YARMOUK UNIVERSITY Chaprte5 lgaliaal

Insraction ef Heay charges parkeles

wih Mater
We cheged Parbio
Consider
Heavy" charges Pariele TKat is
o her Than The eleetrn and Positon.

A heavy cheyed porkele traversin Mater koses eneg

Primarily Through The Lonization and
Excitahion of afams-
Heavy chagel Pariele ( HcP) ezerts ElecrsmagnetC
Frces On afomic electrans and imparts energy
to
Them. Sufficient, An electren will be ejected out
or it
an afam and Thus ianie
it, may LeaveKe

atom in an Excies sat.

Heavy charge parhieles Con Trnfer only a Small

iis its
a Single defleshar
frachien its enagy in Collision.
lherefare, Hcp»s Hovel
in Colli Si on almost Negligible.

in a almost shaight Paths in Ma er Lasing energy

i
Conhinvausly

otsmic
Thfough
clecrans.
a Large tt
f Clisions wih
Maximum knergy Transfer in a
Single Collision
Section Calculehe The Marimun energy That
This
In chorge
We
Porkiele Can Lose in Colliding
wih on atomic
a lecron 1
YARMOUA UNIVERSITY
lgalia
Rssunphians

1. HeP Moves rapidly Compart wik The electran and

The Enarg Trans ferned is Bind ing Enrgy of The

elecan in 7Ke atamv.

2 The electnn Can be Can sidered ts be inikally frce

and
Rest, and Tke Colisian is lashc

M V Heas-6n- Glision
Before
Callision
M

Afr Colli sion

Cla ssical APpfoach:

Kinehie Energy and Momentum ae Conserued

The Total
in The Collision

MV M+m (1

and
MV +0 MV + m 2 (2)

2 M
m
CV
V) (3
Then
MV
2 m
M(V-V*
M=
 YARMOUK UNIVERSITY
lgalliaal
2 2 m V V"- M VV

- V Mt N)V M + V =

y - MVV + N-)V-o
(t) Sobe for
m

=(M-m ) y.
Mtm
given by:
The Mayimun Energy Trans fer s herefsre

- MV-MY y
Ma MV-MM-m)2
(Mm)2
2
=MV1- M
(M+m)

My 4M = 4Mm k
Mtm)
(M+m
y
k Mvi
Kineke Enegy The
The Inikal
parkicle.
in ciJent

= 5
uih MeV, 'S
tor -pariole
-24 -3
= 4x
6.644 xlo x9./xo 5 MeV
Moy
(6.644
y10+9.txi53l
.y
5
=5.5XloXKeV
=2.75
Me

3
 YARMOUK UNIVERSITY lgaJliaala
ohich in cludes The relahviske
for a More general Case,

Fffeet, The Marimum Cnergy Tronsfecedy aSingle Clisin

iS
2m V

+27 M +m /M3x/o m/s.

mar

1-
C
Pfoaf
P -
F (1

MoreoUer
+mc
(2) Y +'c'+ mc = Mc+e
T +ma-
(3)
VPC+me"

Heid-on -Glision
m C)- mC 2

(
( c

R P Rm
2 2

+E
2
2
m c)- mc' -2 C
+
(5) =

Mgve over
2 2 Pc+MC+ T-2 T YRe+mc

f 2 RM 6)
2

P
 YARMOUK UNIVERSITY Jgaylia
CamPore Equahon 5 wih quation 6

mc- mc- 2R (T#me-rc"

T
C

F+MC
2 rmc
T+2%
Tmc- AFC 7)

RcV2Tmc TE
(mc + VRCIMC")
2mc
mc
2
+VRCMe' Pc /I+ T
mc T
mC
2
T
"me'VRčie]
2mC Rc (8)
(om
e+PMc-c
Nou
TMc
(c+Mc )= MO
2

2
2

(r-1)Mc" =
5
T 2mc (r+1) M'C"
mc+TMc) - (r*) Mc
2

T-MC+ 27MmC
2
mc+ 2 2

fc* Mc'
T m
'c
MC"
(1-F2mCc +THE2Mmrc"|-

m
f is
2 vey
(Te)
MA(1+ 2
+)
Small

Then
2mrv.
M 0.
(Ta
T5 Ke
MeV (Kinehc
)
for pariele wih Enrgy

T (-1) M. C
,
Me 4m = 4 (1835) me

4 (1835) (o-5u) MeY

5 MeV= (7-1)
Y= 0o133304
1-
'. .1 =0.0o27

V I55 xlo ms

e mA
maz 2x1/x1(1 -16
(l.0«1337)2x(l:55ylo)T

4.37 xl o
T= 2.73 keV

6
 f
Semi Classical Calculaien StoPPing Power

when R Proton travels Through

a Medium it Loses energy
Mainy asa Yesult of Coulomb intractins wih ele etrons
This Tesults in The excision or Tonizahin ar The atans in
The MeJium.

To descrbe Tis energy Loss

faProfon The sofPing Power
is deined. he shPPing Pouwe is dtfhintd as The Energy oss

f
Per unit Lengh JE
Or
Th
d in
Protn Enr39.
.Bohr derived The formula Heavy 1913 far
Charged Particles.

Derivation: Con sider a HcP

chagee havin vela city
VinPerpendicular
Tke
Malfer. Let &be The impact Para mefer or
The dis tance
Tke incident Partiele fram

The electrn ef charge e

+Ze
MV

for
t it
a Hcp it is Legi bimale assume That
Trauels in a struighkt Line
Couloms
The Profon and The elecron exert a

force On Fach oha.

That he eletron is free and Rest.
We hssume

taKes place Sufficiently fast» So

Tke
inerachin
f
That The ksplacenent The electron during The
efachon be Neg leched.
in Can
 ora over
Due to symmetry afound
direchion Y-axis, he average
herefore, ony The
ime in The
- iszero.
y- recbion wil be Rele vat for entrg
forinfer
Trans
The

The Proton Trasfecs +o

t
Momentum That
The electran in The Collision.

K cos Jt

V- =
2kZeb
V J
Jr
secu
b tanu dar =b Ju

J bsec'udu Sinu + Constant

secu

Sin u -1
2Zb 2Ze
The Energy Tans ferred in The Collision is:

2Kze for a Profon

of
Vm IS Me Ene«gy:

MV
-13
15x1.6xla
x7lo
= -27
J
V'= 29 xlo ms IS SuPpese b= lo n

Q2x fx1o)x(0x (16xo ' -23

.06xlo
(lo x1)x 2.1 X16 5x (1.M) =2. 5Vxlo.V.
J 8
 cens iby
when a Proton Travels Thraugha Medium wilh an eleebron

ofneleetrons pe unit vdume The profrn will Trnsfe

Momen fum to al Sueunding ceebrons

s elechrons a disfan
at
he
Trans ferred The
enry
Profn has traueles a
om6to b+ db when
Ranging 7he

dis tonce J is:

- dE=
Tb Jb
Volume
d n
b)
l
6
Volune =(T (b+J6) - rb*)
= 3tb Jb Jr (JL-~o

StoPping Power a Prsn ar HeP in gentral

The

a Unifarm Medium how 9 iuen by:

b

2TJ
max

ge) bdbb
ze
bmin

J
maL
2

4Tn
bmi

bmin
be

Maximun Value af The

impact Parame
tr Can

The prin Ciple That a uonfun

eskmated ren The phy sicol

ransikon is ikely only when The Passage fThe chuge!

perisd
Perhiele
ele is ropid CamPared
wlh The
of Moion
Parh
eleeran. Sulden Colli sion
The amie T
peroied
 inmpact Paramefer, he parhcles' Pasihons
tor The minimun
Jistance arge as
remain
emain Seperohed by a Dmin at Last as
uring The Collision
Their de Braglie vouelenghs
Aar
Lothkr, The eketrn has a

n
In ThRert freme
TKe
= to
Moves APPazimaky
de Brag lie 2wave Lengh Since it
meV
The HeP
wil spel Y Relabive

min mV

Thus
meV
Power
Semiclassical formula tor shping

The Maximun and Minimum imPact

Fample: Calculae
8-MeY profsn.
for an
fo
elechonic callisiens
Para mefers
esimae The or bitml fre
quency
f, assume Tkat it is
To
elechran in
The greund
about The Same as That
The
she He ion

Soluien
h
brin

8 MeV
C

(135)f (o:51 MeV)

3:92 xlo
- 0.ol7

- o13o6 Pc =
-34
6. 63 xlo o. 186 A
-92 x lo?
9-
x1x3
 max
2.19X 1o x
x/6" /2
Hz
2TT 2T X 5.29

J 2. 636xlo Hz

-9
= 3.92 x lom/s1.49xlo m =
4-9 A.
max
2.63 6 x16' /s
The Bethe farmula for shpping
Power
Energies up to afpraxima
SinCeherapeutic Protans have

at rela tiviske Sperls and The

250 MeV, They Trevel
aboue non relafivistic
Cample Hely valid. But
Semi cassical for
it does give a
mula

goad
is kt
insig
Not

in The physics behind shriny Pouer

Befhe
The Lintar Stopping Pouwer
Medum
is giden by 7ke

formulo,

EEKZe" 2,- f
2
|
In
I(1-
The MeJium
Energy of

In
Mean Ex citahon
electrons Per unit
Volame in lhe
Number of
MeJium
Number of The Heavy Par hele
The Ahmic

The Particle is
IS
aSSumes That
The deridahon
charge and The in cileat
Parkiole is undefleefes
Point
during Tke Collision
2which is not Cerrec tor an
Parkcles exchange
Elechon and for Tdenhical
Phenomenen Must be Cansidesed.

yTZe'n = 8. 12 x lo
leV
42
8.12 x o Zn 6X1o19
R2

-25 -3
xlo
Me
5. o8 x10 S08
Cm

6
1:022 X lo eV
(o.5l)M:V=
2me C2 2
-3
JE S.o8xlo I.2X1d Me
(-
Cm
Te
Henuy chorged Parkice
his general fornula for any

Meium Can be Writen

in dny
-3
InIoy MeY
E 5.o8x1o - Cm

" . P) -
FP =
-
I: This is a Wughk Avrage
all Passible Eneray

Trons fers ffom The inCaminy Parhcle to an electra

incudes excihaiens as well as

The Mesiun. it
iornizahions.
II be also Measures in kepeimeats.
Can
19.oe z ='
I (1.2 11-77):V 2Zs13 Enpiri cal

(528+ 8.71Z)eV z>B fo rmulas

The Bragg Rdibviy Rule

a Campound Can be found
The Mean Lonižation entr9yf
2wih The Brag9 AJJihvity Rule.
Tkat every Element
Can be Jerive
from The fact
Cerfain amourt of electrons per unit Valume
Can hi bules a
LaniEakon

t
The Compound, whieh Have a Certain
element has a antribution
nerg. herefere, Eery
to The spping Pouler

-JE nCemfound
G(C - h ar
where,
-3
C 5.08xlo

JE eltmeat - e lement
)

all elements Tkat Tke

.he Summathon S over

Compound Contains.
nelemtat ln ekmeat
empou
ampoun

3
 n: a Eleceren densiy
The Compound

n; echron densi
tyf The element

nI = N.Z h
I /ZN.z
N # f
atrms
/
Cm

Number.
k Te Rtmic
Cal culake The Mcan Excitnton energy
fH.O
for
fo O
H
=o= H
19eV, Z-l
I12 + 1.7 (8) = l64.8 V,Z-8.
In lo4.8)
(2)01) ln19+()8)
I
In
= (1) + (1)(8)
2)
4.312
>I= 74.6 eV

Ni on be Replacel The elecren numbers in

a Single Molecule why?

I f
alue dir ? Assume ComPasi hon
EX ample: What is The
purt Q by Volune.
N to
f N: ly t l17(7) e Z=4.
1
4 Perh
13.1
for =
l-2 =
h 14.9
1)(2 8)

IM2) (7)In 93./ +

(4)(2) 7) +( 1)(2) (8)

=
4.5516
I= 15.5 eV.
14
Exemple Defermine
F() for a 5Me deueran .

m 3. 3436
Xl 2 Ka
M fc
-13
5x1-6x1o=3.396 xlo
C
-3

=5n (lezxio P) 32 xX/0

F - =

8.6
What is The stopping Powes ef Wafer p a SMeV
Jeuron ?

Leths find n for Watu

13
n =d]Cn
23
6. 02 xIo wafer .o wWa ter

89 2
24

3.34 lo X Cr
3
3.34 XI16 /m

l *f
Malecule
The elechrons Per H0

doe
JE
5.
-3
08xlo 3.34
xloF -4.312 MeV
Cn

. 17
2 f() - 4.2/2 MeCm

8.6-4.312=/37.a2 Me
2

o-7 (1) Cm
5.32 Xlo

15
Eanple: Calculafe F () for a 52 MV praton.

T-(Y-1)M, 52 MeV
=
(r-1) 15s (o5l) MeV
0555
=
o. 1023.
= (lo5s5

FP)h h62 x1o B

1-
) -I1.561.
Use Table to obtin F<p) by Inkrpelabien
5.2

Table 5.2 Data for Computation of Stopping Power for Heavy Charged Particles

Proton Kinetic
Energy FB)
(Mev) Eq. (5.34)

0,01 0.000021 2.179

0.02 0.000043 3.775
0.000085 4.468
0.06 0.000128 4.873
0.08 0.000171 5.161
0.10 0.000213 5.384
0.220 0.000426 6.077
0.440 0.000852 6.771
0.60 0.001278 7.175
0.80 0.001703 7.462
1.00 0.002129 7.685
2.00 0.004252 8.376
4.00 0.008476 9.066
6.00 0.01267 9.469
8.00 0.01685 9.753
10.00 0.02099 9.972
20.00 0.04133 10.65
40.00 0.08014 11.32
60.0 0.1166 11.70
80.00 0.1510 1.96
100.0 .1834 12.16
200.0 0.3205 12.77
400.0 0.5086 13.36
600.0 0.6281 13.73
800.0 0.7088 14.02
1000. 0.7658 14.26

E (Mev)
40 Il 32
5% Fe)
6o I170
16
 60-Ho 1.70 32
-38
-

60-52 1 40 F(P) I1-70-FCA)

1.
Use
F0
-F)
Table 5-2 to
o. l52

obfain
Fe)- II. 548.
F(8) for t-Porticle wih
T 2o MeV.
uanh hes B nd FP) for proran
2
he ase given of
Jarious energies
in able 5.2. Sin Ce,for a given Ualue

fto PTh
ib Rest Mass
Kinthic encgy
of a par icle is proporhional

M
Mp 4 20MeVSMeV
T (MeV) FB) 4
4 9.o66
5 FCe)
6
9.469

6 49.969-9.066 1:268
Fcp)=
5
9. 46
6
FA)

f Lucik (f=l/12)
The shpring Poucr
cample Eskimale 3
Cr
Cs H O
tor a 35-MeV protn
Soluhion
MeV=(7-1) (1835)o-5l Md
T =
(r-1) C Mp 35
o373
17
 -1--' (1. a373 =

.
0.0fot.

F)-In 1- P-P 19.

2
l-02x10

Lels Calculae
nI8l.y n lg+
ln lo9.8
In
I- 5 (6)ln + &() 2 (8)

5 (6) + s (1)
t2 (8)

4.2587 29

6.02 x}u x1.13x54=3-97X)o/m

23
(Electnn density)
n =

JE
d
S.
8 3x10
F)-h yMa Cm

21
-3 25 87| Me
08 x10()x3-87xlo1.19 4.
5. O. 0f o7 C
MeV
19.3
Cm

Mass stpping Pouer

(
The Mass sthpping amatrial is abtain ed by

Jiiing The shpping Power by he densiy

P
Com on nit MeV.m
Mass stopping Power doer nst Jiffer 3 reat ly
ComPasihion.
Materials wih Similar atamic
fo

18
b

f
SepPing Pour Wafer

N
 Kange
along
Definiton; Tofal diskane traversal by Th parficle
is track
til its velacity becames Zero.

R T) =

.JE -3 TerM-
Jar
S.oFxlo [FR - h

RT) JE whece

Gp
Tnf.
G)1f = 5. of xls
Medium
rFP)
Watr
is
- h

it
The
Jepends
- 4.312
Fr
and
o.17
G)
on B
B2
only

E TMe =
M VI-P
(1-#)* (-2)P
312
JE Me

JE M 3t) JF

R) =
G()
The ial velociyof Tk
fpHeavy
depends only on ini

chrged Parhick.

20
teasily Jiferent
follous That The Range
oftuo
types of Porkcles
ith The Same spel Sathsf The

fllowing Relatianship:
R (P

Table 5.3 Mass Stopping Power dE/pdr and Range R, for Protons in Water

Kinetic Energy
dE/pdx Rp
(MeV) (MeV cm g) (g cm2

0.01 .000021 500. 3x 10

0.04 .000085 860. 6x 103
0.05 000107 910. 7x 103
0.08 .000171 920. 9x 10-5
1x
0.10 000213 910. 10
0.50 .001065 428. 8x 10
1.00 002129 270. 0.002
2.00 004252 162 0.007
4.00 008476 95.4 0.023
6.00 01267 69.3 0.047
8.00 01685 55.0 0.079
10.0 02099 45.9 0.118
12.0 .02511 39.5 0.168
14.0 02920 34.9 0.217
16.0 03327 31.3 0.280
18.0 .03731 28.5 0.342
20.0 04133 26.1 0.418
25.0 .05126 21.8 0.623
30.0 06104 18.7 0.864
35.0 07066 16.5 1.14
40.0 08014 14.9 1.46
45.0 08948 13.5 1.80
5o.0 09867 12.4 2.18
60.0 .1166 10.8 3.03
70.0 .1341 9.55 4.00
80.0 .1510 8.62 5.08
90.0 .1675 7.88 6.27
100. .1834 .28 7.57
150. 2568 5.44 15.5
200. .3207 4.49 25.5
300. 4260 3.52 50.6
400 .5086 3.02 80.9
500. 5746 2.74 115.
600. 6281 2.55 152.
700. 6721 2.42 192.
800. .7088 2.33 234.
900 .7396 2.26 277.
1000. 7658 2.21 321.
2000. 8981 2.05 795.
4000. 9639 2.09 1780.

R2ln) = Cm)

21
 EXample!
30-5
MeV
Considertwo Particles
-Paricle. What ave
a Tke
1.2 MeV profon and
ranges af Thase
a
Porhcles in Wa fer P

Using Table 5.3:

Enehic EnergyMeV) Kp (2/cn)
1 O 0o2

12
2 0.007

2-
2-1-2
O004-O.002
o-007-Rp
o.o04
.25
007 Kp
Kp = o.00 3 /Cm
rangt af
Relahion for Tenge
for -Parkelegoing : Tke
Sperd.
two Parieles af The Same

K M
M
R for The Same

More over

47-3
7-625
To Me = MeV
Mp Same
P
This is
T enu9y
eheof Range
Proon Thot is 3oing

Tht fTk-Perhicle
to Hae The Some

wih ener9 7.625 MeV"

R2
Using Inpolation Again

Kinehc
Egy (MeV)| 3/a«)
6 o.047
T625
o.077

8-6
8-7. 625
= 0.07?-0.047
049K 3/em
5.33 =
. 03
o.671 Rp
Re.
R o73 =

Xemple: Deermine The Minimun ener9 hata proten

The Appratima e
Peae trak 30 Cm of Tissue,
Must have to
body.
ThicKness The hunan

30 Cm R,(2/) = PC)
Rlen). Pclc)
3/cn
=30 Cm
1 3/cm
=
3o

Kinehic Energy (MeV

Rp
3/cn)
200 5.5
30
300 S0.6

300-
300
200 506-2S.5
S0.6 30 . 22

p27.93 MeV
MeV

218

23
Rample:
af
Wrik a formula That gises
a giuen Velo city in terns
f
The
The Ranqe

Range
af
a 1t
a proton
at Tkat velocify

m 2.4883X 1O-
+1
28
K
-28
24853 X

149
)

Ke
4)for The
Sant
o.

f4
EXanple: What is
A) The Range MV -prhek
in Tissut P

Ra=Rp for The Same

Me
=1
4
=
4 MeV
4
trom Tabe 5.3 p = K =
O. 002 2/cm
1a/cn
=
0.002 Cm
=
B)iny K Pos uee er (R), eshinae The Ranye

in Cn in Rir at STP P
Air
1293 Kglm

ff ai,
TKe afomic Cemposihon Tissue is not
Effehve
much Jisfereat fon That Then
Very
D R
Ri Tisue Tisue

O. 00X Cm X 000=
293
.55 n
I.6Cm
24
 MUSCLE

ONE

ELECTRONS
Pb
BONE
MUSCLE,H0 ALPHA PARTICLES
PROTONS
PD
PD BONE
BONE MUSCLE.F20
MUSCLE.M20

02

ENERGY (Mev)

The figue abave shoss The Rang es in g/Gr

Profons alpha Parbieles, and elechans in Waper or

Mus cle ( Virt volly Te Same) bane, and Lead.

o or a giuen Profen or alpha energ, The Range

in Can is g reafer in P Than in

HaO, 4nsiske
wih Th Sma ller Mass shp?ieg Pouer
pb.
For elechans The Ronge Jeviaes frem he
havier eney
previous at ele ctran
2 MeV
be

The
due
to fact op cominahion
of Radiahen

Teracian.
25