MIZAN TEPI UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

LECTURE ON :- DC MACHINES
1
 Out lines
 Introduction

 Construction

Principle operation of DC machines

 Armature reaction

 Commutation

 Characteristics of D.C. motors

Speed control of DC motor

Speed regulation of DC motor 2

DC MACHINES
INTRODUCTION

 Dc machines are one part of electrical machines used for energy

conversions systems.

 it is versatile and extensively used in industry.

 DC machines can work as generators and motors.

I. DC Generator

 Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

diesel engine

Turbine (steam) source of mechanical power (prime mover) 3

AC motor
Cont…
DC Generators are still being used to produce power in small
back up and stand by generating plants driven by wind mill and
mountain streams (mini hydro electric plants) to provide
uninterrupted power supply

II. DC Motors

Convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

Drives a mechanical load

Are finding increasing applications, especially where large

magnitude and precisely controlled torque is required. 4
Dc motors have
excellent control 5
characteristic for speed
and torque
Cont..
Used in :

 Rolling mills in overhead cranes & for traction purposes, linked fork
lift trucks, electric vehicles and electric trains.

 In portable machine tools supplied from batteries ,in automotive

vehicles as starter motors, blower motors and in many control
applications as actuators and as speed and position sensing devise (
taco generators for speed sensing and servomotors for positioning
traction systems).

Advantages

 It can meet the demand of loads requiring high starting torque

6
 High accelerating and decelerating torque

 Speed can be controlled in a wide range

Cont…
Disadvantages
 The complexity of the construction, mainly due to the use of
carbon brush with comutater segments contact.

 Arcing and sparking due to comutater segments that reduces

the reliability of the machine.

Construction

The basic parts of DC machines are:

A. Stator (stationary part):

B. Rotor (Rotating part): 7

 Construction
1. Stationary part: It is designed mainly for producing a magnetic
flux.
2. Rotating part: It is called the armature, where electrical energy is
converted into mechanical
9
 Stator consists of
 Stator Frame (name plate, terminal box, basement):
provides support for the machines, provides for the pole flux & carries half
of it.
 Stator core ( yoke ;mechanical support)
 Stator pole
 Field winding ( produce stator magnetic flux i.e. main flux)
 Commutating poles( inter poles (improving commutation )), avoids spark
b/n brush & comutater
 Compensating windings:- in large DC machines only, placed in the slots
connected in series with armature windings, cancels armature reaction and
flux weakening.
10
 Brush:- attached to stator end covers made up of Carbone, graphite & to
collect the current from the comutater
 B. Rotor
The rotating part of the machine where electromechanical energy
conversion takes place.
It consists of :
Rotor core

Armature winding:- consists of large no. of coils, each coil

having one or more turns, embedded in rotor slots. each side
of the turn is called conductor.

Rotor shaft

Bearings to support the rotor shaft

Comutater :- mounted on the shaft, insulated each other.

11
Convert AC to DC (mechanical rectification )

Keeps the rotor MMf stationary in space

Principle operation of DC machines

DC machines can work as a motor and a generator

a. Generator action
Requirements are
 Magnetic flux density(ß)
 Conductor with length(l)
 Relative motion between flux density and length(ß &l)
The energy conversion is based on the principle of dynamically
induced emf, whenever a conductor cut magnetic flux,
dynamically induced emf is produced in it by faraday’s law.
This emf cause a current flow if the conductor is closed. 12

Generated voltage = BlVsinø

Cont…
 the figure below shows the schematic diagram of a simple machine

consists of a coil ABCD rotating in the magnetic field of a strong

permanent magnet or powerful electromagnet. The magnetic lines in the
space between N and S poles are directed from the North Pole N to the
South Pole S.

 The ends of the coil ABCD are connected to two copper rings R1 and R2,
fixed on the shaft. Two brushes B1 and B2 connected to the external load
circuit make contact with the copper rings R1 and R2 respectively.

13
 Cont…
Therefore, there will be an induced voltage in the coil side (conductor)
according to faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

𝑁𝑑ø
e= and known as induction by motion.
𝑑𝑡

The voltage is known as motional emf. The direction of the induced

voltage is determined by Flemings right hand rule. It is called
generator rule which can be stated as follows.

Putting the fore finger, the thumb & the middle fingers of the right
hand mutually perpendicular and if the fore finger show the direction
of flux and the thumb shows the direction of speed then the middle
14
finger will point at in the direction of the induced voltage. The
magnitude of induced voltage is proportional to ß, V & l (e=ßlVsinø)
 The nature of emf induced in the DC machine is Alternative

To change AC to DC in DC machines , we must provide many coils segment

in the armature i.e. comutater segment to be used.
The emf equation of a generator is
ø𝑵𝒛𝑷
Eg =
𝟔𝟎𝒂
Ø= flux /pole
Z= total number of armature conductor
P= number of poles
a= number of parallel paths in armature
N=armature rotation in revolution
Eg=emf generated
The positive brush always collects the positive current, and the negative brush
also collect negative
15
As a result, current in the external load circuit remains in the same direction.
Example

A lap wound DC shunt generator having 80 slots with 10 conductors per slot
generates at no load an emf of 400 volt, when running at 1000 r.p.m.. at what
speed should be rotated to generate a voltage of 220 volt on open circuit and
calculate flux/pole.
Solution Z = no. of slot x conductor / slot = 80 x 10 =800
given
slot  80 conductors For lap winding a = p
p NZ  NZ
conductor / slot  10 E1  
E1  400V
60a 60
E 60 400  60
N1  1000r. p.m  1   0.03wb
NZ 1000  800
E2  220volt
let assume that Ø of the system remains constant
requiredN 2  ?
 N2Z
E2 
60
E 60 220v  60
N2  2   550r. p.m
Z 800  0.03 16
Optional E1 N1 220 100
  N2   550r. p.m
E2 N 2 400
17
 motor Action
The two main conditions are :-

 Magnetic field (flux )

 Current carrying conductor

The direction of the induced force is determined by the so called

Fleming's left hand rule which can be stated as follows.

Putting the thumb, the fore finger and the middle finger of our left
hand to be mutually perpendicular and if the fore finger shows the
direction of flux and the middle finger show the direction of
current in the conductor, then the thumb will point out in the 18
direction of induced force.
The magnitude of the induced force in the conductor is
proportional to Magnetic flux density, conductor current,
effective length of conductor

F= BLI sinø

Where, F= Ampere's force

B= Magnetic flux

I= conductor current

L= Effective length of conductor

ø = position of the coil inside the magnetic field

19
TYPES OF DC MACHINES
According to the method of their field excitation dc machines
are classified into the following group:
a) separately excited and
b) self excited
separately excited : Field winding are energized from an
independent external sources of dc current
the voltage of the external dc source has no relation with the
armature voltage, i.e. the field winding energized from a
separate supply .The figure below show separately excited dc
motor.

20
Self Excitation
 When the field winding is excited by its own armature

 In these machines, the field poles must have a residual

magnetism, so that when the armature rotates, a residual
voltage appears across the brushes because of the residual flux

 self-excited dc machine can be sub-divided as follows:

i. Series Excitation
ii. Shunt Excitation and
iii. Compound Excitation

21
Equivalent circuit of DC machines
 Equivalent circuit is the model of the given machines.
 It is the circuit model of the actual electrical machine.
Equivalent circuit of DC generator
Separately Excited Generator
A separately excited dc generator is a generator whose field current is
supplied by a separate external dc voltage source.

22
Shunt DC Generator
A shunt dc generator is a dc generator that supplies its own field

current by having its field connected directly across the terminals

of the machine. the armature current of the machine supplies both

the field circuit and the load attached to the machine.

23
Series dc generator
A series dc generator is a generator whose field is connected
in series with its armature. Since the armature has a much
higher current than a shunt field, the series field in a generator
of this sort will have only a very few turns of wire, and the
wire used will be much thicker than the wire in a shunt field.

24
Example
A DC shunt generator has shunt field winding resistance of 100Ω. It is supplying
a load of 5kW at a voltage of 250V. If its armature resistance is 0.02Ω, calculate
the induced e.m.f. of the generator.
Given quantities
• Terminal voltage, VT = 250V
• Field resistance, RF = 100Ω
• Armature resistance, RA = 0.22Ω
• Power at the load, P = 5kW
The field current, I A  I L  I F
VT 250V
IF    2 .5 A
100
The load current ,I 
RF
P

5000 W
 20A
L
VT 250V
The armature current, IA = IL + IF = 20A + 2.5A = 22.5A
The induced e.m.f.,
EA = VT + IA RA = 250V + (22.5)(0.22) = 254.95V
25
Equivalent circuit of DC motor

Separately excited
 The armature circuit (the entire rotor
structure) is represented by an ideal voltage
source EA and a resistor RA. A battery Vbrush
in the opposite to a current flow in the
machine direction indicates brush voltage
drop.
• The field coils producing the magnetic flux
are represented by inductor LF and resistor
RF. The resistor Radj represents an external
variable resistor (sometimes lumped
together with the field coil resistance) used 26
to control the amount of current in the field
circuit.
Equivalent circuit of DC motor
 For the field circuit
Vt  I f Rf
mmf I f N f
f  
Rm Rm

 For armature circuit

Vt  EA  I A RA
N  ZP
EA 
60a

fig(a) The equivalent circuit of a dc motor. (b) A simplified equivalent circuit

eliminating the brush voltage drop and combining R..., with the field resistance.
Multiplying both sides by I 27
A
• N.B IA=IL
Vt I A  E A I A  I A 2 RA
I
 Vt I A = the gross electrical power input
EA I A = net electrical power input which is converted in to the
gross mechanical power
Net mechanical power out put= E A I A - mechanical loss due to F& W(shaft
power
 Internal generated voltage: Tools for analyzing the behavior
and
EA  K a N
performance of DC motor
 Induce Torque:  ind  ka I A
Zp
 Ka  = machine constant
60.a

a= 2 for wave winding 28

a= p for lap winding
 Self excited
Their field and the armature windings are connected, according to the
field arrangement there are three types dc motors namely;

1. Series Wound

2. Shunt Wound

3. Compound Wound

29
1. Series wound motor
 A series motor is one in which the field winding is connected in series
with the armature so that the whole current drawn by the motor passes
through the field winding as well as armature.

Figure connection diagram of series-wound motor

Used in applications requiring very high torques
starter motors in car
30
elevator motors
 tractor motors in locomotives
1. Shunt wound motor
A shunt wound motor is one in which the field winding is connected in
parallel with armature.

The current supplied to the motor is divided into two paths, one
through the shunt field winding and second through the armature.

31
3. Compound wound motor

A compound wound motor has both series and shunt windings

which can be connected as short-shunt or long shunt with armature
winding

32
Example
1). A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 rpm dc shunt motor with compensating
winding has an armature resistance (including the brushes, compensating
windings, and interpoles) of 0.06 Ω. Its filed
circuit has a total resistance Rdaj+RF of 50Ω, which produces a
no-load speed of 1200 rpm. There are 1200 turns per pole on the
shunt field winding.

(a) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A.
(b) Find the motor speed when its input current is 200 A.
(c) Find the motor speed when its input current is 300 A. 33
Cont…

(a) Since the input current IL = 100Amp,

If = (VT/Rf) = (250/50) = 5 Amp

Ia = IL - If = 100 - 5 = 95 Amp

• Therefore, Ea = VT – Ia Ra =

250 – (95 x 0.06) = 244.3v

• The resulting motor speed N2 is:

Cont…
•Where: Ea1 = back emf at no-load = 250v
N1 = speed at no-load = 1200rpm
Ea2 = 244.3v
N2 = (1200 x 244.3) / 250 = 1173 rpm
(b) Similar computations for the input current of 200Amp
lead to N2 = 1144 rpm

(c)Similar computations for the input current of 300Amp

lead to N2 = 1115 rpm
Example
A 220 V separately excited dc machine has an armature
resistance of 0.5 Ω. If the full load armature current is 20 A. find
the induced armature emf when the machine is operated

i. as a generator

ii. as a motor
Solution
i. Ea= Vt+IaRa ii. Ea = Vt -IaRa

= 220+20x0.5 = 220 -20x 0.5

Ea = 230V Ea= 210V

36
Example
A 250 V, DC shunt motor takes a line current of 20 A. Resistance of shunt field
winding is 200 Ω and resistance of the armature is 0.3 Ω. Find the armature
current, IA and the back e.m.f., EA.
Solution
Given quantities:
• Terminal voltage, VT = 250 V
• Field resistance, RF = 200 Ω
• Armature resistance, RA = 0.3 Ω
Line current, IL = 20 A
the field current, I I I
L A F

V T 250V
IF    1.25A
RF 200
the armature current
I A  IL  IF
 20A  1.25A
 18.75A
the back e.m.f.,
EA = VT – IARA = 250 V – (18.75)(0.3) = 244.375 V 37
Armature reaction
 The effect of magnetic field ( armature field) set up by armature
current on the distribution of the main field flux when the machine is
loaded.
Magnetic field: produced by armature conductor due to current
flowing through them
Main field: produced by the pole which is necessary for operation
The armature reaction has two bad effects on the distribution of the
main magnetic field.
1. Demagnetizing effect:- it demagnetizes (weakness) the main field
flux. As a result of it, the net flux per pole decreases.
For generator,  , Ea ,Vt , Po    38
For motor ,   T  P ,   
c o
Cont…
2. Cross magnetizing effect :- it cross magnetizes (distorts)the
distribution of the main field flux (øf). This leads to the load
commutation process. The commutation process will takes place with
sparking ( flash over) called rotational fire.

So the armature reaction strengthens the main field flux at one pole
and weakness on the other pole end.

Methods of minimizing armature reaction effects

High reluctance pole tips

During the design of machine (calculation )

Inter poles (commutating poles)

39
Compensating winding
1. High reluctance pole tips

The reluctance pole tips can be increased by increasing the

length of the air gap which can be accomplished by using the so
called chambered pole tips.
Lpoletips
Rpoletips   Rpoletip  a  A.R 
A
2. During the design of the machine

It could be seen in the design stage that the field mmf is

sufficiently stronger than in comparison with the armature mmf
at full load condition. this leads to less armature reaction.

mmffield >mmfarmature ,If Nf >Ia Na

40

𝐼𝑓𝑁𝑓
> 1
𝐼𝑎 𝑁𝑎
 3. Inter poles
 The effect of armature reaction in the inter polar zone (commutating zone)
can be minimized by using inter poles which are placed exactly mid way
between the main poles.

 Inter poles are narrow poles not to affect the main field flux.

 In order to achieve automatic regulation of the armature reaction in

the inter polar zone, the inter pole winding must be connecting in
41
series with the armature winding.
4. Compensating winding
 The inter pole winding mmf is effective only in the commutating
zone in other words the A.R effect in the inter polar zone over come.
This means the flux will be weakening still there. To overcome this
problem compensating winding is applied located in the slots in the
pole faces.

 To achieve automatic regulation with loading condition, the

compensating winding also connected in series with armature
winding. 42
 A.R effect in the inter polar zone improves the commutation
process.
Commutation
 When conductors come under the influence of south pole, from the
influence of north pole the direction of current flow in them is reversed.
This reversal of current in a coil will take place when the two comutater
segment to which the coil is connected are being short circuited by brush.
The process of reversal current in a coil is known as commutation.

 The main cause of sparking in DC machine is the self induced emf in

the coli which under goes in the process of current reversal.
Methods of Improving Commutation
 The two methods are,
1. Resistance Commutation:- Replacing low resistance copper brush
comparatively high resistance carbon brush's
2. Emf commutation (reversing emf):-most effective by inter poles.
Inter pole : neutralize the self- reactance voltage by producing reversing emf.
43
 Commutation
 Armature Reaction are undesired effects in DC machines
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATORS
The three most important characteristic curves of a dc
generator are

1. Magnetization characteristic or open-circuit characteristic (O.C.C.)

 shows the relationship between the field current If and the generated emf Eg at
no load and at constant given speed

2. External characteristic

 shows the relationship between the terminal voltage Vt across the load and
the current IL flowing in the external load circuit.
3. Internal characteristic

 Shows the relationship between the emf generated Eg (after allowing for
demagnetizing effect of armature reaction) at load and the armature current Ia 44
Magnetization characteristic or open-circuit characteristic (O.C.C.) of
separately excited dc shunt generator
 the emf generated in the armature
winding of a dc machine under no
load condition is given by

 P, Z and a are constants for a

particular generator, hence at
constant given speed

Egαφ
The generated emf is directly
proportional to the flux per pole
(speed being constant), which in
turns depends upon the field
current If 45

OA- Residual EMF

 External characteristic and Internal characteristic
 The external characteristics of a dc generator express the
relationship between the terminal voltage and the load current at a
constant speed and with the field current keeping the same as under
the no load condition

 The shape of this curve depends upon:

i. The armature reaction
ii. Voltage drop in the armature winding, series , inter pole and
compensating windings
iii. Voltage drop at the brush contact (0.8-1.0V per brush ) and
iv. The drop in terminal voltage due to (i) and (ii) results in a
decreased field current which further reduces the induced emf 46
SPEARATLY EXCITED GENERATOR

 In separately excited generators, the field current is independent of the load

current.

 If there were no armature reaction

and no voltage drop in various windings

the terminal voltage will be equal to

the generated emf and would be constant for

various values of load current as indicated by curve I

 However, the armature reaction will cause a decrease in the voltage, which

depends upon the load current

47
 considering the effect of armature action only, the curve of terminal voltage

verses armature current

Cont...
curve II of the generator, the effect of armature reaction,
gives to a different scale the emf induced in the armature
it is normally called the internal characteristics of the
generator
The curve of terminal voltage verses load current or
armature current is obtained by subtracting the olmic
drop in the armature winding with respect to the
armature current is represented a curve III, which given
the external characteristic of the generator i.e.
48
curve III =curve II - Ia Ra.
4.6. Dc Motor Characteristics
The three Important characteristic curves of dc motors are:
1. Torque-Armature Current Characteristic:-

This characteristic curve gives relation between mechanical torque T

and armature current Ia. This is known as electrical characteristic.

2. Speed-Armature Current Characteristic:-

This characteristic curve gives relation between speed N and armature

current Ia

3. Speed-Torque Characteristic:-

This characteristic curve gives relation between speed N and

mechanical torque T. This is also known as mechanical characteristics. 49
Characteristics of Dc Series Motors
Magnetic characteristic
 The internal generated voltage EA is directly proportional to the flux in the
machine and the speed of its rotation.

 The field current in a DC machine produces a field mmf F = NFIF, which

produces a flux in the machine according to the magnetization curve.
or in terms
of internal
voltage vs.
field current
for a given
speed.

 To get the maximum possible power per weight out of the machine, most
motors and generators are operating near the saturation point on the
magnetization curve. Therefore, when operating at full load, often a large
50
increase in current IF may be needed for small increases in the generated
voltage EA.
Cont…
The induced torque in a series machine is

Since the flux is proportional to the armature current:

where c is a proportionality constant. Therefore, the torque is

 Torque in the motor is proportional to the square of its armature current.

Series motors supply the highest torque among the DC motors.
Therefore, they are used as car starter motors, elevator motors etc.

51
 Speed-Current Characteristic

 If the applied voltage remains constant, speed is inversely proportional to

flux per pole. So, if a curve is drawn between reciprocal of flux and current
52
I, the speed current characteristic is obtained which is a rectangular
hyperbola in shape as represented in Figure above
Speed-Torque Characteristic

The speed- torque characteristic shows that as the torque increases,

speed decreases. Hence series motors are best suited for the services
where the motor is directly coupled to load such as fans whose speed
falls with the increase in torque. It should be noted that series motor is
a variable speed motor.

53
Figure Speed-Torque characteristics of dc series motor
Characteristics of Dc Shunt Motors
a). Speed-Current Characteristics

a)
From expression of speed N is directly proportional to back emf Eb or (V-IaRa)
and inversely proportional to the flux Ø. Since flux is considered to be constant so
with the increase in load current the speed slightly falls due to increase in voltage
drop in armature IaRa.
 Since voltage drop in armature at full-load is very small as compared to applied
voltage so drop in speed from no-load to full-load is very small and for all
practical purposes the shunt motor is taken as a constant speed motor. Therefore,
shunt motors being constant speed motors are best suited for driving of line
54
shafts, machine lathes, milling machines, conveyors, fans and for all purposes
where constant speed is required.
Torque- Current Characteristic
From the expression for the torque of a dc motor, torque is directly
proportional to the product of flux and armature current. Since in case of
dc shunt motors the flux is constant therefore torque increase with the
increase in load current following linear law i.e. torque-armature current
characteristics is a straight line passing through origin.

55
 Speed-Torque Characteristic

The characteristic curve can be drawn from the above two

characteristics.

56
Example
A dc shunt generator supplies a load of 10 kW at 220 V through feeders
of resistance 0.1Ω. The resistance of armature and shunt field windings
is 0.05 Ω and 100 Ω respectively. Calculate,
(i) terminal voltage,
(ii) (ii) shunt field current and
(iii) (iii) generated emf.
Solution

57
58
Example
A 4-pole dc shunt generator with lap-connected armature supplies a
load of 100 A at 200 V. The armature resistance is 0.1Ω and the shunt
field resistance is 80 Ω. Find
(i) total armature current,
(ii) current per armature path,
(iii) emf generated. Assume a brush contact drop of 2V.
Solution

59
60
Exercise
1. A 4 pole 500 V shunt motor takes 7A on no load, the no load
speed of the motor if it takes 122A at full load. Armature
resistance is 0.2Ω, contact drop/brush is 1V, Armature
reaction weakness the field by 40% on full load. Find the
full load speed of the motor.
2. A 250 V dc shunt motor draws 5A from the line on no load
and runs at 1000r.p.m. the armature resistance and shunt
field resistance are 0.2 Ω and 250 Ω respectively. What will
be the speed of the motor when it is loaded and talk
current of 50A. (Armature reaction weakness the field by 61

3%).
DIRECTION OF ROTATIONS
 it is clear that, from principle operation of dc motor, if the armature
current were reversed by reversing the armature terminal leads, but
leaving the field polarity the same, torque would be developed in a
counter-clock wise direction

 Likewise, if the field polarity were reversed leaving the armature current
as shown torque would be developed in a counter-clockwise direction

 However if both the armature current direction and field polarity were
reversed torque would be developed in a clock-wise direction as before

 Hence the direction of rotation of a motor can be reversed by reversing

the current through either the armature winding or the field coils.
62
 If the current through both is reversed, the motor will continue to rotate in
the same direction as before.
 STARTING OF DC MOTOR
• If dc motor is directly connected to a dc power
supply, the starting current will be dangerously
high. From fig. a
The back emf at start is zero

 Since Ra is small , the starting current is very

large. The starting current can be limited to a
safe value by the following methods
1. Insert an external resistance , Rae (fig.b), at start
2. Use a low dc terminal voltage (V) at start. This ,
of course , requires a variable-voltage supply
63
Cont...
• With an external resistance in the armature
circuit, the armature current as the motor
speeds up is

• the back e.m.f. Eb increases as the speed

increases
• This is done using a starter, shown in fig. c. At
start, the handle is moved to position 1
• All the resistances , R1, R2, R3 and R4 appear in
series with the armature and thereby limit the
starting current

• As the motor speeds up the handle is moved to

positions 2,3,4, and finally 5
64
 Cont…
 Example, the 50 hp, 250V motor, this motor has an armature resistance RA
of 0.06Ώ, and a full load current less than 200 A, but the current on starting
is

 This current is over 20 times the motor's rated full load current. It is possible
for a motor to be severely damaged by such currents, even if they last for
only a moment.
 A solution to the problem of excess current during starting is to insert a
starting resistor in series with the armature to limit the current flow
until Ea can build up to do the limiting.
 This resistor must not be in the circuit permanently, because it would result
in excessive losses and would cause the motor's torque-speed characteristic
to drop off excessively with an increase in load.
N.B The basic concept behind every DC motor starter is adding external
resistance to the armature winding during starting.
Cont.....
 Advantage of starter

 To protect the motor against damage due to short circuits in

the equipment

 To protect the motor against damage from long-term

overloads

 To protect the motor against damage from excessive

starting currents

 To provide a convenient manner in which to control the

operating speed of the motor

66
 SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
Factors controlling Motor Speed
It has been shown earlier the speed of a motor is given
by the relation

Where Ra =armature circuit resistance

It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying

a) Flux/pole i.e. Flux control
b) Resistance Ra of the armature circuit i.e.
Rheostatic Control and 67

c) Applied voltage V i.e. Voltage control

 Speed control of shunt motors

 Variation of Flux or Flux control Method

 By decreasing the flux, the speed can be increase and

vice versa. Hence, the name flux or field control method

 The flux of dc motor can be changed by changing Ish

with help of a shunt field rheostat

 Since Ish is relatively small, shunt field rheostat has to

carry only a small current, which means Loss is small.

68
b) Armature or Rheostatic Control Method
 This method is used when speeds below the
no-load speed are required

 As the supply voltage is normally constant,

the voltage across the armature is varied by
inserting a variable rheostat or resistance
(called controller resistance) in series with
the armature circuit as shown in fig below

 As controller resistance is increased, Potential

difference across the armature is decreased,
thereby decreasing the armature speed

 For a load of constant torque, speed is approximately proportional to

69
the Potential difference across the armature.
 From the speed/armature current characteristics, it is seen that the
greater the resistance in the armature circuit, greater is the fall in speed
Armature-terminal voltage control
• Utilizes the fact that the change in the armature terminal voltage of
a shunt motor is accompanied in the steady state by a substantially
equal change in the speed voltage (Eb) and, with constant motor
flux, a consequent proportional change in motor speed

70
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SERIES MOTORS
1. Flux Control Method
Variation in the flux of a Series
motor can be brought about in
any one of the following ways
a) Field Divertors
The series winding are shunted
by a variable resistance knows
as field divertor (fig.1)
Any desired amount of current
can be passed through the
divertor by adjusting its resistance
Hence the flux can be decreased ,consequently, the speed
of the motor increased 71
Cont...
b) Armature Divertor
A divertor across the armature can be
used for giving speeds lower then the
normal speed
For a given constant load torque, if Ia
is reduced due to armature divertor,
then φ must increase (∴ Ta α φ Ia)
This results an increase in current
taken from the supply (which
increases the flux) and a fall in speed
(N ∝ 1/φ)
The variations in speed can be
controlled by varying the divertor
72
resistance
Cont..
c) Tapped Field Control
This method is often used in
electric traction (Show in fig 3)

With full field, the motor runs at

its minimum speed, which can be
raised in steps by cutting out some
of the series turns.

73
2. Variable Resistance in series with Motor

By increasing the resistance in series

with armature, the voltage applied
across the armature terminals can be
decreased
With reduced voltage across the
armature, the speed is reduced.
However, it will be noted that since
full motor current passes through this
resistance, there is a considerable loss of power in it.

74
Speed Regulation of Motor
 It is a rough measure of the shape of a motor's torque- speed

characteristic

The speed regulation(SR) of a motor is defined by

Positive speed regulation means that a motor's speed drops

with increasing load

Negative speed regulation means a motor's speed increases

with increasing load.
 Losses in D.C Motor
The losses occur in a d.c. motor are
 copper losses and Iron losses or magnetic losses

 Brush Losses,
 Mechanical losses.
These losses cause an increase of machine temperature and
Reduction in the efficiency of the d.c. motor.
Efficiency of a D.C. Motor
 The efficiency of a d.c. motor is the ratio of output power to
the input power i.e.
Example
A 50-hp. 250-V. 1200 r/min shunt dc motor has a rated armature
current of 170 A and a rated field current of 5 A. When its rotor is
blocked, an armature voltage of 10.2 V (exclusive of brushes)
produces 170 A of current flow. And a field voltage of 250 V
produces a field current flow of 5 A. The brush voltage drop is
assumed to be 2 V. At no load with the terminal voltage equal to
240 V. the armature current is equal to 13.2A. The field current
is 4.8 A. and the motor's speed is 1150 r/min. stray losses are 1% of
the input power.
» How much power is output from this motor at rated
conditions?
» What is the motor's efficiency?
Solution
The armature resistance of this machine
and the field resistance is

Therefore, at full load the armature losses are

And the field circuit losses are

The brush losses at full load are given by

The input power to the armature circuit at no load assuming that the
armature copper and brush drop losses are negligible, meaning that
the no-load armature input power is equal to the rotational losses:
Cont…
The End

Thank you for your

kind attention
Questions? 80