K.R.

E Society's
Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

Unit-5
Basics of Internet and Web
 Introduction to Internet:-
The Internet is an increasingly important part of everyday life for people around the world. But if you've
never used the Internet before, all of this new information might feel a bit confusing at first.
Throughout this tutorial, we'll try to answer some basic questions you may have about the Internet and
how it's used. When you're done, you'll have a good understanding of how the Internet works, how
to connect to the Internet, and how to browse the Web.

 What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the Internet,
it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much
more.
You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also called going online. When
someone says a computer is online, it's just another way of saying it's connected to the Internet.

 What is the Web?

The World Wide Web—usually called the Web for short—is a collection of different websites you can
access through the Internet. A website is made up of related text, images, and other resources. Websites
can resemble other forms of media—like newspaper articles or television programs—or they can be
interactive in a way that's unique to computers.
The purpose of a website can be almost anything: a news platform, an advertisement, an online library, a
forum for sharing images, or an educational site like us!
Once you are connected to the Internet, you can access and view websites using a type of application
called a web browser. Just keep in mind that the web browser itself is not the Internet; it only displays
websites that are stored on the Internet.

 How does the Internet work?

At this point you may be wondering, how does the Internet work? The exact answer is pretty
complicated and would take a while to explain. Instead, let's look at some of the most important things
you should know.
It's important to realize that the Internet is a global network of physical cables, which can include copper
telephone wires, TV cables, and fiber optic cables. Even wireless connections like Wi-Fi and 3G/4G rely
on these physical cables to access the Internet.
When you visit a website, your computer sends a request over these wires to a server. A server is where
websites are stored, and it works a lot like your computer's hard drive. Once the request arrives, the server
retrieves the website and sends the correct data back to your computer. What's amazing is that this all
happens in just a few seconds!

 Other things you can do on the Internet:

One of the best features of the Internet is the ability to communicate almost instantly with anyone in the
world. Email is one of the oldest and most universal ways to communicate and share information on the
Internet, and billions of people use it. Social media allows people to connect in a variety of ways and
build communities online.
There are many other things you can do on the Internet. There are thousands of ways to keep up with
news or shop for anything online. You can pay your bills, manage your bank accounts, meet new
people, watch TV, or learn new skills. You can learn or do almost anything online.

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

 Features of Internet:-
Major features of the Internet are listed below:
 Easy to Use:-
The software that is used to access the Internet or web browser is designed in such a way that is
very simple and can be easily learned and used. Also, it is easy to develop.
 Flexibility:-
Flexibility in terms of transfer of data. Basically, the internet network carries information in digital
form in a majority of cases instead of voice information in analog form.
 Accessibility:-
Internet service is a worldwide service and access to all. People located in remote or anywhere
interior can also use the Internet. Therefore, information through the internet flows across the
networks in a standardized manner.
 Interaction with Media and Flexibility of Communication:-
Businesses are expanding with the help of the Internet. There is a high degree of interaction with
the media due to internet service. Like, News, magazines, publishing houses, etc. have extended
their business with the help of Internet service.  Also, communication is flexible due to internet
service. With the help of text voice, video people can communicate easily. 
 Low Cost and Security:-
The maintenance and development costs of Internet service are comparatively low. Also, Internet
service helped the security system both at an individual and national level. For example CCTV
cameras, etc.

 Internet Applications:-
1. The World Wide Web.
2. E-mail.
3. News
4. Telnet
5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
6. Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

1. The World Wide Web:-

 The World Wide Web is a part of the internet, which supports hypertext documents, allowing
users to view and navigate different types of data.
 A web page is a document encoded with hypertext markup language (HTML) tags.
 HTML allows designers to link content together via hyperlinks.
 Every web page has an address, a uniform resource locator (URL).

2. E-mail:-
 Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most popular reason people use the Internet.
 To create, send, and receive e-mail messages you need an e-mail program and an account on an
Internet mail server with a domain name.
 To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address, which you create by adding your user name to
the e-mail create by adding your user name to the e-mail server’s domain name, as in
[email protected].

3. News:-
 One Internet based service called news, includes tens of thousands of newsgroups.

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

 Each newsgroup hosts discussions on a specific topic. A newsgroups a some indicated its users
special topic of interest.
 To participate in a newsgroup, you need a news-reader program hat. left you read articles that
have been posted on a news server. You can post articles for others to read and respond to.

4. Telnet:-
 Telnet is a specialized service that lets you use one computer to access the contents of another
computer a telnet host.
 A telnet program creates a “Window” into the host so you can access files, issue commands, and
exchange data.
 Telnet is widely used by libraries to allow visitors to look up information, find articles and so on.

5. File transfer protocol:-

 File Transfer protocol (FTP) is the internet tool used to copy files from one computer to another.
 Using a special FTP program or a web browser, you can log into an ETP host Computer over the
internet and copy files on to your computer.
 FTP is handy for finding and copying software files, articles and other types of data. Universities
and software companies use FTP servers to provide visitors with access to data.

6. Internet Relay chat (IRC):-

 Internet Relay chat (IRC) is a service that allows users to communicate in real time by typing text
in a special window.
 Like news, there are hundreds of IRC “channel” each devoted to a subject or user group.
 You can use a special IRC program to participate in chat room discussions but many chat rooms
are set up in web sites, enabling visitors to chat directly in their browser window.

 Services of Internet /Internet Services:-

Some of the most popular internet services are :
1. Communication Services
2. Information Retrieval Services
3. World Wide Web Services
4. Web Services
5. Directory Services
6. Automatic Network Address Configuration
7. Network Management Services
8. Time Services
9. Usenet
10. News Group
11. Ecommerce

1 Communication Services:-
Communication is one of the most popular internet services. Every day, we use internet-based
communication services to stay in touch with family and friends. It is also referred to as Internet
Telephony. Instant Messaging, Internet Telephony, and VOIP, Email, IRC, Videoconferencing, and other
internet communication services are available. Let's take a look at them one at a time.
a) Instant Messaging:-
Instant Messaging (IM) is a type of online chat that offers text communication over the internet in real-
time. Some of them are Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype, hangout, qq, WeChat, etc. Among those, Whatsapp
has the highest number of users actively engaging (report gathered from stattube youtube channel).

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

b) Email:-
Email stands for Electronic Mail. It is a paperless method of sending messages(text, files, or images) from
one person to another or many people at the same time using the internet. In 1996, there was more e-mail
than postal mail being sent. Some of the most popular email service providers are Gmail, Microsoft
Outlook, AOL mail, Zoho mail, fast mail, hush mail. mail.com, MSN, Yahoo mail, etc.
c) Internet Telephony and VoIP:-
We used to send phone calls, faxes, and voicemails over landlines in traditional telephony, but in Internet
Telephony, we do it over the internet. In internet telephony, our analog voice is converted into digital
voice (binary form), which is then transmitted over the internet as IP packets from one phone to another.
As a result, voice packets are transferred across the network in this case. Internet telephony is also known
as IP telephony (IPT).
d) Video Conferencing:-
Video Conferencing is Internet Services where two or more people located in separate geographical
locations do live audio-video communication. So, it is real-time conferencing services of the internet.
For proper functioning of the Video Conference, it may require a high bandwidth of the internet at the
sender and receiver sides.
e) List Server (LISTSERV):-
List Server Sends content-specific emails to a group of email recipients.

2 Information retrieval services:- 

One reason why a computer network such as the Internet has been created was, to allow users to access
remote computers and transfer files from one machine to another. This internet service includes FTP,
FTPS, SFTP(Simple File Transfer Protocol), Telnet, SSH File Transfer Protocol, Trivial File Transfer
Protocol, etc.
a) FTP:-
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is an internet utility software that is used for uploading and
downloading files.FTP enables access to remote computer folders and allows files and folders to be
transferred between different computers.FTP consists of a client-server system architecture utilizing
different control and commands between client and server.
If you want to upload a file from your computer to a remote server you need an FTP client. There are
numerous FTP clients available. Some of the popular FTP client software are FileZilla, WinSCP,
Cyberduck, CuteFTP, Transmit, FireFTP, SmartFTP etc.
Objectives of FTP :
 It promotes the sharing of computer files, folders (directories), and software.
 It helps to transfer data reliably and efficiently.
 It is Faster than other protocols like HTTP or POP so it is a preferred method of exchanging files.
It can easily transfer large files.
b) SFTP:-
SFTP stands for SSH File Transfer Protocol. Sometimes it is called Secure File Transfer Protocol. It is
more secure than FTP. It supports the complete SSH protocol protection and authentication feature,
including the SSH key. Example: Accessing your email uses SFTP because here we need our username
and password for accessing information from the server.
WinSCP is the best software for SFTP.
FTP, SFTP are file transfer services of the internet that fall under information retrieval services of the
internet.
c) Telnet (Remote Computing):-
Telnet stands for Telecommunication Network. Telnet allows the client to log in to the remote server
for accessing remote resources. It uses TCP port 23. It is not much secure. We use Putty software for
getting remote access to the server. In windows OS, when you type telnet remote_ip in run(Win + R)

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

windows, then enter username and password for remote access then you will be successfully connected to
the remote server.
d) SSH:-
SSH stands for Secure Shell. Secure than Telnet. Same work as Telnet.SSH sends all the data in an
encrypted format. It uses a secure channel for transferring data and commands over the network.SSH
uses High bandwidth.SSH can be considered as a replacement for telnet.
Some of the other popular information retrieval services are Gopher, Archie, and WAIS.
Gopher: Gopher is a simple file retrieval application that relies on hierarchical and distributed menus
stored on remote web servers.
Archie: Archie is a program that searches the files of all Internet FTP servers that provide anonymous
FTP.

3 WWW (World Wide Web):-

WWW is one of the main services of the internet. Most of us think that the Internet and WWW are the
same but actually not. Internet is Infrastructure and the Web is just a service provided on the Internet.
Internet is a network of networks and the Web is just information present in the network.
The inventor of the Web: Tim Berners Lee and Robert Cailliau.
4 Web Services:-
Many applications are written in various programming languages. Some were created in.net, others in
Java, in python, angular, and node js. There may be a need for some means of communicating with one
another. This is where web services come in. Web services provide a common platform for multiple
applications to communicate with one another, regardless of the programming language used to create the
applications.

5 Directory Services ( like DNS, LDAP ):-

Directory services map network resource names to network addresses and create a network name
structure. Let's look at network directory services like DNS and LDAP.
 DNS (Domain Name System):-
The DNS's job is to convert human-readable domain names like ourtechroom.com into IP addresses (like
192.168.10.12) so that the web browser can access the server's resources. If there is no DNS, you must
remember the IP address and access the desired sites using the IP address rather than a domain name such
as ourtechroom.com.
 LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol):-
It is a lightweight client-server directory protocol for accessing directory services. If your data do not
change frequently then you can store your data in LDAP Services and you can access it frequently as
LDAP provides a ' write-once-read-multiple-times' service, whereas in SQL database you can have high
read and writes. So, we can say LDAP is non-transactional.

6 Automatic Network Address Configuration:-

Giving a unique IP address to all the systems in a network is done by Automatic Network Address
Configuration devices like DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)Server.DHCP server's main
works are to make sure that no two systems got the same IP address.
Our home router is already pre-configured with the DHCP server and we should not have to worry much
about assigning dynamic IP to the computer. Suppose a computer connects to a network then this
computer will request for an IP address to the router, then in the router, we have a DHCP server, then
what DHCP Server does is it looks in a pool of available IP addresses if found then send back to the
computer and finally your computer will have IP which is dynamic in nature.

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

7 Network Management Services:-

Network management services are also one of the important services of the internet which are helpful for
network managers. Network management services help in preventing, monitoring, diagnosing, and
solving issues related to the network.
Some common network management tools are traceroute and ping.
ping: ping tool mainly helps to check the availability of the host machine and time is taken to respond to
all Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets.
Traceroute: traceroute tool mainly helps to find and display all the possible routes(pathway) from
request to response and get time taken for responding on each pathway.

8 Time Services:-
Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a popular time service on the internet that helps to synchronize and set
the computer clock with great precision. Computer clocks are synced to either Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT) or Co-ordinated University Time (UTC).NTP is the oldest computer protocol currently in use.
Windows Time after Windows 2000 uses an NTP server for synchronization. It is the best software
implementation example of Time Service. Windows Time Service(W32Time) is a background service
running in your system which provides clock synchronization for the computer to the NTP server.
(source).
Other Software Implementations of Time Services are:
 SNTP
 OpenNTPD
 NTPsec 
 Ntimed

9 Usenet News:-
Usenet is known as the 'User's Network.' It is one of the oldest networks where users can post files to
news servers and other members can access it.

10 Newsgroups:-
Newsgroups are an active Online Discussion Forum, which can easily be accessed through Usenet. Each
newsgroup includes discussions on a particular subject that are implied in the newsgroup name.
Users can view and follow the newsgroup and comment on the post through newsreader software.
Accessing these newsgroups also necessitates a Usenet Subscription, which may be charged.

11 E-commerce:-
E-commerce is Internet-based buying and sale of goods and services. Today, almost anything that is
available in the market can be purchased through e-commerce.

 Physical Address and Logical Address

The logical address is a virtual address that the user can access. The physical address can not be accessed
directly by the customer. For physical access, the logical address is used as a reference.  The basic
difference between a logical and physical address is that during program execution, the logical address is
created by the CPU, while the physical address refers to a memory location. The address is used as a
physical memory location access reference. The Logical Address Space set of logical addresses generated
from a program perceptively. The physical address is never the recipient. Instead, the corresponding
logical address by the user accesses the physical address.

 Physical Address:-

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

Whatsoever network you are in LAN or WAN, it provides a different address to all the nodes in the
network. This address is a physical address and it is also termed as link address.
The physical address is the lowest level of address. This means the physical address is specifically for
intra-networking environment. Using physical addressing a node can send a frame to another node in the
same physical network
The data link layer encapsulates the packets it receives from the network layer into frames and the
physical address is included in these frames. The type of network decides what will be the length of
address and what format it would have?
The physical address can be further classified into unicast, multicast and broadcast address. The physical
unicast address is assigned to the frame that has to be sent to a single recipient. Physical multicast address
is included in the frame that has to be sent to a group of recipients. The physical broadcast address is
included in the frame that has to be sent to all the nodes or all the system connected in the network.
There are some networks that might support all three types of physical addressing like Ethernet, it
supports all three types of physical addressing. But there are some networks that only supports unicast
addressing in such cases then what if you to send the frame to a group of nodes then you have to send the
multiple packets with a unicast address.

 Logical Address:-
Logical addressing has a broader aspect and it is used to send the frame between two different networks
which may have different addressing format. Logical addressing is specially designed to identify each
node uniquely irrespective of their underlying physical network.
The logical address is the IP address that is provided to the nodes connected to the internet and no two
nodes here can have the same IP address. Like physical address, the logical addresses are classified to
unicast (single receiver), multicast (multiple receivers) and broadcast (all the nodes of the system).
Though broadcasting has some limit on the number of recipients.

 Key Difference between the Physical Address and Logical Address:-

Let us discuss some of the major key differences between Physical Address vs Logical Address:
 A physical address is an address that shows the location of memory while a logical address shows
the address of the CPU, i.e. the central processor unit generates the Address.
 One device can have only one physical address.  They are constant, so they cannot be changed.
One device can have a variety of logical addresses. Whereas logical addresses are dynamic, they
can be changed.
 The memory management unit generates the physical address, while the CPU generates the
logical address.
 The mapping of physical address to logical address is considered as a physical address. For
programs, the CPU generates the set of logical addresses known as a logical address space.
 A physical address cannot be accessed directly, while we can access logical addresses directly.
 Users cannot view physical addresses while they can view logical addresses easily.
 Physical Addresses Space is a set of all Physical addresses generated in a program. Also, Logical
Addresses Space is a set of all Logical addresses generated in a program.
 Physical addresses and Logical addresses need the same time for compiling and load time
addresses binding schemes. On the other hand, physical addresses and logical addresses take
different times for execution.
 A physical address is used to identify the location of the memory, while on the other hand, the
logical address is used to access a physical address.

 Internet Service Providers (ISP):-

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company offering access to internet. They offer various services:
 Internet Access
 Domain name registration
 Dial-up access
 Leased line access

 ISP Types:-
ISPs can broadly be classified into six categories as shown in the following diagram:

 Access providers
They provide access to internet through telephone lines, cable wi-fi or fiber optics.
 Mailbox Provider
Such providers offer mailbox hosting services.
 Hosting ISPs
Hosting ISPs offers e-mail, and other web hosting services such as virtual machines, clouds etc.
 Virtual ISPs
Such ISPs offer internet access via other ISP services.
 Free ISPs
Free ISPs do not charge for internet services.

 Connection Types:-
There exist several ways to connect to the internet. Following are these connection types available:
1. Dial-up Connection
2. ISDN
3. DSL
4. Cable TV Internet connections
5. Satellite Internet connections
6. Wireless Internet Connections

1. Dial-up Connection:-
Dial-up connection uses telephone line to connect PC to the internet. It requires a modem to setup dial-up
connection. This modem works as an interface between PC and the telephone line.
There is also a communication program that instructs the modem to make a call to specific number
provided by an ISP.
Dial-up connection uses either of the following protocols:
1. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
2. Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

The following diagram shows the accessing internet using modem:

2. ISDN:-
ISDN is acronym of Integrated Services Digital Network. It establishes the connection using the phone
lines which carry digital signals instead of analog signals.
There are two techniques to deliver ISDN services:
1. Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
2. Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
Key points:
 The BRI ISDN consists of three distinct channels on a single ISDN line: t1o 64kbps B (Bearer)
channel and one 16kbps D (Delta or Data) channels.
 The PRI ISDN consists of 23 B channels and one D channels with both have operating capacity
of 64kbps individually making a total transmission rate of 1.54Mbps.
The following diagram shows accessing internet using ISDN connection:

3. DSL:-
DSL is acronym of Digital Subscriber Line. It is a form of broadband connection as it provides
connection over ordinary telephone lines.
Following are the several versions of DSL technique available today:
1. Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
2. Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
3. High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
4. Rate adaptive DSL (RDSL)
5. Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL)

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

6. ISDN DSL (IDSL)

All of the above mentioned technologies differ in their upload and download speed, bit transfer rate and
level of service.
The following diagram shows that how we can connect to internet using DSL technology:

4. Cable TV Internet Connection:-

Cable TV Internet connection is provided through Cable TV lines. It uses coaxial cable which is capable
of transferring data at much higher speed than common telephone line.
Key Points:
 A cable modem is used to access this service, provided by the cable operator.
 The Cable modem comprises of two connections: one for internet service and other for Cable TV
signals.
 Since Cable TV internet connections share a set amount of bandwidth with a group of customers,
therefore, data transfer rate also depends on number of customers using the internet at the same
time.
The following diagram shows that how internet is accessed using Cable TV connection:

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Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar
Department of Computer Science

5. Satellite Internet Connection:-

Satellite Internet connection offers high speed connection to the internet. There are two types of satellite
internet connection: one way connection or two way connection.
In one way connection, we can only download data but if we want to upload, we need a dialup access
through ISP over telephone line.
In two way connection, we can download and upload the data by the satellite. It does not require any
dialup connection.
The following diagram shows how internet is accessed using satellite internet connection:

6. Wireless Internet Connection:-

Wireless Internet Connection makes use of radio frequency bands to connect to the internet and offers a
very high speed. The wireless internet connection can be obtained by either WiFi or Bluetooth.

 Domain Name System:-

The acronym for Domain Name System is DNS. It is a naming system that works hierarchically and is
decentralized for computers, servers (web servers), services, resources, network devices and components
that are present on large networks such as the public Internet.
For example, in layman terms, it is a phonebook for computers on the Internet.
It translates and maps alphabetic domain names (websites' web addresses or names) to the numeric
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of computers or servers. And it also does the reverse process. DNS uses
User Datagram Protocol (UDP). DNS service uses port number 53.
Technically, computers or technically the routers (default gateway) use DNS servers to contact to get any
domains translated and converted to an IP address of the server hosting a website. The entry for DNS
servers could be few or many, as there would be multiple DNS servers. The examples are Open DNS
servers, or Google DNS servers.
It is a system that uses at least one DNS server to resolve DNS-names. DNS is used because computers
and servers do not understand human-readable alphabetic domain names, where humans do not
understand and remember numeric IP addresses, which the computers and servers can.
DNS service or server is an Internet service in general, thus maps or translates human readable domain
names (website names or URL, Uniform Resource Locator) into machine or Computer readable IP
(Internet Protocol) addresses.

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Department of Computer Science

Example:
Domain name = www.example.com whose Server IP address is,
say = 253.136.27.2

 Working of DNS:-
The working of DNS is explained below in stepwise manner −
Step 1 − Every website has a domain name/ IP address associated with it.
Step 2 − Now IP is a bit complicated to share (as no one wants to write 192.168.224.23 or some random
IP to access Tutorials point) so people came up with an idea of domain names which basically stores the
IP address mapped to their name.
Step 3 − Now, a DNS translates every domain name to its IP address so every browser can access that
particular website.
Step 4 − DNS has eased the process of web surfing as we write tutorialspoint.com to reach a website
instead of some complicated 32-128 bit address.
Given below is the diagram of DNS −

 Web Basics:
 Introduction to Web:-
Web consists of billions of clients and server connected through wires and wireless networks. The web
clients make requests to web server. The web server receives the request, finds the resources and return
the response to the client. When a server answers a request, it usually sends some type of content to the
client. The client uses web browser to send request to the server. The server often sends response to the
browser with a set of instructions written in HTML(HyperText Markup Language). All browsers know
how to display HTML page to the client.

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Department of Computer Science

 Web Application:-
A website is a collection of static files (webpages) such as HTML pages, images, graphics etc. A  Web
application is a web site with dynamic functionality on the server. Google, Facebook, Twitter are
examples of web applications.

 Web Browsers:-
A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text, images,
videos, music, and other information that could be on a website. Text and images on a web page can
contain hyperlinks to other web pages at the same or different website. Web browsers allow a user to
quickly and easily access information provided on many web pages at many websites by traversing these
links. Web browsers format HTML information for display so the appearance of a web page many differ
between browsers.

 Functions of Web Browser:-

Our dependency on the Internet has massively increased. Stated below are functions of web browsers and
how are they useful:
 The main function is to retrieve information from the World Wide Web and making it available
for users
 Visiting any website can be done using a web browser. When a URL is entered in a browser, the
web server takes us to that website
 To run Java applets and flash content, plug-in are available on the web browser
 It makes Internet surfing easy as once we reach a website we can easily check the hyperlinks and
get more and more useful data online
 Browsers user internal cache which gets stored and the user can open the same webpage time and
again without losing extra data 
 Multiple WebPages can be opened at the same time on a web browser
 Options like back, forward, reload, stop reload, home, etc. are available on these web browsers,
which make using them easy and convenient

 Types of Web Browser:-

The functions of all web browsers are the same. Thus, more than the different types there are different
web browsers which have been used over the years.

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Department of Computer Science

Discussed below are different web browser examples and their specific features:
1. World Wide Web:-
 The first web browser ever
 Launched in 1990
 It was later named “Nexus” to avoid any confusion with the World Wide Web
 Had the very basic features and less interactive in terms of graphical interface
 Did not have the feature of bookmark
2. Mosaic:-
 It was launched in 1993
 The second web browser which was launched
 Had a better graphical interface. Images, text and graphics could all be integrated
 It was developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications
 The team which was responsible for creating Mosaic was lead by Marc Andreessen
 It was named “the world’s first popular browser”
3. Netscape Navigator:-
 It was released in 1994
 In the 1990s, it was the dominant browser in terms of usage share
 More versions of this browser were launched by Netscape
 It had an advanced licensing scheme and allowed free usage for non-commercial purposes
4. Internet Explorer:-
 It was launched in 1995 by Microsoft
 By 2003, it has attained almost 95% of usage share and had become the most popular browsers
of all
 Close to 10 versions of Internet Explorer were released by Microsoft and were updated gradually
 It was included in the Microsoft Windows operating system
 In 2015, it was replaced with “Microsoft Edge”, as it became the default browser on Windows 10
5. Firefox:-
 It was introduced in 2002 and was developed by Mozilla Foundation
 Firefox overtook the usage share from Internet Explorer and became the dominant browser
during 2003-04
 Location-aware browsing was made available with Firefox
 This browser was also made available for mobile phones, tablets, etc.
6. Google Chrome:-
 It was launched in 2008 by Google
 It is a cross-platform web browser
 Multiple features from old browsers were amalgamated to form better and newer features
 To save computers from malware, Google developed the ad-blocking feature to keep the user
data safe and secure
 Incognito mode is provided where private searching is available where no cookies or history is
saved
 Till date, it has the best user interface

 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):-

 HTTP is a protocol that clients and servers use on the web to communicate.
 It is similar to other internet protocols such as SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and
FTP(File Transfer Protocol) but there is one fundamental difference.
 HTTP is a stateless protocol i.e HTTP supports only one request per connection. This means that
with HTTP the clients connect to the server to send one request and then disconnects. This
mechanism allows more users to connect to a given server over a period of time.

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 The client sends an HTTP request and the server answers with an HTML page to the client, using
HTTP.

 HTTP Methods
HTTP request can be made using a variety of methods, but the ones you will use most often
are Get and Post. The method name tells the server the kind of request that is being made, and how the
rest of the message will be formatted.

 HTTP Methods and Descriptions :

Method Name Description

OPTIONS Request for communication options that are available on the request/response chain.
GET Request to retrieve information from server using a given URI.
Identical to GET except that it does not return a message-body, only the headers and status
HEAD
line.
POST Request for server to accept the entity enclosed in the body of HTTP method.
DELETE Request for the Server to delete the resource.
CONNECT Reserved for use with a proxy that can switch to being a tunnel.
This is same as POST, but POST is used to create, PUT can be used to create as well as
PUT
update. It replaces all current representations of the target resource with the uploaded content.

 URL:-   
URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator. URL is the technical term for what is often called
a "web address". It is the address by which computers and documents on the Internet can be located. The
URL was invented by Tim Berners-Lee as one of his many contributions to the World Wide Web. The
URL is a short text string that contains the name of a computer on the Internet, a protocol for
communicating with that computer, a path and filename of a document on that computer, and sometimes
additional information as well. The inclusion of all this information in a single string is allows for
seamless interaction between computers on the Internet and rapid exchange of information. The URL was
designed to be extensible in the sense that as new types of documents are added to the Internet, the URL

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would be able to adapt and uniquely identify each document with regard to each new document format's
needs.
A full URL consists of a service name, followed by a colon and a hostname, optionally followed by a
colon and a port number, followed by a path which ends in a filename or directory. An example of a full
URL looks like this: "service:hostname.com:80/directory/file.html". Most URLs that are handled by
humans are the addresses of documents on the World Wide Web. These URLs usually specify the
HTTP protocol and have the port number eliminated. Additionally, the hostname of a WWW address
begins with two forward slashes. An example of such a URL looks like this: "http://hostname.com/". Note
that in this example the path specified is a single forward slash, and no file name was specified. This tells
the web server that you are requesting the default file in the topmost public directory of the server. If the
web server has no default file configured then it may return either a list of the files in the directory or an
error. A common user error is to specify a URL with no path. Although most web servers are configured
to handle this error by automatically assuming that the user wants the default document in the topmost
directory, this causes unnecessary server load and may lead to the wrong document being served.
Although a URL specifies a specific document's location on the Internet, electronic documents can be
easily copied and therefore may have more than one location. Hence, the concepts of URN  (Uniform
Resource Name) and URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) have been developed. URNs specify the name of
a particular resource, regardless of it's location. URIs are simply complete URLs in which the filename is
a URN.

 Reserved Characters URL :-

Character Purpose in URL

: Separate protocol (http) from address
/ Separate domain and directories
# Separate anchors
? Separate query string
& Separate query elements
@ Separate username and password from domain
% Indicates an encoded character
+ Indicates a space
<space> Not recommended in URLs

 Introduction HTML5:-
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to design web pages using markup
language. HTML is the combination of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext defines the
link between the web pages. Markup language is used to define the text document within tag
which defines the structure of web pages. HTML 5 is the fifth and current version of HTML. It
has improved the markup available for documents and has introduced application programming
interfaces(API) and Document Object Model(DOM).

 Features:
HTML5 introduces a number of new elements and attributes that can help you in building
modern websites. Here is a set of some of the most prominent features introduced in HTML5.

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 New Semantic Elements − These are like <header>, <footer>, and <section>.
 Forms 2.0 − Improvements to HTML web forms where new attributes have been introduced for
<input> tag.
 Persistent Local Storage − To achieve without resorting to third-party plugins.
 WebSocket − A next-generation bidirectional communication technology for web applications.
 Server-Sent Events − HTML5 introduces events which flow from web server to the web
browsers and they are called Server-Sent Events (SSE).
 Canvas − This supports a two-dimensional drawing surface that you can program with
JavaScript.
 Audio & Video − You can embed audio or video on your webpages without resorting to third-
party plugins.
 Geolocation − Now visitors can choose to share their physical location with your web
application.
 Microdata − This lets you create your own vocabularies beyond HTML5 and extend your web
pages with custom semantics.
 Drag and drop − Drag and drop the items from one location to another location on the same
webpage.

 CSS Introduction
Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simply designed language intended to
simplify the process of making web pages presentable. CSS allows you to apply styles to web
pages. More importantly, CSS enables you to do this independent of the HTML that makes up
each web page.
CSS is easy to learn and understand, but it provides powerful control over the presentation of an
HTML document.

 WHY CSS? 
 CSS saves time: You can write CSS once and reuse the same sheet in multiple HTML pages.
 Easy Maintenance: To make a global change simply change the style, and all elements in all
the WebPages will be updated automatically.
 Search Engines: CSS is considered a clean coding technique, which means search engines
won’t have to struggle to “read” its content.
 Superior styles to HTML: CSS has a much wider array of attributes than HTML, so you can
give a far better look to your HTML page in comparison to HTML attributes.
 Offline Browsing: CSS can store web applications locally with the help of an offline cache.
Using this we can view offline websites.

 CSS Syntax:
A CSS comprises style rules that are interpreted by the browser and then applied to the
corresponding elements in your document.
A style rule set consists of a selector and declaration block.
 
Selector -- h1
Declaration -- {color:blue;font size:12px;}

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