4.

1 ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
SYNOPSIS
1. Matrix : A rectangular array (arrangement) of numbers real or complex is called a Matrix. The horizontal
lines of numbers are called rows and the vertical lines of numbers are called columns. The numbers in
 1 2 3 0
a matrix are called elements or Entries Ex :  
 5 8 2 7  2×4

1  i  m
2. If A is a matrix of m-rows and n-columns then it is denoted by A = [aij] m×n  
1  j  n
3. Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix i.e. A = [aij]1 × n is a Row matrix
4. Column Matrix : A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix i.e. A = [aij] m × 1 is a
Column matrix
5. Rectangular Matrix : The matrix A = [aij]m×n is called a rectangular matrix if m  n
6. Square Matrix : The matrix A = [aij]m× n is called a Square Matrix if m = n
7. Null Matrix : The matrix A = [aij] m × n is called a Null matrix (zero Matrix) if aij = 0 " i and j. It is
denoted by Om × n or O
8. Principal diagonal : In a square matrix the line joining the first element of the first row to the last
element of the last row is called Principal Diagonal
9. Diagonal Matrix : In a square matrix A = [aij]m×n if aij = 0 " i  j then A is called Diagonal Matrix
3 0 0 
0 4 0
Ex : A =   3 × 3 or A = Diag [3, 4, 7]
0 0 7
10. If A = diag (d1, d2, d3........ dn) then An = diag (d1n , d 2n , d 3n ,.......d nn )
11. Upper Triangular Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is said to be an upper triangular matrix
 2 3 2 
0 4 7
if aij = 0 whenever i > j , Ex :  
 0 0  6
12. Lower Triangular Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is said to be a lower triangular matrix
 5 0 0 
 2 1 0
if aij = 0 whenever i < j , Ex :  
 3 4 6 
13. Triangular Matrix : A square matrix is said to be a triangular matrix, if it is an upper triangular
matrix or a Lower triangular matrix.
14. Scalar Matrix : In a Diagonal matrix all elements in the principal diagonal are equal then the matrix
5 0 0 
 
is called a Scalar Matrix Ex : A = 0 5 0
0 0 5
15. Identity (Unit) Matrix : In a square matrix A = [aij]n×n if aij = 1 for i=j, aij = 0 for i  j then A is
called a Unit Matrix (or) Identity Matrix. It is denoted by I
1 0 0
I3 =  0 1 0 
1 0
Ex : I2 =  0 1 
 2× 2 0 0 1
3×3
16. Equality of Matrices : Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if
i) A, B are of same type and ii) The corresponding elements in A and B are equal.
17. Addition of Matrices : If A = [aij]m× nB = [bij]m× n  A + B = [aij +bij]m×n
i) A + B = B + A (Commutative) ii) A + (B + C) = (A+B) + C (Associative)
iii) O + A = A + O = A ('O' is the Additive Identity)
iv) A + (–A) = (–A) + A = 0 (–A is the Additive Inverse of A)
v) K (A + B) = KA + KB vi) A + B = A + C  B = C vii) A + B = C then A =
C–B
18. Multiplication of Matrices :

A = [aij]m×n B = [bjk]n×p then their product is [cik]m×p where cik =  aij .b jk .

n

j 1

i) If the product AB exists then it is not necessary that the product BA will also exist.
ii) Matrix multiplication is not commutative even if AB and BA exist, they need not be equal.
iii) Matrix multiplication is associative i.e. A(BC) = (AB) C
iv) Let A be a square matrix then A2 = A.A, A2 A = A. A2 = A3
v) (Am)n = Amn; Am.An = Am+n vi) A (B+C) = AB + AC
19. A is a matrix of order m × n then A.In = ImA = A. If A and I are of same order then AI = IA = A
I is called multiplicative Identity
20. Trace of a Matrix : The sum of the principal diagonal elements a11, a22, a33, .......... ann of a square
matrix A = [aij]n×n is called the trace of A. It is denoted by tr A
i) tr (KA) = K tr A ii) tr (A + B) = tr A + tr B iii) tr (A – B) = tr A – tr B
iv) tr AB = tr BA v) tr ( AB ) ¹ tr (A). tr (B)
vi) Let A, B, C be three matrices of order n,
Then tr (ABC)= tr(BCA)=tr(CAB) = tr (ACB) = tr (BAC) = tr (CBA)
21. Transpose of a Matrix :
A = [aij]m×n  AT = [a1ji]n×m where a1ji = aij.
i) (AT)T = A ii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT
iii) (AB)T = BT AT iv) (KA)T = K.AT (k is a scalar)
22. Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be a symmetric matrix if AT = A ,EX :

3×3

23. Skew Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be a skew Symmetric matrix if AT = –A
0 2 6
  2 0 4
Ex :  
 6  4 0 3×3

Note : Every Principal diagonal element of a skew symmetric matrix is zero

24. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric
A  AT A  AT A  AT A  AT
matrix. If A is a square matrix then A= + where is a symmetric matrix is
2 2 2 2
a skew symmetric matrix.
a) All positive integral powers of symmetric matrix is symmetric.
b) Odd positive integral powers of skew-symmetric matrix is skew-symmetirc.
c) Even positive integral powers of skew-symmetic matrix is symmetric.
25. Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix A is called Idempotent if A2 = A. If AB = A and BA = B
then A2 = A, B2 = B
26. Involutory Matrix : A square matrix A is called an involutory if A2 = I
27. Nilpotent Matrix : A square matrix A is called nilpotent matrix if there exists a +ne Integer n such
that An = 0. The least positive integral value is called the Index of the Nilpotent Matrix A.
28. Orthogonal Matrix : If A.AT = AT. A = I then A is called Orthogonal Matrix
29. Conjugate of a Matrix : The matrix obtained from a matrix A on replacing its elements by the
corresponding conjugate complex numbers is called the conjugate of A
30. The transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is called transposed conjugate of A and it is denoted by
Aq or A*
31. Hermitian Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be a Hermitian Matrix if Aq = A
32. Skew Hermitian Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be a skew hermitian matrix if Aq=A.
33. Commute : Two matrices A and B are Commute if AB=BA
34. Let A, B are two square matrices which are commute then
1) (A+B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2 2) (A–B)2 = A2 – 2AB + B2
3) (A+B) (A–B) = A2 – B2 4) (A+B)3 = A3 + 3A2B + 3AB2 + B3
5) (A–B)3 = A3–3A2B + 3AB2–B3 6) (A+B) (A2–AB+B2) = A3+B3
7) (A–B) (A2+AB+B2) = A3–B3
35. If AB=0 then either A or B need not be equal to 0.
36. If AB = AC then B need not be equal to C even if A  0

LEVEL - I
EXERCISE -1

 1 0  0 1  cos  sin  
1. If I =   , B =  and C =   sin  cos   then C =
 0 1   1 0
1) I cos   B sin  2) I sin   B cos  3) I cos   B sin 
4)  I cos   B sin 

 1  2  3 3 
2. If A  2 B    and 2A–3B=  1  1  thenB=
3 0   

 5 7   5 7   5 7   5 7 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 5 1  5 1   5 1  5 1 
0 2 0 3 a
3. If A =  3 4  , kA =  2 b 24  then the values of k, a, b are respectively (Eamcet-2001)
1) –6, –12, –18 2) –6, 4, 9 3) –6, –4, –9 4) –6, 12, 18
4. If m [–3 4] + n [4 –3] = [10 –11] then 3m+7n= (Eamcet-
2005)
1) 3 2) 5 3) 10 4) 1
5. If A= diag(1,–1,2), B=diag(2,3,–1) then 3A+4B=
1) diag (11, 9, 2) 2) diag (11, 9, -2) 3) diag (11, -9, 2) 4) diag (11, -9, -2)
 1
 4 1 0  2 0  1
If A =   , B = , C =  2  and (3B–2A) C+2X=O then X =
 3 1 4 
6.
 1  2 2   1
 1) 1  3  2) 1  3  3) 1  3 4)  3 
2 13  2   13  2 13  13

 0  1 0 i  i 0
7. If A    B =   C= 0 i 
then
1 0   i 0 
1) A2  B 2  C 2  0 2) A2  B 2  C 2  I 3) A2  B 2  C 2   I 4 )
A2  B 2  C 2  2 I

a h g   x

8. If x y z   h b f   y  
 g f c   z 

1) [ ax 2  by 2  cz 2  2hxy  2 gxz  2 fyz ] 2) [ ax 2  by 2  cz 2  hxy  gxz  fyz ]

3) [2 ax 2  2by 2  2cz 2  hxy  gxz  fyz ] 4) [2 ax 2  2by 2  2cz 2  2hxy  2 gxz  2 fyz ]

 2 0 7    14 7 
0 1 0  0 1 0 
9. The value of  for which the matrix product    is an identity
 1  2 1     4  2 
matrix
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4 5
1  tan    1 tan    a  b
If  
1    tan  1   b a 
 
10. then
 tan 

1) a = 1; b =1 2) a  cos2; b  sin 2 3) a  sin 2; b  cos2 4) a = sec2  ; b=0

2 1 0   x 
If  x 4  1  1 0 2   4   0 then x =
  
11.
 0 2 4    1
1) 1  6 2) 8  5 3) 2  10 4) 3  6

12. If A and B are matrices such that AB = O then

1) A = O, B O 2) A O, B = O
3) A = O, B = O 4) A, B need not be null matrices

13. If A(  ) =  cos sin  then A( ) A( ) =

  (Eamcet-1999)
  sin cos 
1) A(  ) – A(  ) 2) A(  ) + A(  ) 3) A(  –  ) 4) A(  +  )

 1 0 
14. If A =   then A3–A2 = (Eamcet-
 0 2
2005)
1) 2A 2) 2I 3) A 4) I
1 2 2 
 
15. If A=  2 1 2  then A3–4A2–6A =
2 2 1
(EAMCET-2006)
1) 0 2) A 3) -A 4) I
  a2 ab ac 
 
16. If A =  ab b2 bc  and a2+b2+c2=1 then A2=
 ac bc c2 

1
1) 2A 2) A 3) 3A 4) A
2
 a b   
17. If A   and A    then (AIEEE
2

 b a   
2003)
1)   a 2  b2 ;   2 ab 2)   a 2  b2 ;   a 2  b 2
3)   2 ab;   a 2  b2 4)   a 2  b2 ;   ab
 1 0 0
18. If A   0 2 1 then (A – I) (A – 2I) (A–3I)=
 
 1 0 3
1
1) 1 2) 0 3) A 4) A
2
19. If AB = A, BA = B then A2 + B2 =
1) A+B 2) A–B 3) AB 4) 0

 1  1 x 1 
20. If A   ,B   y  1 and (A+B) =A +B then (x, y) =
2 2 2

 2  1  
1) (1, 4) 2) (2, 1) 3) (3, 3) 4) (0, 1)

3 0 0
 0  then A5 =
21. If A=  0 3
0 0 3 
1) 243 2) 81A 3) 243A 4) 81
 a b  1 0
22. If A =   , I =   and A2 – (a+d)A = KI then K =
 c d  0 1
1) bc – ad 2) bc + ad 3) ad – bc 4)ac–bd

 1 0  0 1
23. If I   ,E   0 0  then (aI + bE)3=
 0 1  
1) a3I + 3a2bE 2) a3I – 3a2bE 3) a3E + 3a2bI 4) a3E – 3a2bI
 0 1
24. If A =   then A =
2004

 1 0 
1) I 2) O 3) A 4) A2
1 3 
25. If A    and A2–k A–5 I2= 0 then K =
 3 4
1) 3 2) 5 3) –5 4) –3
26. If A and B are two square matrices of order n and A and B commute then for any real number k
1) A – kI, B – kI are not commute 2) A – kI, B – kI are commute
3) A – kI = B – kI 4) A – kI, k – BI are commute
27. If A and B are two matrices such that AB and A+B are both defined then A and B are
1) Square matrices of the same order 2) Square matrices of different order
3) Rectangular matrices of same order 4) Rectangular matrices of different order
28. If A and B are square matrices of size nxn such that A2–B2 = (A–B)(A+B) then which of the
 following will be always true ?
(AIEEE 2006)
1) A = B 2) AB = BA
3) either of A or B is a zero matrix 4) either of A or B is an identity matrix
1 2 a 0
29. Let A=  3 4 , B=  0 b , a, b  N then
(AIEEE 2006)
1) There cannot exist any B such that AB=BA
2) There exist more than one but finite number of B's such that AB = BA
3) There exists exactly one B such that AB=BA
4) There exist infinitely many B's such that AB=BA
 cos 2  cos  sin    cos 2  cos  sin  
30. If A    and B    are two matrices such that
 cos  sin  sin 2    cos  sin  sin 2  
the product AB is the null matrix then    

1) 0 2) multiple of  3) an odd multiple of 4) none
2
 cos 2  cos  sin    cos 2  cos  sin  
If      2 n  1 ; n  z then 
   
31.
2  cos  sin  sin 2    cos  sin  sin 2  
1) 0 2) I 3) 2I 4) -I
 3  4
If A  
 1  1
32. then An =
 3n  4 n  2  n 5  n  3n (4)n 
1)   2)  3)  n 
 n 
4 )
 n n   n 1 (1)n 
 1  2 n 4 n 
 n 1  2 n
 a 0 0
A   0 b 0
33. If n  N and   then An =
 0 0 c 

0 0 an   an 0 0
   
1)  0 bn 0 2)  0 bn 0 3) 0 4) I
 n   
c 0 0 0 0 cn 

 x 0 0
34. If A   0 x 0  then An  ( n  N )
 
 0 0 x
1) xn A 2) xn–1 A 3) x A 4) –xn A
 cos  sin  
35. If A    then A =
n

  sin  cos  

 cos n sin n   cosn  sin n    n cos  n sin  

2)  
 1 n sin n  cosn  
1)   3)   4) None of these
  sin n cos n    n sin  n cos  
 cosh sinh 
If A  
cosh 
36. then An =
 sinh
  cosh n sinh n    cosh n sinh n   n cosh  n sinh  
1)   2) 
 sinh n cosh n
3) 
 n sinh  n cosh 
4) Does not exist
 sinh n cosh n

1 1
37. If A   and n  N then An =
1 1 
1) 2 A
n
2) 2n–1A 3) n A 4) (n+1)A

2  1 1 0
n

38. If     (n is positive)then n is
 3  2  0 1
1) even 2) odd 3) any natural number 4) none of these
 1  1
If the matrix A = 
 1 1 
39. then An+1 =

 1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1
1) 2 
 1 1 
2) 2n 
 1 1 
3) 2n 
 1 1 
4) 2n+1 
 1 1 

1 0 1 0
40. If A    ;I  then which one of the following holds for all n  1, by the principle of
1 1   0 1
mathematical induction (AIEEE
2005)
1) A n  n A   n  1 I 2) A n  2 n 1 A   n  1 I 3) A n  n A   n  1 I 4)
A n  2 n 1 A   n  1 I

1 10
41. If A=  0 1 1 then An =
0 01 

 n(n  1)   n
1 n  1 3
2  2
1  2 n 4 n  0 1 n   1 1 n
1)   2)  0 0  3)   4)
 n 1  2n   1   1 0 1 
   

 1 2 n  1
 2 1 1 
 1 1 1 
 

 cos  sin   1 n
42. If A    then Lt A
  sin  cos   n n

 0 1  1 0
1) a null matrix 2) an identity matrix 3)   4)  
 1 0   1 0 
1 0 0
 1  then for n 4; An =
43. If A= 1 0

0 1 0 
1) An  2  A3  A 2) An+1 + I 3) An  2n A  2 I 4) A n  3  A n  3 I
44. If A2 = 2A – I then for n 2, An =
1) nA – (n–1)I 2) nA–I 3) nA–(n–2)I 4) nA–2I

 i 0 0
 
45. If A   0 i 0  then A4 n 1  ___ , n  N
 0 0 i 
 1 0 0   1 0 0  i 0 0  i 0 0 
 
1) 0 1 0  2)  0 1 0  3)  0 i 0  4)  0 i 0 
   
0 0 1   0 0 1  0 0 i   0 0 i 

 0 0
46. If A   then the value of A+A2+A3+...An=
 1 1
1) A 2) nA 3) (n + 1)A 4) 0
47. The number of 2 × 2 matrices that can be formed by using 1, 2, 3, 4 when repetitions are allowed
is
1) 24 2) 12 3) 6 4) 256
48. The number of 2 × 2 matrices that can be formed by using 1, 2, 3, 4 without repetition is
1) 24 2) 12 3) 6 4) 256
49. If a matrix has 13 elements, then the possible dimensions (orders) of the matrix are
1) 1×13 or 13×1 2) 1×26 or 26×1 3) 2×13 or 13×2 4) 13×13
1) x A
n
2) x A
n–1
3) x A 4) –xn A
 x 1 4
50. If A   1 0 7 such that AT = –A then x =
  4  7 0
1) –1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 4

 cos  sin  0
51. If A    sin  cos  0 then A AT = AT A =
 
 0 0 1
1) O 2) –I 3) I 4) 2I
 1 2 2 
52. If 3 A   2  1 2 then
 2 2  1

1) AAT  AT A  I 2) AAT  AT A   I 3) AAT  AT A  0 4) none ot these

  1 18 
 7  10 17  2 B  3 A   4 6
T
53. If 3A + 4BT = 
 0 6 31
and   then B =
  5  7

 1 3 1 3 1 3  1 3
 1 0  1 0  1 0  
1)   2)   3)   4)  1 0 
 2 4 2 4 2 4  2 4
54. If AT BT = CT then C =
1) AB 2) BA 3) BC 4) ABC
55. If the order of A is 4×3; the order of B is 4×5 and the order of C is 7×3 then the order of
(AT B)T CT is
1) 7 × 5 2) 5 × 7 3) 4 × 7 4) 7 × 4
1 6 
56. If P + Q =   , P is a symmetric, Q is a skew symmetric then P =
7 2
  13   13   13   13 
1 1 0 0
 2   2  2  2 

1) 13  2)  13  3)  13  4)  13 
 0  2  0   0 
 2   2   2   2 

 2 3 5
 4 1 2
57. If P + Q =   , P is symmetric, Q is a skew symmetric matrix then Q =
 1 2 1
 1   1 
0 2 0 1
 2   2 
     0 1 0  0 2 3
 1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 1  2 0 4
1)  2  2)  2  3)   4)  
 2 0 0  1 0 0  0 1 0  3 4 0
   
   

2 x 3 x  2
 1  is a symmetric matrix then x =
58. If A   3 2
 4 1  5 
1) 0 2) 3 3) 6 4) 8
59. If A and B are symmetric matrices then ABA is
1) diagonal matrix 2) symmetric matrix
3) skew symmetric matrix 4) identity matrix

 0 a 1 b  2
60. If A=  2 a  1 0 c  2  is skew symmetric then a + b + c =
2b  1 2 c 0 

1 1
1) 3 2) –3 3) 4) –
3 3
61. If A = [aij]n× n and aij = A.M. of (i, j) then A is
1) Triangular matrix 2) diagonal matrix
3) a symmertric matrix 4) skew symmetric matrix
62. If A is a square matrix then A+AT will be ....... matrix.
1) symmetric 2) skew symmetric 3) scalar 4) identity
63. If A is a square matrix then A –AT is a ....... matrix
1) symmetric 2) skew symmetric 3) Hermitian 4) Triangular
64. If A and B are two symmetric matrices then AB + BA is
1) symmetric 2) skew symmetric 3) Diagonal 4) Null matrix
65. If A, B are symmetric matrices of the same order then AB – BA is (Eamcet – 2009)
1) symmetric matrix 2) skew symmetric matrix
3) Diagonal matrix 4) identity matrix
66. If A is a symmetric matrix and n  N then An is
1) symmetrix matrix 2) skew symmetric matrix
3) Diagonal matrix 4) identity matrix
67. If A is a skew symmetric matrix and n is an even +ve integer then An is
1) symmetric matrix 2) skew symmetric matrix
3) identity matix 4) Diagonal matrix
68. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is odd+ve integer then An is
1) symmetric matrix 2) skew symmetric matrix 3) identity matrix 4) Diagonal matrix
69. If A is a symmetric matrix or skew symmetric matrix. Then A2 is
1) Symmetric matrix 2) skew symmetric matrix
3) an orthogional matrix 4) a diagonal martrix
70. If A is square matrix then A AT is..... matrix
1) symmetric 2) skew symmetric 3) scalar 4) Idempotent
71. If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric then A is
1) I 2) 0 3) A 4) diagonal matrix

72. A=  aij  3 3 is a square matrix so that aij = i2 – j2 then A is a

1) symmetric 2) orthogonal 3) involutary 4) skew symmetric
73. If A is a 3×4 matrix and B is matrix such that ATB and BAT are Both defined then order of B is
1) 3 × 4 2) 4 × 3 3) 3 × 3 4) 4 × 4
 1 3  5
74. If A   2 1 5  then the trace of A is
1 0 1
1) 1 2) –1 3) 3 4) 2
75. If A = [aij] is a scalar matrix then the trace of A is
1)  aij 2)  aij 3)   aij 4)  aii
i i i j i
76. If the trace of A is 7 then the trace of 7A is
1) 14 2) 28 3) 73 4) 49
77. If tr(A)=2+i then tr((2–i)A) =
1) 5 2) 4 3) 3 4) –4
78. If the trace of AB is 30 then the trace of BA is
1) –30 2) 15 3) 30 4) 0
79. If the traces of A, B are 17 and 8 then the trace of A + B is
17
1) 11 2) 25 3) 4) –9
8
80. If the traces of A, B are 19 and 8 then the trace of A–B is
17
1) 11 2) 25 3) 4) 9
8
81. If tr(A)= 3, tr(B)= 5 then tr(AB) =
1) 15 2) 8 3) 3/5 4) cannot say
82. If A=[aij] is a scalar matrix of order n×nsuch that aij = k for all i, then trace of A =
1) nk 2) n + k 3) n/ k 4) n–k
 4 x 2 
83. If A    is symmetric then trace of A is
 2 x  3 x  1
1) 5 2) –10 3) 10 4) 15
84. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 then tr(A) =
1) 1 2) 3 3) 0 4) –1
85. If A = [aij ] is a skew symmetric matrix of order 'n' then  aii =
1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4) n
86. If A   aij  n n and aij  i( i  j ) then trace of A=

n(n  1)(2n  1) n(n  1)(2n  1) n(n  1) n2 (n  1)2

1) 2) 3) 4)
6 3 2 4
87. If A   aij  n n such that aij  ( i  j )2 then trace of A is

1 2 2
1) n(n  1)(2 n  1) 2) n(n  1)(2 n  1) 3) n(n  1)(2 n  1) 4 )
3 3 3
1
n(n  1)(2n  1)
3

 1  i 2  3i 4 
88. A   then the conjugate of A is
 7  2i  i 3  2i 

 1  i 2  3i 4  1  i 7  2i 3  2i   2  3i 1  i 4 
1) 
3  2i   i 2  3i 4 
2) 3)   4 )
 7  2i i 7  2i 3  2i 1 

1  i 2  3i 4 
 i 2  3i 4 
 

 1 2  3i 3  4i 

A   2  3i 0 4  5 i 
89. If then A is
 3  4 i 4  5 i 2 
1) symmetric 2) skew symmetric 3) hermitian 4) skew hermitian
 2  2  4
90. If A   1 3 4  is an idempotent matrix then k =
 
 1 2 k 
1) 2 2) – 2 3) 3 4) – 3
 2 2 4 
 4  then A is
91. If A    1 3
 1  2  3 
1) Idempotent matrix 2) Involutory matrix
3) Nilpotent of index 2 4) Nilpotent of index 3
92. If A, B are two idempotent matrices and AB = BA = 0 then (A + B) is
1) Scalar matrix 2) diagonal matrix 3) nilpotent matrix 4)Idempotent
matrix
93. If A is idempotent matrix and A + B = I then B is
1) null matrix 2) identity matrix 3) is equl to B2 4) is equal to B3
94. If B is an idempotent matrix and A = I–B then AB =
1) I 2) 0 3) –I 4) B
 2 4
If 
  1 k
95. is a nilpotent matrix of index'2' then k=

1) 2 2) –2 3) 3 4) –3
  ab b2 
96. If A   2  then A is
  a  ab
1) idempotent matrix 2)involutory matrix
3) nilpotent matrix of index 2 4) nilpotent matrix of index 3

 1 1 3
 
97. If A   5 2 6  then A is
  2  1  3 
1) Idempotent matrix 2) Involutory matrix
3) Nilpotent matrix 4) Scalar matrix
98. A square matrix [aij] = 0 for i j and aij = K (constant) for i = j is called a
1) unit matrix 2) scalar matrix 3) Null matrix 4) Diagonal
matrix

EXERCISE - II
  2  2  1 2 
1. If  = wheree A, B, C are matrices then B + C =
 1    3 1   2  A  B  C
2 2

 1  1 1  1  1 1  1  1
1)  4 1  2)  4 1 3)  4 1  4)  4 1 
       
2. Let aij denote the element of the ith row and jth column is a 3×3 matrix also aij = –aji every
i and j. Then each element of the principal diagonal of the matrix is
1) –1 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2
3. Each diagonal element of a hermitian matrix is
1) a real number 2) complex number
3) can not be determined 4) None
1 2 3  1 0 0 
4. A   4 5 6  , B   0 3 0  and Trace
  ( AB)   Trace (A) Trace (B) then  =
 7 1 0   0 4 5 
6 20
1) 1 2) 0 3) 4)
5 27
1 2 2 
 
5. If A   2 1 2  and f(x)=x2–4x–5 then f(A) =
 2 2 1
1) 2I 2) –4I 3) 0 4) 3I
6. If D1 and D2 are two 3×3 diagonal matrices then:
1) D1D2 is a diagonal matrix 2) D1+ D2 is a diagonal matrix
3) D12  D22 is a diagonal matrix 4) 1, 2, 3 are correct

7. If A,B are two square matrices such that AB=B; BA = A and n  N then (A+B)n =
1) 2n(A+B) 2) 2n–1(A+B) 3) 2n+1(A+B) 4) 2n/2(A+B)
8. Let A and B be two matrices such that AB = BA then for n  N
1) (AB)n = AnBn 2) ABn = BAn
3) ( An  B n )( An  B n )  A2 n  B 2 n 4) All the above
 1
9. Let A, B, are 2×2 real matrices and A  B  (AB+BA). Then
2
1) A  B = B  A 2) A  A = A2 3) A  I = A 4) all the above
 
10. If   is to be square root of the two rowed unit matrix then  ,  and  should satisfy the
   
relation
1) 1   2    0 2) 1   2    0 3) 1   2    0 4) 1   2    0
  2 m  n 
 
 m m mn 
2
11. If , m, n are direction cosines of a line and A =  then A2 =
2 
  n mn n 
1) A 2) O 3) I 4) None of these
 0 2  
12. If the matrix    -  is orthogonal then
  -  
 
1 1 1
1)    2)    3)    4) all the above
2 6 3
13. The number of nonzero diagonal matrices of order 3, if A = A is
2

1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) infintely many

 1 1 3
14. If A   5 2 6  then A3 is a

 2  1  3 
1) diagonal matrix 2) square matrix 3) Null matrix 4) Unit matrix

1 0   0 1  cos  sin  
15. If A    , J    , B   and B = aA + bJ then a2 + b2 =
 0 1  1 0    sin  cos  
1) 4 2) –1 3) 0 4) 1

LEVEL - I / ANSWERS
EXERCISE - I

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 5) 1 6) 2 7) 3 8) 1 9) 4 10) 4
11) 3 12) 4 13) 4 14) 1 15) 3 16) 2 17) 1 18) 2 19) 1 20) 1
21) 2 22) 1 23) 1 24) 1 25) 2 26) 2 27) 1 28) 2 29) 4 30) 3
31) 1 32) 4 33) 2 34) 2 35) 1 36) 1 37) 2 38) 1 39) 3 40) 1
41) 2 42) 1 43) 1 44) 4 45) 3 46) 2 47) 4 48) 1 49) 1 50) 2
51) 3 52) 1 53) 3 54) 2 55) 2 56) 2 57) 1 58) 3 59) 2 60) 3
61) 3 62) 1 63) 2 64) 1 65) 2 66) 1 67) 1 68) 2 69) 1 70) 1
71) 2 72) 4 73) 1 74) 1 75) 4 76) 4 77) 1 78) 3 79) 2 80) 1
81) 4 82) 1 83) 3 84) 3 85) 1 86) 2 87) 3 88) 1 89) 3 90) 4
91) 1 92) 4 93) 3 94) 2 95) 2 96) 3 97) 3 98) 2
 EXERCISE - II

1) 1 2) 3 3) 1 4) 4 5) 3 6) 4 7) 2 8) 4 9) 4 10) 2
11) 1 12) 4 13) 2 14) 3 15) 4

4.2 DETERMINANTS
  a1 b1 
The determinant of a square matrix 
1.
 a2 b2  is the unique number (a1 b2– a2 b1). It is denoted by
a1 b1
a2 b2

2. Minor : If aiJ is an element which is in ith row and j th column of a square matrix A then the determinant
of the matrix obtained by deleting the ith row and j th column of A is called minor of aij. It is denoted by

 a11 a12 a13 

  a21 a23
a a22 a23 
Mij. If A =  21 then M12 = Minor of a12 = a a =(a21 a33–a31 a23)
 a31 a32 a33 

31 33

3. Co Factor : If aiJ is an element which is in the ith row and Jth column of a square matrix A then the
product of (–1)i+J and MiJ is called cofactor of aiJ. It is denoted by AiJ.

4. The determinant of a square matrix is equal to the sum of the products of the elements of a row (or
column) with their corresponding cofactors
a1 b1 c1
 = a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1 = a2A2 + b2B2 + c2C2 = a3A3 + b3B3 + c3C3 Rows
If   a2 b2 c2 
 = a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3 = b1 B1 + b2 B2 + b3B3 = c1 C1 + c2 C2 + c3C3
a3 b3 c3
Columns

5. If the rows and columns in a square matrix are interchanged then the value of its determinant remains
unaltred det A = det AT.
6. The determinant of a square matrix changes sign when any two rows (or columns) are interchanged
7. If two rows (Coloumns) of a square matrix are identical or proportional then the value of the determinant
is zero.
8. If all the elements of a row (column) of a square matrix are multiplied by a number K then the determinant
of the resulting matrix is equal to K times the determinant of the original matrix.

9. If each element in a row (Column) of a square matrix is the sum of two terms then its determinant can
be expressed as the sum of two determinants of two square matrices of the same order.

a1  x a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 x a2 a3
b1  y b2 b3 b1 b2 b3  y b2 b3
=
c1  z c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 z c2 c3
10. If the elements of a row (column) of a square matrix are added with K times the corresponding elements
of any other row (column) then the value of the determinant of the resulting matrix is unaltered

x1 y1 z1 x1  ky1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2  x2  ky2 y2 z2
x3 y3 z3 x3  ky3 y3 z3

11. The sum of the products of the elements of any row (column) of a squre matrix with the cofactors of the
corresponding elements of any other row (column) is zero.
a1 b1 c1
  a2 b2 c2 a1 A2 + b1 B2 + c1 C2 = 0, a1 A3 + b1 B3 + c1 C3 = 0, a2 A1 + b2 B1 + c2 C1 =

a3 b3 c3
0
 a2 A3 + b2 B3 + c2 C3 = 0, a3 A1 + b3 B1 + c3 C1 = 0, a3 A2 + b3 B2 + c3 C2 = 0

12. If the elements of a square matrix are Polynomials in x and two rows (columns) become identical when
x = a then x–a is a factor of its determinant. If three rows are identical then (x–a)2 is a factor
13. The determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of the elements in the principal diagonal of the
matrix.
14. det (AB) = (det A) (det B) = det (BA)
15. If det (AB) = 0 then either det A = 0 or det B = 0
16. The determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of order 3 is zero.
17. The determinant of a unit matrix is '1'
18. If any row or column of a square matrix contains all its elements as zeros then the determinant of the
matrix is 0.

19. A square matrix A is said to be a (i) Singular matrix if |A| = 0 (ii) non singular matrix if A  0
REMEMBER

a b c a h g
b c a h b f
1. = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) 2. = abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
c a b g f c

1 a a2 1 a bc 1 a a3 1 a2 bc
1 b b2  1 b ca 1 b b3  1 b2 ca
3. = (a–b) (b–c) (c–a) 4. = (a+b+c) (a–b) (b–c) (c–
1 c c2 1 c ab 1 c c3 1 c2 ab

a)

1 a 2 a3 a a bc a b c
2

1 b2 b3 b b ca a b c 2  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a )abc

2 2 2
5. = =(ab+bc+ca)(a–b)(b–c)(c–a) 6.
1 c 2 c3 c c2 ab a3 b3 c3

1 a b c 1 a 1 1
a 1 b c 1 1 b  ( abc)  1  1  1  1 
1
7. = 1+a+b+c 8.  a b c 
a b 1 c 1 1 1 c

1  a2 ab ac
ab 1  b2 bc
9. = 1+a2 + b2 +c2
ac bc 1 c 2

10. If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar then |KA| = Kn |A|
11. If A = [aiJ] is a scalar matrix of order n × n such that aii = k for all i then |A| = Kn

LEVEL - I
EXERCISE - 1
 1 3
1. If A=  2 1 , then the determinant of A – 2A is
2
(EAMCET-2000)
1) 5 2) 25 3) –5 4) –25
 1 4 2
 
2. The minors of 1 and 7 in the matrix  2 1 4  aree
  3 7 6 
1) 34, 0 2) 34, –1 3) –34, 1 4)–34, 0
 1 2 3
 4 1 7 
3. The co factors of 7 and 6 in the matrix   aree
 2 4 6 
1) –22, 0 2) 0, 9 3) 0, –9 4) - 1, –1

1 1 0
 2  with their cofactors and choose the correct answer
4. Elements of  0 4 (EAMCET-
3 4 6 
2004)
Element Co factor
I) –1 a) –2
II) 1 b) 32
III) 3 c) 4
IV) 6 d) 6
e) –6
1) b, d, a, c 2) b, d, c, a 3) d, b, a, c 4) d, a, b, c
a1 b1 c1 A1 A2 A3
a2 b2 c2 B1 B2 B3 
5. If  = then
a3 b3 c3 C1 C2 C3

1) 2) 2  3)  2 4) 

a b c bc  a 2 ac  b2 ab  c2
6. If b c a  5 then the vaue of ac  b ab  c2 bc  a2 is equal to
2

c a b ab  c2 bc  a2 ac  b2

1) 2 2) 25 3) 125 4) 625
 1 0 1 
 2 1 0
7. If A =   then det A = (EAMCET-
 3 2 1

2002)

1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
 1 2 x
8. If  4 1 7  is a singular matrix then x = (EAMCET-
 2 4 6 

2007)

1) 0 2) 1 3) –3 4) 3
  cos sin 0 
 0  is singular then =
9. If the matrix  sin cos
 (EAMCET-
 0 0 1 
1999)
  
1)  2) 3) 4)
2 3 4
 1 0 1 
 
10. The matrix  2 1 0  is
 3 1 1
(EAMCET-1998)
1) non singular 2) singular 3) skew sysmatric 4) sysmatric

1 w w2
w w2 1 
11.
w 2
1 w

1) –1 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2

sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 
12.
 10 12 2

1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 cos2x – 2sin2x 4) cos 2x

x 1 y +z
13. y 1 z+ x =
z 1 x+ y
(EAMCET-1998)
1) 1 + x + y + z 2) x + y + z 3) 0 4) 1
6 i 3 i 1
14. If x+iy = 4 3 i 1 then (AIEEE-
20 3 i
2002)
1) x = 3, y = 1 2) x = 1, y = 3 3) x = 0, y = 3 4) x = 0, y = 0
1990 1991 1992
15. 1991 1992 1993 =
1992 1993 1994

(EAMCET-2004)

1) 1992 2) 1993 3) 1994 4) 0

13  3 2 5 5
15  26 5 10 
16.
3  65 15 5

1) 15 2  25 3 2) 15 5  25 6 3) 25 2  15 3 4) 0
 x p q
p x q 
17.
p q x
1) (x–p) (x–q) 2) (x–p) (x–q) (x+p+q) 3) (x–p) (x+p+q) 4) (x–q) (x+p+q)
x a a
a x a 
18.
a a x
1) (x + 2a) (x–a) 2) ( x  2 a )2 ( x  a ) 3) ( x  2 a)( x  a )2 4 )
( x  2a) ( x  a)
2 2

x b b
x b
19. If  1 = a x b ,  2 = then =
a x
a a x
d 1 d 1
1)  1 = 3  22 2) =3 2 3) = 3  22 4)  1 = 3  23/2
dx dx

 a2 ab ac
ab  b2 bc 
20.
ac bc  c2

1) a2b2c2 2) 4a2b2c2 3) 2a2b2c2 4) 3a2b2c2

a2  2 a 2 a  1 1
2a  1 a 2 1 
21.
3 3 1

1) (a–1)3 2) (a–1)2 3) (a–1)4 4) (a–1)

1 bc a( b  c)
1 ca b( c  a) 
22.
1 ab c( a  b)
1) 0 2) 1 3) abc 4) ab+bc+ca
1 1 1
a b c 
23.
a  bc b  ca c  ab
2 2 2

1) 0 2) 1 3) abc 4) ab + bc + ca
1 x 2x
24. If x 0 and 1 3 x 5 x = 0 then x = (EAMCET-
1 3 4

1999)

1) 1 2) –1 3) 2 4) –2
1 a 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 b 1 
25. If    0 then
a b c 1 1 1 c
1) 0 2) a b c 3) –abc 4) 2 abc
 log e log e 2 log e 3
log e 2 log e 3 log e 4 
26. (EAMCET-
log e 3 log e 4 log e5

2006)

1) 0 2) 1 3) 4 loge 4)5 loge

0 b c
27.
b 0 a 
c a 0
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3

0 p q p r
q p 0 q r 
28.
r p rq 0
1) pqr 2) p+q+r 3) 2pqr 4) 0
a b p q x y
b c q r y z 
29.
c a r p z x
1) 0 2) 1 3) a b c 4) x y z
x y 0 0
0 x y 0 
30.
0 0 x 2  y2
1) x4– y4 2) x4 + y4 3) x9 – y8 4) x6 – y6
a b  c a2
b c a b2 
31.
c a  b c2
1) (a–b) (b–c) (c–a) 2) –(a–b) (b–c) (c–a) (a+b+c)
3) abc(a–b) (b–c) (c–a) 4) 2(a–b) (b–c) (c–a)
a b c c b
a c b c a 
32.
a b b a c

4)abc 1  a  b  c 

1 1 1
1) abc (a2+b2+c2) 2) abc (a+b+c) 3) (a+b+c) (a2+b2+c2)

a b c
a 3  b3  c 3
33. If abc  0 and if b c a  0 then 
abc
c a b
1) 3 2) –3 3) 2 4) –2
1 x 2x
34. If x  0 and 1 3 x 5 x  0 then x =
1 3 4
 1) –1 2) 1 3) 3 4) –3

a a x
35. If m m m  0 then x =
b x b
1) a 2) b 3) a or b 4) 0
x 2 7
36. If 5 0 2   180 then x =
3 4 6
1) 2 2) 1 3) –2 4) –1

1 x 1 x 1 x
37. If 1  x 1  x 1  x  0 then x =
1 x 1 x 1 x
1) 0 o r 3 2) 1 or 2 3) 2 4)  1
1 x 2 3
38. If 1 2 x 3  0 then x =
1 2 3 x
1) 1 2)  1 3)  6 4) 6

a  b  2c a b
39. If c b  c  2a b = K(a+b+c)2 then K =
c a c  a  2b
1) 2 2) 2 (a+b+c) 3) 2abc 4) 2 (a+b+c)2
y z x x
y z x y 
40.
z z x y
1) xyz 2) 4xyz 3)2xyz 4) 3xyz

a b b c c a a b c
41. If b  c c  a a  b  k b c a then k =
c a a b b c c a b
1) 8 2) 2 3) 3 4) 0

a b c 2b 2c
2a b c a 2c 
42.
2a 2b c a b
1) (a+b+c)3 2) 2(a+b+c)3 3)(a+b+c)2 4) 2(a+b+c)2

a a  b a  2b
43.
a  2b a a b 
a  b a  2b a

1) 9b 2 ( a  b) 2) 9a 2 ( a  b) 3) 9( a  b) 3 4) 9 ab ( a  b )

a 2b 2c
44. If a  6, b, c satisfy 3 b c  0 then abc = (EAMCET-
4 a b
 2000)
1) a+b+c 2) 0 3) b3 4) ab+bc

1 1 w 1  w2
45. If w is a complex cube root of unity then 1  w 1  w2 1 
1  w2 1 1 w
1)–2 2) 4 3) 0 4) 2

1 wn w2 n
46. 
If 1, w, w2 are the cube roots of unity then w w2 n 1 = (AIEEE-
w2 n 1 wn
2003)
1) 0 2) 1 3) w 4) w2
  
   
47. If  ,  ,  are the roots of x3+px+q = 0, then
  
1) 0 2) p 3) q 4) p2 – 2q
1 log x y log x z
log y x 1 log y z 
48.
log z x log z y 1
1)log(xyz) 2) log(xy+yz+zx) 3) 0 4) log(x+y+z)

log x log y log z

log 2 x log 2 y log 2 z
49. =
log 3 x log 3 y log 3 z
1) 0 2) log (xyz) 3) log (6xyz) 4) 6 log (xyz)
1
a2 bc
a
1
b2 ca 
50. b
1
c2 ab
c
1) 0 2) 1 3) abc 4) (a–b) (b–c) (c–
a)
ax by cz
x 2
y 2
z2 
51.
1 1 1
a b c a b c ax by cz x y z
x y z a 2
b 2
c 2
a b c
1) 2) x y z
3) 4)
yz zx xy y z x 1 1 1 yz zx xy

xa yb zc a b c
yc za xb  k b c a
52. If x + y + z = 0 and then k =
zb xc ya c a b
1) x + y + z 2) xy + yz + zx 3) -xyz 4) x2 + y2 + z2
 a a2 a3  1
b b2 b3  1
53. If a, b, c are distinct and = 0 then (EAMCET-
c c2 c3  1

1997)
1) a + b + c = 1 2) ab + bc + ca = 0 3) a + b + c = 0 4) abc = 1

x x2 1  x3
y y2 1  y3  0, x  y  z  1  xyz 
54.
z z2 1  z3

(EAMCET-2010)
1) 0 2) –1 3) 1 4) 2

a a3 a4  1

55. If a, b, c are all different and b b

3
b4  1 = 0 then a b c (ab + bc + ca) =
c c3 c4  1
1) a + b + c 2) 0 3) 1 4) –1

1  a2 1  b2 1  c2
a b c
56. If a, b, c are all different and = 0 then a + b + c =
a3 b3 c3
1) abc 2) a + b + c 3) ab + bc + ca 4) 0

a b c
b c a 
57. If a, b, c are positive and not all equal then
c a b

1)  0 2) < 0 3)  0 4) > 0

a2  x ab ac
ab b2  x bc 
58.
ac bc c x
2

1) x+ a + b + c 2) ( x  a 2  b2  c 2 ) x 2 3) (a 2  b2  c 2  x ) x 4) (a  b  c  x ) x

2 a a  b a  c
a  b 2 b b  c 
59.
a c b c 2 c

1) 4( a  b)(b  c)(c  a ) 2) (a  b)(b  c)(c  a ) 3) 4( a  b  c) 4) 4( ab  bc  ca )

a x c b
60. If a+ b+c = 0, and c b x a =0 then x = (EAMCET-
b a c x
1998)

3 2 3 2
1) 0 2) (a  b2  c 2 ) 3) (a  b2  c 2 ) 4) 0,
2 2
  3 (a 2  b2  c 2 )
2

n( n  1)
r x
2 n
61. If Dr = 2r  1 y n2 then  Dr =
n(3 n  1)
3r  2
r1
z
2
1) 1 2) –1 3) 0 4) n

2 r 1 2(3 r  1 ) 4(5 r  1 )
 Dr 
n
62. If Dr  x y z then
r 1
2n  1 3n  1 5n  1
1) 0 2) 1 3)  1 4) n

2r  1 m
Cr 1
 r 
m
63. If  r  m 1
2
2 m
m 1 , then
r 0
sin 2 ( m2 ) sin 2 ( m) sin 2 ( m  1)

1) 0 2) m 2  1 3) 2 m 4) 2 sin ( 2 )
m 2 m

3x  8 3 3
64. If 3 3x  8 3 = 0 then x =
3 3 3x  8
2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

0 x a x b
65. If a,b,c are different and x  a 0 x  c  0 then x =
x b x c 0
1) 1 2) a 3) b 4) 0

2 x 3 3
66. If x = -1 is a root of the equation 3 4 x 5  0 then the other roots aree
3 5 4 x
1) 0, 12 2) 11, 12 3) 0, 11 4) 0, 11/2

3 5 x
67. If one the roots of 7 x 7 =0 is –10, then the other roots are: (EAMCET-
x 5 3

2009)

1) 3, 7 2) 4, 7 3) 3, 9 4) 3, 4
 x x y x y z
68. If 2 x 3 x  2 y 4 x  3 y  2 z  64 then x =
3 x 6 x  3 y 10 x  6 y  3 z
1) –1 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1

x1 x 2 x a
x 2 x 3 x b 
69. If a,b,c are in A.P. then
x 3 x 4 x c

1) 1 2) 0 3) –1 4) 2

a 2 a 3 a  2x
a 3 a 4 a 2y 
70. If x,y,z are in A.P. then the value of
a 4 a 5 a  2z
1) 1 2) 0 3) 2a 4) a
log l p 1
71. If l, m, n are the pth, qth, rth terms of G.P. and all positive then log m q 1 =
log n r 1

(AIEEE-2002, EAMCET-2009)

1) log xyz 2) (p-1) (q-1) (r-1) 3) pqr 4)0

bc p 1
ca q 1 
72. If a, b, c are the pth, qth, rth terms in H.P. then
ab r 1

1) abc 2) pqr 3) 0 4) 1

log an logan 1 logan 2

73. Ifa1,a2,a3,....an,....areinG.P.thenthevalueof logan 3 logan 4 log an 5 = (AIEEE-2004)
logan 6 logan 7 logan 8
1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4) 2

cos(A - P) cos(A - Q) cos(A - R)

74. C
B
aQ
R
vA
n
F
a
u
oP feasolrcos(B - P)
l,d cos(B - Q) cos(B - R) =
cos(C - P) cos(C - Q) cos(C - R)

1
1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4)
2

1 1 1
sin A sin B sin C
75. 
anioniaotABC
uW
shatelhti =
sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C
 1
1) (a  b)(b  c)(c  a ) 2) 8R3
8 R3
1
3) (a  b)(b  c)(c  a ) 4) ( a  b)(a  c)(b  c)
8R
cos(A+ B) -sin(A+ B) cos2B
76. If sinA sinA sinB = 0 then B = (EAMCET-
-cosA sinA cosB
2003)

1) (2n+1) 2) n  3) (2n+1)  4) 2n 
2
1 cos(   ) cos(    )
cos(   ) 1 cos(    ) 
77.
cos(   ) cos(   ) 1
1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4) 2

2cosx 1 0
x  /2 2cosx 1 df 
78. If f(x) = then at x = is (EAMCET-
0 1 2cosx dx 2
1998)

1) 2 2) 3) 1 4) 8
2
2 cos x 1 0

79. f ( x)  x  2 cos x 1  f 1 ( )  (EAMCET-
2
0 1 2 cos x

2010)

1) 0 2) 2 3) 4)   6
2
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
cos 2 x sin 2 x 1  
80. If f(x)= then f1   =
x  12 12 2 2

1) –1 2) 0 3) + 1 4) ± 1

1 cos x x
f 1 ( x)
81. If f(x) = 2 x 2 sin x x2 then Lt 
x 0 x
1 tan x x

1) 2 2) –2 3) 1 4) –1

xn sin x cos x
n n dn
82. If f(x) = n! sin cos then {f(x)} at x = 0 is
2 2 dx n
a a2 a3

1) –1 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2
 y4 y5 y6
d (cos x ) 
n
y7 y8 y9
83. If y = cos x, yn = then
dx n
y10 y11 y12
1) – cos x 2) cos x 3) 0 4) 1

a b c
x 2 bc  a 2 c2 b2
b c a  c2 2 ac  b2 b2
84. If then x =
c a b b2 a2 2 ab  c2
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1/2
p b c
85. If a p, b q, c r and p a q b 2c =0 then p + q + r = (EAMCET--
a b r p-a q-b r-c

2003)
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
1 1 1
86. If D  1 1  x 1 for x  0 ; y  0 . then D is (AIEEE-
1 1 1 y
2007)
1) Divisible by y but not x 2) Divisible by neither x nor y
3) Divisible by both x and y 4) Divisible by x but not y

87. If = then

1) sin  . sin  . sin  =1 2) sin  + sin  +sin  =1

3) sin2 + sin2 + sin2  =1 4) 0
1+ a x 2
(1 + b ) x
2
(1 + c2 ) x
88. If a2+ b2+ c2 = –2 and f(x) = (1 + a2 ) x 1 + b2 x (1 + c 2 ) x then f(x) is a polynomial of
degree (1 + a2 ) x (1 + b2 ) x 1 + c2 x (AIEEE-
2005)
1) 2 2) 3 3) 0 4) 1
  3
2
 1  3
1 2 4
89. If  P 4  q 3  r 2  s  t then t =
3 4 3

1) 16 2) 17 3) 18 4) 19

x2  1 x 2 2
90. If 2 x  1 2
x1 1  Ax 3  Bx 2  Cx  D then the value of C is
3 x2  x 4 x  1 1

1) 21 2) 15 3) 11 4) 120
EXERCISE - 2
1. If A is a 3 × 3 matrix and det (3A) = k. det A then K =
 1) 9 2) 6 3) 1 4) 27
2. A and B be 3 × 3 matrices. Then AB = 0 implies
1) A = 0 and B = 0 2) A  0 and B  0
3) either A  0 or B  0 4) A = 0 or B = 0

 5 5 
 5  ; If A2 = 25, then  =
3. Let A   0  (EAMCET-
0 0 5 
2007) 
1
1) 5 2) 52 3) 1 4)
5
( a 2  b2 ) / c c c
a (b  c ) / a
2 2
a
4. If = k abc then k =
b b ( c  a2 ) / b
2

1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1

1 1 1
 
5. If a = cos 4 + i sin 4 then 1 a a 2 is
3 3
1 a2 a
1) purely real 2) purely Imaginary 3) Rational 4) C

sin( A + B + C ) sinB cosC

6. If A + B + C =  then the value of  sinB 0 tanA is
cos( A + B)  tanA 0
1) 1 2) –1 3) sin A + sin B + sin C 4) 0
tan( A  B  C ) tan B tan C
7. If A + B + C =  then tan( A  C ) 0 tan A 
tan( A  B)  tan A 0
1) 1 2) –1 3) 2 tanA tanB tanC 4) 0
cos(   )  sin(   ) cos 2
sin  cos  sin 
8. is independent of
 cos  sin  cos 
1) b 2) a and b 3) a 4) neither a nor b

x1 y1 1 a1 b1 1
x2 y2 1  a2 b2 1
9. If then two triangles with vertices ( x1 , y1 )( x2 , y2 )( x3 , y3 ) and
x3 y3 1 a3 b3 1

( a1 , b1 )( a2 , b2 )( a3 , b3 ) must be
1) both right angles 2) both equilateral 3) congruent 4) Equal in Area

a b c a g x
10. If D1  d e f , D2  b h y and d = tx, e = ty, f = tz, then
g h k c k z
1) D1  tD2 2) tD1  D2 3) D1  tD2 4) D2  tD1
 a x a x a x
11. If a  x a  x a  x  0 then
a x a x a x
1) 0 is the only solution 2) 0 is the double root
3) 3a is the only solution 4) 3a is the double root
( a  x ) 2 ( b  x )2 ( c  x )2
( a  y )2 ( b  y)2 ( c  y)2
12. A factor of is
( a  z )2 ( b  z )2 ( c  z )2
1) a + b 2) x – y 3) b + c 4) x + y
13. Let the three digit numbers A28, B39, C62 where A, B, C are integers between 0 and 9 be
A 3 6
divisible by a fixed Integer K then 8 9 C is divisible by
2 B 2
1) K2 2) K(k+1) 3) K 4) K + 2

( x  2)2 ( x  1)2 x2
( x  1)2 x2 ( x  1)2 
14.
x2 ( x  1)2 ( x  2)2
1) –8 2) 8 3) 16 4) –16
b2  ab b c bc  ac
ab  a 2
a  b b2  ab 
15.
bc  ac c  a ab  a2
1) 0 2) abc 3) a + b + c 4) ab + bc + ca
sin  cos  sin(   )
sin  cos  sin(   ) 
16.
sin  cos  sin(    )
1) 1 2) cos  cos  cos  3) sin  sin  sin  4) 0
n! ( n  1)! ( n  2)!
D
17. If n is a positive integer, D  ( n  1)! ( n  2)! ( n  3)! then  4 is divisible by
( n !)3
( n  2)! ( n  3)! ( n  4)!
1) n 2) n + 1 3) n + 2 4) n + 3

1  sin 2  cos2  4 sin 4

18. The values of  between   0 and    / 2 satisfying sin 
2
1  cos 
2
4 sin 4  0 aree
sin 
2
cos 
2
1  4 sin 4

5 7  7  11 5 11 5
1) , 2) , 3) , 4)
24 24 24 24 24 24 24
x a b c
19. If a x b c  0 then
a b x c
 1) a + b + c is a double root 2) a is a double root
3) 0 is a double root 4) None

a b ax  by
20. Given that b  ac  0, a  0 . The valueof
2
b c bx  cy is
ax  by bx  cy 0

1) zero 2) positive 3) negative 4) b2+ac

a b a  b
21. If b c b  c  0 and  is not a root of ax2+2bx+c = 0, then
a  b b  c 0

1) a, b, c are in A.P. 2) a, b, c are in G.P. 3) a, b, c are in H.P. 4) a, c, b are in A.P.

0 x a x b
22. If a, b, c are all different and if x  a 0 x  c  0 then the non-zero values of x aree
x b x c 0

1)  ab  bc  ca 2)  ab  bc  ca 3)  bc  ca  ab 4) 0

a 2r 216  1
D
16

23. Let Dr  b 3(4 ) 2(4  1) then the value of is

r 16
r
r 1
x 7(8 ) 4(8 r 16
 1)

1) 0 2) a + b + c 3) ab + bc + ca 4) a  b  c
2 2 2

10
C4 10
C5 11
Cm
24. If 11
C6 11
C7 12
Cm 2  0 then ‘m’ is
12
C8 12
C9 13
Cm 4

1) 1 2) 3 3) 5 4) 7

1  sin 2 x cos 2 x 4 sin 2 x

25. If f ( x)  sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x 4 sin 2 x , then the maximum value of f ( x) is
sin x2
cos x 2
1  4 sin 2 x
1) 2 2) 4 3) 6 4) 8

1 x x1
26. If f ( x)  2x x( x  1) x( x  1) then f (100) 
3 x( x  1) ( x  1)( x  2) ( x  1) x( x  1)

1) 0 2) 1 3) 100 4) - 100

a a 1 a1 a1 b 1 c1

27. Let a, b,c be such that b  a  c  0. If  b b  1 b  1  a  1 b 1 c  1  0 then
c c  1 c  1 (  1) n  2 a ( 1) n 1 b (  1) n c

the value of n is (AIEEE-2009)

1) any even integer 2) any odd integer 3) any integer 4) zero

4.3 INVERSE OF A MATRIX
1. Adjoint matrix : The transpose of the matrix obtained by replacing the elements of a square matrix A by
the corresponding co-factors is called the adjoint matrix of A. It is denoted by Adj A.
a1 b1 c1   A1 A2 A3 

If A = a2 b2 c2  then AdjA = B1 B2 B3

a3 b3 c3  C1 C2 C3 
 
2. Inverse of a Square matrix : A square matrix A is said to be an invertible matrix if there exists a square
matrix B such that AB=BA=I then B is called the inverse of A.
3. A rectangular matrix cannot be invertible.
4. Every square matrix need not be invertible.
5. An invertible matrix has unique inverse.
6. If A is an invertible matrix then its inverse is denoted by A–1  A.A–1 = A–1.A = I.
7. If A is invertible  (A–1)–1 = A.
8. If I is a unit matrix  I–1 = I.
9. If A and B are two invertible matrices of same type then AB is also invertible  (AB)–1=B–1A–1.
10. (A1. A2 ..... An)–1 = An–1. An–1–1 ...... A2–1 . A1–1

11. If A is an invertible matrix then AT is also Invertible and (AT)–1 = (A–1)T.

AdjA
12. If A is a non singular matrix  A–1 =
det A

13. If Ais a square matrix  A.(AdjA)=(Adj A)A=det A.I.

1
14. det (A–1) =
det A

15. Adj (AB) = (Adj B) (Adj A)

16. If A is a square matrix of type n then|Adj A|=|A|n–1

17. If A is a non singular matrix of order n, then Adj (Adj A) = |A|n–2 A

A
18. (Adj A)–1 = A = Adj (A–1)

19. Adj AT = (Adj A)T

20. For any scalar k, Adj (kA) = kn–1 Adj A
2
21. |Adj (Adj A)| = |A|(n–1)
3
22. |Adj Adj Adj A| = |A|(n–1)
a b  1  a b
23. If A =    A–1 =
ad  bc   c d 
c d 
 1 
a 0 0 
a 0 0  
 b 0  1
24. If A = 0 and abc  0 then A = 0 0
0 c 
–1

0  b 
 
0 0 1 
 c 
25. If A(  ) = then [A(  )] = A(–  )
–1

26. The inverse of a symmetric matrix is symmetric

27. The inverse of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal marix
28. A is singular  AT is singular, A is non singualr  AT is non singular
29. If A and B are non singular matrices of the same type then AB is a non singular of the same type.
30. If A is a singular matrix then Adj A is also a singular matrix.
31. If A is a singular then A (Adj A)=(Adj A)A= 0
32. If |A| = 0 then |AdjA| = 0
33. If A is symmetric then Adj A is also symmetric

LEVEL - I
EXERCISE - 1
 a b
1. If   is invertible, then
 c d
1) ad – bc = 0 2) ad – bc  0 3) ab–cd  0 4) ab – cd = 0

2. If is invertible then a 

1) 0 2) 1 3) – 1 4) 2

 1 0 2   5 a  2
3. If Adj   1 1  2   1 1 0  then [a, b] = (EAMCET-
 0 2 1   2  2 b 
2005)
1) [–4, 1] 2) [–4, –1] 3) [4, 1] 4) [4, –1]

 cos x sin x   1 0
4. If A =   and A(Adj A) = k   then the value of k is
  sin x cos x   0 1
1) sin x cos x 2) 1 3) – 1 4) 2

2 1
5. The inverse of the matrix   is (EAMCET-
1 3
1998)

1 2 1 1  2  1 1  3 1 1  3  1
1) 5 1 3  2) 5   1  
   3  3) 5  1 2 
 
4)
5   1 2 
  a + ib c + id  2 2 2 2
6. If A =   c + id a  ib , a +b +c +d = 1 the inverse of A is

 a  ib  c  id   a  ib c  id   a  ib c  id 
1)   2)   3)   4 )
 c  id a  ib   c  id a  ib   c  id a  ib 
 a  ib  c  id 
 c  id a  ib 
 

x y3  1 8 x y
1
7. If  2  =  2 0 then  2 0  = (EAMCET-1999)
0 
0 1 
 2
 0  2 1 3  0  8
1)   2 1  2)   3)   2 1  4)  1  1 
   2 2    
2 4 
 1  tan    1 tan  
1

 2  2 
8.      
 tan 2 1 
  tan 2 1 


cos   sin   cos  sin    sin   cos 

1)  sin  cos   2)  sin  cos  3) cos  sin   4 )
  
 sin  cos  
 cos   sin 
 1 2    4 1
9. If the matrix A is such that A  3 1  =  7 7  then A =

1 1   4 1  1 1  1 1 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 2 3   7 7 2 3   2 3

 3 4
10. If A =   and AB = I then B =
 7 9

9 4  9 4  9  4  9  4
1) 7  3 2)  7  3 3)  7  3 4)  7  3
       
 2 2 0  1
11. If A =  3 2  , B =  1 0 then (B A ) =
–1 –1 -1
(EAMCET-

2001)

 2  2 3  2 1  2 2 1  3 2
1)  2 3  2)  2 2  3) 10   2 3  4) 10   2 2 
     
12. The matrix having the same matrix as its inverse is
 1 0 0 1 0 1  0 1 0  0 0 1
1)  0 1 0 2)  0 0 0 3)  1 1 1  4)  0 1 0
 0 0 1  1 0 1   0 1 0  0 0 0 

 3 5 7
13. The inverse of  2  3 1  is
 1 1 2 

3 5  7 3 2 1  7 3  26   1 0 0
1)  2 3 76  2)  5  3 10  3)  3 1  11  4)  0 1 0 
 2 2 0   7 21 0 - 5  2 19  0 0 1
 1 2 3
14. The inverse of  0 1 2 is
 0 0 1

1  2  7  1 2  7  1 2  7  1  2 7
1)  0 1  2 2)  0 1  2 3)  0 1 2  4)  0 1  2 
 0 0 1   0 0 1   0 0 1   0 0 1 

cosθ  sinθ 0 
15. The inverse of sinθ cosθ 0 is
 0 0 1

 cos  sin 0   cos sin 0  cos sin 0

 sin  cos 0
1)  sin  cos 0  
2)  -sin  cos 0  3)   4 )
 0 0 1   0 0 1  0 0 1

 cos  sin  0 
 -sin cos 0 
 0 0 1


 cosx sinx 0 
16. If A =   sinx cosx 0  = ƒ(x) then A–1 = (EAMCET-
 0 0 1
1997)
1) ƒ(–x) 2) ƒ(x) 3) –ƒ(x) 4) –ƒ(–x)

 cosx  sinx 0  cosx 0 sinx 

 0  and G(x) =  0 0 
17. If F(x) =  sinx cosx 1
  sinx 0 cosx  then [F(x) G(x)]
1 
–1

 0 0  
1) G(–x) F(–x) 2) {F(x)}–1 {G(x)}–1 3) [G(x)] {F(x)} 4) F(x). G(x)

18. If A= then (Adj A)–1 =

1) I 2) A 3) 1 4) 0
 1 2 2
19. If 3A =  2 1  2  then A–1 =
  2 2  1
1 T
1) 2AT 2) AT 3) 3AT 4) A
2
1 - 1 1  4 2 2 
   -5 0  
20. Let A=  2 1 - 3  and (10)B= 1 2  . If B is the inverse of matrix A, then  is
1 1 1   3 
1) –2 2) 5 3) 2 4) –1
(AIEEE 2004)
 x 1 1
21. If  2 3 4 has no inverse then x =
1 1 1 
1) 0 2) – 1 3) 1 4) 2
 1 1 x 
1 x 1
22. If   has no inverse,then the real value of x is: (EAMCET -
 x  1 1 
 2009)

1) 2 2) 3 3) 0 4) 1

23. If A = and Adj A = xAT then x =

1) 2 2) 3 3) – 3 4) –2

24. If A = then is

1) Adj A1 2) – Adj A 3) Adj A 4) – A–1

25. If A is an invertible matirx of order 'n' then the determinant of adj A = (EAMCET-2006)
n 1 n 1 n 2
1) A 2) A 3) A 4) A
n

4 0 0
26. If A is square matrix such that A (Adj A) =  0 4 0 then det (Adj A) = (EAMCET-
0 0 4
2007)
1) 4 2) 16 3) 64 4) 256

12 2 2 32 
 2 2 2
27. If A = 2 3 4 then |Adj A| =
 2 2 2
3 4 5 
1) 64 2) 256 3) 8 4) 6
28. If A is a 3×3 matrix and det A =–2 then |Adj A| =
1) –4 2) 8 3) –8 4) 4
29. If A is a 3×3 matrix and |Adj A| = 16 then |A| =
1) + 4 2) –4 3) ± 4 4) 8
30. If A is a 3×3 matrix and B is its Adjoint matrix. If the determinent of B is 64 then the determinent
of A is
1) ± 6 2) ± 8 3) ± 4 4) ± 16
31. The value of a third order determinant is 11 then the value of the square of the determinent
formed by the cofactors is
1) 121 2) (121)2 3) (121)3 4) (121)4
32. If A is a 4×4 matrix and det A=–2 then|Adj A|=
1) –4 2) 8 3) –8 4) 4
33. If A is a 4×4 matrix and |Adj A| =–27 then |A| =
1) 2 2) –2 3) – 3 4) 3
 1 1 1
 1 1
34. Let A =  1 then |AdJ (Adj A)| =
 1 1 1 
1) 64 2) 256 3) 8 4) 6

35. If A = then [A (Adj A) A–1] A =

 1) 2) 3) 4) I

36. If A–1 = and |A| = 3 then Adj A=

1) 3 2) 3) 4) I

37. If A is non-singualr and A2–5A + 7I = 0 then I =

1 5 1 5 1 7 1
1) A – A–1 2) A + A-1 3) A + A–1 4) A – A–1
7 7 7 7 5 5 5
38. A square non-singular matrix A satisfies A2–A+2I = 0, then A–1 = (EAMCET-
1998)
1 1
1) I – A 2) (I – A) 3) I + A 4) (I + A)
2 2
1 4 1
39. If A is non Singular and (A–2I) (A–4I) = 0 then A  A 
6 3
1) I 2) 0 3) 2I 4) 6I
40. If A  A2 = I then |I + A| =
1) 1 2) –1 3) 0 4) 2
41. If A is a nonzero square matrix of order n with det ( I  A)  0 and A3 = 0, where I, 0 are unit and
null matrices of order n  n respectively then ( I  A)1 = (EAMCET-
2010)
2) I  A  A 3) I  A
1
1) I  A  A2 4) I + A
2

42. If A  I is an idempotent matrix then A is

1) Singular matrix 2) non singular matrix
3) Symmertic 4) Skew symmetric matrix
43. If A and B are two square matrices such that B = –A–1BA, then (A + B)2 = (EAMCET-2000)
1) 0 2) A2 + B2 3) A2 + 2AB + B2 4) A + B
44. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then |A| is
1) 1 2) –1 3) 1 4) 0
45. Let A and B be square matrices of 3rd order and A be an orthogonal matrix and B is a skew
symmetric matrix. Then which of the following is not true.
1) Numerical value of |A| is 1 2) |B| = 0 3) |AB| = 1 4) |AB| = 0
46. Which of the following statements is false :
1) if |A| = 0, then |adj A| = 0
2) adjoint of a diagonal matrix of order 3×3 is a diagonal matrix
3) product of two upper triangular matrices is an upper triangular matrix
4) adj (AB) = adj (A) adj (B)
47. Let A be a 2×2 matrix (AIEEE-
2009)
Statement - 1 : adj (adj A) = A Statement - 2 : |adj A| = |A|
1) Statement-1 is true , Statement - 2 is true ;
Statement - 2 is not a correct explanation for Statement - 1
2) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is false 3) Statement-1 is false, Statement - 2 is true .
4) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is true
 Statement - 2 is a correct explanation for Statement - 1
48. The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order is
1) a symmetric matrix 2) a skew symmetric matrix
3) diagonal matrix 4) does not exist
49. The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix (if it exists) is
1) a symmetric matrix 2) a skew symmetric matrix
3) a diagonal matrix 4) none of these
50. If for a matrix A, A2+I = 0 where I is the identity matrix then A =
 i 0   i 0  i 0 
1)   2)   3)   4) all the above
 0 i  0 i 0 i 
51. If A is a non singular square matrix, then the false statement among the following is
A
1) Adj A = |A|A–1 2) (Adj A)–1 = A 3) det (A–1) = (det A)–1 4) Adj A = O if A=I
 0 0 -1 
 0 -1 0 
52. Let A =   . The only correct statement about the matrix A is (AIEEE-2004)
-1 0 0 
1) A is a zero matrix 2) A2 = I
3) A-1 does not exist 4) A = (-1)I, where I is a unit matrix
EXERCISE – II
2 1  3 2   1 0
If   A  =  1 
1. then the matrix A is
3 2  5 3   0
1 1 1 0  1 1 0 1
1)   2) 
1 
3)   4)  
1 0 1 0 1  1 1
 a b
2. If A =   then A–1+ (A – aI) (A–cI) =
 0 c
1 a b  1 a b  1  c b  1 c b 
ac  0  c  ac  0 c  ac  0 a  ac  0 a 
1) 2) 3) 4)

 0 1 1  b + c c - a b - a
 1 0 1 , A = 1  c - b c + a a - b 
3. If S=   2  b - c a - c a + b ,then SAS =
-1

 1 1 0   
a 0 0  a 0 0  a 0 0  a 0 0
1
1) 0 b 0  2) 2 0 b 0  3) 2 0 b 0  4) 3 0 b 0
0 0 c  0 0 c  0 0 c  0 0 c 

If A is a square matrix of order 3 then Adj (Adj A ) 

2
4.
1) A 2) A 3) A 4) A
2 4 8 16

5. Let P and Q be two 2×2 matrices. Consider the statements

i) PQ = 0  P = 0 or Q = 0 or both ii) PQ = I2  P=Q–1
iii) (P+Q)2 = P2 + 2PQ + Q2
1) (i) and (ii) are false (iii) is true 2) (i) and (iii) are false (ii) is true
3)All are false 4) All are true

 2 2 1
6. If A = 1 3 1 then A–1 + (A–5I) (A–I)2 =
1 2 2
  4 2  1  4  2  1  4 2  1  4  2  1
1   1 3 1 1  1 3  1 1   1 3 1 1   1 3  1
1) 5 2) 5 3) 3 4) 3
  1 2 4  1  2 4    1 2 4   1  2 4 

7. If A is 4×4 matrix and |2A|=64; B=Adj A then | Adj B| =

1) 29 2) 218 3) 236 4) 26
 2 6 4 -1 0 1
 1 0 1  
8. If the product ofthe matrix B =   with a matrix A has inverse C =  1 1 3  then A-1
-1 1 - 1  2 02
=
-3 - 5 5  -3 5 5 
-3 -5 -5
-3 -3 -5 
    0 9 2  
1)  0 9 14  2)  0 0 9  3)   4)  0 9 2 
2 2 6  2 14 16   2 14 6   2 14 16 

LEVEL - I / ANSWERS
EXERCISE - 1

1) 2 2) 3 3) 3 4) 2 5) 4 6) 1 7) 4 8) 1 9) 3 10) 2
11) 1 12) 1 13) 3 14) 4 15) 2 16) 1 17) 1 18) 2 19) 2 20) 2
21) 3 22) 4 23) 2 24) 1 25) 3 26) 2 27) 1 28) 4 29) 3 30) 2
31) 2 32) 3 33) 3 34) 2 35) 1 36) 3 37) 3 38) 2 39) 1 40) 3
41) 1 42) 1 43) 2 44) 3 45) 3 46) 4 47) 1 48) 4 49) 2 50) 4
51) 4 52) 2

EXERCISE - II

1) 1 2) 3 3) 1 4) 3 5) 2 6) 2 7) 2 8) 3
4.4 LINEAR EQUATIONS
I. i) The linear equations in two variables are a1x + b1y = c1, a2x + b2y = c2 then the system of equations
a1 b1  c 
in x and y can be written as the matrix equation AX = B where A = a b  , x =
 2 2 [ xy ] , B = c12 
ii) The Homogeneous Equations are a1x+b1y=0, a2x+b2y = 0 If x = 0, y = 0 then the solution is
called zero solution (Trivial solution), A  0 other wise the solution is called nontrivial solution,
|A| = 0
iii) The linear equations in three variables are a1x+b1y+c1z=d1, a2x+b2y+c2z = d2 , a3x +b3y + c3z = d3
a1 b1 c1  x   d1 
Matrix equation is AX = D where A = a2 b2 c2  , x =  y , D = d 2 
a3 b3 c3   z   d 3 

iv) The Homegeneous Equations are a1x + b1y+c1z=0, a2x+b2y+c2z = 0, a3x + b3y+c3z = 0
If x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 then the solution is called Zerosolution (Trivial Solution) Other wise the
solution is called non trivial solution. If the system of equations is AX = 0 where A is non singular,
then the system possesses trivial solution only. If the system of equations is AX = 0 where A is
singular, then the system possesses a non trivial solution.
v) The system of Equations AX=B or AX=D is said to be consistent if AX = B or AX=D has a solution.
vi) The system of Equations AX=B or AX=D is said to the inconsistent if AX=B or AX=D has no
solution.
II. Consider the system of equations are a1 x + b1 y + c1z = d1, a2x + b2 y + c2z = d2, a3x + b3 y + c3z = d3
 a1 b1 c1 
i) The matrix  a2 b2 c2  is called coefficient matrix.
 a3 b3 c3 
 a1 b1 c1 d1 
ii) The matrix  a2 b2 c2 d 2  is called as Augumented matrix
 a3 b3 c3 d 3 
1 0 0 
iii) The Augumented Matrix can be reduced into the form  0 1 0   then x =  , y=  , z=  is the
 0 0 1  
solution of the system of equations.
 p1 p2 p3 p4 
iv) The Augumented matrix is reduced to the form  0 p5 p6 p7  by using elementary
 0 0 p8 p9 
trans-formations known as Echelon form of a matrix.
III. SUB MATRIX : A matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns (or both) of a matrix is called as
sub matrix.
i) Every element of matrix is a sub matrix of order 1 ii) Every matrix is a sub matrix of it self.
IV. RANK OF A MATRIX.
The rank of matrix is the order of the highest order non singular square matrix.
We can find the rank of a matrix by reducing the system of Equations into Echelon form
i) The rank of a matrix in Echelon form is equal to the number of non zero rows of the matrix
ii) The rank of a unit matrix of order n is n. iii) The rank of a non singular matrix of order n is n.
V. Let AX = B be a system of equations in n unknowns, such that the rank of the coefficient matrix A is r1
and the rank of the augmented matrix K is r2.
 i) If r1  r2 then the system AX = B is inconsistant. i.e. it has no solution.
ii) If r1= r2=n then the system AX = B is consistant and it has unique solution.
iii) If r1= r2< n then the system AX = B is consistant and it has infinitely many solutions.

LEVEL - I
EXERCISE - 1
1. The solution of 7x+5y–13z+4=0, 9x+2y+11z= 37, 3x – y + z = 2 is
1) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 2) x =1, y = 3, z = 2 3) y = 2, y = 3, z = 1 4) x =1, y = 2, z = –2

1 2 3 6 
2. The solution of the system of equations whose Augumented matrix is  2 4 1 7  is
 3 2 9 14 
1) x =1, y = 1, z = –1 2) x =–1, y=1, z =1 3) x=1, y=–1, z =1 4) x =1, y = 1, z = 1

3. The equations x + y + z = 0, 2x – y – 3z = 0, 3x–5y+4z = 0 have

1) unique solution 2) Infinitely many solutions
3) no solution 4) none
4. The equations x + 2y + 3z =1, 2x + y + 3z=2, 5x + 5y + 9z = 4 have
1) no solution 2) one solution
3) infinitely many solutions 4) none
5. The equations 2x + y – 4z = 0, x – 2y + 3z = 0, x–y+z = 0 have
1) Unique solution 2) no solution 3) Infinitely many solutions 4) none
6. The equations 3x – 2y+z = 5, 6x–4y+2z=10, 9x – 6y+3z = 15 have
1) No solution 2) one solution
3) Infinitely many solutions 4) none
7. The equations x + 4y – 2z = 3, 3x + y + 5z = 7, 2x + 3y + z = 5 have
1) unique solution 2) no solution
3) infinitely many solutions 4) none
8. The number of solutions of the system of equations 2x+y–z=7, x–3y+2z=1, x+4y–3z=5 is
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
(EAMCET-2003)
9. The number of nontrivial solutions of the system x –y + z = 0, x + 2y – z = 0, 2x + y + 3z = 0 is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
10. If the system of equations x + ky + 3z=0, 3x+ky–2z = 0, 2x+3y–4z=0 has a non trivial solution
then K =.......
33 33
1) –33 2) – 3) 4) 33
2 2
11. If the system of equations 2x+3ky+(3k+4)z=0, x+(k+4)y+(4k+2)z = 0, x+2(k+4)y+(3k+4)z=0 has a
non trivial solution then K =
1 1 1 1
1) –8 or 2) 8 or – 3) –4 or 4) 4 or –
2 2 2 2
12. If the system of equations ax + y + z =0, x + by + z = 0, x+y+cz = 0 (a, b, c  1) has a non trivial
1 1 1
solution then   =
1 a 1 b 1 c
1) 1 2) –1 3) 2 42
13. If the system of equations x – cy – bz = 0, y – az – cx = 0, z – bx – ay = 0 has a non trivial solution
 then a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc =
1) 0 2) –1 3) 2 4) 1
14. If the system of equations (sin 3  x – y + z = 0, (cos 2 ) x + 4y + 3z = 0, 2x + 7y + 7z = 0 has a non trivial
solution then sin 3  +2 cos2  =
1) 2 2) –2 3) 0 4) 1
15. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z =  x, 3x + y + 2z =  y, 2x + 3y + z =  z has a non trivial
solution then  =
1) 6 2) 12 3) 18 4) 16
16. If the system of equations 3x – 2y + z = 0,  x–14y + 15z = 0, x + 2y – 3z = 0 has a non - zeroo
solution then  =
(EAMCET-1998)
1) 1 2) 3 3) 5 4) 0
17. If the system of linear equations x+2ay+az =0, x + 3by + bz = 0, x + 4cy + cz =0 has a non-zero
solution, then a, b, c (AIEEE-
2003)
1) are in G.P. 2) are in H.P. 3) satisfy a+2b+3c = 0 4) are in A.P.
18. If a, b, c are all different and the equations ax + a2y + (a3 +1) z = 0, bx + b2y + (b3+1) z = 0,
cx + c2y + (c3+1)z = 0 has a non zero solution then abc =
1) –1 2) 1 3) a+b+c 4) 0
19. If the system of equations x+y+z=6, x+2y+ z=0, x+2y+3z = 10 has no solution then  =

1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5 (EAMCET-1997)
20. The system of equations  x+y+z=  –1, x+  y+z=  –1, x+y+  z=  –1 has no solution, if  is
1) 1 2) not –2 3) either –2 or 1 4) –2
(AIEEE-2005)

21. If the system of equations x + y +z = 6, x+2y+kz=0, x+2y+3z=10 has no solution then k=

1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
22. If x2 + y2 + z2  0, x = cy+bz, y = az+cx and z=bx+ay then a2+b2+c2+2abc= (Eamcet-2002)
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) –1
a b c
23. By eliminating a, b, c from the Homogeneous Equations x = , y= , z= wheree a,
b c c a a b
b, c not all zero then xy + yz + zx =
1) 1 2) –1 3) 2 4) 0
24. The equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10, x+2y+ z = have unique solution if
1) =3, =10 2) =3,  10 3) 3 4) none
25. The system of linear equations x+y+z=2, 2x+y–z=3, 3x+2y+kz=4 has a unique solution if
1) k = 0 2) –2 < k < 2 3) –1 < k < 1 4) k  0
26. The values of  for which the system of equations x + y–3 = 0, (1+  ) x+(2+  )y–8=0,
x–(1+  ) y+(2+  ) = 0 is consistent aree
1) –5/3, 1 2) 2/3, –3 3) –1/3, –3 4) 0, 1
27. If the system of equations : (k + 1)3 x + (k + 2)3 y = (k + 3)3 , (k + 1) x + (k + 2) y = k + 3, x + y =
1 is consistent, then the value of k is : (EAMCET-2010)
1) 2 2) –2 3) –1 4) 1
28. The system of equations –2x + y + z = a, x–2y+z=b, x+y–2z = c is consistent if
1) a + b + c = 0 2) a + b + c = 1 3) a + b + c  0 4) a + b + c  1
29. The system of equations –2x +y + z = a, x – 2y + z = b, x + y – 2z = c is inconsistent if
1) a + b + c = 0 2) a + b + c = 1 3) a + b + c  0 3) a + b + c  0
30. The system of equations 2x+6y+11=0, 6y–18z+1= 0, 6x+20y–6z+3 = 0 are
1) consistent 2) inconsistent
3) can not be determined4) none

31. The system of equations x+y+z =6, x+2y+3z=10, x+2y+  z = k is inconsistent if  ..., k  ........
1) 3, 7 2) 3, 10 3) 7, 10 4) 10, 3
1 0 
32. The Rank of 0 0 is
 
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3

1 0
33. The Rank of 0 1 is
 
1)1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3

1 0  4
34. The Rank of 2  1 3  is

1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3

- 1 2 
35. The Rank of - 2 4  is
 3 6
1)1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3

1 0 0
36. The Rank of 0 1 0 is
0 0 1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3

 1 1 1 
37. The Rank of  1 1  1  is
 1 1 1 
(EAMCET-2004)
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3

1 4 -1 
 
38. The Rank of  2 3 0  is
0 1 2 
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
1 2 3 
 
39. The Rank of  2 3 4  is
 0 1 2 
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0

 -1 2 5 
 2 4 a  4 
40. The Rank of   is
1  2 a  1 
1) 3 if a = 6 2) 1 if a = –6 3) 3 if a = 2 4) 2 if a = –6
  1 -1 1 1 
 
41. The Rank of -1 1 1 2  is
 1 1 -1 3 
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1

1 0 2 
0 1  2 
42. The Rank of 1  1 4  is
2 2 8 
 
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3
1 2 3 1 
43. The Rank of 2 4 6 2 is
1 2 3 2 
1)1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3
44. If A be a matrix of Rank r. Then Rank of AT is
1) r 2) r–1 3) r+1 4) 0

45. If In is the identity matrix of order n then the Rank of In is

1) 1 2) n+1 3) n 4) n–1
46 Let A = [aij]m×n be a matrix such that aij=1 for all i, j then Rank of A is
1) 0 2) 1 3) m 4) n

47. If A = [aij]m×n is a matrix of Rank r then

1) r = min (m, n) 2) r < min (m, n) 3) r  min (m, n) 4) none
48. If A is a non zero column matrix of order m ×1 and B is a non zero row matrix of order 1 ×n then
the Rank of AB is
1) 0 2) 1 3) –m 4) n
EXERCISE– II
1. If a + b + c 0, the system of equations (b + c) (y + z) – ax = b – c, (c + a) (z + x) – by = c – a,
(a + b) (x + y) – cz = a–b has
1) a unique solution 2) no solution
3) infinite number of solutions 4) none
2. If A,B,C are the angles of triangle, the system of equations (sinA) x+y+z=cos A,x+(sin B)y+z=cos B,
x+y+(sin C)z = 1–cos C has
1) no solution 2) a unique solution
3) infinite number of solutions 4) none
3. If the system of linear equations (sin 3  ) x – y + z = 0, (cos 2  ) x + 4y + 3z = 0, 2x + 7y + 7z = 0
has a non-trivial solution then the values of  aree

1) n , n + (-1)n 2) n , n + (-1)n 3) n , n + (-1)n 4) n , n + (-1)n

4. Let  and  be real. The set of all values of  for which the system of linear equations
 x + (sin )y + (cos  )z = 0, x + (cos  )y + (sin  )z = 0, –x + (sin  )y – (cos  )z = 0
has a non trivial solution is
 1) [0, 2] 2) [- 2 , 0] 3) [- 2 , 2] 4) [0, - 2 ]

5. If the equations (b+c)x+(c+a)y+(a+b)z=0, cx+ay+bz=0, ax+by+cz=0 are consistent then a relation

among a, b, c is
1) a=b=c=0 2) a=2b=3c 3) a=b=c (a  0) 4) a+2b+3c=0

LEVEL - I / ANSWERS
EXERCISE - 1

1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 3 6) 3 7) 2 8) 4 9) 1 10) 3
11) 1 12) 1 13) 4 14) 1 15) 1 16) 3 17) 2 18) 1 19) 2 20) 4
21) 2 22) 2 23) 2 24) 3 25) 4 26) 1 27) 2 28) 1 29) 3 30) 2
31) 2 32) 1 33) 2 34) 2 35) 2 36) 4 37) 4 38) 1 39) 2 40) 2
41) 2 42) 4 43) 2 44) 1 45) 3 46) 2 47) 3 48) 2

EXERCISE - II

1) 1 2) 2 3) 2 4) 3 5) 3