The First Law of
Thermodynamics
Closed System
1
So far…
l We’ve considered various forms of energy
l Q (heat)
l W (work)
l E (Energy)
l We haven’t tried to relate them during a
process
l They are related through the
l FIRST LOW OF THERMODYNAMICS
(CONSEVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE)
2
Recall…
l Energy can be neither created nor destroyed;
it can only change forms ( a rock falling off
the cliff)
l Consider a system undergoing a series of
adiabatic processes from a specified state 1
to another specified state 2.
l Obviously the processes can not involve any
heat transfer but they may involve several
kinds of work interactions
3
Recall…
l Experimentally observed: all adiabatic
processes between two specified states of a
closed system, the net work done is the
same regardless of the nature of the closed
system and the details of the process.
l This principle is called the first law
l A major consequences of the first law is the
existence and the definition of the property
total energy E
4
Recall…
l The net work is the same for all adiabatic processes
of a closed system between two specified states,
l The net work must depend on the end states of the
system only.
l Therefore it must correspond to a change in property
of the system (i.e. the total energy)
l Simply the change in the total energy during an
adiabatic process must be equal to the net work
done.
5
First low of thermodynamics
for Closed Systems
l Reminder of a Closed System.
l Closed system = Control mass
l It is defined as a quantity of
matter chosen for study.
l No mass can cross its boundary
but energy can.
6
Experience 1: W= 0
l If we transfer 5 kJ of heat to a potato,
l its total energy will increase by 5 kJ.
7
Experience 2: W=0
l Heat a water in a pan by transferring 15 KJ from
the range
l There is 3 KJ losses
l This means E2-E1= 12 KJ
8
Experience 3: Q=0
l Heat an insulated room with electric heater.,
l W= 5KJ (electric)
l means E2-E1= 5KJ.
Replace the electric
heater
with a paddle wheel.
9
Experience 4: Q=0
l If we do a 10 kJ of boundary
work on a system,
l the system’s internal energy
will increase by 10 kJ.
l This is because (in the absence
of any heat transfer (Q = 0), the
entire boundary work will be
stored in the air as part of its
total energy.
10
Experience 5: Qin, Qout, Win
l If we do 6 kJ of shaft
work on system and
l Transfer 15 kJ of heat
in.
l Loose 3 kJ of heat out.
l Doing 4 kJ of Work
out.
l Then the system
internal energy will
increase by 14 kJ.
11
l Based on the previous experimental
observations, the conservation of energy
principle may be expressed as:
Total Energy Total Energy Change in the total
Entering the System Leaving the System system energy
Ein Eout Esys
On a rate basis
E in E out E sys
Rate of net energy transfer Rate of change in total
by heat, work and mass energy of the system 12
If the system does not move with a velocity and
has no change in elevation, it is called a
stationary system, and the conservation of
energy equation reduces to
Ein Eout U+KE+PE
Ein Eout U
Let us discuss the right hand side of the
first low equation, i. e. E
E U KE PE
Usually the KE and PE are small
E U mu
14
Let us turn to the Left hand side of the 1st
low equation
Ein Eout E
Ein Eout
0 0
Qin Win Emass ,in ( Qout Wout Emass ,out ) E
Emass=0 for closed system
Qin Win ( Qout Wout ) E
If we rearrange, we get
Qin Qout Win Wout E 15
The First low of thermodynamics
Qin Qout Win Wout E
Assuming Qin>Qout and Wout> Win
Qnet ,in Wnet ,out E
usually we drop the subscripts, hence
Q W E General Form (KJ)
Q W E per unit time (or on a Rate basis) KJ/s= Watt
q w e per unit mass basis (KJ/kg)
q w de differential form 16
KEY CONCEPT
Q W E
17
Energy Change for a system
undergoing a cycle
l Q-W =U
l But U = U2-U1=0
(initial state and final
states are the same)
l Hence : Q=W
18
Example (4-1):
Cooling of a Hot fluid in a Tank
l A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled
while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially,
the internal energy of the fluid is 800kj. During
the cooling process, the fluid loses 500kj of heat,
and the paddle wheel does 100 kj of work on the
fluid. Determine the final internal energy of the
fluid.
l Assumptions:
Tank is stationary and thus KE=PE=0.
l Analysis:
Q-W=U2-U1
19
Example (4-2):
Electric Heating of a Gas at Constant Pressure
• A piston-cylinder device contains 25 g of
saturated water vapor that is maintained at
a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A
resistance heater within the cylinder is
turned on and passes a current of 0.2 A for
5 min from a 120-V source. At the same
time, a heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs.
• Show that for a closed system the
boundary work Wb and the change in
internal energy U in the first-law
relation can be combined into one
term, H, for a constant pressure
process.
• Determine the final temperature of the
steam. 20
21
22
Example (4-3):
Unrestrained Expansion
of water into an
Evacuated Tank
A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts
by a partition. Initially, one side of the tank
contains 5 kg of water at 200 kPa and 25oC,
and the other side is evacuated. The
partition is then removed, and the water
expands into the entire tank. The water is
allowed to exchange heat with its
surroundings until the temperature in the
tank returns to the initial value of 25oC.
Determine a) the volume of the tank, b) the
final pressure, and c) the heat transfer for Expansion a against a vacuum
this process. involves no work and thus no
energy transfer 23
24
25
26
Example (4-6):
Heating of a
Gas at
Constant
Pressure
A piston-cylinder device initially contains air at 150 kPa
and 27oC. At this state, the piston is resting on a pair of
stops, as shown in the figure above, and the enclosed
volume is 400 L. The mass of the piston is such that a
350-kPa pressure is required to move it. The air now
heated until its volume has doubled. Determine (a) the
final temperature, (b) the work done by the air, and c)
the total heat transferred to the air. <Answers: a) 1400 K, b)
140 kJ, c) 766.9 kJ>
Sol: 27
5. A piston-cylinder contains steam initially at 1Mpa,
450 oC and 2.5m3. Steam is allowed to cool at
constant pressure until it first start condensing. Show
the process on a T-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines and determine.
a) The mass of the steam
b) The final temperature
c) The amount of heat transfer
6. A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200 kPa,
200°C, and 0.5 m3. At this state, a linear spring is touching the piston
but exerts no force on it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the steam,
causing the pressure and the volume to rise to 500 kPa and 0.6 m3,
respectively. Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines and determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work
done by the steam, and (c) the total heat transferred.
Specific Heat
It defined as; the energy required to raise the temperature
of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.
It is an intensive property of a substance that will enable us
to compare the energy storage capability of various
KJ or KJ
substances. The unit is Kg℃ KgK .
In thermodynamics, we are interested in two kinds of
specific heats: specific heat at constant volume and
specific heat at constant pressure.
The specific heat at constant volume can be viewed as the
energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of
a substance by one degree as the volume is maintained
constant.
Here the boundary work is zero because the volume is
constant
From first law δQ dU
Per unit mass
q du q CvdT
CvdT du
du
Cv
dT v
The specific heat at constant pressure Cp can be viewed as
the energy required to raise the temperature of the unit
mass of a substance by one degree as the pressure is
maintained constant. δQ dU PdV dU PV dH
From first law q dh q CpdT
Per unit mass
CpdT dh
dh
Cp
dT p
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats
of Ideal Gases
We defined an ideal gas as a gas whose temperature, pressure, and
specific volume are related by Pv RT
du CvdT
From the specific heat relation u2 u1 CvdT
Or taking average value of specific heat for narrow temperature
difference u2 u1 Cave,v (T2 T1)
dh Cp T dT h2 h1 CpdT
h2 h1 Cave, p (T2 T1)
Relation between CP and CV for Ideal Gases
h u RT dh du RdT
Replacing dh by CpdT and du by CvdT we have
CpdT CvdT RdT
Cp Cv R
At this point, we introduce another ideal-gas property called the
specific heat ratio k, defined as
Cp
K
Cv
Cp KCv KCv Cv R
Cv
R Cp K
K 1 Cp R Cp R
K K 1
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific
Heats of Solids and Liquids
A substance whose specific volume (or density) is constant is called an
incompressible substance.
The specific volumes of solids and liquids essentially remain constant
during a process. Therefore, liquids and solids can be approximated as
incompressible substances.
It can be mathematically shown that the constant-volume and constant-
pressure specific heats are identical for incompressible substances.
The specific heat can be expressed as
Cp Cv C
