail or delete it.

Course Contents Course Contents

How E-mail Works: How E-mail Works:
 The e-mail works on the client-server model. The e-mail client-server work as follows:
 E-mail clients are the users who wish to use the e-mail facility. Both, the sender of e-  The client connects to e-mail server when the user wants to send, check or receive
mail and the recipient of e-mail are e-mail clients. email. The client connects to the server on two TCP/IP ports—(1) SMTP on port 25,
 E-mail server is a combination of processes running on a server with a large storage and (2) POP3 on port 110 or IMAP on port 143.
capacity- a list of users and rules, and the capability to receive, send, and store emails  SMTP server accepts outgoing email from client (sender e-mail client). Next, the
and attachments. These servers are designed to operate without constant user SMTP server checks the e-mail address at which e-mail has to be delivered (recipient
intervention. e-mail client). If the recipient e-mail client resides on the same SMTP server, then the
 The e-mail client interacts with the e-mail server to send or receive e-mail. Most e-mail is sent to the local POP or IMAP server, otherwise, the e-mail is sent to another
email servers provide email services by running two separate processes on the same SMTP server so that it reaches the recipient e-mail client’s SMTP server.
machine-Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).  POP3 stores e-mail for a client on a remote server. When the client gets connected to
Some e-mail servers also run another process on the machine—Internet Message server, the e-mail messages are downloaded from POP3 server to client’s computer.
Access Protocol (IMAP) (Microsoft Exchange Server & Exchange ActiveSync)
 IMAP also stores e-mails on a remote server. However, the e-mail messages are not
 SMTP is used to send e-mail from the client to server and from one server to another
downloaded to the client’s computer. The user manipulates the e-mail messages
server.
directly on the e-mail server.
 POP3 is used by client for application based e-mail to access mail from the server.
 The POP3/IMAP and SMTP are linked by an internal mail delivery mechanism that
 IMAP is used by client for web-based e-mail to access mail on server.
moves mail between the POP3/IMAP and SMTP servers.
For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.com

Course Contents Course Contents

How E-mail Works: File Transfer Protocol (FTP):
FTP is an Internet tool used for copying files from one computer to another. It
gives access to directories or folders on remote computers, and allows software,
data and text files to be transferred between different kinds of computers. Using a
FTP program or a web browser, the user can log onto an FTP host computer over
Internet and copy files onto their own computer.
The goals of FTP are as follows:
 FTP promotes sharing of files, articles, and other types of data.
 FTP encourages indirect use of remote computers.
 Heterogeneous systems use different operating systems, character sets,
directory structures, file structures and formats. FTP shields users from
these variations and transfers data reliably and efficiently.
 Universities and software companies use FTP host computers to provide
visitors with access to data.

Course Contents Course Contents

How FTP Works: How FTP Works:
FTP works on the client-server model. FTP client is a program running on the
user’s computer that enables the user to talk to, and get files from remote
computers. FTP server is the remote computer or the host computer from which
files are accessed by the FTP client. The FTP client-server works as follows:
 The FTP client gives the ftp command with the address of FTP server,
using a URL. For example, ftp://ftp.cs.vu.nl
 When the FTP client gets connected to FTP server, the user enters the
User Login and password. A user can login to a FTP server even if they
don’t have an account on the FTP server. For this, the user uses the
anonymous login.
 FTP server verifies the User Login and password to allow the FTP client
to access its files.
 FTP client looks in the directory for files in the FTP server.
 FTP client gets the requested file(s) and quits.

Course Contents The Internet and Internet Services

How FTP Works: Uses of Internet:
Internet is used for different purposes by different people. Some uses of the
Internet are listed below:
 E-Commerce (auction, buying, selling products etc.)
 Research (on-line journals, magazines, information etc.)
 Education (e-learning courses, virtual classroom, distance learning)
 E-Governance (online filing of application (Income Tax), on-line application
forms etc.)
 On-line ticket booking (airplane tickets, rail tickets, cinema hall tickets etc.)
 On-line payments (credit card payments etc.)
 Video conferencing
 Exchange of views, music, files, mails, folders, data, information etc.
 Outsourcing jobs (work flow software)
 Social networking (sites like Facebook, LinkedIn, twitter, Orkut
 E-Telephony (sites like skype)
For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.com

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT): Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT):
 The Internet of Things(IoT) is the extension of internet connectivity into
physical devices. These “smart” and “connected” devices communicate
over the internet. Due to this connection, they can be remotely monitored
and controlled.
 Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain
electronics embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and
sense interactions amongst each other or with respect to the external
environment.
 In the upcoming years, IoT-based technology will offer advanced levels of
services and practically change the way people lead their daily lives.
 Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities,
and smart homes are just a very few of the categorical examples where IoT
is strongly established.

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT): Wearable Computing:
There are four main components used in IoT:  Wearable computing is a term that refers to computer-powered devices or
1. Low-power embedded systems: Less battery consumption, high performance are equipment that can be worn by a user, including clothing, watches, glasses,
the inverse factors play a significant role during the design of electronic systems. shoes and similar items.
2. Cloud computing: Data collected through IoT devices is massive and this data has  Wearable computing devices can range from providing very specific,
to be stored on a reliable storage server for cloud computing. The data is limited features like heart rate monitoring and pedometer capabilities to
processed and learned, giving more room for us to discover where things like advanced “smart” functions and features similar to those a smartphone or
electrical faults/errors are within the system. smartwatch offers.
3. Availability of big data: We know that IoT relies heavily on sensors, especially  These more advanced wearable computing devices can typically enable the
real-time. As these electronic devices spread throughout every field, their usage is
wearer to take and view pictures or video, read text messages and emails,
going to trigger a massive change of big data.
respond to voice commands, browse the web and more.
4. Networking connection: In order to communicate, internet connectivity is a must
where each physical object is represented by an IP address.  While wearable computing devices are only just now starting to emerge
from the realm of science fiction into reality, rumored devices like Google
Glasses and the Apple iWatch may soon bring advanced wearable
computing devices into the mainstream.

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
Cloud Computing: Introduction to E-commerce:
 Cloud computing basically means computing on the Internet. Connecting E-commerce involves buying and selling of products and services, electronically via internet.
to the cloud represents connecting to the Internet and is made easier E-commerce involves any business transaction executed electronically between parties. It uses
through the advances in wireless technology. Internet and Web for doing the business. It uses services like e-mail, workflow software tools,
Intranet, and, the e-payment services.
 In cloud services, the data center operates like the Internet and computing
The parties involved in e-commerce may be of the following kinds:
resources are accessed and shared as virtual resources in a secure and
 Business and Business (B2B). A data processing company handling data services for a
scalable manner. company.
 In a simple description, cloud computing refers to taking services (“cloud  Business and Consumers (B2C).
services”) and moving them outside an organizations firewall on shared  Consumers and Consumers (C2C). A customer selling goods to another customer, like
systems. in e-bay.com.
 In the cloud system, applications and services are accessed via the web,  Business and the public sector, and, consumers and the public sector.
instead of a computer hard drive. The services are delivered and used over  E-commerce web sites are like on-line market places where you can sell and buy items,
the Internet where a charge is paid by cloud customer typically on an “as- and facilitate it by advertising your product, establishing newsgroups and blogs, posting
needed, pay-per-use” business model. The benefit is that the cloud job-oriented resumes etc.
infrastructure is managed by the cloud provider, not the individual cloud  The on-line shopping is a fast growing segment as consumers are becoming more
customer. confident to use it, with the widespread use of the Internet.
For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.com

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
Things to consider for e-commerce business: Who is involved in an ecommerce business ?
There are several issues that you should consider before selling your goods and Depending upon the scale and complexity of the proposed e-commerce system,
services via internet. ranges of specialists required and have experiences of:
 Planning for e-commerce  Servers Microsoft, Lynux, Sun etc(File, Communication and database
 Choose the right website hosting and ISP provider server)
 Options for connecting to the Internet  Firewalls and security
 Best practice in web design  Graphic design and production
 Create an online shop for sales and marketing  HTML and XML coding
 Accepting online payments  Programming languages
 Develop an e-marketing plan  Database technologies

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
E-governance: E-governance:
 Electronic governance or e-governance or Digital Governance is the  Governance is about how local public bodies and partnerships ensure that
application of information and communication technology (ICT) for they are doing the right things, in the right way, for the right people in a
delivering government services, exchange of information, communication timely inclusive, open, honest and accountable manner.
transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems between  It comprises the systems and processes for the direction and control of
government to citizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government- local authorities through which they account to, engage with and lead their
to- government (G2G) communities”
 The two main objectives of E-governance is to restore the democracy to its
true meaning with the help of improvisation of the participation of the
citizen in the governing process by giving feedback and access to
information and overall participation of the citizen in the decision making.
 The main objective of e-Governance is delivering or exchanging the
information, enhancing the business transactions, giving better services to
the citizens and handle the various interactions within and across the
government and business organizations.

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
Smart City: GIS: What is GIS ?
A smart city is a designation given to a city that incorporates information and GIS = G + IS
communication technologies (ICT) to enhance the quality and performance of
urban services such as energy, transportation and utilities in order to reduce
resource consumption, wastage and overall costs. Geographic reference + Information system

To improve urban living and to optimize their resources, cities are folding
internet-connected devices into streetlights, municipal infrastructure, parking
meters, and more, composing what could be called the “technological” portion Data of spatial coordinates Database of attribute data
of a smart city. Smart cities are using the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve on the surface of the earth corresponding to spatial
(Map) – location data location and procedures to
the quality of life for their citizens.
provide information for
decision making

GIS = IS with geographically referenced data

For more notes visit https://collegenote.pythonanywhere.com

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
GIS: What is GIS ? GIS: Why use GIS?
A geographic information system (GIS) is the system that captures, A GIS can be used to do the following:
stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data with reference to
geographic location data.  Merges diverse data sources – project specific information, socio-
economic, census, statistical and spatial base data such as administrative
GIS is concerned with spatial or geographic data which refers to data boundaries, roads, cities, infrastructure, etc.
that has a location upon the Earth’s surface.
 Manage all diverse data sources to prepare map, graph and reports
and to report management for decision making process.
 Visualizes and disseminates information.
 Analyses data, illustrates trends, growth, and generates value added
outputs.
 Reveals important spatial relationships that facilitate understanding.
So GIS provides a platform for project planning, monitoring, reporting and
data sharing for decision making process.

The Internet and Internet Services The Internet and Internet Services
GIS: Basic GIS Function? GIS: Scope of GIS
Land registration system
Data input 

 Utilities such as Water supply, Electricity, Telephone, Irrigation networks

Graphic data: digitized, converted from existing data
 Topographical database
Attribute data: keyed-in, loaded from existing data files
 Forestry planning management
Data storage and manipulation  Transportation networks
File management, Editing, Geoprocessing (clip, merge, etc),  Land use and land cover planning
reclassification
 Urban planning
Data analysis  Natural resource planning
Database query, Spatial analysis, Modeling  Disaster management and mitigation
Data output or display  Environment impact studies
Maps, Reports, Tables, Graphs

The Internet and Internet Services

GIS: Geographical Data
1. Spatial data
 Point Object: School, hospital, settlement, bridge, tap stands etc
 Line objects: Roads, Drain, Canal, Electric line, W/S pipe lines, etc
 Polygon Objects: Forest, Lake, Cultivates area etc

2. Non-spatial (Attribute data) - Like as Excel or Dbase

 These are the properties of the spatial data. Each component has
number of important properties which is presented in tabular form
and also called attributes.