Rajesh Kumar Thakur is a mathematics teacher by

profession and also a popular author. He has been the

Honorary Secretary and Chairman of the Award Selection
Committee of All India Ramanujan Maths Club (AIRMC) since
2012. Widely published, with more than fifty-seven books,
sixty-seven e-books, and 350 blogs to his credit, Thakur is a
regular columnist with over 500 published articles in various
well-known newspapers and magazines including Amar Ujala,
Prabhat Khabar and Navbharat Times. A number lover,
Thakur is the recipient of several awards including the
National Best Teacher Award (2010), the Arvind Pandey Yuva
Lekhan Award (2015), the Math Genius Award (2017) and the
Global Teacher Award (2018). He lives in Delhi, India. You
can contact him at [email protected]. His Twitter
handle is @R_K_THAKUR.
 Published by
Rupa Publications India Pvt. Ltd 2019
7/16, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110002

Copyright © Rajesh Kumar Thakur 2019

While every effort has been made to verify the authenticity of the information
contained in this book, the publisher and the author are in no way liable for the use
of the information contained in this book.

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in a retrieval
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ISBN: 978-93-5333-606-6

First impression 2019

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The moral right of the author has been asserted.

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or
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published.
Dedicated to Sonika Vats
 Contents

Introduction
Vedic Sutras
Vedic Sub–sutras
PART 1
1. Multiplication
2. Square
3. Cube
PART 2
4. Highest Common Factor of Polynomials
5. Multiplication of Polynomials
6. Division of Polynomials
7. Linear Equations
8. Linear Equations in Two Variables
9. Quadratic Equations
10. Factorization of a Cubic Polynomial
11. Combined Operations
12. Harder Factor
13. Determinant
14. Coordinate Geometry
15. Differentiation
16. Integration
17. Trigonometry
18. Casting-out-nines Method

Practice Questions
Answers
 Introduction

Vedic Mathematics is becoming popular day by day. In the cutthroat

competition that we see in the field of mathematics today, the
aspirant wants to do better and better in his/her examination, and
speed and accuracy play a vital role in that. It is indeed true that the
16 sutras have not gained much popularity, and only 3 or 4 sutras
have become popular. There is a great deal of competition in the
market to prove each book better than the other. The numerous
techniques and their attractive names can be seen everywhere, and
in such a race, the essence of Vedic Mathematics is left behind.
These days, most of the books available on Vedic Mathematics in
the market deal with the fundamental operations of mathematics,
and some algebraic concepts. Higher algebra and other branches of
mathematics have been completely ignored, and most people think
that Vedic Mathematics enables you to do fast multiplication and find
the squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots. But the truth is
that it does so much more. Vedic Mathematics is equally effective in
dealing with higher algebra, some trigonometry, basic calculus, basic
co-ordinate geometry etc.
I have tried to incorporate the stronger side of Vedic
Mathematics, and have tried to focus on some other sutras that are
not very popular. The basic use of Vedic Mathematics is fast
calculation, and you can observe this fact throughout this book. Be it
calculus or two-dimensional geometry or algebra, you will definitely
be able to do calculations much faster than by way of traditional
mathematics taught in the classroom.
The language of the book is simple and self-explanatory. You will
not require a tutor or coach to teach you the higher concepts of
Vedic Mathematics, as the examples are explained in a manner that
will surely help you grasp the difficult concepts easily.
 I have tried to explain some fundamental concepts of Vedic
Mathematics while elaborating the tougher concepts in detail. For the
sake of the reader, I have divided this book into two parts. In the first
part, I have provided a brief note that will help you understand the
importance of Vedic Mathematics and the reason why it is so
popular. In the second part, you can enjoy the advanced concepts of
mathematics explained in lucid language.
I hope the very effort of writing Advanced Vedic Mathematics will
be highly acknowledged by my readers. The first book, The
Essentials of Vedic Mathematics published by Rupa Publications, will
introduce you to the world of Vedic Mathematics. In this book, you
will develop your concepts of Vedic Mathematics further. So, enjoy
reading about the ancient techniques and explore the new
dimensions of mathematics.
While writing this book, I was struggling through the worst phase
of my life and I can’t forget to acknowledge a Ms Sonika Vats, who
stood like a pillar in my difficult days and kept motivating me. I am
also indebted to all my well-wishers, friends and relatives, who are
constant sources of inspiration for me. I would acknowledge the help
of Mr V.G. Unkalkar sir who, through our mutual friend, Mr Gaurav
Tekriwal, helped me write this book. I am also thankful to the entire
team of Rupa Publications, especially the editor, Yamini ji, for her
firm belief in me and accepting this book despite the fact that my
submission of the manuscript was delayed by almost eight months.
Finally, I would like to add that I will eagerly wait for the valuable
comments of my avid readers who have always appreciated my
books published by Rupa, as their comments and suggestions mean
a lot to me.
 Vedic Sutras

Ekadhikena Purvena —By one more than the

previous one
Nikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah
—All from nine and last from ten
Urdhva Tiryagbhyam —Vertically and crosswise
Paravartya Yojayet —Transpose and apply
Sunyam Samasamuccaye —The
summation is equal to zero
Anurupye Sunyamanyat —If one is in ratio,
the other one is zero
Sankalana–Vyavakalanabhyam —By
addition and subtraction
Puranapuranabhyam —By completion and
non-completion
Calana–Kalanabhyam —Sequential motion
Yavadunam —The deficiency
Vyastisamastih —Whole as one and one as
whole
Sesanyankena Caramena —Remainder by
last digit
Sopantyadvayamantyam —Ultimate and
twice the penultimate
Ekanyunena Purvena —By one less than the
previous one
Gunitasamuccayah —The whole product is the
same
Gunakasamuccayah —Collectivity of
multipliers
 Vedic Sub–sutras

Anurupyena —Proportionately
Sisyate Sesasamjnah —Knowing remainder
from remainder
Adyamadyenantya–mantyena —First by
first and last by last
Kevalaih Saptakam Gunyat —Only
multiple of seven
Vestanam —Osculation
Yavadunam–Tavadunam —Whatever be the
deficiency, lessen it further
Yavadunam Tavadunikrtya Varganaca Yojayet
—Whatever the extent of its
deficiency, lessen it further to that extent and set up the square
of the deficiency
Antyayotdasakepi —When the sum of the last
digits is ten
Antyayoreva —Only the last term
Samuccayagunitah —Sum of the
coefficients in the product
Lopanasthapanabhyam —By elimination and
retention
Vilokanam —The product of the sum of the coefficient
Gunitasamuccayah Samuccaya gunitah
—The product of the sum of the coefficients in the
factor is equal to the sum of the coefficients in the product
Dwandwayogah —Duplex combination
Shuddah —Dot
Dhwajankam —Flag digit
PART I
 1
Multiplication

Introduction

Vedic Mathematics is popular because of its use of multiplication

techniques. Most people tend to know about Vedic Mathematics
because of what is being taught in schools, institutions or by private
coaching centres. However, they only focus on two or three
techniques of Vedic Mathematics and judge its importance on the
basis of just these few concepts. It is highly significant that students
who appear for examinations for banking, railways, management etc.
prepare for these exams by learning the innovative and quick
techniques of Vedic Mathematics.
There are around 10 sutras available in Vedic Mathematics that
reduce calculation time to almost one–tenth of that of the traditional
methods. Here, we shall focus on 4 sutras only, in order to give you
a glimpse of the aspects of Vedic Mathematics that have made it the
world’s fastest technique of calculation. If you want to read about
them in detail, then you must read my book, The Essentials of Vedic
Mathematics, where you will find all the 10 sutras as well as three
chapters on multiplication.

Vedic Sutras

1. Nikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah: The literal meaning is

‘all from 9 and the last from 10’. This means, start from the
left-most digit, subtract all the digits from 9 and the last digit
from 10. This is a base method which works better when a
number is close to base 10 or a multiple of 10.
 2. Anurupyena: This Vedic sub-sutra literally means
‘proportionality’. This sub-sutra is applicable when either the
multiplicand or the multiplier is sufficiently far away from the
powers of base 10. (100, 1000, 10,000 and so on are powers
of base 10, but if the base is near 20, 30, 250, 500, 750, and
so on, then this sutra will be applicable.)
3. Ekanyunena Purvena: It literally means ‘one less than the
previous’. This sutra has limited application. It is used for
multiplication wherein the multiplier digits consist entirely of 9s.
4. Urdhva Tiryagbhyam: It is a general formula applicable to all
cases of multiplication. It is a process of vertical and crosswise
multiplication. This method has been further simplified and
dealt with using the dot and cross method in this book.

VEDIC MULTIPLICATION

Nikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah

This sutra works better when numbers to be multiplied are very close
to the base. The base should be in the form of 10n, where n is a
natural number.

Rule:

Write the two numbers to be multiplied one above the other on

the right side of your notebook’s page.
Write the deviation of the multiplicand and the multiplier from
the base and place them on the right of the digits to be
multiplied.
The final result will have two parts.
a) The left side of the answer will be obtained by cross
operation of two numbers written diagonally.
b) The right side of the answer will be obtained by multiplying
the deviations.
The number of digits on the right hand side of the separator will
be equal to the number of zeros in the base number. In simple
words, if the base is 100, the right hand side will have two
 digits, and if the base is 1,000, the right hand side will have
three digits.
In case there is a lesser number of digits on the right hand side
of the separator, accommodate as many zeros before the right
hand side as are required so that the total number of digits in
that part is equal to the number of zeros in the base.

Let us see a few examples to understand the methodology of the

above Vedic Sutra.

Case 1: When both the numbers are below the base

Example 1: Multiply 8 by 9.

Solution:

a) Write the multiplicand and the multiplier as shown here.

b) Both the numbers are close to the base 10, so take Base =
10.
Deviation of 8 = 8 – 10 = – 2
Deviation of 9 = 9 – 10 = – 1
c) Write the deviations on the right side of the numbers to be
multiplied.
 d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the two
diagonals. Here both of them give us the same answer, as
8 – 1 = 7 and 9 – 2 = 7.

e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the

deviations. The product of the deviations is (–  2) × (– 1) =
2.

= 72

Example 2: Multiply 95 by 91.

Solution:

a) Write the multiplicand and the multiplier as shown here.

b) Both the numbers are close to the base 100, so take Base
= 100.
Deviation of 95 = 95 – 100 = – 5
Deviation of 91 = 91 – 100 = – 9
c) Write the deviations on the right side of the numbers to be
multiplied.
 d) Write the left hand part of the answer (numbers to the left
of the separator) by cross operation of any of the two
diagonals. Here 95 – 9 = 86 and 91 – 5 = 86. This is written
down as the left hand part of the answer.

e) The right hand part of the answer (numbers to the right of

the separator) will be the multiplication of the deviations. (–
9) × (– 5) = 45

= 8645

Case 2: When both the numbers are above the base

Example 1: Multiply 14 by 12.

Solution:

a) Write the multiplicand and the multiplier as shown here.

b) Both the numbers are close to the base 10, so take Base =
10.
Deviation of 14 = 14 – 10 = 4
Deviation of 12 = 12 – 10 = 2
c) Write the deviations on the right side of the numbers to be
multiplied.
 d) Write the left hand part of the answer by cross operation of
any of the two diagonals. Like the previous example, both
give us the same answer.

e) The right hand part of the answer will be the multiplication

of the deviations. 4 × 2 = 8

= 168.

Example 2: Multiply 108 by 109.

Solution:

a) Write the multiplicand and the multiplier as shown here.

b) Both the numbers are close to the base 100, so take Base
= 100.
Deviation of 108 = 108 – 100 = – 8
Deviation of 109 = 109 – 100 = – 9
c) Write the deviations on the right side of the numbers to be
multiplied.
 d) Write the left hand part of the answer by cross operation of
any of the two diagonals.

e) The right hand part of the answer will be the multiplication

of the deviations.

= 11772.

Case 3: When one number is more than the base and another is
less than the base

Example 1: Multiply 12 by 8.

Solution: Write the multiplicand and the multiplier as shown here.

a) Both the numbers are close to the base 10, so take Base =
10.
Deviation of 12 = 12 – 10 = + 2
Deviation of 8 = 8 – 10 = – 2
b) Write the deviations on the right side of the numbers to be
multiplied.

c) Write the left hand part of the answer by cross operation of

any of the two diagonals. Both will give us the same
 answer. 12 – 2 = 10 and 8 + 2 = 10.

d) The right hand part of the answer will be the multiplication

of the deviations. The product of (+ 2) × (– 2) = – 4 is
written on the right side.

f) When the right hand digit has a minus sign, use the
Nikhilam formula, which states, ‘all from 9 and the last from
10’. This means, start from the left-most digit, subtract all
the digits from 9 and the last digit from 10. If there is a
negative sign on the right side of the separator, subtract 1
from the left side, and the right side will be subtracted from
the base. Here base is 10. Subtract the right hand digit (–
4) from 10. The left hand part will get diminished by 1, i.e.
10 – 1 = 9

= 96

Example 2: Multiply 122 by 98.

Solution:

a) Write the multiplicand and the multiplier as shown here.

b) Both the numbers are close to the base 100, so take Base
= 100.
Deviation of 122 = 122 – 100 = + 22
Deviation of 98 = 98 – 100 = – 2
c) Write the deviations on the right side of the numbers to be
multiplied.

d) Write the left hand part of the answer by cross operation of

any of the two diagonals.

e) The right hand part of the answer will be the multiplication

of the deviations.

f) When there is a minus sign before the right hand part of the
answer, use the Nikhilam formula. Here the right side of the
separator has – 44, which is negative, so the left part, i.e.
119, will get diminished by 1 and the right side will be
subtracted from the base 100. Subtract – 44 from 100. On
the left side, 120 will get diminished by 1. i.e. 120 – 1 =
119.
 = 11956

Case 4: Adjustment of right side digit of the product

In all the above three cases we have seen that the number on the
right side is same as the number of zeros in the base. Now there
arise two new situations. Let’s have a look.

a) When the number of digits on the right hand side is more

than the permissible limit.
b) When the number of digits on the right hand side is less
than the permissible limit.

Subcase a: When the number of digits on the right hand side is

more than the permissible limit.

Example: Multiply 18 by 16.

Solution:

a) Write the multiplicand and multiplier as shown here.

b) Both the numbers are closer to the base 10, so take Base
= 10.
Deviation of 16 = 16 – 10 = + 6
Deviation of 18 = 18 – 10 = + 8
c) Write the deviation at the right side along with the number
to be multiplied.
 d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the two
diagonals.

e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the

deviation.

Here, the number of digits on the right hand side is two, which is
more than the permissible number of digits on the right hand side
(See Table 1). The number of permissible digits on the right hand
side should be in accordance with the base number. Since the base
is 10, the number placed on the right side should be of one digit. In
such a case, we transfer the extreme left digit of the right hand side
to the left hand side and add them.

Subcase b: When the number of digits on the right hand side is

less than the permissible limit.

Example: Multiply 96 by 98.

Solution:

a) Write the multiplicand and multiplier as shown here.

b) Both the numbers are closer to the base 100, so take Base
= 100.
Deviation of 96 = 96 – 100 = – 4
Deviation of 98 = 98 – 100 = – 2
c) Write the deviation at the right side along with the number
to be multiplied.

d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the two
diagonals.

e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the

deviation.

Since the base is 100, the number placed at the right side should
consist of two digits. But there is a single digit on the right hand side
of the separator. In such a case, we place a zero on the left of the
digit on the extreme right hand side so that the total number of digits
on the right hand side is equal to the permissible number of digits.
See Table 1 for better understanding.
Anurupyena Sutra

The word Anurupyena simply means ‘proportionately’. This method

is applicable only when the multiplicand and multipliers are not
exactly 10, 100, 1000 and so on…but 50, 500, 5000… or 20, 30,
40…200, 300, 400… etc.

Subcase a: When the left hand figure is completely divisible by

the divisor of the working base.

Example 1: Multiply 48 by 42.

Solution: Here both the numbers are closer to 50. Now it’s your
choice how you would like to write 50 in multiples of 10.
50 = 100 / 2
= 10 × 5
In case you are taking 50 = 100/2, divide the left side of your
result by 2. On the other hand, for 50 = 10 × 5, multiply the left side
by 5.
Here is the example.
Working base = 100/2 = 50
Deviation of 48 from the working base = 48 – 50 = – 2
Deviation of 42 from the working base = 42 – 50 = – 8

The working procedure is almost the same, except for the fact that
the left hand side number will be divided by 2, as our working base is
half of the theoretical base. As far as the right hand number is
concerned, it will remain unaffected.
Now consider the base 50 = 10 × 5

Example 2: Multiply 494 by 488.

Solution:
Theoretical Base = 1000
Working Base = 500 = 1000/2
Deviation of 494 from the working base = 494 – 500 = – 6
Deviation of 42 from the working base = 488 – 500 = – 12

Do the operation as described in the Nikhilam method, with a slight

difference—the left hand figure will be divided by 2 as our working
base is half of the theoretical base.

Since the theoretical base is 1000, the number of digits on the right
hand side will be three, therefore write a zero before 72.
Now, divide the left hand side by 2.

Subcase b: When the left hand figure, on division by the divisor

of the working base, gives a fractional quotient

Example: Multiply 48 by 47.

Solution:
Working base = 50 = (100 | 2)

Step 1: Write the deviation (– 2) and (– 1) against the numbers 48

and 49, taken from the working base.

48 – 50 = – 2 and 47 – 50 = – 3

Step 2: Do the required operation by taking any diagonal and writing

the result on the left side of the vertical line. Multiply the right hand
numbers vertically.
Step 3: Divide the left hand figure by 2. Here, 47, on dividing by 2,
give us a fractional quotient. i.e. 23½.

Step 4: The fractional part ½ (i.e. ½ of the theoretical base 100 = 50)
is taken over to the right hand side.

Subcase c: When the right hand vertical product is negative

Example: Multiply 52 by 48.

Solution: Working base = 50 = (100/2)

As discussed earlier, the excess or the deficiency from the working

base is written against the number.
52 = 50 + 2 and 48 = 50 – 2

Step 1: Perform the desired operation diagonally and vertically.

Step 2: Divide the left hand number by 2. Here 2 is the divisor of the
theoretical base.
When the right hand figure is negative, the Nikhilam Navatas
caramam dasatah formula will be used. This simply directs us to
subtract 1 from the left hand number and to subtract the right hand
number from the theoretical base.

Ekanyuena Purvena

This method is the beauty of Vedic Mathematics. In most of the

coaching institutes offering Vedic Mathematics classes, you will find
such multiplications on their pamphlets. This sutra works under three
conditions.

1) When the number of digits in the multiplicand and the

number of 9s in multiplier are the same
2) When the number of 9s in the multiplier are more than the
number of digits in the multiplicand
3) When there are lesser number of 9s in the multiplier than
the number of digits in the multiplicand

Now let us take each case one by one

Case 1: When the number of digits in the multiplicand and the

number of 9s in the multiplier are the same

Rule:

Subtract 1 from the multiplicand and write the result on the

left hand side of the separator.
Subtract the left hand side from the multiplier.

Example 1: Multiply 6543 by 9999.

Solution: Here, the number of digits in the multiplicand is equal to
the number of 9s in the multiplier. As the rule suggests, the answer
will have two parts.

Left side: Multiplicand – 1 = 6543 – 1 = 6542

Right side: 9 – 6 = 3, 9 – 5 = 4, 9 – 4 = 5 and, 9 – 2 = 7.
Thus the right hand side will have 3457.
In order to simplify the calculation on the right hand side, we may
subtract the result obtained in the left hand side from the multiplier.
Right hand side = 9999 – 6542 = 3457
Hence, 6543 × 9999 = 65423457

Example 2: Multiply 89654876 by 99999999.

Solution:
Left side: 89654876 – 1 = 89654875
Right side: 99999999 – 89654875 = 10345124
Hence, 89654876 × 99999999 = 8965487510345124

Case 2: When the number of 9s in the multiplier is more than

the number of digits in the multiplicand

Rule: In case 2, the same procedure will be applied as in case 1.

Let us take a few examples.

Example 1: Multiply 56892 by 9999999.

Solution:
Left side: 56892 – 1 = 56891
Right side: 9999999 – 56891 = 9943108
Hence, 56892 × 9999999 = 568919943108

Example 2: Multiply 324 by 99999999.

Solution:
Left hand side = 324 – 1 = 323
Right hand side = 99999999 – 323 = 99999676
Hence, 324 × 99999999 = 32399999676
Case 3: When there are a lesser number of 9s in the multiplier
than the number of digits in the multiplicand

In this case there is a little change in the method.

First count the number of 9s in the multiplier. Mark as many
numbers from right to left in the multiplicand. Subtract the remaining
from the multiplicand to place it on the left hand side.
Take the complement of marked numbers from 100, 1000… and
place them on the right hand side.
Finally, subtract 1 from the left hand side and this will be your
new left hand side. Place it before the right hand side to get the
answer.

Example 1: Multiply 147 by 99.

Solution: Since there are two 9s in the multiplier, 47 of the

multiplicand should be marked or circled. The remaining 1 will first
be subtracted and placed on the left hand side.
Left side: 147 – 1 = 146
Right side: Complement of marked or circled number 47
Now subtract the remaining digits i.e. 1 from the left side and
write the complement of 47 on the right side.
Left side: 146 – 1 = 145
Right side: 100 – 47 = 53
Hence, 147 × 99 = 14553

Example 2: Multiply 259648 by 9999.

Solution: Since there are four 9s in the multiplier, four digits from
right to left of multiplicand i.e. 9648 will be placed on the right side.
On the left side, subtract 1 from the original number.
Left side: 259648 – 1 = 259647
Right side: Complement of 9648
Now subtract the remaining digits i.e. 25 from the left side, and
write the complement of 47 on the right side.
Left side: 259647 – 25 = 259622
Right side: 10000 – 9648 = 0352
 Hence, 259648 × 9999 = 2596220352

Urdhva Tiryagbhyam

This method is a panacea. It is applicable in all cases and there is no

base required. You can multiply a 4-digit number by two digits. On
first sight, you may not prefer this method, and find it tougher than
the classroom method—but constant practice will make this easier
every day. You will love this method as it reduces time and is
applicable in finding squares by multiplying two polynomials. I shall
not be dealing with a bigger number here as I have already
discussed this method in detail in my previous book on Vedic
Mathematics, The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics.
Let’s begin.

Dot and Stick Method

Multiplication of 2-digit numbers

Multiplication of 3-digit numbers

Multiplication of 4-digit numbers

The dot and stick method or Urdhva Tiryag method is the
arrangement of dots on the multiple of recurrence of 1.
To multiply 2-digit numbers, square of 11 will be used and the dot
arrangement will be 1 – 2 – 1.
To multiply 3-digit numbers, square of 111 will be used and the
dot arrangement will be 1 – 2 – 3 – 2 – 1.

A. Multiplication of 2-digit numbers

Example 1: Multiply 76 by 42.

Solution:

Arranging the numbers and adding them from right to left, taking only
one digit at a time, we get the final result.

Example 2: 58 × 34 = ?

Solution: Arranging the numbers on the dots.

Arranging the numbers and adding them from right to left, taking only
one digit at a time, we get the final result.

Once the concept is clear, the whole process can be done mentally
in one line.

Example 3: Multiply 77 by 39.

Solution: I do hope the dot and cross technique is clear to you. Here
is the one line method. The sum of the cross multiplication of dots in
the second stage has to be done mentally.

In the first vertical separator, 7 × 9 = 63 is written, in the second

vertical separator the sum of the cross products of 7 × 9 and 3 × 7 is
written directly:
i.e. 7 × 9 + 3 × 7 = 63 + 21 = 84.
In the third vertical separator, 7 × 3 = 21 is placed. As told earlier,
take only one digit from each section within a separator and add the
remaining digit to the next group within the next separator as shown,
in the direction of the arrow.
B. Multiplication of 3-digit numbers

Example 1: Multiply 566 by 281.

Solution:

Arrange the numbers on the dots as shown below.

Arrange each set of numbers with a separator as shown below.

= 159046

Once you understand the process, you can do mental calculations

and reduce the steps to a single line, without having to write down
the number of dots.

Example 2: Multiply 247 by 989.

Solution: The whole operation of the dot and cross method is done
here in one line.
Before I wind up the chapter, let’s take another example. Suppose
you want to multiply a 3-digit number by a 2-digit number.

Example 3: Multiply 526 by 43.

Solution: This is a 3 × 2 digit multiplication so write a zero in front of

43, making it 043, and now apply the above 3 × 3 operation
technique. Arrange the numbers on the dots as shown below.

I am wrapping up this chapter with the hope that you will explore
other options yourself, and in case you want more examples with
other options, you can read my previous book on Vedic
Mathematics.
 2
Square

Introduction

There are several methods to find the square of a number in Vedic

Mathematics. The basic details of all the fundamental operations
involved are already discussed in my book, The Essentials of Vedic
Mathematics. Since this book contains the advanced methods of
calculation, I shall only discuss two methods here that I love the
most. The first Vedic method is conditional, and not applicable in all
cases, but the second one is applicable to all.

Vedic Sutras and Their Meanings

1. Yavadunam Tavaduni Kritya Vargena Yojayet : This Vedic

sub-sutra is used for squaring numbers which are closer to the
base (10n). This Vedic sutra simply says,
a) Find the extent or deficiency of a number to be squared
with respect to its base. This extent or deficiency is termed
here as the deviation.
b) Set up the square of the deviation at the end.
2. Dwanda Yoga or Duplex Method: The Duplex combination is
applicable in all cases. The duplex of different combinations of
digits that will make calculation easy is discussed in this
chapter.

Yavadunam Tavaduni Kritya Vargena Yojayet

This sutra works better when the number to be squared is near the
base 10, 100, 1000…or is a multiple of the base i.e. 20, 30, 40…200,
300, 400…etc. Let us discover the squaring concept through this
Vedic sub-sutra in two parts.

Case 1: When the number is near the base 10, 100, 1000…10n

The answer is arrived at in two parts.

Left hand side of the separator = Number + Deviation
(Deviation may be positive or negative, depending on the base.)
Right hand side of the separator = Square of deviation
The right hand part of the separator will contain the same number
of digits as the number of zeros in the base. The excess digits, if
any, will be carried over to the left hand part, and the deficit digits, if
any, will be filled up by putting the zeros to the left of the right hand
part.

Example 1: Find the square of 12.

Solution: 12 is closer to base 10. Deviation = 12 – 10 = 2.

(12)2 = 12 + 2 | 22
= 14 | 4
= 144

Example 2: Find the square of 18.

Solution: 18 is closer to base 10. Deviation = 18 – 10 = 8.

Since Base = 10, the right hand part of the answer will contain a
single digit.

Example 3: Find the square of 91.

Solution: 91 is closer to base 100. Deviation = 91 – 100 = – 9.

 (91)2 = 91 – 9 | (– 9)2
= 82 | 81
= 8281

Example 4: Find the square of 99.

Solution: 99 is closer to base 100. Deviation = 99 – 100 = – 1

(99)2 = 99 – 1 | (– 1)2
= 98 | 1
Since Base = 100, the right hand part should have two digits, so one
additional zero will be placed before 1.
Therefore, (99)2 = 9801

Case 2: When the base is not in the form of 10n, but a multiple
of 10.

If the number to be squared is near the base 20, 30, 40…or 200,
300, 400…or 2000, 3000, 4000…the Yavadunam Tavduni sub-sutra
will work with a slight change.
The answer will be arrived at in two parts.
The right hand part of the answer will be the square of the
deviation from the base. The left hand part of the answer should be
written with utmost care. Left hand part = (Number to be squared +
Deviation) × sub-base.

Example 1: Find the square of 32.

Solution: 32 is closer to base 30.

Deviation = 32 – 30 = 2
30 = 3 × 10
Sub-base = 3
Actual base = 10
(32)2 = (32 + 2) × 3 | (2)2
= 102 | 4
= 1024
Example 2: Find the square of 47.

Solution: 47 is closer to base 50. Deviation = 47 – 50 = – 3

50 = 5 × 10
Sub-base = 5
Actual base = 10
(47)2 = (47 – 3) × 5 | (– 3)2
= 220 | 9
= 2209
As discussed in multiplication, here, too, you can use the same
principle.
Base = 50 = 100 / 2
(47)2 = (47 – 3) / 2 | (– 3)2
= 22 | 9
= 2209
(Since 100 has two zeros, the right hand part should have two
digits.)

Example 3: Find the square of 482.

Solution: 482 is closer to base 500.

Deviation = 482 – 500 = – 18
500 = 5 × 100
Sub-base = 5
Actual base = 100

Let us take the base 500 and find the square of 482 in another
way.
500 = 1000/2
Hence, Base = 1000 and sub-base = ½
 Deviation = 482 – 500 = – 18
(482)2 = (482 – 18) × ½ | (– 18)2
= 232 | 324
= 232324

Example 4: Find the square of 8989.

Solution: 8989 is closer to base 9000.

Deviation = 8989 – 9000 = – 11
9000 = 9 × 1000
Sub-base = 9
Actual base = 1000
(8989)2 = (8989 – 11) × 9 | (– 11)2
= 9 × 8978 | 121
= 80802 | 121
= 80802121

Duplex Method or Dwanda Yoga

The Dwanda Yoga or Duplex Method of squaring is one of the best

squaring methods in Vedic Mathematics. After a little practice, you
can find the square of any number mentally. This is unique in the
sense that it has universal application. Let us denote the duplex of a
number by D.

Duplex of 1-digit number = Square of that number

D(a) = a2
Duplex of 2 = 22 = 4
Duplex of 6 = 62 = 36
Duplex of 2-digit number = 2 × (product of digits)
D(ab) = 2ab
Duplex of 24 = 2 × (2 × 4) = 16
Duplex of 76 = 2 × (7 × 6) = 84
Duplex of 3-digit number = 2 × (1st digit × 3rd digit) +
(square of middle digit)
D(abc) = 2ac + b2
 Duplex of 126 = 2 × (1 × 6) + 22 = 16
Duplex of 478 = 2 × (4 × 8) + 72 = 113
Duplex of 4-digit number = 2 × (1st digit × 4th digit) + 2 ×
(2nd digit × 3rd digit)
D(abcd) = 2ad + 2bc
Duplex of 2468 = 2 × (2 × 8) + 2 × (4 × 6) = 80
Duplex of 4567 = 2 × (4 × 7) + 2 × (5 × 6) = 116

Once you learn to find the duplex of a number, you need to write the
number in groups. The following pattern will help you in grouping the
numbers.

Grouping of a number

The grouping of (24)2 will follow the pattern of (11)2.

The groups for 24 are:

The grouping of (245)2 will follow the pattern of (111)2

The groups of numbers for 245 are:

The grouping of (2456)2 will follow the pattern of (1111)2

The groups of numbers for 2456 are:
 Summary of the Duplex Method
1 D(a) = a2
2 D(ab) = 2ab
3 D(abc) = 2ac + b2
4 D(abcd) = 2ad + 2bc
5 D(abcde) = 2ae + 2bd + c2
6 D(abcdef) = 2af + 2be + 2cd
7 D(abcdefg) = 2ag + 2bf + 2ce + d2

How does the Duplex Method work?

Form the groups of numbers to be squared as shown above.

Write the duplex value for each group.
Once the duplex value for each group is written, add the
figures from right to left, keeping only one digit in each
separator.

Example 1: Find the square of 32.

Solution: The groups for 32 are:

Example 2: Find the square of 465.

Solution: The groups of numbers for 465 are:

Example 3: Find the square of 4856.

Solution: The groups for 4856 are:

4, 48, 485, 4856, 856, 56 and 6.
Duplex of 4 = 42 = 16
Duplex of 48 = 2 × 4 × 8 = 64
Duplex of 485 = 2 × 5 × 4 + 82 = 104
Duplex of 4856 = 2 × 4 × 6 + 2 × 8 × 5 = 128
Duplex of 856 = 2 × 8 × 6 + 52 = 121
Duplex of 56 = 2 × 5 × 6 = 60
Duplex of 6 = 62 = 36

Arrange the duplex of each number using separators.

= 16 | 64 | 104 | 128 |121 | 60 | 36
= 23580736

You can extend the Duplex Method up to any number. Even squaring
upto nine digits can be done using this method in a very short time.
Explore it and enjoy.
 3
Cube

Introduction

When a number is multiplied three times by itself, the number so

obtained is called the cube of that number. For example, a × a × a =
a3. Here is the cube of the first ten numbers.

There are four methods to do cubing in Vedic Mathematics. As

mentioned earlier, Vedic Mathematics enables you to experiment
and choose the best method in a given situation. Besides Vedic
Mathematics, there are some other techniques of easy cubing that
you can learn in my book, Speed Mathematics.
The classroom method, as you know it, asks you to either
multiply a given number three time or use the binomial expansion of
the (a + b)3 or (a – b)3. Here, I will be exploring only two new
methods of cubing through Vedic Mathematics.

Traditional method of cubing:

There is another traditional method that can be termed as better than
the above method. The binomial expansion of (a + b)3 and (a – b)3
will reduce calculation time a bit, but this method is still not suitable
as far as its application in competitive examinations is concerned.

a) (988)3 = (1000 – 12)3 = (1000)3 – 3(1000)2 × 12 + 3 × 1000

× (12)2 – (12)3
= 1000000000 – 36000000 + 432000 – 1728
= 964430272
[Applying binomial expansion, (a + b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3]
b) (108)3 = (100 + 8)3 = (100)3 + 3 × (100)2 × 8 + 3 × 100 ×
(8)2 + (8)3
= 1000000 + 240000 + 19200 + 512
= 1259712
[Applying binomial expansion, (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3]

Vedic sutra for cubing a number:

1. Anurupyen

Anurupyen Vedic Sutra is based on the concept of geometric

progression. This method is best suited for cubing a small number
comfortably. Though you can find the cube of a bigger number using
this method, it involves a lot of calculations. In a geometric series,
each successive number is the multiple of some constant ratio called
r, or the common ratio.
If a = first term, r = common ratio, then the nth term (tn) = arn – 1
If a, b and c are in a geometric series, then,
R = second term/first term = third term/second term
b/a = c/b
or, b2 = ac
Here are a few examples of geometric series.
i) 2, 8, 32…
ii) 5, 25, 125, 625…
In the first example, (i), a = first term and r = common ratio = 8/2
=4
tn = 2 (4)n – 1 = 2 × 22(n – 1)
In the second example, a = 5 and r = 5, hence tn = 5 × (5)n – 1

Rule:

First, take the cube of the first digit (a) and multiply it with
the common ratio (b/a), in a row of four figures.
Double the second and third numbers and put them down
below the second and third numbers. Finally, add up the
two rows.

The Anurupyen method is just an extension of the above expansion.

This can be simplified again if we take the help of geometric
progression.

Let us take a few examples to understand the basic modus operandi.

Example 1: Find the cube of 12.

Solution: (12)3 = ?
Here, say a = 1 and b = 2
r = common ratio = b/a = 2/1 = 2

Hence the table arrangement will be as follows:

Important points:

1. If you start with the cube of the first digit and multiply with the
geometric ratio up to the next three numbers, the fourth
number of the series will be the cube of the second digit.
2. Addition should be done from right to left, keeping only a single
digit at a time and the remaining digit will be carried over to the
next column, and so on.

Example 2: Find the cube of 19.

Solution: (19)3 = ?
Here, say a = 1 and b = 9
r = common ratio = b/a = 9/1 = 9

Hence the table arrangement will be as follows:

Example 3: Find the cube of 29.

Solution:
Here, say a = 2 and b = 9
r = common ratio = b/a = 9/2
Hence the table arrangement will be as follows:

[First column = Cube of first number = a3

Second column = ar
Third column = ar2
Fourth column = ar3 = b

Example 4: Find the cube of 32.

Solution: (32)3 = ?

Here, say a = 3 and b = 2

r = common ratio = b/a = 2/3

Hence the first line of the table arrangement will be as follows:

Example 5: Find the cube of 46.

Solution: (46)3 = ?
Here say a = 4 and b = 6
r = common ratio = b/a = 6/4

Hence, the table arrangement will be as follows:

(46)3 = 43 (= 64) 64 × 6/4 (= 96) 96 × 6/4 (= 144) 144 × 8/9 (= 512)

Example 6: Find the cube of 96.

Solution:

Example 7: Find the cube of 105.

Solution: (105)3 = ?

Here a = 10 and b = 5, hence common ratio = 5/10 = 1/2

Simple addition, as done in the above example, will give you the
wrong answer. Now, the big question is, what next?
 The answer is very simple.
1000000 + 150000 +7500 +125 = 1157625
If the number is between 100 and 999, put 1, 2 and 3 zeros in the
2nd, 3rd and 4th column of the result obtained.
In case the number is above 1000, you need to put 2, 4 and 6
zeros after each digit.
In the second column from right we have 750, so it will become
7500 after adding 1 zero.
In the third column from right we have 1500, so after putting 2
zeros, it will become 150000.
In the fourth column from right, we have 1000, so add three zeros
and it becomes 1000000.
Let us find the cube of a number above 1000.

Example 8: Find the cube of 1001.

Solution:

Here, a = 10 and b = 01, hence common ratio = 01/10 = 1/10

Since the number is above 1000, start putting 6, 4 and 2 zeros from
the extreme left before adding. Once the process of putting zeros is
complete, you can simply add to get the result.
(1001)3 = 1000000000 + 3000000 + 3000 + 1 = 1003003001

2. Nikhilam Vedic Sutra

Rule: This method works better if the number to be cubed is near

the base, which is either a multiple or a power of 10.

First, take the deviation of the number to be cubed from its

base. The base should be the multiple of 10. If the base is
10, 100, 1000…then sub-base = 1; on the other hand, if the
base = 40, then sub-base = 4, because 40 = 4 × 10
 The whole cubing process then involves three steps.
A) (Number to be cubed + 2 × deviation from the base) ×
(sub-base)2
B) {3 × (deviation)2} × sub-base
C) (Deviation)3
If there is no sub-base, then the calculation becomes very
easy.

Let us look at some examples.

Example 1: Find the cube of 25 using Nikhilam Sutra.

Solution: 25 is nearer to the base 20 (2 × 10), hence

Deviation = 25 – 10 = 5, sub-base = 2

Example 2: Find the cube of 58 by using Nikhilam Sutra.

Solution: 58 = 5 × 10 + 8
base = 10 sub-base = 10 and excess = 8
Example 3: Find the cube of 98 by using Nikhilam Sutra.

Solution: 98 is nearer to the base 100.

Deviation = 98 – 100 = – 2

= 94 | 12 | - 8
= 94 | 11 | 100 – 8
= 94 | 11 | 92
Hence (98)3 = 941192

Example 4: Find the cube of 104 by using Nikhilam Sutra.

Solution: Working base = 100

Deviation = 104 – 100 = 4
(104) = 104 + 4 × 2 | 3 × 42 | 43
3
= 112 | 48 | 64
= 1124864
(Since the base = 100, there should be two digits in between each
digit separator.)
Let’s solve some questions in a single line approach and enjoy
the beauty of Vedic Mathematics.
Example 1: Find the cube of 990.

Solution: Deviation = 990 – 1000 = – 10

(990) = 990 – 20 | 3 × 100 | – 1000
3
= 970 | 300 | – 1000
= 970 | 299 | 000
Example 2: Find the cube of 1997.

Solution: Deviation = 1997 – 2000 = – 3

(1997 = (1997… – 2 × 3) × 22 | 3 × (– 3)2 | (– 3)3
)3
= 7964 | 054 | – 027
= 7964 | 054 – 1 | 1000 – 027
= 7964 | 053 | 973
= 7694053973
[Since the last column has a negative sign, so 1 is subtracted from
the previous column and the negative column is subtracted from the
base. 054 in second column becomes 054 – 1 = 053. – 027 in third
column becomes 1000 – 027 = 973]
The three Vedic sutras discussed here give you room to choose
the best for a particular problem. If the number to be cubed is near a
given base which is a power of 10 or a multiple of 10 then you have
different options to decide what to use. Moreover, there are other
Vedic methods you can use in a particular situation, but for those,
you have to read a basic book on Vedic Mathematics. In a
competitive examination, you need to learn the cube of numbers up
to 30 and you can see how effective Vedic Mathematics is in
extracting the cube of even a larger number. So, explore more with
lots of examples and gain mastery over the subject.
PART II
 4
Highest Common Factor of Polynomials

Introduction

The HCF (Highest Common Factor) or GCD (Greatest Common

Divisor) of two or more numbers is obtained by the prime
factorization method or by the division method. In the prime
factorization method, we express the given number in terms of its
prime factors and write down the smallest power of each of the prime
factors common to all the given numbers. The continued products of
these that is common to all the numbers, gives the HCF.

Example 1: Find the HCF of 12 and 24.

Solution: 12 = 2 × 2 × 3
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
As we can see, the common prime factors are 2, 2 and 3.
HCF = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12

The division method is easy and works effectively.

a) Divide the larger number by the smaller one and get a

remainder.
b) Divide the previous divisor by the remainder obtained.
c) Repeat the process until you get the remainder as zero.
d) The last divisor is the HCF.

Example 2: Find the HCF of 108 and 162.

Answer:
HCF = 54

Similarly, the HCF of polynomials can be obtained using

a) Long division method,

b) Factorization.

Here we shall first focus on how the HCF of two polynomials can be
obtained using the Vedic method.

Example 3: Find the HCF of 15 and 20.

Solution: 15 = 3 × 5
20 = 2 × 2 × 5
Therefore, HCF (15, 20) = 5

Generally, to determine HCF, we find the common factor in all the

numbers whose HCF is to be found. The same thing is true even for
polynomials. First, we break down each polynomial into its factors
and then try to find the common factor of each.

Example 1: Find the HCF of x2 + 6x + 8 and x2 + x – 12.

Solution: Let us first find the factors of these two polynomials.

P(x) = x2 + 6x + 8
= (x + 2) (x + 4)
Q(x) = x2 + x – 12
= (x + 4) (x – 3)
Therefore, HCF = x + 4

Example 2: Find the HCF of x3 + 1 and x2 – 1.

Solution: Let us factorize the two polynomials.
P(x) = x3 + 1 = (x + 1) (x2 – x + 1)
Q(x) = x2 – 1
= (x + 1) (x – 1)
Hence, HCF = x – 1

The above two examples explore the method of finding the HCF of
two polynomials the way it is taught in our modern classrooms. Let’s
explore the Vedic approach of finding the HCF.

The Vedic approach uses 3 sutras:

a) Lopana–Sthapana
b) Sakalana–Vyavkalana
c) Adyamadhya

How it works

The Vedic approach first breaks the power of the given

polynomials. In order to do this, we first regroup the
polynomials and try to destroy the highest power. This can be
done by adding or subtracting the two polynomials after
balancing the highest power in each polynomial.
We then remove the common factor, if any, from each
polynomial, and this is the HCF of the given polynomials.

Example 1: Find the HCF of x2 + 6x + 8 and x2 + x – 12.

Solution: Apply the Sakalana–Vyavkalana method and remove the

power of the polynomials.
Therefore, the HCF = x + 4.
The interesting part of this method is that you need not do both
addition and subtraction in order to reach the exact answer. Even the
single operation will yield results.
Let’s look at a few examples.

Example 2: Find the HCF of x2 + 5x + 4 and x2 + 7x + 6.

Solution: Since the coefficients of the highest power in both the

polynomials are the same, we simply get the answer using the
Lopana–Sthanpana method in this case.

(x2 +  5x  +  4) – (x2 + 7x + 6) = – 2x – 2 = – 2 (x + 1)

Example 3: Find the HCF of x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12 and x3 – 7x2 + 16x –

12.

Solution:

2x3 – 10x2 + 20x

= 2x(x2 – 5x + 10)

Therefore, the HCF = (x2 – 5x + 10)

Example 4: Find the HCF of x3 – 7x – 6 and x3 + 8x2 + 17x + 10.

Solution: Subtract the two polynomials to get the HCF.

Hence, HCF is x2 + 3x + 2.

Example 5: Find the HCF of 6x4 – 7x3 – 5x2 + 14x + 7 and 3x3 – 5x2
+ 7.

Solution: On the very first observation, we find that the first

polynomial has the power of 4 and the second one the power of 3.
The common method of finding the HCF in this case is difficult, as
finding a factor of a biquadratic is hard. Let’s do it the Vedic way.

First multiply the second expression by 2x so that the degree of

the second polynomial is also the same as that of the first
polynomial. Moreover, if the coefficients of both the polynomials are
not the same, then multiply them by some number or variable or
both, to make the coefficient of the highest degree the same in both
the polynomials.
P(x) = 6x4 – 7x3 – 5x2 + 14x + 7
Q(x) = 3x3 – 5x2 + 7
= 2x (3x3 – 5x2 + 7) [multiplying by 2x]
= 6x4 – 10x3 + 14x
Now, subtracting these polynomials,

As you have seen in the above examples, the HCF of two

polynomials can be easily found by subtracting the two polynomials,
as well as by adding them. You are the best judge to decide which
operation you are comfortable with, in the given situation.
Let’s look at an example.

Example 6: Find the HCF of 2x3 + x2 – 9 and x4 + 2x2 + 9.

Solution: Like the previous example, here, too, we have two

polynomials with different degrees. But minute observation will tell
you how to proceed further. As the constant term in both the
polynomials is the same, simple addition will make finding the HCF
easier.

Let’s first do it by addition.

Hence, HCF = x2 + 2x + 3

Since we can’t factorize it further, we stop here. Let’s solve the same
question by the method of subtraction.

Multiply Q(x) by x and P(x) by 2 to make the coefficient of the highest

power the same, and then subtract them.

As we can see, the difference of the two polynomials after balancing

them can still be factorized, so we need one more operation to reach
the final answer.
 Since the difference has the highest power of 3, we add the
polynomials having the power of 3.
We have Q(x) = 2x3 + x2 – 9.
Multiply the difference of the polynomials termed as expression
(1) by 2 and add it with Q(x) so that both the polynomials have a
similar first term such as degree and coefficients.

Hence, HCF = x2 + 2x + 3.

Example 7: Find the HCF of 2x2 – x – 3 and 2x2 + x – 6.

Solution: Since the first terms of both the polynomials are the same,
we simply need to subtract one from the other.

Example 8: Find the HCF of 6x4 – 11x3 + 16x2 – 22x + 8 and 6x4 –
11x3 – 8x2 + 22x – 8.

Solution: Since the powers of both the polynomials are the same,
so are the coefficients of the highest order. Let’s first subtract these
two polynomials.
Therefore, HCF = 6x2 – 11x + 4.

Enjoy the Vedic technique of HCF of polynomials. Keep practising

more and more to have a better understanding of the concept.
 5
Multiplication of Polynomials

Introduction

In my first book on Vedic Mathematics, The Essentials of Vedic

Mathematics, I focused on 8 Vedic sutras used in different scenarios
to multiply two, three or four numbers. The most important among
them all was the Urdhva Tiryagbhyam sutra, or what I have named
as the Dot and Stick method. The same sutra will be beneficial here
in multiplying two polynomials under different categories.

Multiplication of binomials
Multiplication of polynomials with an equal number of terms
Multiplication of polynomials with an unequal number of
terms

Let us look at an example of multiplication with the Dot and Stick

method.

Example: 92 × 18 = ?

Solution: Arranging the numbers on the dots.

Arranging the numbers and adding them from right to left, taking only
one digit at a time, we get the final result.

Vedic Method of Multiplying Polynomials

If you want to learn more about the working of the Dot and Stick
method, do read the multiplication chapter in detail, and if you are
curious to learn different multiplication techniques, then remember to
read my most popular book, The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics. A
brief note on how to place numbers/ coefficients on the dots is
shown here. The basic difference between plain multiplication and
multiplication in algebra is that in multiplication of polynomials, you
don’t need to shift the number into the previous column as shown
above. Every individual operation is an independent operation and
need not be moved or placed in other columns.

Multiplication of Binomial Equations

Multiplication of Trinomials

Case 1: Multiplication of Binomials

In a binomial expression, we have two terms—either both are
variables, or there is one variable and one constant.
Example, 2x + 3y and 3y – 4
Let’s look at how Vedic Mathematics helps in multiplication.

Example: Multiply x + 2y and 3x + 4y.

Solution: Let us first understand it in the traditional way.

Vedic method

Before I proceed with the Vedic method, let me explain to you the
steps involved in solving such an equation.

Step 1: First, write the two variables on the top and put the
coefficients from each equation below. Apply the Urdhya
Tiryagbhyam Vedic sutra.

Step 2: Starting from the right, add the variables to these coefficients
in the following manner.
 a) The vertical multiplication of y and y is 8. So add y2 to 8, as
this is the coefficient of y2.
b) The crosswise multiplication of x and y yields the result 10,
so add xy to 10.
c) The vertical multiplication of x and x yields 3, so this is the
coefficient of x2.

Therefore our answer is 3x2 + 10xy + 8y2

Example 1: Multiply (5x – 3y) by (2x – 7y).

Solution:

Step 1: Write the two variables on top and their coefficients, along
with their respective signs, below them.

Step 2: Do vertical and crosswise multiplication from the right. The

multiplication will have the following steps:

a) 5 × 2 = 10 (vertical product)
b) 5 × – 7 + 2 × (– 3) = – 35 – 6 = 41 (sum of cross wise
multiplication)
c) – 3 × – 7 = 21 (vertical product)

Step 3: Place the respective variables next to the coefficients, i.e.,

Place y2 next to 21,

xy next to – 41,
and x2 next to 10.
Hence the result is:
(5x – 3y) × (2x – 7y) = 10x2 – 41xy + 21y2

Example 2: Multiply 3x – 7y by 2x – 5y.

Solution: Vedic multiplication involves the following steps.

Step 1: Write down the variable at the top and its respective
coefficient below, with the proper sign.

Step 2: Do vertical and crosswise multiplication from the right and

place the proper variables next to the coefficients.

a) – 7 × – 5 = 35 (vertical product and coefficient of y2)

b) 3 × – 5 + 2 × – 7 = – 29 (crosswise product and coefficient
of xy)
c) 3 × 2 = 6 (vertical product of extreme left and coefficient of
x2)
Hence the product is
(3x – 7y) × (2x – 5y) = 6x2 – 29xy + 35y2
The above examples might look like they are time-consuming at first
glance, but these have been elaborated for better understanding of
the facts. The whole operation can be completed in a single line
once you have enough practice. Let’s see how we can work out the
answer in a single line.

Rules:

Write down the variable at the top

Place the coefficients below the variables with the
respective sign (+ or –).
Multiply the number by the vertical and crosswise method
as shown above and also discussed in the multiplication
 chapter. Remember one thing—don’t take forward any
carry over as done in usual multiplication.
Place the respective variables next to the coefficients to get
the one-line answer.

Example 3: Multiply (2x + 3y) by (11x + 5y).

Solution:

Example 4: Multiply 2y2 – 4z and 3y2 – 7z.

Solution:

Since y2 × y2 = y4, 6 is obviously the coefficient of y4. Moreover, the

crosswise multiplication gives the coefficient – 2 and it is the
coefficient of y2z. The extreme right vertical multiplication (– 28) is
the coefficient of z × z = z2.
If you look at the method minutely you will find that we are
exploring the formula:

(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab

First multiply the left coefficients, cross multiply and add the
coefficients and finally multiply the coefficient on the right side.
Case 2: Multiplication of Trinomials

An algebraic expression involving three terms is called a trinomial,

e.g. x2 + 2x + 3.
Vedic method Urdhva Tiryagbhyam is applicable to the
polynomial involving a different power of x as well.

Rules:

1. Write the variables above the horizontal line and then list
the coefficients of the variables with the respective signs
below them.
2. Perform the vertical and crosswise multiplication of the
coefficients.
3. Add the variables to the coefficients in their respective
order.

Example 1: Multiply (x2 + 2x + 3) by (3x2 + 2x + 4).

Solution: This polynomial of the second degree involves two

variables, namely x2, x and one independent term. Place x0 for the
independent term. Write the variables at the top and put down the
coefficients below the variables shown here.

I am hopeful that the above arrow diagram as discussed in the

multiplication chapter under Urdhva Tiryagbhyam sutra will help you
in understanding the algebraic multiplication effortlessly. I am also
listing the step-by-step procedure for easy understanding.
Step 1: Do the vertical and crosswise multiplication from the right as
shown in the above diagram. The method has been explicitly
explained below.

a) 3 × 4 = 12
b) 2 × 4 + 2 × 3 = 14
c) 1 × 4 + 3 × 3 + 2 × 2 = 17
d) 1×2+3×2=8
e) 1×3=3

Step 2: Place these coefficients below in the answer line column.

Starting from the extreme right, place the variable next to each
coefficient in increasing order, i.e., place x0 close to 12, x1 close to
14, x2 close to 17, x3 close to 8 and x4 close to 3.
Hence, (x2 + 2x + 3) × (3x2 + 2x + 4) = 3 x4 + 8x3 + 17x2 + 14x +
12

Example 2: Multiply 2x2 – 4x + 6 by 3x2 – 7x – 2.

Solution:

Step 1: Put the variable x2, x and x0 at the top and place the
coefficient of the polynomials below it along with the respective sign.

Step 2: Do the vertical and crosswise multiplication from the right.

The steps are shown here for clarity and better understanding.
 a) 6 × – 2 = – 12
b) – 4 × – 2 + 6 × – 7 = – 34
c) 2 × – 2 + 3 × 6 + (– 4) × (– 7) = 42
d) 2 × – 7 + 3 × – 4 = – 26
e) 2×3=6

Step 3: Place the coefficient obtained in Step 2 below in the answer

line. Starting from the extreme right i.e., (– 12), place the variable
close to each successive coefficient in increasing order.

The variables placed next to the coefficients are shown here.

x0 or no variable next to – 12, x next to – 34, x2 next to 42, x3
next to – 26 and x4 next to 6.
Hence (2x2 – 4x + 6) × (3x2 – 7x – 2) = 6x4 – 26x3 + 42x2 – 34x –
12.

Case 3: Polynomials having an unequal number of terms

When we talk about an unequal number of terms, it simply means

that we are going to multiply two polynomials, one having greater
and other having a lesser number of terms. The rule will remain the
same, but you need to do a little modification while writing the
polynomial one below another. Simply place a zero as the
coefficients for the variables missing. Let us understand this with an
example.

Example 1: Multiply 7x2 + 6x + 5 by x + 9.

 Since the second equation involves only two terms i.e. x and 9,
and the first equation has three terms, namely 7x2, 6x and 5, this
gives us a clue that the x2 term is missing in the second equation.
Hence we shall write the second equation as:
x + 9 = 0x2 + x + 9
Now the multiplication of the above equations will be done like
the previous case.

Step 1: Put the variables x2, x and x0 at the top, and the coefficients
of the variables with their respective signs below it.

Step 2: Do the vertical and crosswise multiplication.

Step 3: Place the respective sign and start placing the variables
from right to left, increasing the power of the variables in each
preceding term,
i.e. x0 next to 45, x1 next to 59, x2 next to 69 and x3 next to 7.
Hence, (7x2 + 6x + 5) × (x + 9) = 7x3 + 69x2 + 59x + 45

Example 2: Multiply 2x2 – 7 by 3x2 + 4x.

Step 1: Place the variables and their corresponding coefficients with

their respective signs as shown here.
Step 2: Do the vertical and crosswise multiplication.

Step 3: Place the variables in ascending order from the right to left.

Hence, (2x2 – 7) × (3x2 + 4x) = 6x4 + 8x3 – 21x2 – 28x

After going through the Vedic method of multiplying binomials,

trinomials etc. you must have noticed the similarity of operations in
the Urdhvatiryag method of multiplication. Multiplication of
polynomials will not be difficult if you practice at least five sums of
each type, and once you are done, you can do the whole operation
in a single line without writing the detailed operations. So, keep
practising, as this is the mantra of success.
 6
Division of Polynomials

Introduction

In order to find the factor of a polynomial, we apply the division

principle. Let’s suppose we have a polynomial, x3 + 1, and we have
one of its factors as x + 1, then the other factor can be obtained by
simply dividing it. In algebra, we basically apply two important
theorems to check whether the polynomial is factorable or not. Let
me tell you what the two theorems are first.

a) Factor Theorem
b) Remainder Theorem

Factor Theorem:

If p(x) is a polynomial and is divided by x – a, then if p(a) = 0 then x –

a will be its factor.
Here, x – 2 is the factor of polynomial p(x) = x3 + 4x2 – 5x – 14

Remainder Theorem:

If p(x) is a polynomial and is divided by x – a, then the remainder will

be f(a).

Example: If 3x2 – 7x + 11 is divided by x – 2, then find the

remainder.

Solution: p(x) = 3x2 – 7x + 11

p(2) = 3(2)2 – 7 × 2 + 11 = 9

As you have seen, dividing a polynomial is a long process, but with

the help of the Vedic sutras, Paravartya Yojayet and Nikhilam
method, we can divide polynomials in a very simple way. Let us look
at one example of the Nikhilam method of division.

Example: Divide 10025 by 88.

Solution: Base = 100

Complement = 100 – 88 = 12

Hence,
Quotient = 113
Remainder = 81
(To study simple and straight division further, you may refer to
The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics.)
Let’s look at an example of the Paravartya Yojayet method. In the
Nikhilam method, the difference from the base is written as it is,
whereas in Paravartya, the difference is written with each digit with a
negative sign in the revised complement.

Example: Divide 239479 by 11213.

Solution: Base = 10000

Complement = 11213 – 10000 = 1213
Complement with changed sign for each digit = – 1 – 2 – 1 – 3
Since the base has four zeros, arrange the digits in the quotient
and remainder columns accordingly.

Quotient = 21
Remainder = 4006
In dividing polynomials, we shall use the Paravartya Yojayet
method.
(To know more about Paravartya Yojayet, you may refer to my
book, The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics.)

Working method:

First put the divisor as equal to zero. Put it in the first column.
The dividend should be written in descending order of power.
In case any term is missing, put in a zero to fill in for the
missing term. In the dividend column, put only the coefficient of
polynomials and not the whole term.
Carry down the first number of dividends.
Multiply the number placed in the divisor column by the first
leading coefficient carried down, and put the result in the next
 column.
Add the two numbers together and write the result at the
bottom.
Repeat the same steps till you reach the end of the problem.
The bottom row gives the answer. The last number of the
bottom row is the remainder, and the remaining is the quotient
of the polynomial. Starting from the left, put the power of the
variable as one less than the original power, and go down by
one with each term.

Example 1: Divide 2x3 – 5x2 + 3x + 7 by x – 2

Solution:

a) As stated above, first put the denominator as equal to zero.

If x – 2 = 0
⇒x = 2 (this is the divisor)
b) Next write the coefficient of the polynomial that is to be divided.
The polynomial should be arranged in descending order, and in
case any term is missing, use 0 in that place against the
missing term.

c) Carry the first number down.

d) Multiply the number carried down with the divisor and write the
result in the next column.
e) Add the number in the second column and write the result at the
bottom.

f) Multiply the second number in the column by the divisor and

write it below in the next column.

g) Now add the two numbers of the third column and write the
result below.

h) Multiply the third number in the bottom line with the divisor and
write the product in the fourth column.

i) Add the two numbers in the fourth column.

The division is complete. The last digit of the bottom line which is
encircled is the remainder. Now you can write the result. The bottom
line gives us the quotient and the remainder together. In order to
write the quotient, diminish one power of the polynomial and place it
with each term from the leftmost digit to the right. The power of the
number should also be written in descending order.
Dividend = 2x3 – 5x2 + 3x + 7
Divisor = x – 2
Quotient = 2x2 – x + 1
Remainder = 9
The best thing about this method is how simple it is. There is no
need to worry about subtraction, tough multiplication and
arrangement of power. Isn’t it simple?

Example 2: Let p(x) = 2x3 – 5x + 3

a) Find the remainder when it is divided by x + 2

b) Check whether x = 1 is a zero of p

[Zero of a polynomial means if you put that value in the polynomial

then it will have zero as remainder.
p(x) = 2x3 – 5x + 3
p(1) = 2 – 5 + 3 = 0]

Solution: As stated above, first write the polynomials in decreasing

order of their power.
p(x) = 2x3 + 0x2 – 5x + 3
Now write the coefficient in decreasing order and place x = – 2 in
the divisor column as shown.
–2|20–53
Now, carry down the first number and write it below the line.
Multiply it with the divisor and place the result 2 × – 2 = – 4 below 0
in the dividend column. Add the result of the second column and
write it below the line.
0 + (– 4) = – 4
Multiply it again with the divisor.
– 4 × – 2 = 8.
Repeat the same process.
Therefore, Quotient = 2x2 – 4x + 3
Remainder = – 3

Example 3: Divide x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 by x + 3

Solution: Here, I shall only focus on single step division as

everything has been well explained in the above example.
First put x + 3 = 0 to get the digit to be placed in the divisor
column.
⇒x + 3 = 0
⇒x = – 3
Place the coefficients of the polynomial – 1, 6, 11 and 6 in the
dividend column.

Now carry the first digit down. Multiply it by the divisor and place it in
the next column.
1×–3=–3
Add the second column.
6 + (– 3) = 3
Multiply the digit placed at the bottom of the second column by
the divisor and place it below the third column.
3×–3=–9
Add the digits in the third column.

Example 4: Divide 2x3 + 5x2 + 9 by x + 3.

Solution: Put x + 3 = 0
⇒x=–3
Arrange the dividend in descending order of power.
2x3 + 5x2 + 0x + 9
Now place the coefficient of the dividend and the divisor as
shown here:

Carry down the first digit (2) and multiply it by the divisor (– 3) and
place the result (2 × – 3 = – 6) in the next column.

Add the digit in the second column and write the result (5 – 6 = – 1)
below. Multiply it again with the divisor and place the result (– 1 × – 3
= 3) below the third column.
Add the two digits of the third column and place the result at the
bottom.

Finally, multiply the result obtained in the third column by the divisor
(3 × – 3 = – 9)

Hence, for the polynomial

p(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 + 9
 Quotient = 2x2 – x + 3
Remainder = 0
Let’s have one more example.

Example 5: Divide x3 + 1 = 0 by x + 1.

Solution: Here, polynomial p(x) = x3 + 1.

First write the polynomials in descending order of their power.
p(x) = x3 + 0x2 + 0x + 1
Now, put x + 1 = 0
⇒x = – 1
Now make a division box and place the coefficient of the
polynomials in the dividend part and put – 1 in the divisor part.
Hope you have understood the process described in the above
examples, so here the whole process is done in a single step.

Once the division part is complete, place the power of the variable
one less than the original in the decreasing order in the answer part.
Hence, quotient = x2 – x + 1.
Remainder = 0

Example 6: Divide x4 + 4x3 – 22x2 – 4x + 21 by x2 – 1.

Solution: The divisor should be written as x2 + 0x – 1.

Let’s write the coefficient of the dividend and the divisor.
 Dividend = x2 + 4x – 21
Remainder = 0

Example 7: Divide x4 – 8x3 + 17x2 + 2x – 24 by x2 – x – 2.

Solution: Divisor is x2 – x – 2. So, change the sign of the coefficient

and the constant term and place it in the divisor column leaving the
highest power. Write the coefficient of the dividend as well, and
follow the previous instructions.

Hence, Quotient = x2 – 7x + 12 and Remainder = 0

Example 8: Divide 2x4 + 11x3 – 13x2 – 99x – 45 by x2 + 2x – 15.

Solution: Place the revised divisor and coefficient of the dividend in

the respective columns and do as instructed in the rule. Here, divisor
is x2 + 2x – 15, whose coefficient is 1 + 2 – 15. Change the
coefficient of the last two terms (leaving the coefficient of highest
power).
 Quotient = 2x2 + 7x + 3
Remainder = 0
The division of polynomials is understood to be a difficult exercise
which can be simplified using the Vedic technique in a single line or
two. The more you practise, the more comfortable you will be to find
the solution in seconds.
 7
Linear Equations

Introduction

The word ‘equation’ in mathematics is a statement that asserts the

equality of two expressions. There are many types of equations
available in mathematics, but we shall simply focus on linear
equations of different types, and quadratic equations in due course.
Here we shall look at the difference between the traditional method
and the Vedic method. The tediousness of the traditional method and
ease of the Vedic method will help you understand the importance of
Vedic Mathematics. Let’s start with some examples.

Type 1: Simple equations with two variables

Example 1: 4x + 12 = 3x + 16

Solution: First we change the position of the variables and the

constant. Generally, we keep variables on the left side and constants
on the right side.

4x + 12 = 3x + 16
⇒ 4x – 3x = 16 – 12 = 4
⇒x=4
Let’s suppose that we have the equation
ax + b = cx + d
 Let’s solve the same equation mentally with the above formula.
4x + 12 = 3x + 16

Example 2: 17x – 13 = 13x + 3

Solution:

Example 3: 7x + 33 = 11x – 19

Solution:

Example 4: 32x + 49 = 45x – 93

Solution:

Type 2: (x + m) (x + n) = (x + p) (x + q)

This is another example of the method of Paravartya Yojayet or

transpose and apply. Here the left hand and right hand sides both
contain binomial factors.
In this case, you first have to open the brackets of both sides and
cancel out the like terms and find the value of x.
Let’s do it in one line.
If we have
(x + m) (x + n) = (x + p) (x + q)

Let’s look at some examples.

Example 1: If (y + 1) (y + 2) = (y + 3) (y + 4) then find y.

Solution:

Example 2: (x + 7) (x + 9) = (x + 3) (x + 21)

Solution:

Example 3: (z – 1) (z – 2) = (z – 3) (z – 4)

Solution:

Example 4: (p – a) (p – b) = (p + c) (p – d)

Solution:

Type 3:

This is one of the examples where we do a transposition and find the

value of x. Some practice will help you to do the whole calculation
mentally.
If we have

Then
Example 1: If then find x.

Solution: Here a = 2, b = 7, c = 5, d = – 9, p = 4 and q = 7.

Example 2: Solve

Solution:

Example 3: Solve the equation

Solution:

Type 4:

This is the fourth type of linear equation in one variable. Basically,

you need to take the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of the
denominator and solve it to get the value of x, but if you remember
the one line formula, then you can do it instantly.
For the above equation,

Example 1: Solve for x:

Solution: Here, m = 2, n = 5, a = 3 and b = 7

Example 2: Solve for x:

Solution: m = 1, n = 7, a = 3 and b = 11

Hence,

Example 3: Solve for y:

Solution: m = 3, n = 7, a = 15 and b = – 19

Hence,

Type 5:

(x + a) (x + b) = (x + c) (x + d)

In this type of equation, if the product of the constant term of one

side is equal to that of the other side, then the variable value always
comes out to be 0.

Example 1: (x + 5) (x + 8) = (x + 4) (x + 10)

Solution: Product of constant term of LHS = 40 = Product of

constant term of RHS
Hence, x = 0

Example 2: (p – 9) (p – 8) = (p – 18) (p – 4)
Solution: Product of constant term of LHS = 72 = Product of
constant term of RHS
Hence, p = 0

Type 6:

This type of equation at first glance looks daunting, but the

Paravartya Yojayet Vedic sutra turns this into a one-line solution.

Example 1:

Solution: Here we can see the denominator has three terms (x + 2),
(x + 3) and (x + 5).

Example 2:

Solution: Here we can see the denominator has three terms, (x – 3),
(x – 4) and (x – 9).

Example 3: Solve the given equation.

Solution: Factorizing the denominator, we get

Hence,

Besides that, there are other types of equations that we will explore
in the next chapter, so be ready to delve into the quadratic equation,
an equation that has 2 as the highest degree of the variable.
 8
Linear Equations in Two Variables

Introduction

Two linear equations using two unknown variables x and y are said
to form a system of simultaneous equations, if each of them is
satisfied by the same pair of values for x and y.

Example: x + y = 4 and x – y = 3 is an example of a simultaneous

equation.

The basic concept of such equations is the backbone of algebra, and

it is introduced in the NCERT syllabus in Class X. There are many
methods to arrive at the answer, and we generally follow the four
methods that are part of our curriculum. They are:

a) Method of Elimination
b) Method of Comparison
c) Method of Substitution
d) Method of Cross Multiplication

The Vedic method is fast and simple. It makes calculation easy and
far quicker than the traditional methods. The most important feature
of Vedic mathematics is its various techniques to help solve
problems in no time, using easy and convenient methods.

VEDIC SUTRAS FOR SOLVING

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Meaning of Vedic Sutra

 1. Paravartya Yojayet: The literal meaning of this sutra is:
‘Transpose and Apply’. The well-known rule relating to
transposition enjoins an invariable change of sign with every
change in side.
2. Anurupye Sunyamanyat: The sutra says, ‘if one is in ratio,
the other one is 0’. A detailed explanation with examples is
given below.
3. Sankalana–vyavakalana-bhyam: This sutra has also been
used in the chapter on subtraction. The simple meaning of the
sutra is ‘addition and subtraction’.

Paravartya Yojayet

This method is applicable for all sorts of linear simultaneous

equations. The cross multiplication method taught in our present-day
curriculum is somewhat akin to the Paravartya sutra. The Vedic sutra
moves in a cyclic order.
For x, we start with the y coefficient and the independent terms
and cross multiply them in the forward direction. The sign between
the two cross multiplications is a minus.
For y, we start with the independent term and x coefficients and
cross multiply them in the backward direction. The sign between the
cross multiplication results is a minus.
For the result of the denominator, we take the coefficient of
variables only, and cross multiply them in a backward direction.
Suppose we have the following set of simultaneous equations:

a1x + b1y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2

In order to get the numerator of x, we leave the coefficient of x and

write the coefficient of y and the independent term and cross multiply
them in the rightward direction with a minus sign in between the
cross products, as shown here.
Again, to get the numerator of y, we leave the coefficient of y and
take only the coefficient of x and the independent term into
consideration. As you know, the sutra moves in a cyclic order, so we
have to start with the independent term first. Cross multiplication of
the independent term and the coefficient of x will give the numerator
of y.

The denominators of both the variables x and y will remain the same.
The cross products of the coefficients of the variables in the
backward direction gives us the result:

To make the concept even more clear, let us put the whole thing in a
simple diagrammatic structure.

Let us look at a few examples to understand the modus operandi.

Example 1: Solve for x and y:

2x + 3y = 7; 3x + 7y = 13.

Solution:
Hence,

Now let’s simplify the solution part.

Suppose we have two equations:
ax + by = c
dx + ey = f

Example 2: Solve for x and y:

11x + 6y = 21
   8x – 5y = 34.
Solution:
Here, a = 11, b = 6, c = 21
d = 8, e = – 5 and f = 34

Example 3: Solve for x and y:

4x + 7y = 29
12x + 3y = – 3

Solution: Here, a = 4, b = 7 and c = 29

d = 12, e = 3 and f = – 3

Anurupye Sunyamanyat

This Vedic sutra says, ‘if one is in ratio, the other one is 0’. In simple
language, whenever the ratio of x or y is equal to that of the
independent term, put the ratio of y or x = 0.
This is a special type of linear equation which can be solved
using the Vedic technique in a few seconds.
Let us look at a few examples to make the modus operandi
understandable.

Example 1: Solve for x and y:

5x + 8y = 40
10x + 11y = 80

Solution: In the above example, the ratio of the coefficients of x is

1:2 and the ratio of the independent terms is also 1:2. The Vedic
sutra in this special case says that if one is in ratio, the other one is
0.
Since the ratio of x is equal to the ratio of the independent terms,
y = 0. Put y = 0 in either of the equations to get the value of x.
For y = 0, 10x = 80, hence x = 8
x = 8 and y = 0 is the solution.
Example 2: Solve for x and y:
12x + 78y = 12
16x + 96y = 16

Solution: Here the ratio of x = 12:16 = ratio of the independent

terms
Hence, y = 0
Put y = 0 in either of the two equations to get x = 1

Example 3: Solve for x and y:

44x + 178y = 22
132x + 243y = 66

Solution: Here the ratio of coefficients of x = 44:132 = 1:3

The ratio of the independent terms = 22:66 = 1:3
Hence, y = 0
Put y = 0 to get x = ½

Example 4: Solve for x and y:

3x + 5y = 8
7x + 15y = 24

Solution: As you can see, the ratio of the coefficients of y = 5:15 =

1:3 which is the same as the ratio of the constant terms = 8:24 = 1:3
Hence, x = 0
Put the value of x in any equation and you get y = 8/5

Example 5: Solve for x and y:

27x + 144y = 720
42x + 72y = 360

Solution: Here the ratio of coefficients of y = 144:72 = 2:1

The ratio of independent terms = 720:360 = 2:1
Hence, x = 0
Put x = 0 in any of the above equation to get y = 5.

Example 6: Solve for x and y:

2a – 14b = 14
381a – 267b = 267
Solution: Minute observation explains the result.
Ratio of coefficients of b = 14:267
Ratio of independent terms = 14:267
Hence, a = 0 and b = – 1

Sankalana Vyavakalanam

As mentioned earlier, this sutra simply means addition and

subtraction. Whenever the coefficient of x in the first equation is
equal to the coefficient of y in the second equation and vice versa,
this sutra works better.
Let us look at an example and see its modus operandi.

Example 1: Solve for x and y:

23x + 31y = 18
31x + 23y = 90

Solution: In the above example

The coefficient of x in 1st equation = Coefficient of y in 2nd
equation = 23
The coefficient of y in 1st equation = coefficient of x in 2nd
equation = 31
Let us apply the Sankalana Vyavkalanam Vedic sutra to get a
quick answer.
Adding the two equations, we get 54x + 54y = 108 ⥤ x + y = 2 …
(A)
On subtracting, we get – 8x + 8y = – 72, ⥤ – x + y = – 9 …(B)
Add equation (A) and (B) to get y = – 7/2
On subtracting equations (A) and (B) again, we get x = 1/2

Example 2: Solve for x and y:

45x – 23y = 113
23x – 45y = 91

Solution: We have
45x – 23y = 113 …(1)
23x – 45y = 91     …(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get 68x – 68y = 204 x – y = 3 …(3)
 Subtracting (2) from (1), we get 22x + 22y = 22 x + y = 1 …(4)
Again, on adding equations (3) and (4), we get x = 2
And on subtracting (4) from (3), we get y = – 1

Example 3: Solve for x and y:

699x + 845y = 5477
845x + 699y = 5331

Solution: We have
699x + 845y = 5477 …(1)
845x + 699y = 5331 …(2)
Add (1) and (2) ⥤ 1544x + 1544y = 10808 ⥤ x + y = 7 …(3)
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get – 146x + 146y = 146 ⥤ – x + y =
1 …(4)
Adding (3) and (4), we get y = 4
Subtracting (4) from (3), we get x = 3

Example 4: Solve for x and y:

23x – 29y = 98
29x – 23y = 110

Solution: We have
23x – 29y = 98 …(1)
29x – 23y = 110 …(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get 52x – 52y = 208 ⥤ x – y = 4 …(3)
Subtracting (2) from (1) we have, – 6x – 6y = – 12 ⥤ x + y = 2 …
(4)
Add (3) and (4) again to get x = 3
Subtract (4) from (3) and get y = 1

Example 5: Solve for x and y:

41x + 53y = 135
53x + 41y = 147

Solution: Adding, we get 94x + 94y = 282 ⥤ x + y = 3

On subtracting, – 12x + 12y = – 12 ⥤ – x + y = – 1
Solving these two reduced equations we have
X = 2 and y = 1
Example 6: Solve for x and y:
5m + 4n = 220
4m + 5n = 230

Solution: On adding the two equations, we get

9m + 9n = 450 ⥤ m + n = 50 …(a)
On subtracting the two equations, we get
m – n = – 10 …(b)
Solving (a) and (b), we get
m = 20 and n = 30
You can see what an important role Vedic Mathematics can play
in reducing the time of solving two linear equations with two
variables. The message is clear, through these examples, that Vedic
Mathematics may prove to be a boon if it is adopted in the present
day curriculum.
 9
Quadratic Equations

Introduction

An equation in the form of ax2+ bx + c = 0 is called a quadratic

equation, where a ≠ 0.
The fundamental theorem of algebra says that every polynomial
of m degree has m roots. Since the degree of a quadratic equation
is 2, it will have two roots. The quadratic equation ax2+ bx + c = 0 is
solved by the formula

where D = b2 – 4ac is called the Discriminant. This Discriminant also

helps us to decide the nature of roots of the equation. There are
different methods to solve such equations:

a) Mid-term factorization
b) Completing the square method
c) Quadratic formula

These are the Vedic methods to solve quadratic equations:

1. Vilokanam: The literal meaning of the Sanskrit word

Vilokanam is ‘by observation’. There are many quadratic
problems that can be solved by minute observation. Vilokanam
sutra will help you to observe minutely and give you the
answers to some specific quadratic problems in seconds.
 2. Sunyam Samya Samuccaya: This sutra is applicable to a
large number of different cases. It literally means, ‘when the
samuccaya is the same, equal it to zero’. Samuccaya is a
technical term that has different meanings under different
contexts and we shall explain them one at a time.
3. Anurupye Sunyamanyat: This sutra is useful in finding one
root of a quadratic equation of a special type. The literal
meaning is, ‘if one is in ratio, the other one is zero’. It has many
other applications in Vedic Mathematics.

Vilokanam Sutra

‘Vilokanama’ means ‘only by observation’. The tough-looking

quadratic equation below can be solved in a few seconds using the
Vedic method, whereas the traditional method takes at least five
minutes to solve.

Example:

Traditional Method:

Put

Hence,
a + 1/a = 37/6

or, 6a2 + 6 = 37a

or, 6a2 – 37a + 6 = 0
or, 6a2 – 36a – a + 6 = 0
or, 6a(a – 6) – 1 (a – 6) = 0
or, (6a – 1) (a – 6) = 0
or, a = 6 or 1/6

Now,
 ⇒ 6x + 6 = x + 2 ⇒ 6x + 12 = x + 1
⇒ 6x – x = 2 – 6 ⇒ 6x – x = 1 – 12
⇒ 5x = – 4 ⇒ 5x = – 11
⇒ x = – 4/5 ⇒ x = – 11/5

Vedic method:

Look at the LHS; you observe that it is the sum of two reciprocals.
The Vilokanam Vedic sutra simply tells us to break the RHS in such
a way that it becomes the sum of two reciprocals, and then equate
both the terms of the RHS to any term of the LHS. Let us understand
the modus operandi with these examples.

Example 1: Solve

Solution: The LHS is the sum of two reciprocals, so we break the

RHS into two such fractions that it also becomes the sum of two
reciprocal fractions.

Now, equate either of the LHS terms to both the terms of the RHS
and solve the equations to find the values of x.

⇒ 6x + 6 = x + 2 ⇒ 6x + 12 = x + 1
⇒ 6x – x = 2 – 6 ⇒ 6x – x = 1 – 12
⇒ 5x = – 4 ⇒ 5x = – 11
⇒ x = – 4/5 ⇒ x = – 11/5

Example 2: x + 1/x = 26/5

Solution:

Example 3:

Solution:
Comparing, we get

Example 4: Solve

Solution: The LHS is the difference of two reciprocals, so we break

the RHS into two such fractions so that it also becomes the
difference of two reciprocal fractions.

Now equate either of the LHS terms to both the terms of the RHS
and solve the equations to find the values of x.

⇒ 4x + 12 = x + 2 4x + 8 = x + 3
⇒ 4x – x = 2 – 12 4x – x = 3 – 8
⇒ 3x = – 10 3x = – 5
⇒ x = –10/3 x = – 5/3
Example 5: Solve

Solution: The LHS is the sum of two reciprocals, so we break the

RHS into two such fractions so that it also becomes the sum of two
reciprocal fractions. At first glance, the RHS doesn’t seem to be the
sum of any such fraction.
Now split the denominator into two parts.
60 = 2 × 30
= 3 × 20
= 4 × 15
= 5 × 12
= 6 × 10
Now find the sum of the squares of these factors and check when
the sum is 169, the value of the numerator.
22 + 302 > 169
32 + 202 > 169
42 + 152 > 169

But 52 + 122 = 169 (Numerator)

Hence, 169/60 = 12/5 + 5/12

Now, equate either of the LHS terms to both the terms of the RHS,
and solve the equations to find the values of x.

⇒ 12x + 12 = 5x ⇒ 12x = 5x + 5
⇒ 12x – 5x = – 12 ⇒ 12x – 5x = 5
⇒ 7x = – 12 ⇒ 7x = 5
⇒ x = – 12/7 ⇒ x = 5/7
Example 6: Solve

Solution: The LHS is the difference of two reciprocals, so we break

the RHS into two such fractions that it also becomes the difference
of two reciprocal fractions. At first look, the RHS doesn’t seem to be
the sum of any such fraction. Now split the denominator into two
parts.
45 = 3 × 15
= 9×5
Now find the difference of squares of these factors and check when
the difference is found to be 56, the value of the numerator.
152 – 32 > 56
But 92 – 52 = 56 (Numerator)

Hence,
The equation now becomes:

Now, equate either of the LHS terms to both the terms of the RHS
and solve the equations to find the values of x.

⇒ 15x + 35 = 18x – 81 ⇒ 27x + 63 = 10x – 45

⇒ 15x – 18x = – 81 – 35 ⇒ 27x – 10x = – 45 – 63
⇒ – 3x = – 116 ⇒ 17x = – 108
⇒ x = 116/3 ⇒ x  =  –  108/17

Sunyam Anyat and Sunyam Sama Samuccaya

Let us look at the following examples:

Minute observation reveals the above equations to be quadratic
equations, so it will certainly have two roots. The above type of
equations can be solved by using two Vedic sutras.
Let us look at each example and solve it by using Vedic sutras.

Now let us inspect it by using Sunyam Anyat Vedic sutra which was
earlier used in solving a special type of simultaneous equation.
The formula says, if one is in ratio, the other one is zero.
Ratio of the constant terms in LHS = 2/2  +  3/3  =  1  +  1  =  2
Ratio of the constant terms in RHS = 4/4 + 1/1 = 1 + 1 = 2
Since the ratios of the constant terms on both sides are equal, by
Sunyam Anyat sutra x = 0.
Now what about the second root?
The second root will be extracted by using another Vedic sutra
called Sunyam Sama Samuccaya. The sutra says that if the sum of
the numerators on both the sides are the same, equate the sum of
the denominators to zero.

N1 + N2 in LHS = 2  +  3 = 5
N1 + N2 in RHS = 4  +  1 = 5

Since they are equal, we have to equate the sum of the

denominators to zero.

D1 + D2 = 0
⇒x+2+x+3=0
⇒ 2x + 5 = 0
⇒ x = – 5/2

Therefore, the two roots are x = 0 and x = – 5/2

Example 1:

Solution:

Since the ratio of LHS and RHS are the same, x = 0 (by Sunyam
Anyat Vedic sutra). The second root will be extracted using another
Vedic sutra, Sunyam Sama Samuccaya.

N1 + N2 in LHS = a + b + b + c = a + 2b + c
N1 + N2 in RHS = 2b + a + c = a + 2b + c

Since they are equal, we have to equate the sum of the

denominators to zero.

D1 + D2 = 0
⇒x+a+b+x+b+c=0
⇒ 2x + a + 2b + c = 0
⇒ x = – (a + 2b + c)/2

Hence, the two roots are x = 0 and x = – (a + 2b + c)/2

Example 2:

Solution: Let’s first transpose the negative terms of each side to the
other.
Here, the sums of the denominators on both sides are the same,
so we can equate the sum to zero.

D1 + D2 = 0
⇒ 4x + 5 + 2x – 17 = 0
⇒ 6x = 12
⇒x=2
Hence, two roots are x = 0, 2

Sunyam Sama Samuccaya

The third case is an example of a simple quadratic equation. The

traditional method is cumbersome but the Vedic method is a one line
solution and does not even require pen and paper. You will be
amazed to see how effective this method is. This special type of
equation can be identified by summing up the numerators and
denominators on both the sides. If they are found to be equal, then
Sunyam Sama Samuccaya Vedic sutra will be applicable in such a
case.
N1 + N2 = D1 + D2 = 0 gives the first root of the equation and N1 –
D1 = N2 – D2 = 0 gives the second root of the
equation

Example 1: Solve

Solution: Upon minutely observing the question, help identify that

this question falls in a special category of quadratic equations, where
the sum of the numerator and denominator is found to be equal to 8x
+ 10.

For the first root

N1 + N2 = D1 + D2 = 0
N1 + N2 = 3x + 4 + 5x + 6 = 8x + 10
D1 + D2 = 6x + 7 + 2x + 3 = 8x + 10
⇒ 8x + 10 = 0
or, x = – 5/4

For the second root

N1 – D1 = N2 – D2 = 0
⇒ N1 – D1 = 3x + 4 – 6x – 7 = 0
⇒ – 3x – 3 = 0
⇒x=1
or, N2 – D2 = 5x + 6 – 2x – 3 = 0
⇒ 3x + 3 = 0
⇒x=–1
Hence, the two roots of the above equation are x = – 5/4 and – 1.

Example 2: Solve

Solution: On simple observation, it is evident that the above

equation is a quadratic equation and here, the sum of the numerator
and denominator is found to be equal to 8x + 10. We now apply the
Sunyam Sama Samuccaya sutra to obtain the two roots of the
quadratic equation.

For the first root

N1 + N2 = D1 + D2 = 0
N1 + N2 = 3x + 6 + 5x + 4 = 8x + 10
D1 + D2 = 6x + 3 + 2x + 7 = 8x + 10

⇒ 8x + 10 = 0
or,              x = – 5/4

For the second root

N1 – D1 = N2 – D2 = 0
⇒ N1 – D1 = 3x + 6 – 6x – 3 = 0
⇒ – 3x + 3 = 0
⇒x=1

or, N2 – D2 = 5x + 4 – 2x – 7 = 0
⇒ 3x – 3 = 0
⇒x=1
Hence, the two roots of the above equation are x = – 5/4 and 1.

Example 3: Solve
Solution: Since N1 + N2 = D1 + D2 = 5m + 7
First root = 5m + 7 = 0
⇒ m = – 7/5

Second root = N1 – D1 = 0
⇒ 3m + 2 – 2m – 3 = 0
⇒ m=1

Complex-looking quadratic problems that take several minutes to

solve using traditional methods can be solved in a few seconds
using Vedic techniques. The complexity of the calculations required
to reach the answer gets reduced by practising a little. If a quadratic
problem takes at least five minutes to solve using traditional
methods, it can be solved without pen and paper, merely by
observation, using the Vedic technique. The more you solve such
problems, the more affinity you will have with Vedic techniques. So
keep trying to observe the patterns, to find answers to quadratic
problems in seconds.
 10
Factorization of a Cubic Polynomial

Introduction

Generally, a quadratic equation is factorized by either of these three

methods:

a) Completing the square

b) Mid-term factorization
c) Using the quadratic formula

But if the equation is a cubic polynomial, we don’t have any short

method in conventional mathematics. We do the typical factorization
that involves

a) Factor Theorem method to check whether the polynomial is

factorizable or not
b) Mid-term factorization method of reduced quadratic
polynomial

The method discussed here is unique in the sense that it will hardly
take more than thirty seconds, after sufficient practice, to crack cubic
polynomials with it. Let’s first understand what a Factor Theorem is.

Factor Theorem: If p(x) is a polynomial, and if p(r) = 0, then (x –

r) is a factor of p(x).

Example: Factorize x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6.
 Since 6 has the factors ±1, ±2, ±3 and ±6, we invariably put these
values in the polynomial p(x) until we get the remainder 0. Let us see
how it works.
p(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
p(1) = (1)3 + 6(1)2 + 11(1) + 6 ≠ 0
p(– 1) = (– 1)3 + 6(– 1)2 + 11(– 1) + 6
= – 1 + 6 – 11 + 6 = 0
Hence x + 1 is a factor of the polynomial p(x).
Now we divide p(x) by x + 1 by long division method.

Hence, p(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 = (x + 1) (x2+ 5x + 6)

Now let us factorize the polynomials x2+ 5x + 6 by splitting the
middle term.
q(x) = x2+ 5x + 6
= x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2)
= (x + 2) (x + 3)
So, = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
p(x)
= (x + 1) (x2+ 5x + 6)
= (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)

The above method takes a lot of time, whereas Vedic Mathematics

helps you solve such problems in seconds. Let’s take an example.
Vedic Method

We first begin with the sub-sutra Gunita Samuccaya: Samuccaya

Gunita which means, ‘the product of the sum of the coefficients in
the factors is equal to the sum of the coefficients in the product’.
In symbols,
Se of Product = Product of Se (in the factor)
This sub-sutra is of immense utility for the purpose of verifying
the correctness of our answer.

Example 1: p(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c

Solution: If the polynomial is cubic, it will have three roots—call

them α, β and γ.
Hence,
a = α + β + γ = sum of roots = coefficient of x2
b = αβ + βγ + αγ = sum of the product of two roots = coefficient of
x
c = αβγ = product of three roots
Now, let’s take an example to understand the effectiveness of
Vedic Mathematics.

Example 2: Factorize x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6

Solution: The last term 6 has the factors 1, 2, 3 and 6. Our aim is to
find α, β and γ in such a way that it satisfies the following two
conditions.
c = αβγ = product of three roots = 1 × 2 × 3
a = α + β + γ = sum of roots = coefficient of x2 = 1 + 2 + 3
Hence the factor is (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)

Verification:

Put the values of α, β and γ in b and check whether the coefficient of

x in the polynomial is the same as the result you obtained.
b = αβ + βγ + αγ = sum of product of two = coefficient of x
=1×2+2×3+1×3
=2+6+3
 = 11
It is obvious from the result that the factor is absolutely correct.

Example 3: Factorize x3 – 2x2 – 33x + 60

Solution: The possible factors of 60 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15,

20, 30 and 60.
a = α + β + γ = sum of roots = coefficient of x2 = – 2
c = αβγ = product of three roots = 60
On simple inspection, we see:
Α + β + γ = sum of roots = – 3 – 4 + 5 = – 2
αβγ = product of three roots = – 3 × – 4 × 5 = 60
Hence, the factors of x3 – 2x2 – 23x + 60 = (x – 3) (x – 4)(x + 5)

Verification:

b = αβ + βγ + αγ = sum of the product of two = coefficient of x

= (– 3) × (– 4) + (– 4) × 5 + (– 3 × 5) = – 23

Example 4: Factorize x3 – 7x + 6

Solution: This polynomial involves no term of x2, so rewrite the

equation in the standard format as discussed above.
x3 – 7x + 6 = x3 + 0x2 – 7x + 6
Now the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. On inspection, we can
locate the exact values of α, β and γ that suit the values of a, b and
c.
a = α + β + γ = sum of roots = coefficient of x2 = 0 = – 1 – 2 + 3
c = αβγ = product of three roots = – 1 × – 2 × 3 = 6
Hence, x3 – 7x + 6 = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x + 3)

Verification:

b = αβ + βγ + αγ = sum of product of two = coefficient of x

= – 1 × (– 2) + (– 2) × 3 + (– 1) × 3
=2–6–3
=–7
Hence, result verified.
Example 5: Factorize x3 + 13x2 + 31x – 45

Solution: Constant term = – 45 and its factors are 1, 3, 5, 9, 15…

Among these factors, we have to choose three numerals whose
sum is 13 and product is – 45.
13 = 9 + 5 – 1
And – 45 = 9 × 5 × – 1
Hence,
x3 + 13x2 + 31x – 45 = (x – 1) (x + 5) (x + 9)

Verification:

We have 9, 5 and – 1 as its factors. Let’s take two roots at a time.

9 × 5 + 5 × – 1 + 9 × – 1 = 45 – 5 – 9 = 31

Example 6: Solve x3 – 10x2 – 53x – 42

Solution: Factors of 42 are – 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21…

Among these factors, select any three such that their product is –
42 and sum is – 10.
– 42 = 1 × – 14 × 3 and
1 × 3 + (– 14 × 3) + 1 × (– 14) = 3 – 42 – 14 = – 53 = coefficient
of x
Hence, x3 – 10x2 – 53x – 42 = (x + 1) (x – 14) (x + 3)

The above example illustrates that the Vedic method to solve the
cubic factor is not only easy to understand but also a time-saving
technique, because it involves no tedious or lengthy calculations but
merely inspection, which helps you reach the result in no time.
Always bear in mind, however, that this is only valid as long as the
cubic polynomial is factorizable.
This Vedic Mathematics method of solving a cubic polynomial is
the best example to show how beautiful Vedic Mathematics can be if
implemented in our present-day school system. So, I urge you to
keep learning Vedic Mathematics and making maths easy for
yourself!
 11
Combined Operations

Introduction

In traditional mathematics, we perform a single operation at a time. If

you are asked to add, then you will add, and in the same way you
will subtract, multiply or divide when asked to do so. Now consider a
case where you have different operations to perform in a single sum.
Then the traditional method fails, but Vedic Mathematics can make it
easier. In a single sum, you can perform two operations at a time—
addition and subtraction, multiplication and addition or multiplication
and subtraction, sum of two squares or difference of two squares
etc.—in a single line using the Vedic technique. Let’s explore the
method with some examples.
Let’s first begin with the sum and difference of products.

Example: Solve 15 × 14 + 32 × 98.

Solution: In the conventional method we will first multiply 15 and 14

and then 32 and 98, and finally add the products to get the result. In
Vedic Mathematics, we will work out the whole problem in three
steps. But before that, you need to be familiar with the vertical and
crosswise method or Urdhva Tiryagbhyam method, already
discussed in detail in my previously published book, The Essentials
of Vedic Mathematics. I am providing a brief account of this method
here. I have named this method the Dot and Stick method in my
book. Please check the dot operation and some examples before
discussing combined operations.

Multiplication of 2-digit numbers

Multiplication of 3-digit numbers

Multiplication of 4-digits numbers

Let’s take two examples.

Example 1: Multiply 76 by 42.

Solution:

Arranging the numbers and adding them from right to left, taking only
one digit at a time, we get the final result.
Example 2: Multiply 566 by 281.

Solution:
Arrange the numbers on the dots as shown below.
Use vertical separators to separate the parts of the answer.

Now let’s go back to the question.

15 × 14 + 32 × 98
Step 1: 1 × 1 + 3 × 9 = 28
Step 2: 1 × 4 + 1 × 5 + 3 × 8 + 2 × 9 = 51 (cross multiplication)
Step 3: 5 × 4 + 2 × 8 = 36

Arrange the result obtained in each step.

Example 3: 47 × 82 + 65 × 94

Solution:

Step 1: 4 × 8 + 6 × 9 = 32 + 54 = 86

Step 2: 4 × 2 + 7 × 8 + 6 × 4 + 5 × 9 = 8 + 56 + 24 + 45 = 133

Step 4: 7 × 2 + 5 × 4 = 14 + 20 = 34
Arrange the results obtained with the help of separators.
86 | 133 | 34
= 86 + 13 | 3 + 3 | 4
= 9964

Example 4: Solve 44 × 55 – 12 × 56

Solution:
Step 1: – 4 × 5 – 1 × 5 = 15
Step 2: 4 × 5 + 4 × 5 – 1 × 6 – 2 × 5 = 24
Step 3: 4 × 5 – 2 × 6 = 8

Arrange the results obtained with the help of separators.

= 15 | 24 | 8
= 15 + 2 | 4 | 8
= 1748

Example 5: 26 × 87 – 11 × 34

Solution:
Step 1: 2 × 8 – 1 × 3 = 13
Step 2: 2 × 7 + 6 × 8 – 1 × 4 – 1 × 3 = 55
Step 3: 6 × 7 – 1 × 4 = 38

Arrange the results obtained with the help of separators.

= 13 | 55 | 38
= 13 + 5 | 5 + 3 | 8
= 1888

Sum of squares

The best method of squaring is called Duplex method in Vedic

Mathematics. You can learn about Duplex in detail in my book, The
Essentials of Vedic Mathematics. You need to understand how the
Duplex method works in brief.

Duplex of 1-digit number = Square of that number

D(a) = a2
 Duplex of 2 = 22 = 4
Duplex of 6 = 62 = 36
Duplex of 2-digit number = 2 × (product of digits)
D(ab) = 2ab
Duplex of 24 = 2 × (2 × 4) = 16
Duplex of 76 = 2 × (7 × 6) = 84
Duplex of 3-digit number = 2 × (1st digit × 3rd digit) +
(square of middle digit)
D(abc) = 2ac + b2
Duplex of 126 = 2 × (1 × 6) + 22 = 16
Duplex of 478 = 2 × (4 × 8) + 72 = 113

Example 1: Find the square of 49.

Solution: The groups for 49 are

Example 2: 412 + 352

Solution:

Step 1: D4 + D3 = 16 + 9 = 25

Step 2: D41 + D35 = 2 × 4 × 1 + 2 × 3 × 5 = 38

Step 3: D1 + D5 = 1 + 25 = 26

Arrange the results obtained with the help of separators.

25 | 38 | 26
= 28 | 10 | 6
= 2906
Example 3: 1162 + 2312

Solution:
Step 1: D1 + D2 = 1 + 4 = 5
Step 2: D11 + D23 = 2 × 1 × 1 + 2 × 2 × 3 = 14
Step 3: D116 + D231 = 2 × 1 × 6 + 12 + 2 × 2 × 1 + 32 = 26
Step 4: D16 + D31 = 2 × 1 × 6 + 2 × 3 × 1 = 18
Step 5: D6 + D1 = 37

Arrange the results obtained with the help of separators.

5 | 14 | 26| 18| 37
=5+1|4+2|6+1|8+3|7
= 6 | 6 | 7 |11 | 7
=6|6|8|1|7
= 66817

Once you are familiar with addition, subtraction, multiplication and

other methods of Vedic Mathematics, you can do multiple operations
at a time. Even tough operations like square root and cube root can
be done in seconds using Vedic Mathematics.
 12
Harder Factor

Introduction

Generally, we deal with factors of a polynomial with one variable,

such as factorizing quadratic or cubic polynomials, or factors of
polynomials with two variables. The methods we have learnt so far
are breaking the polynomials into smaller parts, using factor
theorem, and mid-term factorization. Let’s consider a case where a
second-degree polynomial has more than two variables. Arranging
such polynomials into smaller ones is not an easy task, and
factorizing them is a Herculean task. Here comes the Vedic sutra,
Lopansthapanabhyam, which reduces the big polynomials into
smaller ones and factorization becomes easy.
Lopansthapanabhyam means ‘by elimination and retention’.
Here we eliminate different variables one by one while retaining
other variables, so as to factorize them easily. This sutra is highly
applicable when solving the co-ordinate geometry problems of a
straight line, hyperbola, asymptotes etc.

Example 1: Factorize x2 + xy – 2y2 + 2xz – 5yz – 3z2

Solution: Here you can see that the given equation is a three-
variable equation in degree 2 (the highest power of the variable is 2).
We can’t even apply the formula:
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here comes the Vedic sutra for solving the equation easily. The
traditional method will only confuse you, as we need to add some
variable to get the complete factor and reduce the whole equation
into three factors and then into two. Let’s see how to work using the
Vedic sutra.
This higher order polynomial involves three variables – x, y and
z. Let’s start by eliminating x. Putting x = 0, we have

– 2y2 – 5yz – 3z2

Factorizing the reduced polynomial, we have

– 2y2 – 5yz – 3z2 = – (y + z) (2y + 3z) …(1)

Now putting y = 0, we have

x2 + 2xz – 3z2 and this can be further reduced to (x + 3z) (x – z) …

(2)

Let’s now eliminate z and put z = 0

x2 + xy – 2y2 = x2 + 2xy – xy – 2y2
= (x + 2y) (x – y) …(3)

On observing the three equations we may conclude the cyclic nature

of the factor. We have + 2y and + 3z and + x in each of the two
equations, hence (x + 2y + 3z) is one of the factors, and the other
factor, in a similar manner, can be arranged as (x – y – z).
Therefore,
x2 + xy – 2y2 + 2xz – 5yz – 3z2 = (x + 2y + 3z) (x –y – z)

Example 2: Factorize 3x2 + 10y2 + 3z2 + 17xy + 11yz + 10xz

Solution: Start eliminating one variable at a time as discussed in the

previous example.
Put x = 0, and we have
10y2 + 11yz + 3z2 = 10y2 + 5yz + 6yz + 3z2
= (2y + z) (5y + 3z)
Put y = 0
3x2 + 10xz + 3z2 = (x + 3z) (3x + z)
Put z = 0
 3x2 + 17xy + 10y2 = (x + 5y) (3x + 2y)
Observing the cyclic nature of factors, we can directly write:
3x2 + 10y2 + 3z2 + 17xy + 11yz + 10xz = (x + 5y + 3z) (3x + 2y +
z)

Example 3: Factorize 2x2 – 3y2 – 2z2 + 5xy – 5yz + 3xz

Solution: First put x = 0 and eliminate x.

– 3y2 – 5yz – 2z2
= – (3y2 + 5yz + 2z2)
= – (3y2 + 3yz + 2yz + 2z2)
= – (3y + 2z) (y + z) …(1)
Put y = 0
2x2 + 3xz – 2z2 = (x + 2z) (2x – z) …(2)
Put z = 0
2x2 + 5xy – 3y2 = (x + 3y) (2x – y) …(3)

Combining all three and checking with the common factors, we can
write
2x2 – 3y2 – 2z2 + 5xy – 5yz + 3xz = (x + 3y + 2z) (2x – y – z)
Let’s explore it with one more example.

Example 4: Factorize 2m2 + 2n2 – 5mn – 7m – n – 15

Solution: Putting m = 0, we have

2n2 – n – 15 = (n – 3) (2n + 5)
Put n = 0, we have
2m2 – 7m – 15 = (m – 5) (2m + 3)
Here, 3 and 5 are common factors but with opposite signs. Let’s
rearrange the terms to get the same sign.
2n2 – n – 15 = =(n – 3) (2n + 5)
= (3 – n) (– 2n – 5) …(1)
Multiplying by 1 = – 1 x – 1
[Here, both factorable expressions are multiplied by – 1. (– 1) ×
(3 – n) x (– 1) × (2n + 5) = (3 – n) (– 2n – 5)]
Moreover, we have
 2m2 – 7m – 15 = (m – 5) (2m + 3) …(2)
Now, in equations 1 and 2 we can see that + 3 and – 5 have
common terms, so the combined factor of the given polynomial can
be written as:

2m2 + 2n2 – 5mn – 7m – n – 15 = (m – 2n – 5) (2m – n + 3)

In the above example, I eliminated only two variables and got the
answer. Look at some other examples and try to explore the fact that
harder polynomials can be factorized easily even by eliminating only
two variables.
 13
Determinant

Introduction

If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, then we can associate a

number called the determinant of the square matrix A, where aij = (i,
j)th element of A.
is a square matrix of order 2, as it has 2 rows and 2
columns. A matrix is therefore the arrangement of numbers in such a
way that we have rows and columns written in square or rectangular
form. If a matrix has more rows than columns, then we call it a
rectangular matrix.
In simple words, it is an arrangement of elements in rows and
columns, which are in square or rectangular form.
A determinant of a 2 × 2 order has 4 elements. Similarly, a
determinant of a 3 × 3 order has 9 elements and a determinant of a
4 × 4 order has 16 elements.

Properties of a determinant

If we interchange any two rows or columns in a determinant

then the sign of a determinant changes.
If any two rows or columns are identical or proportional, then
the value of the determinant is zero.
If all the elements of a row or a column are zeros, then the
value of the determinant is zero.
If we multiply each element of a row or a column of a
determinant by the constant term k, then the value of the
determinant is multiplied by k.
 If each element of one row or column of a determinant is a sum
of 2 terms, then the determinant can be expressed as a sum of
2 terms.

Let’s first see how a determinant is solved in the traditional method.

Example 1:

Solution: It is a 2 × 2 determinant which can be easily solved using

the cross multiplication method.

Determinant of order 3 × 3:
Determinant of a matrix of order 3 can be solved by expanding
along a row or column. There are six ways to solve a determinant,
three along rows and three along columns.
Expansion along first row:
If A is a matrix such that its determinant is

multiply first element of row 1, i.e. R1 with the second order

determinant obtained by deleting the elements of the first row (R1)
and the first column (C1).

Multiply second element of row 1 by negative times the second order

determinant obtained by deleting elements of the first row (R1) and
the second column (C2).
Multiply third element of row 1 by the second order determinant
obtained by deleting elements of the first row (R1) and the third
column (C3).

Combining the three steps discussed above, we can solve a 3 by 3

determinant.

a11 (a22 a33 – a32 a23) – a12 (a21 a33 – a31 a23) + a13 (a21 a32 – a31
a22)

Example 2: Solve

Solution:

Now let’s move to the Vedic way of solving the determinant.

Determinant of order 2 is easy to solve, so let’s concentrate on
solving a 3 × 3 determinant.
Let’s say we have the following determinant of order 3 × 3.

First, separate the first or third row by a line as shown here.

From the remaining two rows make three determinants of 2 × 2 in

the order of column 12, 13 and 23.

Now place the value obtained above on the top of a 3 × 3 cross

multiplication method of Urdhva Tiryag, and the first row element at
the bottom of the cross, as shown here.

On solving it you will have the solution of the determinant.

 Hence, |A| = a1 (b2c3 – b3c2) – b1 (a2c3 – a3c2) + c1 (a2b3 – a3b2)
Let’s see some examples.

Example 3: Find the value of

Solution: First draw a line to separate the first row from the others
and solve the 2 by 2 columnwise determinant by the column 12, 13,
23, and write down the result below the third row.

Now place the value in a cross at the top as discussed above and
write the first row below as shown, and solve.

Example 4: Solve the given determinant.

Solution: First draw a line to separate the first row from the others
and solve the 2 by 2 columnwise determinant by the column 12, 13,
23, and write down the result below the third row.
Now place the value in a cross at the top as discussed above and
write the first row below, as shown, and solve.

Solving a determinant of order 4 by 4:

It is a big challenge to solve a 4 by 4 determinant by the traditional

method as we need to break it into four determinants of order 3 by 3,
followed by 12 determinants of order 2 by 2 to solve, but the Vedic
Method—Urdhva Tiryag—will help solve it without breaking it into so
many determinants. Let’s see how to proceed with a determinant of
order 4 by 4.

Step 1: Draw a line bifurcating the determinant into 2 parts such that
there are 2 rows above and below the drawn line.

Step 2: Make 6 determinants above and below the bifurcated line.

The order of 2 x 2 determinants taken columnwise will be 12, 13, 14,
23, 24 and 34.

Step 3: Place the obtained values at their respective places in order,

above and below. Once you are ready with the values, place it on the
cross. The value at the top will be the value of the determinant
obtained at the top of the dotted line and the value at the bottom of
the cross will be the value of the determinant obtained at the bottom
of the dotted line.

Example 1: Solve:

Solution: Draw a line so that the whole determinant is divided into

two halves. Solve each of the 2 × 2 columnwise determinants in the
order of 12, 13, 14, 23, 24 and 34. Write the value of each
determinant’s solution in its respective place, as shown here.

Now draw a cross diagram and place these values with the corrected
sign of the bottom determinant value.
Now solve it and get the final result.
96 – 130 – 196 – 2 + 5 + 10 = – 217

Example 2: Solve the given determinant.

Solution: Draw a line so that the whole determinant is divided into

two halves. Solve each of the 2 × 2 columnwise determinants in the
order of 12, 13, 14, 23, 24 and 34. Write the value of each
determinant solution at its respective place as shown below.

Now draw a cross diagram and place these values with the corrected
sign of the bottom determinant value.
Hence the value of the determinant is
= 110 + 50 + 36 + 10 – 32 – 98
= 76
Hope you have enjoyed the Urdhva Tiryag method of solving
determinants. Keep exploring the new technique and learn how to
solve even the toughest of problems quickly.
 14
Coordinate Geometry

Introduction

Coordinate geometry is a branch of geometry where the position of

each point on a plane is defined with the help of an ordered pair of
numbers known as coordinates. The x-point is called the abscissa
and y-point is called the ordinate of the given position.
Rene Descartes was the pioneer and the father of coordinate
geometry. In a plane, if we draw a horizontal line called the x-axis
and a vertical line called the y-axis then they intersect at a point
called the origin. These two lines divide the whole plane into four
parts called quadrants.

1st quadrant (+, +)

2nd quadrant (–, +)
3rd quadrant (–, –)
4th quadrant (+, –)

The locations of the points in the respective quadrants decide the

positions of the points and their respective abscissa or ordinates.
Here we shall deal with a few Vedic methods to solve the problems
of coordinate geometry. It is to be remembered that Vedic
Mathematics is not rocket science, so you need to remember all the
conditions related to geometrical shapes, and their properties too.
Suppose you have to prove a given triangle is a right-angled triangle.
Vedic Mathematics will help you to calculate the length of all the
three sides quickly, but you need to be aware of Baudhayana or the
Pythagoras Theorem to prove it.
Now let’s first start with the most common formula—Distance
Formula, used to find the distance between two points.

Distance formula

If A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) are two points on a co-ordinate plane, then
distance between A and B is defined as

This can be better understood with the facts that if A (a, b) and B (c,
d) are two points on a Cartesian plane, then their distance is
 This simply means that if we sum up the squares of each point
and subtract twice the product of the coordinates from the sum of the
squares and take its square root, then we have the distance between
two points.

Example 1: Find the distance between (1, 3) and (2, 0).

Solution: Here a = 1, b = 3, c = 2 and d = 0

Hence distance =

Example 2: Find the distance between (4, 3) and (2, 5).

Solution: Here a = 4, b = 3, c = 2 and d = 5

Hence distance =

Example 3: Find the distance between (x, y) and (–  x, –  y).

Solution: Here a = x, b = y, c = – x, d = – y
Hence distance =

Example 4: Find the distance of a point P (–  2, 5) from the origin.

Solution: Here a = 0, b = 0, c = 2 and d = 5

Hence distance =
Section formula

The section formula tells us the coordinates of the point which

divides the line segment into some ratio. The division may be
internal or external.

Internal Division

Let P (x, y) divide the line segment AB in m:n ratio. Then the
coordinates x and y can be obtained using the section formula. Here
P divides the line segment internally.
This is nothing but the crosswise multiplication commonly used in
Vedic Mathematics.

Minute observation tells us that in order to find the value of the x-

coordinate, simply write the cross product of the ratio with the x-
coordinate and divide it with the sum of the ratio.

If m and n are equal, then point P divides the line segment equally

and the coordinate of midpoint P is given as

Example 1: Find the coordinates of the point that divides the line
segment joining the points (2, 5) and (1, 9) in the ratio of 2:3.

Solution:

Example 2: In what ratio does the y-axis divide the line of (7, 3) and
(5, 12)?
Solution: Let the ratio be k:1.

On y-axis the x-coordinate is 0.

So, 5k = 7
Hence, k = 7/5

Drawing a graph of a linear equation

A linear equation in two variables can be easily plotted on a graph by
elimination and retention method. In simple language, Vilokanam
sutra is helpful to judge the point where the line will intersect the
axes.

Example 1: Draw the graph of 2x + 3y = 12

Solution: Put x = 0 ⇒ y = 4
Put y = 0 ⇒ x = 6
On the x-axis, mark a circle at point x = 6, and on the y-axis mark a
point at y = 4.
Join these two circles.
Now this is the graph of 2x + 3y = 12.

The graph can easily be constructed by applying the intercept

formula. x/a + y/b = 1
First divide the graph equation by 12 to make the RHS = 1.
2/12x + 3/12y = 12/12 = 1
⇒ x/6 + y/4 = 1
 The next step is simple. Simply take the intercepts 6 and 4 on x-
and y-axis respectively.

Example 2: Draw the graph of x + 2y = 6

Solution: Put x = 0 ⇒ y = 3
Put y = 0 ⇒ x = 6
Mark these two points on the coordinate axis and draw the graph.

Equation of line passing through two points

Basically, in the intermediate syllabus we have to find the equation of

a line passing through one point or two, and we apply the relevant
formula.
Finding out the equation of a line passing through one point (x1,
y1) with a slope or a gradient m is defined as:

Example 1: Find the equation of the line passing through (0, 5) with
slope 1/2.

Solution: Equation of line

Hence, equation of line passing through (0, 5) with slope 1/2 is

Example 2: Find the equation of the line passing through (0, 0) that
makes an angle of 45° with the axes.

Solution: Equation of a line passing through (0, 0) and making an

angle θ = 45 is

⇒y–x

When it comes to finding the equation of a line passing through two

points, we have a general formula that we use:

Example 3: Find the equation of a line passing through (3, 4) and (8,
10).

Solution: Here, x1 = 3, y1 = 4, x2 = 8 and y2 = 10.

⇒ 5y – 20 = 6x – 18
⇒ 5y – 6x – 2 = 0
This method is tedious as the calculation is lengthy. Let’s solve it
using the Vedic method. The Vertical and Crosswise and Transpose
and Apply methods will be applicable here. Let’s see the working.
The equation is:
ax – by = c
⇒ (Difference of y-coordinate)x – (difference of x- coordinate)y +
product of means – product of extremes
⇒ (4 – 10)x – (3 – 8)y + 3 × 10 – 4 × 8 = 0
⇒ – 6x + 5y – 2 = 0
It can be easily done by writing things row-wise one below the
other. Let’s see how this works.

Equation: (x1 – x2)y = (y1 – y2)x + (x1 y2 – x2 y1)

Example 4: Find the equation of the line passing through (4, 7) and
(6, 3).

Solution:

Example 5: Find the equation of the line passing through (5, 10) and
(3, 6).

Solution:
Equation of line parallel and perpendicular to a given line

Example 1: Find the equation of a line parallel to 3x + 5y = 17

passing through (2, 1).

Solution: Equation of a line passing through (2, 1) is 3 × 2 + 5 × 1 =

11
Hence, equation of a line parallel to 3x + 5y = 17 is 3x + 5y = 11

Example 2: Find the equation of a line passing through (– 5, 11) and

parallel to 2x + y = 7

Solution: Equation of a line passing through (– 5, 11) is 2 × – 5 + 11

=1
Hence, equation of a line parallel to 2x + y = 7 is 2x + y = 1

Example 3: Find the equation of a line passing through (2, 5) and

parallel to 3x + 5y = 13.

Solution: We know that two lines are perpendicular to each other if

the product of their slope is – 1. Hence, to find the equation of a line
perpendicular to a given line, first swap the coefficients and change
the sign between their variables.
Therefore, the equation of the line is:
5x – 3y = 5 × 2 – 3 × 5.
⇒ 5x – 3y = – 5

Triples and its use in coordinate geometry

Let me provide a brief account of triples. Triples, better known as the

Pythagorean triple, is the relation between the three sides of a right-
angled triangle.
Hypotenuse2 = (Perpendicular)2 + (Base)2
Triples have been in use since long before Pythagoras was born.
Around 800 BC, saints used to construct yagna kunds to worship
deities, and these kunds used to follow the so-called Baudhayana
Theorem—better known as the Pythagoras Theorem. The
Pythagoras Theorem establishes the relation between base,
perpendicular and hypotenuse. In much of the Sulva sutra, there are
references to the relation between the perpendicular, base and
hypotenuse.
Let’s look at the following chart that tells us about the different
triples being used during the Vedic era.
Mr T.K. Puttaswamy, in his book, Mathematical Achievements of
Pre-modern Indian Mathematicians, clearly mentions that the author
of Sulva sutra had the knowledge of triples, and while performing
yajna and making an altar thereof, the size of the Yagna Kunda they
were taking followed the Pythagorean triples. The following right
triangles have been mentioned in the Sulva sutra.

The so-called triple given here is the basic triple and it can be
constructed for different angles.
Triples are easy to understand. Once you memorize these values,
you can find the angle between two lines.

Angle between two lines

In coordinate geometry, the angle between two lines can be

measured by subtracting the triples of the given lines.
Consider the following two trigonometry ratios for two different
angles A and B. If B, P, H and b, p, h are the triples of two angles A
and B respectively, then the triples for the difference of angles is
given by:

Example 1: Find the angle between two lines 3x – y + 2 = 0 and 3y

+ x = 7.

Solution:

Since the first element of a triple is zero, the two lines are
perpendicular to each other.
Example 2: Find the angle between two lines y – 2x = 5 and 3y = x –
2.

Solution:

Since the sign (+, –) can be neglected, the angle between the two
lines = |5/– 5| = 1
tan θ = 1
⇒ θ = 45°

Length of perpendicular to a given line from a given point

You must have remembered the formula to find the distance of a

given line from a point outside the line.
For a given line, Ax + By + C = 0. The perpendicular distance
from a point (m, n) is given by:

In Vedic Mathematics, you can find the distance with the help of the
triples of the given line and point. First, subtract the triples of the line
and point and then divide the combined triples by the hypotenuse of
the first triple.

Example 1: Find the distance of the line 2y = x from the point (3, 4).

Solution: First write the triples of the given line and point and
subtract them to get new triples.
Perpendicular distance = Combined triple of Base / Hypotenuse of
first line

Example 2: Find the perpendicular distance of a given line 5x + 12y

= 13 from the point (2, 3).

Solution: First you need to check whether the given line passes
through the origin or not. If the given line whose distance from a
given point is to be found doesn’t pass through the origin then the
concept of shifting the origin will be used to determine the value.
Let’s put x = 1 in 5x + 12y = 13
⇒ 5 + 12y = 13
⇒ y = 8/12
Shifting the origin will give you a new coordinate.
New coordinate (2 – 1, 3 – 8/12) = (1, 28/12)
We have 5x + 12y = 13
⇒ 12y = – 5x + 13
Let’s find the distance:

Perpendicular distance = Combined triple of base / Hypotenuse of

first line
As seen in the above examples, Vedic Mathematics may prove to be
a boon not only for students but also for researchers. We must
endeavour to save the ancient wisdom of the nation by finding the
hidden jewels in the Vedic sutras.
 15
Differentiation

Introduction

Calculus is one of the most important branches of mathematics. It

was independently discovered by Isaac Newton and Leibniz but a
brief concept of calculus was discovered much earlier by
Bhaskaracharya. The Kerala School of Mathematics did a
remarkable job in the expansion of the Taylor, sine and cosine
series, but it was not seen the way we see calculus in the present
time.
The Taylor series, sine series and cosine series were discovered
in India much earlier by Madhava, the founder of the Kerala School
of Mathematics.
The Taylor series of a real or complex function f(x), that is
infinitely differentiable at a real or complex number a, is a power
series and can be written as:

The sine and cosine series can also be written as:

It has significant applications in science and engineering. Calculus is
basically the branch of mathematics that deals with continuous
change. It has two parts—Differentiation and Integration. Here we
shall deal with a simple differentiation technique, that will be done
using Vedic Mathematics.

As we know, the above formula will help us in differentiation. An

important aspect of differentiation comes in the chain rule method.
Here we shall deal with chain rule and double differentiation of a
given function.

Differentiation of power form

The power forms such as x10, x100, x1024… etc. can be obtained by
applying the Eknyunen Purven sutra. In the first part of the book on
Vedic Mathematics, The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics, we have
put this sutra to good use. The modern formula is similar to the
Eknyunen Purven sutra.
We know that

It simply says that in order to differentiate any variable in power,

simply multiply the power with the variable, with the latter’s power
now lowered by 1.

If we have y = x5 as a function then dy/dx is called the first

differential, denoted by y1 or y′. This can be further differentiated in a
similar way. y′′ or y2 is the second differential and is denoted by
d2y/dx2, y′′′ or y3 is the third differential, and so on.
Hence for y = x4
 y′ = 4x3
y′′ = 4 × 3x2 = 12x2
y′′′ = 24x1
y′′′′ = 24x0
y′′′′′ = 0
Thus the differentiation of the constant term is zero.
Before we proceed with the chain rule of the given function, we
need to learn a few formulas related to differentiation.

Chain rule

Another important aspect of differentiation is the chain rule. The

chain rule is a loop of differentiation functions until we reach a
function whose differentiation can be done with respect to x, and the
function is independent of any other function except x. Consider the
following examples:

a) f(x) = √x
b) g(x) = log x
c) h(x) = ex

All these functions are simple functions. Now have a look at the
following functions:
a)
b) g(x) = tan3(3x + 5)
c) h(x) = e4x– 7

The chain rule is a technique for finding the derivatives of

composition functions, with the number of functions that make up the
composition determining how many steps are necessary to reach the
final solution.
Suppose a composition function f(x) is defined as:
f(x) = (g.h) (x) = g[h(x)]
then f′(x) = g′[h(x)].h′(x)
Let’s take an example first.

Example 1: Find the differentiation of sin (log x).

Solution: Let y = sin(log x)

d/dx(sin log x) = d(sin log x)/d(log x) × d(log x)/dx = cos(log x)/x
Here you can see that missing the loop will give you an incorrect
answer, so it is important in the chain rule type of differentiation to
observe each and every function minutely and differentiate
accordingly.
In Vedic Mathematics this can be done by separating each
function and then differentiating them. The important point is to slice
each function and write one below the other. On the right side of
each function, write the differentiation. Finally club them together to
get the answer.

Function Differentiation
sin(log x) cos(log x)
log x 1/x
Final answer cos(log x)/x

Example 2: Find the derivative of sin (4x + 5).

Solution:

Function Differentiation
sin(4x + 5) cos(4x + 5)
4x + 5 4
Final answer 4cos(4x + 5)

Example 3: Find the derivative of log(log(log x5).

Function Differentiation
log(log(log x5) 1/log(log x5)
log(log x5) 1/log x5 = 1/5 log x
log x5 1/x5
X5 5x4

Hence, for y = log(log(log x5)

dy/dx = 5x4/ x5.5log x.log(log x5)

Example 4: Find the derivative of

Solution:

Function Differentiation

1/2√x

Hence,

Differentiation of the product of two functions

The derivative of the product of two different functions is generally

obtained by applying the following formula:
d/dx(u.v) = u dv/dx + v du/dx
Example: Find the derivative of sin x.x4

Solution: Here we have two functions to differentiate

Example: Find the derivative of sin x.log x

Solution: Here we have two functions—trigonometric and

logarithmic.

The whole operation involves the use of the simple formula of

differentiation of the product of two functions. But what about doing
these through a Vedic sutra? Here we shall use the Urdhva Tiryag
sutra or the vertical and crosswise method to reach an answer.

Procedure:

Write the two functions, one below the other, on the left hand
side
On the right side, write the differentiation of each function
The final result is obtained by crosswise multiplication

Example 1: Find the derivative of sin2x.log x.

Solution:
Example 2: Find the derivative of ex.tan-1x.

Solution:

d/dx (ex.tan-1x)= ex.1/1 + x2 + ex.tan-1x

Example 3: Find the derivative of x5.sin3x

Solution:

Hence, d/dx (x5.sin3x) = x5.3sin2x.cos x + 5x4.sin3x

Higher order derivatives

In higher order derivatives, we have to differentiate a function two,

three, four times…and so on. Earlier we have used the symbols y1,
y2, y3…or y′, y′′, y′′′, but here we shall be using the symbols D1, D2,
D3…
Moreover, we have used the concept of the Pascal Triangle or
Meru Prastara method to derive the final answer of the given
function. In my book, Mathematics and Religion, I have provided
detailed information about the Meru Prastara, better known as the
Pascal triangle. Here we shall briefly deal with the Pascal triangle
and then I shall explain the way it can be used to differentiate a
function of a higher order.

The Pascal triangle shown above is generally used in binomial

expansion of different powers, and in my book, Speed Mathematics,
you shall enjoy a complete chapter dedicated to the importance of
the Pascal triangle. Now let’s focus on its use in differentiating a
function of a higher order.

Coefficients Derivative
11 1st derivative – D1
121 2nd derivative – D2
1331 3rd derivative – D3
14641 4th derivative – D4
1 5 10 10 5 1 5th derivative – D5

The procedure is as follows:

First write the functions, one below the other.

In their respective rows, write the differentiation of the given
function as desired.
Apply the vertical and crosswise rule and put a plus sign in
between.
Multiply each part of the answer with the coefficient as
shown in the table.

How to do cross multiplication

a) For the first derivative

b) For the second derivative

c) For the third derivative

d) For the fourth derivative

Example 1: Find the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th derivatives of x5.sin x.

Solution: Let’s begin with the 1st derivative.

1st derivative = 1.x5 cos x + 1.sin x.5x4

= x5cos x + sin x.5x4

For 2nd derivative

 2nd derivative = x5.sin x + 2.5x4.cos x + 20x3sin x
= x5.sin x + 10x4.cos x + 20x3sin x

For 3rd derivative

Hence, 3rd derivative = x5cos x + 3.5x4.– sin x + 3.20x3.

cos x + 60x2.sin x
= x5cos x.15x4sin x + 60 x3.cos x + 60x2.sin x

Example 2: Find the 1st, 2nd and 3rd derivative of x3.sin x.

Solution: 1st derivative

1st derivative = x3cos x + 3x2sin x

For 2nd derivative
 Hence, 2nd derivative = x3sin x + 6x2cos x + 6x.sin x
For 3rd derivative

Thus, 3rd derivative = – x3cos x – 9x2sin x + 18cos x + 6sin x

Simple differentiation, whether it is the product rule or the

differentiation of any order, can be done with the help of the Vedic
sutras Eknyun Purven or Anurupyen or Urdhva Tiryag (vertically and
crosswise) through mere observation. But it requires practice as to
how to place the coefficients of the Pascal triangle and write the final
answers. Besides that, there is not much to do in simple
differentiation as far as Vedic Mathematics is concerned. I do hope
you will enjoy the Vedic method. I urge you to continue exploring the
new technique.
 16
Integration

Introduction

Integration is the reverse of differentiation. In differentiation, we have

d/dx as the operator but here, the operator is ∫dx. The dx inside the
integration symbol means that integration is to be done with respect
to x. There are two types of integration, definite integration and
indefinite integration. Look at the following examples carefully:
If y = 2x + 5 then dy/dx = 2
If y = 2x + 3 then dy/dx = 2
If y = 2x – 11 then dy/dx = 2
In all the above examples we have seen that though the constant
term in all the examples are different, the differentiation comes out to
be the same. In the same way the integration of ∫2dx = 2x + 5, 2x + 3
or 2x – 11. Therefore, we add a constant at the end of the indefinite
integration result.

Integration of power function

In differentiation we have seen that

Y = x6, then dy/dx = 6x5
Y = x100 then dy/dx = 100x99
Here we had used the method of Eknyun Purven, which means
one less than the previous. In integration, we shall use Ekadhikena
Purven or one more than the previous formula to integrate the power
term of the function.

∫x5 dx = x6/6 + c∫ 2x9 dx = 2x10/10 + c

 Here is a list of some trigonometric formulas.
∫sin x dx = – cos x + c
∫cos x dx = sin x+c
∫tan x dx = log sec x + c
∫cot x dx = log sin x + c
∫sec2x dx = tan x + c
∫cosec2x dx = – cot x + c
∫sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
∫cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c
∫1/x dx = log x + c
∫ex dx = ex + c

Besides that, there are several other formulas that we will look at in
the meantime.
In case x is multiplied by some constant, the integrand function
shall be divided by the same constant using the Vedic formula
Anurupyen, which means ‘proportionately’.

Vedic Mathematics is a powerful tool and is very effective if you have

to do

a) Integration by parts
b) Partial fraction

Though the methods of substitution, successive integration, limit as a

sum etc. are a few components of integration that can’t be solved by
the Vedic method effectively, the two most confusing areas of
integration—integration by parts and integration using partial fraction
—can be done through the Vedic sutra quite effectively and without
error.

Integration of the sum or difference of functions

Integration of such functions is done by integrating each function
separately and placing the respective sign in between.

Example 1: ∫x3 + 6x + 7 dx

Solution: ∫x3 dx + 6 ∫x dx + 7 ∫dx

Example 2: ∫sin 2x + √x dx

Solution: ∫sin 2x dx + ∫√x dx

Example 3: ∫x7+ e2x + xa dx

Solution: ∫x7 dx + ∫e2x dx + ∫xa dx

Example 4: ∫(tanx + sec2x) dx

Solution: log sec x + tan x + c

Integration by parts

We have seen how the differentiation of two different functions can

be done using the product formula. Likewise, in integration, when we
have to integrate the product of two different functions, we use the
‘integration by parts’ rule to solve such functions.
Typically, we follow the ILATE rule for selecting the first and
second functions.

I = Inverse function – sin-1x

 L = Logarithmic function – log x
A = Algebraic function – x, y, z
T = Trigonometric function – sin x, tan x
E = Exponential Function – ax, ex

The formula we use to solve the question of integration by parts is –

The whole operation can be done in simple steps using Vedic

Mathematics.

Procedure:

Write the two functions, one below the other.

Differentiate the first function and write the value adjacent to it.
Integrate the second function and write it in front.
Apply vertical and crosswise operation.
The vertical operation involves the product of the differentiated
and integrated value and will be applied if the integration of the
term can be done easily, or else there will be successive
differentiation of the first term and successive integration of the
second term.
The signs of the product are alternately positive and negative.

In simple words, in the Vedic method, one function is differentiated

until zero is reached and the other function is integrated the same
number of times. Integration by parts is basically the integration of
the product of two functions. One function is differentiated as many
times as needed till the final result comes out to be zero. The second
function is also integrated as many times as needed till the
differentiation is done.
∫uv dx =
u … first function … differentiation … u d
v … second function … integrated value … vi
∫uv dx = uvi – ∫ud.vi dx
Let’s see some examples.

Example 1: ∫x sin x dx

Solution:

∫x sin x dx = – x.cos x – ∫cos x dx

= – x.cos x + sin x + c

Example 2: ∫x4.cosx dx

Solution:

∫ x4.cosx dx = x4 sin x + ∫4x3 sin x dx

Since the second term under integration can be further
integrated, we have to do successive differentiation and integration
of each term.

Hence, = x4.sin x + 4x3cos x – 12x2sin x – 24x. cos x +

∫x4.cosx dx ∫24cos x dx
 = x4.sin x + 4x3cos x – 12x2sin x – 24x.cos x +
24sin x + c

Example 3: Integrate ∫ x3.e2x dx

Solution:

∫x3.e2x dx = x3.e2x/2 – 3x2.e2x/4 + 6x.e2x/8 – ∫e2x dx+c

= x3.e2x/2 – 3x2.e2x/4 + 6x.e2x/8 – ∫× e2x dx+c
x3.e2x/2 – 3x2.e2x/4 + 6x.e2x/8 – 3/8e2x + c

Integration by partial fraction

Integration of rational fractions can be done by using partial

fractions, though solving a question by this method is understood to
be one of the toughest jobs, as it involves a lot of calculations.
However, in Vedic Mathematics, the same operation can be done in
a single step and the answer can be reached in seconds.
Let’s see how the same operation is done in the traditional
method. Assume that we want to evaluate where is a
proper rational function. In partial fractions, there will be
decomposition of the integrand into a small and simpler fraction so
as to reach an answer. Here are a few decompositions of a rational
function.

Form of Rational Function Form of Partial Function

Example 1:

Solution: Let’s solve it first using the method of partial fraction.

where A and B are real numbers. On solving, we get

1 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1)
1= x(A + B) + (2A + B)
Equating the coefficients of equal terms, we get
A + B = 0 and 2A + B = 1
On solving, we get A = 1 and B = 1

On integrating,

Now let’s solve it using the technique of Vedic Mathematics.

First write the two rational functions with denominators as (x +1) and
(x + 2).
Now put the value of each denominator as equal to zero.
If x + 1 = 0 then x = 1 and if x + 2 = 0 then x = 2.
Since the first integration has x + 1 as denominator, put x = 2 in
the first integrable function and x = 1 in the second integrable
function. The result, thus obtained, has to be placed on the
numerator of each integrable function.

Now you can imagine how easy it is to integrate using the Vedic
method. Let me take more few examples.

Example 2:

Solution: First, we need to write as many rational functions as the

denominator has factors.

Since the first rational function has x– 1 in the denominator, put x – 1

= 0, giving x = 1. Put x = 1 in the integrable function omitting x– 1,
and place the result in the numerator.

The second rational function has x– 2 in the denominator, so put x =

2 in the original integrable function omitting x – 2, and place it in the
numerator of the second integrable function.
Example 3:

Solution:

Example 4:

Solution:

Since x2 – 2 = 0 gives x2 = 2, place x2 = 2 in the given rational

function and place the value in the numerator part of the first
integrable function. Don’t forget to omit x2 – 2 from the denominator
as it will make the rational function invalid. Follow the same for the
second integrable function.
Example: ∫sinθ cosθ/(4sinθ – 1) (2sinθ + 1)dθ

Solution: Put sinθ = u

On differentiating with respect to θ, we get Cosθ dθ = du
Hence, the integrable function changes to

Put 4u – 1 = 0 and 2u + 1 = 0 and place the result obtained in the

respective numerators on the right side, omitting the factor in each
rational function integrable so that the denominator doesn’t become
zero.

=1/24 log |4u – 1| + 1/12 log |2u + 1| +c

= 1/24 log |4sinθ – 1| + 1/12 log |4sinθ + 1| +c
I hope you have enjoyed integration by the Vedic method. It saves
your time and the chances of getting it wrong are less as you omit
the tough method of partial fraction practised in schools, and apply
this simple and lucid method to solve even the most cumbersome
integration in a few steps.
 17
Trigonometry

Introduction

In a right-angled triangle, the ratio between two sides is calculated

using trigonometry. The concept of trigonometry is first introduced in
the secondary level, where you are required to find the ratio of two
sides with some given data. Sometimes you find angles between two
consecutive sides.
Do you remember the first day of trigonometry class, when the
teacher wrote:
Some people have curly brown hair turned permanently black?
Here S = Sine, P = Perpendicular, H = Hypotenuse, C= Cosine, B
= Base and T = Tangent
This is remembered in the funniest ways, like:

where Sine of an angle = Perpendicular/Hypotenuse

Cosine of an angle = Base/Hypotenuse
Tangent of an angle = Perpendicular/Base
However, at the senior secondary level, we learn to find the value
of multiple and sub-multiple angles, and in doing so, we are forced to
memorize scores of formulae.
Let me remind you of the following concepts of trigonometry,
which you have learnt at the secondary level. In a right-angled
triangle, ABC, with angle C = 90°, the various trigonometric ratios
are defined as follows:

In the above table, the sides a, b and c are taken as a triple. You
must remember the Pythagoras Theorem, which states: in a right-
angle triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides.
Hypotenuse2 = Perpendicular2 + Base2
c2 = a2 + b2
Do you know that the Pythagoras Theorem was discovered long
before Pythagoras was born? In the Sulva sutra written in the 8th–
6th century BC, you can find references to the Pythagoras Theorem.
Some people credit it to Baudhayana. The ancient mathematician
used to apply deep geometrical concepts, but the purpose of using
geometry was purely pious. While constructing an altar for worship,
they would measure with sulva (rope) and construct an altar in the
shape of right-angled triangles, rectangles, squares, etc.
 Let’s see what the western scholars had to state about the
Pythagoras Theorem.
François-Marie Arouet (1694–1774), better known as Voltaire,
wrote, ‘I am convinced that everything has come down to us from the
banks of the Ganga—astronomy, astrology, spiritualism, etc. It is
very important to note that 2500 years ago at least Pythagoras went
from Samos to the Ganga to learn geometry … But he would
certainly not have undertaken such a strange journey had the
reputation of the Brahmins’ science not been long established in
Europe.’1
Professor H.G. Rawlinson wrote, ‘It is more likely that
Pythagoras was influenced by India than by Egypt. Almost all the
theories, religions, philosophical and mathematical, taught by the
Pythagoreans, were known in India in the sixth century B.C., and the
Pythagoreans, like the Jains and the Buddhists, refrained from the
destruction of life and eating meat and regarded certain vegetables
such as beans as taboo. It seems that the so-called Pythagorean
Theorem of the quadrature of the hypotenuse was already known to
the Indians in the older Vedic times, and thus, before Pythagoras.2
Even in Sulva sutra, you will find references to the triples. The
triple is the relation between all the three sides of a right-angled
triangle. If perpendicular = 3 units, base = 4 units then,

So, (3, 4, 5) is the primary triple. It means all the three sides are
related via a special condition. In order to get faster calculations in
Vedic Mathematics, you need to memorize the Pythagorean triple.
Here is a table to help you.
For more information on geometry during the Vedic period, you could
refer to my book, Mathematics in Religion. To find the value of some
angles, you may refer to my book Maths Made Easy.

Computing trigonometric ratio

Let us suppose you are given the following example to solve.

Example: If tan A = 8/15, find the value of other trigonometric ratios.

The traditional method will use a different formula to arrive at the
result.
cot A = 1/tan A = 15/8
sec2A = 1 + tan2A = 1 + 64/225 = 289/225,
so sec A = 17/15
cos A = 1/sec A = 15/17
sin2A = 1 – cos2A = 1 – 225/289 = 64/289,
so sin A = 8/17
cosec = 1/sin A = 17/8
A
Now let us see how the triple helps us to compute the values of other
trigonometric ratios. From the above table on triples, you can find the
missing triple if:
a=8 b = 15 then c = 17
Now move to the trigonometric table and find the value of other
trigonometric ratios in no time.
sin A = a/c = 8/17
cos A = b/c = 15/17
The other ratios can be easily found, as cosec A is the inverse of
sin A and sec A is the inverse of cos A.
Take another example.
Example: If cosec A = 61/11, find tan A.
By the Pythagorean triple, the third number in the series of 11,
61…is obviously 60.
Since sin A = 1/cosec A = 11/61 = first value/third value
a = 11, c = 61, therefore b = 60
Now from the trigonometric table given above,
tan A = first value/second value = a/b = 11/60
The above examples are enough to prove that the triple method
of Vedic Mathematics is interesting, easy to understand and time-
saving. Now, let us extend the value to twice the angle.

Computing trigonometric ratio of twice the angle (2A)

As discussed above, the triple for angle A is – a, b and c. On

extending the result for twice the angle i.e. 2A, we can find that the
triples for the angle 2A are 2ab, b2 – a2 and c2.
Let us look at an example.
If sin A = 3/5, find tan 2A.
Traditional method:
We have = 1 – sin2A
cos2A
= 1 – 9/25 = 16/25
cos A = 4/5
Moreover,= sin A/cos A
tan A
 So, tan A = 3/4
Hence tan 2A = 2 tan A/1 + tan2A

Now let’s view the problem through the Vedic triple method.
We have sin A = 3/5
Here a = 3 and c = 5, so obviously b = 4 (see triple table).
Now make the triple for twice the angle, i.e. for 2A.
The triples are:

Hence,
tan 2A = 1st value/2nd value = 24/7.

Example: If cos A = 9/41, find cos 2A.

Solution: First find the triple for angle A.

cos A = 2nd value/3rd value = b/c
Hence, the missing triple a = 40.
So we have a = 40, b = 9 and c = 41.
Now the triples for 2A are:

So,
cos 2A = 2nd value/3rd value = 1519/1681.

Computing trigonometric relation for thrice the angle (3A)

We have so far seen the triples for angles A and 2A. Let’s extend it
for 3A to find the value of sin 3A, cos 3A and tan 3A.
 The triples for 3A are:
3ac2 – 4a3, 4b3 – 3bc2 and c3

Example:
If tan A = 7/24, find sin 3A and cos 3A.

Solution: The triple for angle A:

tan A = 7/24 = 1st value/2nd value
Hence, the missing part of the triple = 25 = 3rd value, i.e. a = 7, b
= 24 and c = 25
Let us find the value of the triple for angle 3A.
The triples are:

(For square and cube of a number, refer to the respective

chapters.)
Hence sin 3A = 1st value/3rd value = 11753/15625
cos 3A = 2nd value/3rd value = 10296/15625.

Computing trigonometric relation for half the angle (A/2)

If the triples for the angle A are a, b and c, then the triples for A/2
are:

Example: If sin A = 12/13, find the value of tan A/2.

Solution: We have, sin A = 1st value/3rd value

Here, a = 12, c = 13 therefore from the triple table b = 5.
Now find the triple for A/2.
Hence tan A/2 = 1st value/2nd value = 12/6√13 = 2/√13
Now let us summarize the triple in the given table.

The above table will help you immensely to find the different
trigonometric ratios with ease, and thus save you precious time.
Once you are well equipped with the methods of finding the square
and cube, you can do the calculations involved in sin 3A, cos 2A etc.
quite easily.

Sum of angles using triples

We do have the following two formulas which help us to find the sum
of angles in trigonometry.
sin(A + B) = sin Acos B + cos Asin B
cos(A + B) = cos Acos B – sin Asin B
The main area of concern when using this formula is if we are
given sin A = 8/17 and cos B = 3/5, and asked to find the values of
sin(A + B) and cos(A + B).
We have to first find the values of cos A and sin B and then
substitute in the above formula, and after some calculations we will
be able to get the answer. If you remember the triple then it will
hardly take a minute to find the values of sin(A + B) and cos(A + B).
 If the triple of angle A is x, y, z and triple for B is X, Y and Z, then
the triple for the angle A + B is given by:

This can be better understood using the Dot and Cross method.

Example 1: If sin A = 3/5 and sin B = 8/17, then find the value of
sin(A + B) and cos(A + B).

Solution: Let us first draw the triple table for the angles A and B.

Hence, sin(A + B) = 77/85

cos(A + B) = 36/85

Example 2: If sin A = 7/25 and sin B = 8/17 then find the value of
sin(A + B) and cos(A + B).

Solution: Let us first draw the triple table for the angles A and B.
Hence, sin(A + B) = 297/425
cos(A + B) = 304/425

Difference of angles using triples

If the triple for angle A is x, y, z and triple for B is X, Y and Z then the
triple for the angle A + B is given by:

This can be better understood using the Dot and Cross method.

Example 1: If sin A = 7/25 and sin B = 8/17 then find the value of sin
(A – B) and cos (A – B).

Solution: Let us first draw the triple table for the angles A and B.

Hence, sin(A – B) = – 77/425

 cos(A – B) = 416/425
If a triple has a negative sign then obviously the angle is obtuse.

Example 2: If sin A = 3/5 and sin B = 8/17 then find the value of
sin(A – B) and cos(A – B).

Solution: Let us first draw the triple table for the angles A and B.

Hence, sin(A – B) = 13/85

cos(A – B) = 84/85
Triples are very useful in finding the compound angles (A + B), (A –
B)…and also angles above 90 degrees. Please refer to Maths Made
Easy to study the concept in detail.

1N. Krishnaswamy and Harini Narayan, ‘Observations of the World’s Great Minds
on the Indian Heritage’, The Vedic Way of Life for the First Time Reader, 2014, p
70. http://www.vidyavrikshah.org/THEVEDICWAYOFLIFE.pdf
2‘Mathematics’, Hindu Online,
http://hinduonline.co/FactsAboutHinduism/Mathematics.html
 18
Casting-out-nines Method

Introduction

Casting-out-nines or Navansh method is the most effective tool used

in Vedic Mathematics. Though this is not a foolproof method, it is
certainly the best method to check all the eight fundamental
operations used in mathematics. Here I am talking about addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, square, square root, cube and
cube root. This method in mathematics is also as popular as the
Chinese remainder theorem, but as you all know, the whole world is
indebted to the Indian numeral system. It is not known as to how and
why it was credited to the Chinese. Laplace wrote,

The ingenious method of expressing every possible number

using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value
and an absolute value) emerged in India. The idea seems so
simple nowadays that its significance and profound
importance is no longer appreciated. Its simplicity lies in the
way it facilitated calculation and placed arithmetic foremost
amongst useful inventions. The importance of this invention is
more readily appreciated when one considers that it was
beyond the two greatest men of antiquity, Archimedes and
Apollonius.1

Let me explain why I am a great fan of this method.

The nine numbers placed on the circle are the best example to
understand this method. Look at the circle. Here I have put 9 and 0
side by side. As the name suggests, Casting-out-nines means you
simply have to throw out 9 wherever you get it. It is more interesting
to note that if you sum up the digits of a number, however large it is,
you will always get a single digit sum between 1 and 9. Let’s begin
with a two-digit number.

The digit sums of 2, 11, 20, 29…or 4, 13, 22…or 6, 15, 24… are the
same. This clearly shows that for any number you take, the final sum
is within 1 to 9, if 9 is removed or if 0 and 9 are considered to be the
same for a while.

Example 1:
Find the digit sum of 245681987348729837372723570804.
Solution: First strike out the numbers whose sum is 9.

Here the digit 9, sum of the digits reaching 9 and its multiples 18,
27…etc. have been struck out. Now add the left out digits.
2 + 6 + 4 + 8 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 4 = 50
Digit sum of 50 = 5 + 0 = 5
Hence, digit sum of

Example 2: Find the digit sum of 4379348568219.

Solution: Add all the digits.

The four groups of numbers have the digit sum 9 which need not be
taken into account.
Hence the final sum = digits left out
= 4 + 3 + 8 = 15
Digit sum of 15 = 1 + 5 = 6

Example 3: Find the digit sum of 4780926782.

Solution: Add all the digits.

Digit sum of left out numbers = 4 + 8 + 6 + 8 = 8 as the sum of 4 + 8

+ 6 = 18 is a multiple of 9.
In fact, digit sums 9 and 0 are equivalent, and the nine-point
circle points towards the same. Therefore, you can strike out both 9
and 0 to calculate the digit sum of the given number. In Vedic
Mathematics we have a sutra—Sunyam Sama Samuccaye, which
means when the samuccaye is same, it is zero. This is interesting,
as the digit sum of 456 is the same as 6. The digit sum of 45 is 4 + 5
= 9, so digit sum of 456 is 6.
Let’s see how this method is used to check the fundamental
operations in mathematics.

Checking addition

Example 1: Check if 76 + 88 = 154

Solution: Digit sum of 76 = 7 + 6 = 13; 1 + 3 = 4

Digit sum of 88 = 8 + 8 = 16; 1 + 6 = 7
Digit sum for 76 + 88 = 4 + 7 = 11; 1 + 1 = 2
Digit sum of 154 = 1 + (5 + 4) = 1
Since Digit sum of 76 + 88 ≠ Digit sum of 154
Hence, the addition is incorrect.

Example 2: Check if 47892 + 6256 + 34967 = 89115.

Solution:

Example 3: Check 54987 + 35648 + 35910 = 127545

Solution: First write the digit sum of each of the numbers adjacent
to the number.

Since digit sum of LHS ≠ Digit sum of RHS, the addition is incorrect.
Checking subtraction

Example 1: 645879 – 32589 = 613,290

Solution: Digit sum of 645879 = 3

Since Digit sum of LHS = Digit sum of RHS,

the calculation is right.

Example 2: Check 5896245 – 4597862 = 1296383

Solution: Digit sum of 5896245 = 3

In case you have a negative sign at the end of the operation, add 9
to it to make it positive.
Difference of digit sum = – 2 + 9 = 7
Digit sum of 1296383 = 5
Since Digit sum of LHS = Digit sum of RHS, the answer is wrong.

N.B.: It is not always necessary to convert the negative sign into

positive by adding 9. In the above example, you have seen that 3 – 5
= – 2 can be written as 12 – 5 = 7 or 21 – 5 = 16 and digit sum of 16
=7
Digit sum of 12 = Digit sum of 21 = Digit sum of 30 = 3

Checking multiplication

The method discussed so far is equally applicable for multiplication.

Example 1: Check 123 × 324 = 39852

Solution: Digit sum of 123 = 6

Digit sum of 324 = 0
 Product of digit sum = 6 × 0 = 0
Digit sum of 39852 = 0
Hence, calculation is correct.

Example 2: Check 67589 × 5478 = 370241542

Solution: Digit sum of 67589 = 8

Digit sum of 5478 = 6
Product of digit sum = 8 x 6 = 48 and its digit sum = 3
Digit sum of final result = 3 + 7 + 0 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 5 + 4 + 2 = 1
Since digit sum of LHS ≠ Digit sum of RHS
Therefore, calculation is incorrect.

Checking division

In division you need to learn the basic formula used to check the
answer.
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
Find the digit sum of each of the terms and place it in the formula
to check the final result.

Example 1: Verify 287695 / 3456, Q = 83 and R = 847

Solution:
Here dividend = 287695
Digit sum of dividend = 2 + 8 + 7 +6 + 9 + 5 = 1
Divisor = 3456
Digit sum of divisor = 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 0
Quotient = 83
Digit sum of quotient = 8 + 3 = 2
Remainder = 847
Digit sum of remainder = 8 + 4 + 7 = 1
Putting the digit sum value in the given formulae, we get,
LHS = Digit sum of Dividend = 1
RHS = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
=0×2+1=1
Hence LHS = RHS
Therefore, the result is verified.
Example 2: Check 352 / 13; Q = 27, R = 2

Solution: Dividend = 352

Digit sum of 352 = 1
Divisor = 13
Digit sum of 13 = 4
Quotient = 27
Digit sum of 27 = 0
Remainder = 2
Place these values in the given formula
RHS = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
=4×0+2=2
LHS = Dividend = 1
Since LHS ≠ RHS
Therefore, result is incorrect.

Checking calculations having multiple operations

Example 1: Check 2457 – 1298 + 8761 – 7654 = 2266

Solution: Get the digit sum of each number and place it below the
number to check whether the result obtained on the LHS is the same
as that of the digit sum of the RHS.
Digit sum of 2457 = 0
Digit sum of 1298 = 2
Digit sum of 8761 = 4
Digit sum of 7654 = 4
LHS = 2457 – 1298 + 8761 – 7654
=0–2+4–4=–2
Make the LHS positive by adding 9
Hence the corrected LHS = 7
Digit sum of RHS = 2 + 2 + 6 + 6 = 7
Here, Digit sum of LHS = Digit sum of RHS
Hence, the result is correct.

Example 2: 8294 × 123 – 65321 + 7654 – 82761 = 872080

Digit sum of 8294 = 5
Digit sum of 123 = 6
 Digit sum of 65321 = 8
Digit sum of 7654 = 4
Digit sum of 82761 = 6
LHS = 8294 × 123 – 65321 + 7654 – 82761
= 5 × 6 – 8 + 4 – 6 = 20
Digit sum of LHS = 2
RHS = 872080
Digit sum of 872080 = 7
Since LHS ≠ RHS calculation is incorrect.

Example 3: 12 × 13 + 5698 + 12167 ÷ 23 – 6142 = 241

Solution: In such examples, we need to follow the BODMAS trick

and apply the digit sum method to check the result.
Let’s begin.
DS of 12 = 3
DS of 13 = 4
DS of 5698 = 1
DS of 12167 = 8
DS of 23 = 5
DS of 6142 = 4
DS of 241 = 7
Now place the digit sum at the required place.
LHS = 12 × 13 + 5698 + 12167 ÷ 23 – 6142
=3×4+1+8÷5–4
= 12 + 1 + 1.6 – 4
= 14. 6 – 4 = 10.6
DS of 10.6 = 7
RHS = DS of 241 = 7
Since DS of LHS = DS of RHS calculation is correct.
As the examples suggest, the casting-out-nines method is useful
in checking different operations at a time. The beauty of this method
can be best enjoyed if in a competitive examination, you have four
options with different operations in a single question. Then you can
check the answer with the help of this method and hit the bullseye.
Now where the square/cube of a number is concerned, it is
basically multiplying a particular number by itself, twice or thrice.
 Cube of 12 = 12 × 12 × 12
Square of 12 = 12 × 12
The same digit sum method will be applicable here.

Checking squares

Look at the following table:

The minute observation of the table suggests that the DS of (1, 8),
(2, 7), (3, 6) and (4, 5) are the same. So, you need to remember only
four DS values to check the square calculation.

Example 1: Verify (106)2 = 12336

Solution:
LHS = Digital sum of (106)2 = (1 + 0 + 6)2 = 4
RHS = Digital sum of 12336 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 6 = 7
LHS ≠ RHS
Therefore, the result is incorrect.

Example 2: Verify (938)2 = 879834

Solution:
LHS = Digital sum of (938)2 = (9 + 3 + 8)2 = DS of (11)2 = 4
RHS = Digital sum of 879834 = 8 + 7 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 4 = 3
LHS ≠ RHS
Therefore, the result is incorrect.
The square root can be checked by the reverse process. We
know that (2)2 = √4 but = 2 (taking only the positive sign). So, to
check the square root we need to take the reverse order.

Example 3:
Solution:
DS of 65 = 2
Therefore, the result is correct.
Otherwise, you can change the operation like:
(65)2 = 4225
DS of (65)2 = (2)2 = 4
DS of 4225 = 4
Therefore, the result is correct.

Checking cubes

Look at the following table and notice the pattern.

The digit sums of the cubes of 1, 4 and 7 are the same, similarly the
digit sums of the cubes of 2, 5 and 8 are the same. In the same way,
the digit sums of 3, 6 and 9 are the same.
Let’s understand the fact with some examples.

Example 1: Is (12)3 = 1742?

Solution: DS of 12 is 3
DS of (12)3 = (3)3 = 0
DS of result = 1 + 7 + 4 + 2 = 5
Hence, the result is incorrect.

Example 2: Verify (928)3 = 799168552

Solution:
LHS = Digital sum of (928)2 = (9 + 2 + 8)3 = (10)3 = 1
RHS = Digital sum of 799168552 = 7 + 9 + 9 + 1 + 6 + 8 + 5 + 5
+2=7
LHS ≠ RHS
Therefore the result is incorrect.
 In the same way, you can check the calculations for cube roots.
This is the easiest method for checking the fundamental operation,
so you must keep calculating and checking in order to achieve
proficiency in the Casting-out-nines method.

1H. Eves, Return to Mathematical Circles, Boston: Prindle, Weber and Schmidt,
1988.
 Practice Questions

HCF of Polynomials

Find the HCFs of the following polynomials.

a) 3m3 – 12m2 + 21m – 18 and 6m3 – 30m2 + 60m – 48
b) a3 + 2a2 – 3a and 2a3 + 5a2 – 3a
c) m2+ 9m + 20 and m2 + 13m + 36
d) x3– 9x2+ 23x – 15 and 4x2– 16x + 12
e) 3x3+ 18x2+ 33x + 18 and 3x2+ 13x + 10
f) 2x3+ 2x2+ 2x + 2 and 6x3+ 12x2+ 6x + 12

Differentiation

Find the derivatives of the following.

a) x2cos x
b) sin3x.cos3x
c) (3x + 5) (1 + tan x)
d) (sec x – 1) (sec x + 1)
e) y = (6x2 + 7x)4
f) 2sin (3x + tan(x))
g) Find the first, second, and third derivatives of f(x) = 5x4 – 3x3 +
7x2 – 9x + 2
h) Find the first, second, and third derivatives of y = sin2x

Division of polynomials

1. Divide 6x2 + x – 15 by 2x – 3
2. Divide x3 – 3x2 – 10x + 24 by x – 4
3. Divide 2y3 + 6y2 + 12y + 8 by y + 1
4. Divide x3 + x2 – 8x – 12 by x – 3
 5. Divide a2+ 8 by a + 2
6. Divide 12m2 – m – 17 by 3m + 2

Combined operations

1. 345 × 653 + 234 × 16 – 123 × 54

2. 12346 + 78530 – 4387 – 5297
3. 23 × 67 + 45 × 92 – 34 × 69
4. 23 × 99 + 1052 – 34 × 86
5. 876 + 987321 – 76985 + 1456 × 32 – 341 × 89
6. 192 + 462 – 562 – 172 + 1000

Cubing

Find the cubes of the following using the appropriate Vedic sutra and
check the result by the Casting-out-nines method.

a) 98
b) 23
c) 42
d) 107
e) 992
f) 125
g) 214

Squaring

Find the squares of the following using the appropriate Vedic sutra
and check the result by the Casting-out-nines method.

a) 425
b) 3287
c) 19
d) 291
e) 113
f) 994
g) 37
h) 337
Multiplication of polynomials

a) (2x +3y) × (4x + 7y)

b) (a + 7z) × (2a + 11z)
c) (x2 + 4z) × (9x2 + 7z)
d) (2x2 + 4x + 7) × (x2 + 7x – 9)
e) (5x2 – 9x – 8) × (4x2 – 7x + 8)
f) (7x2 – 6x) × (x2 – 3x + 4)
g) (12x2 – 7x) × (3x + 4)
h) (8x2 + 4) × (7x2 + 2x + 5)
i) (4x + 7y) × (2x + 6y)
j) (2a + 4c) × (a + c)

Casting-out-nines

Verify the following results using Casting-out-nines.

a) 112065 + 360085 + 289872 + 156345 = 918367

b) 4998 + 6789 + 5715 + 4837 + 8976 = 31315
c) 7534 + 2459 + 1932 + 6547 = 16472
d) 37467 + 35647 + 285 + 10085 = 82876
e) 3746735 – 2837546 = 909189
f) 876542 – 32548 – 698547 = 145447
g) 658723 + 154639 – 369847 + 367 = 443882
h) 588 × 512 = 301056
i) 842 × 858 = 722536
j) 966 × 973 = 939918
k) 13579 ÷ 975, Q = 13, R = 904
l) 7238761 ÷ 524, Q = 13184, R = 225
m) 11199171 ÷ 99979, Q = 112, R = 1523
n) 87265 × 32117 = 2802690005
o) 6471 × 6212 = 40197852
p) (207)2 = 42849
q) (2134)2 = 4553856
r) (3247)2 = 10542169
s) (12)3 = 1729
t) (65)3 = 98002

Factorization of cubic polynomials

a) x3 + 13x2 + 31x – 45
b) x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
c) x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
d) y3 – 2y2 – 29y – 42
e) x3 – 10x2 – 53x – 42
f) x3 – 23x2 + 142x – 120
g) y3 – 7y + 6
h) x3 + 9x2 + 24x + 16
i) x3 + 10x2 + 27x + 18

Linear equations

Solve the following:

a) 9x + 9 = 7x + 7

Quadratic equations

Solve the following quadratic equations.

a) (x – 2/x + 2)2 + 6 = 5 (x – 2/x + 2)
b) (7x – 1/x)2 + 3(7x – 1/x) = 18
c) 6(y – 3/2y + 1) + 1 = 5(y – 3/2y + 1)2
d) 1/x – 4 – 1/x – 7 = 11/30
e) x/x + 1 + x + 1/x = 13/6
f) 3/x – 1 – 1/x – 2 – 1/x – 3 = 0
g) 2x – 3/x – 1 – 4(x – 1/2x – 3) = 3
h) x/x + 1 + x + 1/x = 25/12
i) 2x + 3/x + 4(x/2x + 3) = 13/3
j) (2x + 1) + 3/2x + 1 = 4

Harder factor

1. 3x2 + xy – 2y2 – 4xy – yz – zx

2. 2x2 + 2y2 + 5xy + 2x – 5y – 12
3. 6x2 – 8y2 – 6z2 + 2xy + 16yz + 5xz
4. X2 + 3y2 + 2z2 + 4xy + 3xz + 7yz
5. 3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 + 11xz + 7yz + 6z2 + 14x + 8y + 14z + 8

Simultaneous equations

Solve for x and y:

a) 23x + 29y = 42; 46x + 14y = 84
b) 7y – 2x = 5; 8y + 7x = 15
c) 30u + 44v = 10; 40u + 55v = 13
d) 152x – 378y = –74; – 378x + 152y = – 604
e) x + 3y = 6; 2x – 3y = 12
f) x + y = 9; 8x – y = 0
g) 217x + 131y = 913; 131x + 217y = 827
h) 2x + 5y = 13; 2x + 3y = 4
i) 5x + 3y = 19xy; 7x – 2x = 8xy
j) x + y = 63; 3x – 4y = 0

Multiplication

Multiply the following and check the results using the Casting-out-
nines method.
a) 36 × 34
b) 87 × 83
c) 128 × 122
d) 112 × 998
e) 688 × 988
f) 107 × 95
g) 9997 × 9998
h) 252 × 248
i) 148 × 149
j) 506 × 494
k) 2487 × 9999
l) 87904 × 99999
m) 8284 × 99
n) 43427 × 9999
o) 144 × 9999
p) 279 × 331
q) 7628 × 4287
r) 144 × 66

Trigonometry

a) If sin A = 8/17, find the value of the other five trigonometric

ratios
b) If tan A= 9/40, find the value of sin 2A, cos 2A, tan 2A and sec
2A
c) If cos A = 3/5, find the value of sin 3A, cos 3A and tan 3A
d) If sin A = 8/10, find the value of sin A/2, cos A/2 and tan A/2
e) If sin A = 3/5, sin B = 8/17 find sin(A + B), cos(A + B)
f) If sin A = 12/13, sin B = 8/17 find sin(A – B), cos(A – B)

Integration

Integrate the following using the Vedic formula.

1. ∫ x.sinx dx
2. ∫ x.sin3x dx
3. ∫ x2ex dx
4. ∫ x.logx dx
5. ∫ x.sec2 x dx
Determinants

Solve the following.

Coordinate geometry

1. Find the equation of a line passing through (1, 2) and (3, 6).
2. Find the equation of line passing through (3,1) and (9, 1).
3. Find the distance between
a) (2, 3) and (4, 1)
b) (–5, –7) and (–1, 3)
4. Determine the ratio in which the line 2x + y = 4 divides the line
segment joining the point A(2, – 2) and B(3, 7)
5. Find the ratio in which the line segment joins the points (– 3,
10) and (6, – 8) is divided by the point (– 1, 6).
 Answers

HCF of polynomials

a) 3 (m – 2)
b) a (a + 3)
c) m+4
d) x–5
e) 2(x2 + 1)

Differentiation

a) – x2 sin x + 2xcos x
b) – 3 sin4x cos2x + 3cos4x sin2x
c) (3x + 5) sec2x + 3(1 + tan x)
d) 2sec2x tan x
e) 4(12x + 7)(6x2 + 7x)3
f) 2(3 + sec2(x))cos(3x + tan(x))
g) f′(x) = 20x3 – 9x2 + 14x – 9
f′(x) = f(2)(x) = 60x2 + 18x + 14
f′(x) = f(3)(x) = 120x – 18
h) y′ = 2sin xcos x
y′′ = 2cos2x – 2sin2x
y′′′ = – 8 sin xcos x

Division of polynomials

1. 3x + 5
2. x2 + x – 6
3. 2y2 + 4y + 8
4. x2 + 4x + 4
 5. a2 – 2a + 4
6. 4m – 3

Combined operations

1. 222387
2. 81192
3. 2599
4. 10378
5. 9274
6. 52

Cubes

a) 941192
b) 12167
c) 74088
d) 1225043
e) 976191488
f) 1953125
g) 9800344

Squares

a) 180625
b) 10804369
c) 361
d) 84681
e) 12769
f) 988036
g) 1369
h) 113569

Multiplication of polynomials

i) 8x2 + 26xy + 21y2

j) 2a2 + 25az + 77z2
k) 9x4 + 43x2z + 28z2
d) 2x4 + 18x3 + 17x2 + 13x – 63
l) 20x4 – 71x3 + 71x2 – 135x – 64
m) 7x4 + 27x3 + 46x2 – 24x
n) 36x3 + 27x2 – 28x
o) 56x4 + 16x3 + 68x2 + 8x + 26
p) 8x2 + 38xy + 42x2
q) 2a2+ 6ac + 4c2

Casting-out-nines

a) Correct
b) Correct
c) Incorrect
d) Incorrect
e) Correct
f) Correct
g) Correct
h) Correct
i) Incorrect
j) Correct
k) Correct
l) Incorrect
m) Correct
n) Correct
o) Correct
p) Correct
q) Incorrect
r) Incorrect

Factors of cubic polynomials

a) (x – 1) (x + 5) (x + 9)
b) (x – 2) (x – 1) (x + 1)
c) (x – 1) (x + 1)(x – 5)
d) (y + 2) (y + 3) (y – 7)
e) (x + 1) (x + 3) (x – 14)
f) (x – 1) (x – 10) (x – 12)
g) (y – 1) (y + 3) (y – 2)
h) (x + 4) (x + 4) (x + 1)
i) (x + 2) (x + 5) (x + 1)

Linear equations

1. x=–1
2. x = 8½
3. x = 3½
4. x = – 5/12
5. x=–4

Quadratic equations

a) x = – 6, – 4
b) x = 1/4, 1/13
c) x = 4, 13/2
d) x =3, – 1/2
e) x = 2; y = – 3
f) x = 4±√3
g) x = 1/2, 4/3
h) x = 3, – 4
i) x = 3, – 9/2
j) x = 0, 1

Harder factor

1. (x – y – z) (3x – y + 2z)
2. (x + 2y + 3) (2x – y – 4)
3. (2x – 2y + 3z) (3x + 4y – 2z)
4. (x + y + 2z) (x + 3y + z)
5. (x + 2y + 3z + 4) (3x + y + 2z + 2)

Simultaneous equations

a) x = 42/13; y = 0
b) x = 1; y = 1
c) u = 1/5; v = 1/4
d) x = 2; y = 1
e) x = 6; y = 0
f) x = 1; y = 8
g) x = 3; y = 2
h) x = – 19/4; y = 9/2
i x = 1/3; y = 1/2
j) x = 36; y = 27

Multiplication

a) 1224
b) 7221
c) 15616
d) 111776
e) 679744
f) 10165
g) 99950006
h) 62496
i) 22052
j) 249964
k) 24867513
l) 8790372096
m) 820116
n) 424226573
o) 1439856
p) 92349
q) 2701236
r) 13824

Trigonometry

a) cos A = 15/17, tan A = 8/15

b) sin 2A = 720/1681, cos 2A = 1519/1681; tan 2A = 720/1519
c) sin 3A = 236/125; cos 3A = – 117/125; tan 3A = –236/117
d) sin A/2 = √2 /√5; cos A/2 = 2/√5; tan A/2 = 1/√2
e) sin(A + B) = 77/85; cos(A + B) = 36/85
f) sin(A – B) = 140/221; cos(A – B) = 171/221

Integration
 1. – x cos x + sin x + c
2. – 1/3cos3x + 1/9sin 3x +c
3. ex (x2 – 2x + 2) + c
4. 1/2 x2 log x – 1/4 x2 + c
5. x.tan x – log cos x + c
6. log(x – 1) – 5log(x – 2) + 4log(x – 3) + c
7. 4log(x + 2) – 2log(x + 1) + c

Determinants

1. 18
2. 0
3. 0
4. – 12
5. 46

Co-ordinate geometry

1. y = 2x
2) x = 3y
3) 2√2 unit
4) 4√2 unit
5) 2:9
6) 2:7