Week#1 Enhanced
Oil Recovery
(EOR)
by: Astra Agus Pramana
Petroleum Engineering Dept
Pertamina University
Week #1: Introduction to EOR:
By: Dr. Astra Agus Pramana
Petroleum Engineering Dept.
Pertamina University
References:
• Lake, L.: Fundamentals of EOR, 1983
• Alvorado, V.: Enhanced Oil Recovery: Field Planning
and Development Strategies, 2010
• Latil, M.: “Enhanced Oil Recovery”, Institut Francais
du Petrole, 1980
• Aguilera, M.: “Enhanced Oil Recovery Introduction”,
IFP School, 2013
References
Laju produksi
Tambahan
Road to Increasing Production: A
perolehan
minyak
B
C
waktu
Reservoir Description
Best reservoir model
Seismic 4D,EM, Geology
Reservoir Simulation
Better predictions
+ Production data
Action: IOR
Infill & horz drilling, new wells,
Pressure maintenance,
Fracturing
Action: Enhanced oil recovery • Surfactant
Displacement & • Polymer
• Alkaline
Sweep improvement • Foam
Surfactant Polymer Water Oil
• DRIVING MECHANISMS
Definition of EOR
• a means of producing oil with the injection of
external fluids and energy into the oil reservoir
with the purpose of increasing the total recovery
above traditional methods
• Injeksi energi atau fluida eksternal untuk
meningkatkan perolehan minyak lebih dari
metode tradisional.
✓Fluids, substances:water, steam, chemical,
microbes
✓Energy: mechanic, thermal or combination of
the two
✓The most known EOR: Waterflood (gives oil
recovery as much as 30% of initial reserve)
Recovery Mechanisms (Lake, 1992)
Targets of I&EOR
EOR Methods
(Baviere,1991)
increase water viscosity Polymer flooding
Sweep Efficiency
(macro scale)
Steam drive, (thermal)
reduce oil viscosity In-situ combustion - ISC
(thermal)
CO2 drive
miscible
miscible transfer fluid hydrocarbon gas
Displacement flooding
Efficiency
(pore scale) reduce interfacial tension
surfactant flooding
(which reduces capillary
pressure)
alkaline flooding
alter wettability
EOR Screening:
Conventional→ softwares & labs
Famous Labs
• US:
SURTEK, TIORCO & its links (Stepan, Fabtech, Champion, Nalco,
Ecolab), CLARIANT, U.Wyoming, UT-Austin, Texas A&M.
• Canada:
WEATHERFORD, AITF, SRC, PERM Inc, U.Calgary, U.Alberta,
U.Regina
EUROPE:
SINTEF/NTNU, Herriot Watt Univ., Beicip/IFP, Panterra, BASF,
Repsol Lab.
INDONESIA: Lemigas, IPB- SRC, ITB-OGRINDO
Experts
• Thermal: Syed Farouq Ali, Alex Turta, KC Yeung
• Chemical: Larry Lake/Gary Pope/Delshat (UT Austin), George Hirasaki
(Rice U), Dan Wilson (Surtek), Vladimir Alvarado (Wyoming.U), Eduardo
Manrique (Tiorco),
• LoSal: Morrow(Wyoming)
Coreflooding System
•3000 •1397
•Gas •1327•1404
•1364
•1302
•1214 •1302 •1316
•ERA BPMIGAS
•1522
•Minyak •1264
•1267 •1366
•2500 •1056 •1501 •1586
•1229 •1468 •1499
•14•62 •1408 •1498
•1538,38
•966 •1373 •1516,751530,83
•512 550 •744 •847 •1483,46
•797 •904
•2000 •266401 488 •585 •773
•544
•15•3
•1683
•1631 1589•1624 •1624
•MBOEPD
•1500 •91 99 •1575 •1612 15 •74
•1557
•109 •1587 •1519 •1445 •1539 •1535 •1537
•1506 •1491 •1500
•1373 •1407 •1362 •1387 •1415
•74 1336•1305 •1288 •1338 •1303 •1341
•1252
•11 •47
•1096
•1000 •53 59 •1062
•1082 •1006
•51 •Plateau stage •Duri •95497794994•5 902 785,792
•853 889 •859,64824,191
•Steamflood •788,777
•57 57•742 •Minas
•601
•500 •52•569 Waterflood
•466 •PEAK 1996
•PEAK 1977
•0
•1966
1972
1985
1991
1997
2010
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
•TAHUN
•0 USAHA YANG TELAH DILAKUKAN UNTUK
•skkrnigaEl PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI
•MINYAK DAN KONDENSAT DI INDONESIA
•
•1000
•1400
•120
0
•0
•m
1000
z
Laiu Penurunan
•800 Pro clUksi Rata-rata -I-2
•'71 r.k.Li per tahun
•p
600
• -0
•0
•200
•400 •
•BPMIGAS
•0
•2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 200/ 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
•Sumber data:
SKKMIGAS
• Tidak ditemukan lagi lapangan minyak raksasa (lapangan dengan
•kapasitas >500 Juta Bbl) saat ini
• Kendatipun teknologi dalam bidang explorasi semakin canggih, kita
•menemukan lapangan yang kecil dan lebih-kecil lagi....
•Sejak tahun 2001, tidak
ditemukan lagi lapangan
minyak raksasa
•Sumber: Simmons
Company International
•Fase
•Fase •Fase Produksi • Akhir
•Persiapa
Explorasi (Improved Oil Recovery) Masa
n Konsesi
Produksi
• Evaluasi • Rencana • Bor Sumur Sisipan & Kerja Ulang
Cekungan •Pengembangan • Optimasi Produksi
• Identifikasi Lapangan (POD) • Secondary Recovery
Prospek • Persiapan (WaterFlood)
• Bor Explorasi Masa Produksi • Tahap Lanjut (Tertiary / Enhanced
Oil Recovery)
•30 Tahun
•Metode
•Secondary recovery Tertiary Recover (EOR)
•Water •Gas
•Water
•Injeksi Gas
Flooding
•GasInjection •Chemical •Thermal •Other
•CO2 •Surfactant •Hot water •Microbial
•Hydrocarbon •Polymer •Steam •Acoustic
•Pemeliharaan •Nitrogen/Flue
•Alkaline •In-situ combustion •Electromagnetic
Tekanan •Air
•Isi Awal Minyak
Ditempat (Initial Oil • IOR&EOR Potential
In Place=IOIP, 74 B 46.9 B bbl
bbl
•Remaining reserves: 3.2 B bbl
• Sudah
Diproduksikan
23.9 B bbl
•Steam Flood
•20%
•Primary
•20% •60%
•Water Flood & Gas
•Injection
•9 9
•Proyek Enhanced Oil Recovery terbagi menjadi 3
aktivitas Antara lain :
1. Tahap Pengembangan Lapangan
Teknologi EOR yang telah terbukti diapplikasikan di lapangan komersial
eksploitasi
2. Pilot / Field Trial
Analisa dan Uji EOR metode dan design dari hasil studi menggunakan
injeksi berpola
3. Study
Melakukan kajian-kajian untuk menemukan metode EOR terbaik untuk
lapangan tertentu
•PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL •10
•1) Tahap Pengembangan Lapangan:
•No •Field •KKKS •Method •Remarks
•1 •Duri •Chevron •Steam Flood •Proven
•Duri Field Production
•300.000
•Duri SF
•250.000 Duri Cond
Duri Main
•PRODUCTION, BOPD
•200.000 •DEVELOPMENT
•150.000 •PILOT
•100.000
•50.000
•-
•T IME
•PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL •1 1
•2) Pilot/ Field Trial : Minas Chemical EOR:
Field Method KKKS Remarks
Minas Surfactant Chevron Very Good Result
Polymer
Kaji Surfactant Medco Good Result
Polymer
Tanjung Surfactant Pertamina Bad Result
/Polymer EP
•Widuri •Polymer •CNOOC •Good result
•Kaji Chemical EOR:
•Old •Electrical EOR •Medco •On Going
Rimau
•PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL •12
•3) EOR Studies and Preparation :
KKKS Field Method Activities
KSO Indospec-PEP Limau Pilot Preparation
BOB-BSP Pedada Study
CNOOC SES Rama Study
EMP Melibur Chemical Flooding Study
Pertamina EP Rantau Z-600 Study
Pertamina EP Kenali Asam Study
Pertamina EP Tempino Study
PetroChina Gemah CO2 Flooding Study
•EOR merupakan usaha untuk:
• Meningkatkan faktor perolehan
Minyak Bumi biasanya dimulai dengan
teknologi tahap primer (Primary
Recovery) disusul oleh teknologi tahap
sekunder (Secondary Recovery) untuk
menambah
•energi Reservoar dengan
menginjeksikan air atau gas.
• Meningkatkan efisiensi pendesakan
(displacement efficiency)
• Memperbesar region yang dapat •ENHACDOILRVYM
S
dirambah di dalam Reservoar atau
menambah efisiensi penyapuan secara
volumetrik, sekaligus menurunkan •TH
L
A
M
R
E
•O
R
E
H
T
saturasi Minyak Bumi yang tersisa GAS CHEMICAL
(residual oil saturation). (Miscible/Immiscible)
•Steam (soak; drive)
•M al
b
icro
Polymer •Seism c
CO2 ••Com
()
stin
u
b
aer
tW
o
H
Alkaline/Caustic
Hydrocarbon
Micellar/Polymer
Nitrogen
•14
• ii. Definisi dan persyaratan suatu proses dapat dikategorikan sebagai teknologi
EOR adalah:
• Metode peningkatan perolehan Minyak Bumi dengan menginjeksikan sumber
energi eksternal dan/atau material untuk memperoleh Minyak Bumi yang tidak
dapat diproduksikan secara ekonomis menggunakan metode-metode yang
konvensional;
• Terdiri atas sumur-sumur injeksi dan produksi yang berbeda. Disarankan
konfigurasi sumur-sumur tersebut berpola;
• Menurunkan residual oil saturation; dan
• Mengubah karakteristik batuan dan/atau karakteristik fluida Reservoar.
ii. Penerapan EOR di suatu Lapangan memerlukan persiapan yang matang dan
memerlukan waktu yang lama
i. Mengingat besarnya investasi, maka kinerja metoda EOR yang dipilih harus
dapat diramalkan sebelum diterapkan dalam skala Lapangan.
ii. Berdasarkan data historis, waktu yang diperlukan untuk menerapkan EOR
hingga tahap skala Lapangan biasanya lebih dari 10 tahun.
• 15
OIL RECOVERY EQUATION
N p = ED EV • OOIP
Total Recovery Efficiency
Np – Oil Recovery
ED – Pore to Pore (Unit) Displacement Efficiency
(Capillary Mechanism – How well does injected fluid move oil)
EV – Volumetric Sweep Efficiency
(Mobility Control Mechanism)
OOIP – Original Oil in Place
29
OIL RECOVERY EQUATION
N p = ED EV • OOIP
N = E ( E E ) • OOIP
p D A VI
Np – Oil Recovery
ED – Pore to Pore (Unit) Displacement Efficiency
(Capillary Mechanism – How well does injected fluid move oil)
ED – Pore to Pore (Unit) Displacement Efficiency
(Capillary Mechanism – How well does injected fluid move oil)
EV – Volumetric Sweep Efficiency (Mobility Control Mechanism)
EA – Areal Displacement Efficiency
(Mobility Control Mechanism)
EVI – Vertical Displacement Efficiency Volumetric Sweep Efficiency
(Mobility Control Mechanism)
OOIP – Original Oil in Place
30
ED : PORE TO PORE
DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY
1 Liter of Oil
in the ground
How to Clean?
H2O Soap (Alkali/Surfactant)
Oil trapped in the pores
0.5 Liter of Oil 0.05 Liter of Oil
in the ground in the ground
31
PORE TO PORE DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY (ED)
SOi = 0.77
SOi – Initial Oil Saturation
SOr – Residual Oil Saturation
SOr = 0.3
32
AREAL DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY (EA)
area contacted by displacing agent
EA =
total area
33
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY (EVI)
vertical cross sec tional area contacted by dispalcing agent
EVI =
total vertical cross sec tional area
Lower Permeability
Higher Permeability
34
