CHAPTER 5

THE INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Alfred Adler (1870-1937).

Introduction
 In his own theory of individual psychology Adler Stressed the unique of individuals
behavior which, for him, is shaped by interaction with the environment, rather than
ascribing behavior to unconscious universal biological drives whose satisfaction is in
a consistent conflict with the norms of society.
 It is not clear why he chose the name individual psychology. His intention was
probably to emphasize that individuals themselves have the ability to decide on their
own life goals and organize their lives accordingly.
 Another possible reason why he chose the name individual psychology is to
emphasize the uniqueness of each person and the holistic nature of human
functioning.
 It is important to understand the three phases can be distinguished in the historical
development of his theory.
 First, Adler did not deviate from Freud's psychoanalytical framework; he expanded on
the theory. Adler’s view gradually became more human orientated mainly because he
did not agree with fraud that humans are motivated basically by their sexual drive.
 During the second phase, he put forward the view that what motivates humans is
‘striving for power’ to overcome ‘feelings of inferiority’.
 During the third phase, his theory aligned more closely with a person-oriented
framework.
 This theory places greater importance on psychological factors and the fact that a
person is free to make choices, rather than with deterministic view that human
behavior is determined by biological and other deterministic factors.
 Adler I believe too that his pursuit to become a complete human being which he
called the quest of superiority or perfection, it's what drives human behavior.

The view of the person underlying the theory

 Adler’s view of the person is holistic, meaning he believes that the individual
functions as a whole in that a proper understanding of personality can never be
achieved by studying components of personality separately.
 One of the implications of this holistic view of the person is that most of the concepts
best regarded are it as attempts to describe human functioning as a whole.
 Adler’s adheres more to a teleological vantage point in explaining human behavior,
because he sees the person functioning as driving towards a goal in a purposeful way.
 The striving for superiority is overriding goal of all human functioning. this striving is
expressed in two ways, for example to serve the individual as a striving for power or
to serve society as a striving for the well-being of society or social interest.
 Furthermore, each person works out hit this central goal in his or her own way and
strives towards that goal by his or her own methods. says each person twist certain
extent determines his or her own lifestyle.
  This teleological position, in other words, the idea that behavior is goal-directed, it is
formalized by Adler in his idea of fictional finalism.
 According to this principle the individual’s goals are fictions; they do not really exist
because they are created by the individual. However, they do determined behavior in
the sense that the individual’s behavior is directed towards achieving these goals.
 The principle of fictional finalism thrust implies that human beings have considerable
freedom in determining their own destinies.

 I felt the basic idea embedded in Adler’s view of the goal directedness of behavior is
that the individual is naturally appeared toward attaining superior to or perfection,
although each individual creates his or her own specific goals.
 Adler viewed an individual as becoming other than who he or she is by overcoming
real or imagined inferiorities. The striving towards superiority there's a tendency to
compensate for one's own weaknesses; to become more than once potential
determines. Adler seems to have an idealist version of development.
 Adler views the person as ‘master of his own destiny’ in determining his or her own
lifestyle according to his or her own ‘fictious goals’, his position is closer to the
views of the person-oriented approaches than the deterministic and mechanistic
positions of psychoanalysis and behaviourism.
 Although Adler acknowledges constitutional and environmental factors, he sees these
factors as being subordinate to individuals call directiveness and their creative ability
to identify their own goals.
 Adler’s approached me therefore be described as teleological and person-orientated.

The structure of the personality.

 Here personality is seen as a whole that functions to achieve self-determined goals
and does not distinguish between specific components of personality.
 Here the conception of the structure of personality is that the individual has certain
constitutional attributes and the creative self.
 These two, in interaction with the social environment, determine how individuals will
develop and the course they will strive for (in other words, their lifestyles)
1. Constitutional attributes
 According to Adler, each individual is born with a set of genetically determined
attributes, but they are not decisive in determining the direction and nature of the
individuals development.
 The constitutional attributes are merely a potential which in interaction with
environmental factors and the creative self, play a role in human development.
 The most important aspects of peoples constitutions are the physical or organic
weaknesses they are born with or which they acquire.
 Individuals compensate for this perceived inferiority in that their creative self enables
each individual to create his or her own ways of compensating.
2. Social environment
  Adler believes that a general feeling of inferiority develops because of a child's
first social interaction.
 This feeling of inferiority is ever present throughout life; it starts from the
beginning when an infant is more in totally dependent upon adults for survival.
 The infant develops feelings of inferiority, comparing his or her dependency and
smallness to the strength and largeness of the parents in the social environment.
Adler believes ‘to be a human means to feel once inferior’.
 These feelings of inferiority are not genetically determined- it is rather a function
of the infant small constitution in interaction with the social environment.
 This interaction is characterized by the infants inferior feelings of helplessness
and dependency on their parents as grownups.
 According to Adler, all growth and development result from the individuals
attempt to compensate for this feeling of inferiority and to strive for superiority.
3. The creative self
 Here he wanted to emphasize that human beings have the ability to be creative in
forming their own life goals and in planning how to achieve them.
 One should not, however, view the creative self as a structural part of the
personality, but rather as a capability of the whole person.
 He stresses that individuals are not at the mercy of circumstances and that they
have the ability to interpret their circumstances and potential and use them in a
creative way.
 He therefore, doesn't see a person's constitution and social circumstances as
limiting the individuals development in a definitive or deterministic way.
 The individuals ability to formulate life goals and the method to achieve them are
part of the creative self.
 Goals and means however are not an automatic outcome of constitutional and
environmental factors. Individuals create their own goals and methods, inability
that makes human behavior unpredictable in principle, unless one has a thorough
knowledge of the person's self-chosen goals and the means he or she uses to
achieve them (in other words, the person's lifestyle).
4. The lifestyle
 Although it is the basic tendency of all human beings to compensate for feelings
of inferiority and to strive for superiority, each person established his or her own
specific goals in life and uses his or her own methods to reach them, this is what
Adler calls the individual’s lifestyle.
 Although Adler maintains that people all develop their own, unique styles, he
distinguished four characteristic types of lifestyles namely:
 The active-constructive type: this type of lifestyle usually develops in a family
atmosphere where the predominant spirit is one of co-operation, trust, and respect.
It is marked by optimism and a positive, supportive, community-oriented
approach to problem solving. People with this kind of lifestyle tend to set goals
that serve the community, and are often ambitious and active in their striving
towards successful achievement of their goals. because of this, they are often
community leaders.
  The passive-constructive type: People with this kind of lifestyle are also inclined
to adopt community-oriented goals, but prefer to pursue them in a passive way by
relying on other people to take initiative. Such people are therefore likely to be
friendly and charming but somewhat lacking independence and enterprise .
 The active-destructive type: people with this lifestyle have a propensity for goals
that are more selfish and that could disadvantage society. they work actively
towards fulfilling their goals and are often power seeking individuals who might
even exhibit antisocial behavior.
 the passive-destructive type : someone with this kind of lifestyle is as likely to be
antisocial, but tends to be lazy and passively aggressive. such a person also strives
towards selfish or antisocial goals, but in a relatively passive way.

The dynamics of the personality

1. The development of a lifestyle
 Although Adler does not distinguish between formal stages of development it is clear
that he regards the first five years as being of cardinal importance.
 In the first five years the prototype of the individuals lifestyle is formed, and this play
a determining role in the individuals development for the rest of his or her life, and
cannot easily be changed.
 Adler beliefs that adolescence, maturity, and old age, are simply new situations in
which existing traits, which have already developed as the basic lifestyles are
expressed and tested.
 This phases might create the opportunity for change when individuals perceive that,
for some reason their lifestyles I'm not functional.
 Rather than demarcating Developmental stages, Adler emphasizes certain problems
confronting the individual at specific age level . he believes that problems can all be
grouped into three categories namely occupational, social, and sexual.
2. Factors influencing development.
 Adler acknowledges the influence of constitutional and environmental factors in the
development of the individual, but he regards the individual creative reaction to these
influences as the most important determining factor.
 Constitutional factors and the creative self: Adler inherited physical characteristics
and ability as being secondary to the way in which individual use their abilities and
weaknesses. What is important to him is what the person does with these inherited
characteristics and abilities in shaping a unique individual lifestyle.
 First he acknowledges the influence of constitutional factors such as organ
inferiorities and other weaknesses on development, but not and it deterministic sense,
because individuals possesses the creative abilities to invent their own manner of
compensation in determining their own development to a great extent.
 The social environment and the creative self: when it comes to influence of the
social environment and development Adler still holds the same non deterministic
point of view.
 According to him, the social environment may elicit a certain response to a situation,
but this response is not determined by the experience itself, but what a person makes
of their experience and their meaning he or she attaches to the experience.
 Against the background of this non-deterministic stance, Adler regards the growing
child’s entire social environment as an important influence on his or her development.
 He pays attention to the family constellation, meaning, the relationships between
family members and more specifically their relative status of individual members
within the family.
 He focuses particularly on the influence of birth order on the development of children.

 Adler holds that there are certain roles and behavior pattern associated with birth
order position which give rise to typical personality traits in all children occupy a
particular position in the family constellation.
 he focuses on three positions namely;
 The first-born child usually receives a great deal of attention and gives a happy and
secure existence until the 2nd child is born.
 Eldest children tend to experience the sudden change in their position that occurs with
the birth of her second child, and the decreased attention they receive as if shock and
‘dethronement’.
 They often develop a grudge against the parents and they use sibling. the anteverted
love and attention must now be shared, and no one can expect the oldest to suffer such
a drastic loss and displacement without putting up a fight . The older at first- born is
when the next child appears the list sense of dethronement he or she experiences .
 According to Adler these experiences have certain influences on the adult personality.
 He found that first bonds are often orientated towards the past, nostalgic about past
experiences and pessimistic about the future.
 They take a keen interest in the maintenance of order and authority. as adults there are
Conscientious and Meticulous about detail, perfectionists and reflect conservative in
and authoritarian attitudes. I'd love found that perverts, criminals, and your neurotics I
often firstborns.
 Second born child has to compete with the elders from the beginning. This acts as a
strong stimulus to his or her striving for superiority, often manifesting itself as a
striving for power.
 This is why the second oldest turn often have a strong need for achievement. because
the second child is born in an atmosphere of competition he or she will also never
experience the shock of the ‘dethronement’ like the eldest child.
 I found that the second child is optimistic about the future, highly competitive,
ambitious, and usually an achiever.
 However, a problem may arise if the second born feels that he or she is fighting a
losing battle and may never surpass the older one so he or she gives up trying.
 Then none of the above mentioned characteristics become part of the second bonds
lifestyle , and he or she remains an underachiever.
 The youngest child has the advantage of never having to experience they shock off
dethronement by a younger sibling. However, young children may be subjected to the
 negative influence of being spoiled and pampered by the whole family, with the result
that they often retain their helplessness and prevented from developing independence.
 I'm accustomed to striving and struggling because he or she is used to being cared for
by others, the youngest child will find it difficult to cope with the problems and
adjustments of adulthood.
 Youngest siblings children are therefore inclined to develop a dependent personality
or ,in other words, a passive lifestyle.
 The individuals creative contribution: It is now clear that Adler distinguishes between
3 developmental determinants namely physiological, factors environmental factors,
and the free choice of the individual.
 Adler points out that the tendency of psychologists to dwell on the first two of these
influences can blind them two the creative contribution of individuals to their own
development.
 If they could not determine that some influence had been inherited, They would assess
it as being an environmental influence, and vice versa, ignoring the individual’s
creative contribution.

Optimal development
 As seen, for Adler, the individual’s essential quest is to overcome his or her inferiority
and to strive for superiority and perfection.
 From his description of the different lifestyles, it is clear that idler regards the active-
construction lifestyle as the most appropriate for achieving the human basic course of
superiority and perfection.
 A closer analysis of Adler's description of this overriding quest yields additional
insight into his ideas about optimal human development.
 The peak of the striving, according to Adler, is reached when the individual not only
strives for perfection of the self (in an egocentric way) but places that striving at the
service of society.
 This tendency is regarded as what he calls the social interest of the individual, And he
considers it the cornerstone of mental health.
 Indeed, he argues that only a person with a well developed social interest can truly be
regarded as mentally healthy.
 Social interest can be viewed as a parameter for a child normality. An increase in
social interest improves mental functioning as a social function, thereby increasing a
child sense of self-worth.
 It gives a child, and later on grown up, confidence in doing something for society.
Individuals with a well developed sense of social interest feel comfortable with their
lives because they enjoy the same benefits as others in Society; they feel valuable
because they address feelings of inadequacy experienced by others in society, instead
of focusing on their own personal feelings of inadequacy.
 Social interest implies more than just empathy with other people. It can extend in
space and time to include not only animals, plants, and lifeless objects, but ultimately
the whole cosmos.
  Adler Sometimes describe this is a cosmic interest in the feeling of harmony with the
universe.
 He sees this expanded form of social interest as a striving to reach the ultimate goal of
human evolution of a perfect all encompassing community.
 Adler’s theoretical framework, the optimally develop person is there for someone who
has a widely expanded social interest and empathy with other people and who feels
united with the present and future worlds as a whole.
 Social interest includes characteristics such as love of one’s neighbor, awareness of
the environment, and involvement in the future of the world.
 Although the ideal might appear to be unattainable, we should not lose sight of
Adler’s concept of fictional finalism.
 Even though the ideals that people hold may be fictions they can still strive for the
fulfillment of these ideals as if they were attainable. In this way a mechanism for self
enhancement is established.

Views on psychopathology.
 Adler regards social interest as the cornerstone of mental health, therefore, he sees
psychopathology as being rooted in a lack of social interest and an excessive
preoccupation the self.
 For him, the common characteristics of all mentally ill people is that they think only
of themselves in their own problems and are not able to engage in interaction with
others.
 This selfishness and lack of social interest manifest itself in an inferiority complex or
a superiority complex.
 He sees no essential difference between mental health and psychopathology. The
mentally healthy person is simply more successful at dealing with life problems than
the neurotic person while the psychotic fails totally to cope with life.
 As a result of their self involvement neurotics do not succeed in solving life’s major
problems. They develop various inefficient coping strategies that are, as a rule,
characterized by the habit of offering excuses for their failures.
 Neurotic people tried to create the impression that they could have solved their
problems if circumstances had been more favorable or if other people had not
somehow prevented them from doing so.
 To a large extent modern society must be held responsible for the origin of
psychopathology. It emphasizes on competition and status and the pressure on
children to achieve from an early age is the cause of widespread insecurity and fear.
 It is the start of oneself, expressed in a feeling of inadequacy and inferiority, Richard
stricts our social interest and which is at the root of all maladjustment and
psychopathology.

Implications and applications

 The central tenant of Adler’s theory (that each person is ultimately responsible for
determining his or her own life) Should be borne in mind when considering the
implication of the theory for practical aspects of life.
 The general tendency of Adler’s influences is clearly connected to his emphasis on
peoples essential freedom of choice and on how they interpret the circumstances in
which they find themselves.
 What are the implications of Adler’s theory for education, psychotherapy,
measurement, research and the interpretation and handling of aggression?
 Although this theory has implication for just about every aspect of life and for all
work, which involves dealing with people, few modern psychological methods and
techniques are linked to this theory.
 They are, however,Many modern educational methods and psychotherapeutic
techniques that have been influenced either directly or indirectly by this theory. Some
examples of practical application of his theory full below.
1. EDUCATION
 This theory had great influence on education especially in Austria. He played an
important role in establishing the first child guidance clinics, geared in particular
towards dealing with so called ‘problem children’.
 In trying to understand so-called problem children, Adler emphasized the joint
responsibility between parents and their children for their children's behavior.
 Adler’s view and emphasis on people’s ability to decide and determine their own
actions and to use circumstances creatively was an important feature of the work in
this clinics.
2. Psychotherapy
 At La is often described as a depth psychology his therapeutic techniques are not
typical of depth psychology. He did not really try to solve deep, and conscious
problems, he tried instead to appeal to the clients insight and social interest.
 To do this he often used ordinary common sense and good human relationship. His
therapy is based on the premise that the symptoms of the mentally ill are the results of
a defective lifestyle.
 The therapist goal is, therefore, to win his clients confidence and help him or her to
gain insight into and ineffective lifestyle
 Then, by process of re education the therapist tries to help the client to develop a more
effective lifestyle. To achieve this, the therapists depends on the client’s inherent
social interest, which the therapist tries to stimulate by showing a genuine interest in
the client.
 In this way the client hopefully experiences contact with at least one other person.
This contact can act as a stimulus for the growth of the clients social interest, a
characteristic that Adler regards as a natural tendency of every person, that is, to be
interested in the environment and his or her fellow human beings.
 Although he did not develop any sensationally new therapeutic techniques, he was
one of the first therapists to involve parents, teachers and siblings in the treatment of
problem children based on his proposition regarding social interests.
 This innovation impacted on the theory and practice of psychotherapy, stimulating the
emergency of group therapy, play therapy and art therapy, and also to family therapy,
community psychiatry and action therapy.
 Adler was thoroughly aware of clients attempt to manipulate the therapist, and was
extremely resourceful in his use of interpersonal strategies to control the behavior of
clients.
 3. Measurement and research
 Adler’s emphasis on freedom of well and individuals ability to interpret and shape
their own circumstances and lifestyle almost rule out the possibility of drawing
general conclusions and designing general laws about human behavior.
 Laws and regularities that may govern the life of one person are not necessarily valid
for another.
 The implication for psychological measurement and research is that psychologists
should try to understand the individual and not seek to discover general laws of
behavior in order to comprehend and predict individual behavior.
 For Adler this implies that in order to understand a particular individual and predict
his or her behavior, it is necessary to know and understand the person specific
lifestyle. To achieve this, Adler made use of comparison, early recollections, and
dreams.
 Comparison
 Psychologists can glean if amount of information about individuals lifestyles by
paying careful attention to various aspects of their behavior and comparing these
aspects in order to identify consistencies and inconsistencies.
 For instance, the psychologists make compare individuals overt behavior with their
memories in order to identify such consistencies and inconsistencies, or may compare
difficult aspects of individual lives by noting how much time in attention they devote
to each of these aspects.
 In the therapeutic situation the psychologist may compare outlines into the consulting
room, or the nature of the complaints, which led them to seek professional assistance.
Therapists can also compare themselves with their clients by constantly asking
themselves, what goal would I be seeking if I were to behave like this client?.
 Accurate observation is important when making comparisons. This is a method that is
rich in possibilities, but it also holds the danger of impression and subjective
distortions by the psychologist, particularly since does not provide much in the way of
detail or methodological rules.
 Early recollections
 According to Adler, individuals earlier collection provide a guide to uncovering their
lifestyle. Because the lifestyle takes shape during the first four or five years, add
believed that the earlier recollection of this. Would indicate the lifestyle that would
characterize the person as an adult.
 It made little difference to Adler whether these earlier recollections were awful events
or fantasies, because in either case they remembered incident is of primary interest in
determining the person’s lifestyle.
 Schulman developed a family constellation interview guide, which reveals the
subjectively perceived early environment and the individual choice of reaction.
 It gives a historical illumination of an individual present values and techniques and a
personal view of him or herself and others, in short, of his or her style of life
 Dreams
 Adler agreed with Freud about the importance of dreams for the understanding of
individual behavior. He regarded dreams as an indication of a person’s fictional goals
 and, more specifically, as an attempt to move from present problems towards
accomplishing established goals.
 For Adler dreams are orientated towards the present problems in future course of the
person and not towards conflicts of the past.
 He maintained that dreams should never be interpreted without taking the knowledge
of the person’s situation and his or her lifestyle into account.
 As with comparisons, tried to interpret dreams by putting himself into his clients
position in order to compare his behavior and experience with those of the clients.
 Family constellation research
 At least here did not give much impetus to imperial research, probably because it’s
core concept -lifestyle and social interest – At somewhat broad and vague, and do not
readily lend themselves to imperial testing.
 One aspect of Atlas theory that did, however, lead to a fair amount of research was his
view of the influence of the family constellation on personality.
 Research results have not, however, yielded any clarity as to how correct Adler’s
view are in this regard, as some findings confirm he still river others do not.
 Most of the research that has been conducted on the effects of birth order focused on
fast bonds, while less research has been conducted on second born children and last
born children.
 Earlier research concentrated more on the relation between order in the development
of intelligence and academic achievement, confirming some of Atlas hypothesis.
 It was found that the proportion of first born children among university students is
greater than instead of first pointer and in general population. Firstborns tend to reach
higher levels of intellectual achievement in academic settings and higher level of
power and prestige in their careers.
 These findings correspond with Adler’s expectation that elders children are inclined
to be ambitious as a result of their ordinal position within the family.
 However, evidence that first born children are better achievers, as would be expected
on the basis of this theory, is inconclusive.
 It was also found that firstborns score higher on achievement tests and intelligence
tests, have stronger dependency needs and choose teaching medicine, science and
business management is careers.
 There seems to be little support from research to validate all Adler’s propositions
With regard to the influence of birth order and personality.
 Adler should however be credited for being the first psychologist to suggest that birth
order might affect a person’s personality and lifestyle.
4. The interpretation and handling of aggression
 It is interesting to note that it was Adler who introduced the concept of Aggressive
drive into the psychoanalytical school of thought.
 He referred to his concept that people we inherently accuracy, which he called an
aggressive drive, imprudent.
 He has since come to realize that this was not a drive, but an attitude that people had
towards life and should therefore be viewed in the context of a social element and
personality.
  The key to Atlas view of aggression lies in the words of partly conscious, partly
irrational attitude towards the tasks which life imposes.
 Aggression then is a particular way of behavior which an individual adopts in order to
accomplish certain life tasks, and which is not fully rational.
 Adler, Mentions that aggression place an important role in Neurotic behavior
 He included aggression in the overall idea of addressing issues in society. Aggression
was simply one of the means that a person whose social interest was like him would
use in an attempt to address these issues.
 In terms of Adler’s theory, aggression must be interpreted as a behavior to which
people resort in an effort to come to grips with life tasks and problems when their
social interest is not adequately developed.
 Such defective development is associated mainly with the two destructive lifestyles.
The implication of this view is that aggression has two be dealt with by attempting to
awaken and strengthen people social interest in which Adler beliefs can be done
through sincere efforts to make genuine contact with people on a human level.
 This would apply to immediate situations of violence, as well as to long term social
and political conflict.
 He would also Advocated that social tension and violence should be dealt with by
means of sincere, genuine human contact directed at making everyone involved aware
that violence harms people, and by convincing people in general that they should
extend their social interest to include other and even hostile groups.
 According to him the ultimate solution to the problem of aggression and violence lies
in attaining a situation in which people social interest is optimally developed so that it
includes all of humanity both present and future.

Evaluation of the theory

 I’d like exerted a great influence on psychology both within and outside the domain of
depth psychology
 Adler received rather limited recognition for his significant influence on psychology.
This situation could perhaps be accounted for by the following reasons
 It is difficult to test the valid iti of his theoretical concepts empirically
 Many of his ideas have been absorbed into the general stream of psychological
thinking, although psychologists are not aware of this.
 Adler office a few new or surprising interpretations of human behavior and he did not
produce any particular interest in your techniques for therapy or methods for the
measurement of personality. His way of trying to understand people and to change
their behavior, like his entire theory, corresponds to a large extent with common sense
and the opinion of the general public
 It is also possible that Adler is given insufficient recognition as a theorist because his
style of writing is not clear and because he never gave a full exposition of his theory.
Most of his work or ideas were actually conveyed during lectures and much of his
work was later assembled and published by other people sometimes in a rather
haphazard fishing, so that is difficult to have a clear overview of his conceptual
system as a whole.
 This probably also accounts for the fact that his perspective is sometimes incorrectly
understood and rejected on faulty grounds.
 Perhaps the most important reason for the lack of recognition, however is that Adler
theory falls somewhere between 2 psychological traditions that is depth psychology
and the holistic and person oriented theories, And it’s not really acceptable to either.
 There is a strange contradiction implicit in the theory on the one hand it says that up
to the age of five call my children have the freedom to determine their own lifestyles.
In other words, when they are at an age where, according to conventional wisdom,
they are not yet fully conscious of the factors that influence their goals, nor do they
have any insight into the implications of their goals, yet they have the capability of
making conscious decisions about complex issues such as life goals.
 However, adults, who have definite conscious entry inside a paradoxically described
by Adler as not having the freedom to determine their lifestyle because, in that case,
this has already been formed and is difficult or impossible to change.
 The inference is that the ability to make decision freely is connected with the
(unconscious)Functioning of the child, whereas the conscious functioning of the adult
is associated with a lack of freedom!
 Atlas emphasis on individual freedom and the individuals ability to determine his or
her own direction in life makes his theory unacceptable to frighten depth psychology
who believe that the individual’s behavior and development are determined by forces
in the psyche over which the individual has no control.
 Holistic psychologists and personality theorists do not fully accept Atlas deterministic
views on adult functioning as they believe that the adult is able make free decisions,
and that this freedom in adults is associated with consciousness and insight