OUTOKUMPU STAINLESS OY FINAL REPORT

SAFSS

STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS OF

FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS

(SAFSS)

Report To: RFCS

Document: Charpy notched impact tests
Version: 03
Date: March 2014

Outokumpu Stainless Oy

Terästie, FI-95490 Tornio, Finland

Tel. +358 16 4521, Fax +358 16 452 620, www.outokumpu.com
Domicile Tornio, Finland. Business ID 0823315-9, VAT FI08233159
 Version Date of Purpose Author Technical Approved
Issue Reviewer
01 6.11.2012 Issue to RFCS and TGS8 HPH JSk MYI
02 6.5.2013 Final HPH JSk MYI
03 11.3.2014 Amendment HPH JSk MYI

The testing, assessment, findings, and conclusions outlined in this report have been
made with the intention of due diligence, care, and best effort. Despite that we may
not be held liable for any loss or damage, either direct, compensatory, or
consequential, exceeding the amount paid for this report.

2
 EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Research Programme of
The Research Fund for Coal and Steel - Steel RTD

Title of Research Project: Structural Application of Ferritic Stainless Steels

(SAFSS)

Executive Committee: TGS8

Contract: RFSR-CT-2010-00026

Commencement Date: July 01, 2010

Completion Date: June 30, 2013

Work Package No and Title: WP1, End User Requirements and Material
Performance

Final Report: WP1.4 Charpy notched impact tests

Beneficiary: Outokumpu Stainless Oy

95490 Tornio, Finland

Research Location: Outokumpu Stainless Oy

Tornio Research Centre
FI-95490 Tornio, Finland

Contact person: Jukka Säynäjäkangas

Report authors: Hannu-Pekka Heikkinen

Jukka Säynäjäkangas

3
Summary
The impact toughness of five different ferritic stainless steel grades was studied by means of the
Charpy-V impact test. The test matrix included the low-chromium grades 1.4003 and 1.4016 and the
high-chromium grades 1.4509, 1.4521, and 1.4621. The thickness of the material varied from 1 to 6
mm, depending on the grade. Because of the thickness of the material, sub-sized specimens were
used. Tests were performed both in the rolling and transversal directions. About 3000 impact tests
were subcontracted to Kemi-Tornio University of Applied Sciences. About 500 tests were made at the
Outokumpu Tornio Research Centre.

The data from the Charpy-V impact tests are fitted to form transition curves of the combinations of
different thicknesses for each grade in two directions. The most commonly used hyperbolic tangent
function was used in this study. Because of the use of sub-sized specimens, the results were size-
corrected with Wallin’s method to correspond to standard-sized specimens.

Generally, the transition temperatures that are determined are lower on the long side of the specimens
in the rolling direction (the L-T direction). The transition temperature increases as a function of the
thickness of the material. The size corrected temperatures are shown in parentheses. All of the
materials tested have transition temperatures near -100 °C at a thickness of 1 mm. For the grade EN
1.4003 the temperature limit with a thickness of 1 mm is -100 °C (+13 °C) and with a thickness of 6 mm
the limit is -15 °C (0 °C). For the grades EN 1.4016, 1.4509, and 1.4521 with a thickness of 2 mm the
limit is -25 °C (29…39 °C).

Thin materials proved to be very difficult to test and in some cases the shear fracture mechanism was
very significant. It is necessary to develop another testing method for thin materials. One possible test
method is the Impact Tensile Test (ITT). It is recommended to study the fracture toughness testing of
ferritic stainless steels on a larger scale.

4
Contents
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Contents ................................................................................................................................................ 5
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 7
3 Experimental work .......................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Test materials .......................................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Specimen dimensions, orientation, and marking ...................................................................... 9
3.3 Testing machine .................................................................................................................... 10
3.4 Charpy-V impact toughness tests .......................................................................................... 11
3.5 Formation of the ductile transition curves ............................................................................... 12
3.6 Determination of the transition temperature ........................................................................... 12
4 Results and observations .............................................................................................................. 14

4.1 Grade EN 1.4003 ................................................................................................................... 14

4.2 Grade EN 1.4016 ................................................................................................................... 16
4.3 Grade EN 1.4509 ................................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Grade EN 1.4521 ................................................................................................................... 20
4.5 Grade EN 1.4621 ................................................................................................................... 22
4.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 23
5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 23
6 References ................................................................................................................................... 25
7 Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 26

5
1 Introduction
Ferritic stainless steel grades are widely used in the transport and domestic appliance sectors;
structural applications in the construction industry are scarce. In the SAFSS project the target was to
develop the necessary information which will enable comprehensive guidance on ferritic stainless
steels to be included in the relevant parts of the Eurocode and other accompanying standards and
guidance.

Ferritic stainless steels exhibit a reduction in their impact toughness when the temperature decreases
and the fracture appearance changes from a ductile mode at mildly elevated temperatures to a brittle
mode at low temperatures. This ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) is characteristic of
ferritic steels. DBTT is affected by heat treatment, such as by welding. Heat treatments that result in
high hardness shift the transition temperature to higher temperatures. /1/

Because of their BCC 1 structure, ferritic stainless steels are sensitive to brittleness caused by
interstitials. While high-purity metals may be ductile at very low temperatures, slightly less pure alloys
have relatively high DBTT values. Interstitials cause embrittlement by locking dislocations. The
solubility level of interstitials in BCC metals is relatively low and second-phase precipitates also cause
brittleness. The precipitates are more important than the solute if the amount of interstitials significantly
exceeds the solubility limit. If the amounts of carbon and nitrogen exceed the solubility limit, this
increases the DBTT still further. Hence the toughness of ferritic stainless steels can be improved by
reducing the combined carbon and nitrogen content. /2/

1
BCC = Body-Centred Cubic
6
2 Objectives
The objective of Work Package One (WP1) was to determine the basic relevant mechanical property
data for ferritic stainless steels which designers need in order to design the targeted structural
applications. Task 1.4 consists of the Charpy notched impact testing of different ferritic stainless steel
grades from steel producers in Europe.

Ferritic stainless steels have different mechanical properties from carbon steels and other families of
stainless steels. In general, they have a higher yield strength and lower ductility than austenitic
stainless grades. Like carbon steels, but unlike austenitics, they exhibit a reduction in their impact
toughness when temperatures decrease and the fracture appearance changes from a ductile mode at
mildly elevated temperatures to a brittle mode at low temperatures. Therefore it was necessary to carry
out laboratory tests to measure toughness in order for the member behaviour under different loading
conditions to be predicted. The data generated will enable suitable guidance to be included in the
Eurocodes EN 1993-1-4 Stainless steels and EN 1993-1-10 Material toughness and through thickness
properties.

In Task 1.4, Charpy notched impact tests, the objective was to determine Charpy V-notched impact
tests at temperatures between -40 and +20 °C, in accordance with EN 10045 and ASTM E23, which
will enable the Charpy V-notch shelf energy and the ductile transition curve to be determined. EN
10045 has not been valid since 13 December 2010. The new approved standard is EN ISO 148-1, and
this was used. Another objective of this task was to determine the thickness limit for a given
temperature to achieve adequate ductility, as in Table 2.1 in EN 1993-1-10.

For each grade, material from at least two steel producers was supposed to be tested. A total of 24
grade and thickness combinations from three steel producers were tested.

7
3 Experimental work
3.1 Test materials
The steels used in this study were the grades EN 1.4003, 1.4016, 1.4509, 1.4521, and 1.4621. The
materials were supplied by Outokumpu, Acerinox, and Aperam. The materials in this study are listed
below and their chemical compositions are given in Table 1. The chemical compositions are based on
the material certificates and test results from the other work packages of SAFSS.

Table 1 Composition of the materials studied.

C+N
Grade THK Mfr. Ident. C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N ppm
1.4003 1.0 B 2B 85933 0.012 0.26 1.43 11.3 0.4 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.01 200
1.4003 2.0 B 2E 78700 0.015 0.26 1.45 11.4 0.4 0 0 0.01 0.1 0 0.013 300
1.4003 3.0 B 2E 91383 0.010 0.33 1.41 11.3 0.4 0 0 0 0 0.16 0.013 230
1.4003 4.0 B 1D 80023 0.009 0.28 1.41 11.3 0.4 0 0 0.01 0.1 0 0.014 250
1.4003 5.0 B 1D 91387 0.012 0.24 1.49 11.4 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0.013 250
1.4003 6.0 B 1D 87983 0.01 0.27 1.45 11.1 0.4 0 0 0 0.2 0 0.009 200

1.4016 1.0 C 2B 01V5H4 0.039 0.37 0.39 16.2 0.2 0 0.01 0.01 0.1 0 0.029 700
1.4016 2.0 C 2B 03V3K7 0.023 0.36 0.46 16.3 0.2 0 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.028 500
1.4016 2.0 B 2B 79619 0.046 0.3 0.48 16.1 0.2 0.2 0 0.02 0.1 0 0.027 750
1.4016 3.0 C 1D 03V9D5 0.064 0.27 0.32 16.1 0.1 0 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.025 900
1.4016 4.0 C 1D 01V4J6 0.057 0.39 0.46 16.3 390

1.4509 1.0 C 2B 05T4B9 0.016 0.48 0.33 17.7 0.3 0 0.17 0.48 0.1 0.09 0.016 300
1.4509 1.0 B 2B 83795 0.014 0.52 0.45 17.9 0.2 0 0.11 0.41 0.1 0.01 0.016 300
1.4509 2.0 C 2B 01V2J6 0.017 0.55 0.45 17.8 0.2 0 0.14 0.49 0 0.05 0.018 350
1.4509 2.0 B 2B 75086 0.02 0.55 0.48 17.9 0.3 0 0.12 0.4 0.1 0.01 0.03 500
1.4509 3.0 B 2E 86951 0.018 0.45 0.46 18.1 0.1 0 0.11 0.39 0.0 0.13 0.019 370
1.4509 3.0 A 2B 22845 0.017 0.53 0.34 17.5 0.1 0 0.14 0.43 0.1 0.01 0.014 300
1.4509 3.5 C 1D 04V9M7 0.018 0.36 0.26 17.6 0.2 0 0.16 0.47 0.1 0.07 0.019 350
1.4509 4.0 B 2E 95299 0.027 0.51 0.44 18.3 0.2 0 0.12 0.42 0.2 0.01 0.017 450

1.4521 1.0 B 2B 89559 0.011 0.37 0.52 18 0.2 2.1 0.15 0.33 0.1 0.01 0.012 250
1.4521 2.0 C 2B 02X3M3 0.011 0.48 0.44 17.7 0.3 2 0.17 0.43 0.1 0 0.016 250
1.4521 2.0 B 2B 87805 0.015 0.52 0.49 18 0.1 2 0.13 0.4 0.2 0.01 0.019 350
1.4521 3.0 B 2B 89931 0.018 0.57 0.51 17.9 0.2 2.0 0.13 0.40 0.0 0.12 0.022 400

1.4621 1.5 A 2R  383719085 0.014 0.21 0.23 20.6 0.2 0 0.01 0.45 0.4 0 0.014 300
THK=thickness Chemical compositions from analyses (w t%)

8
Mechanical properties are listed in Table 2. They are based on the material certificates and test results
from the other work packages.
Table 2 Mechanical properties of the ferritic stainless steels that were studied.
Surface THK Rp0.2 Rm A50/80
2 2
Grade THK Mfr. finnish Ident. mm N/mm N/mm
1.4003 1.0 B 2B 85933 1.0 343 481 30
1.4003 2.0 B 2E 78700 2.0 360 496 29
1.4003 3.0 B 2E 91383 2.9 346 492
1.4003 4.0 B 1D 80023 4.0 426 575 21
1.4003 5.0 B 1D 91387 5.0 394 556 23
1.4003 6.0 B 1D 87983 6.0 354 495 29

1.4016 1.0 C 2B 01V5H4 1.0 332 492 27

1.4016 2.0 C 2B 03V3K7 2.0 342 494 29
1.4016 2.0 B 2B 79619 2.0 365 488 30
1.4016 3.0 C 1D 03V9D5 3.0 363 505 28
1.4016 4.0 C 1D 01V4J6 4.0 346 486 26

1.4509 1.0 C 2B 05T4B9 1.0 324 485 32

1.4509 1.0 B 2B 83795 1.0 381 477 31
1.4509 2.0 C 2B 01V2J6 2.0 360 494 36
1.4509 2.0 B 2B 75086 2.0 396 490 31
1.4509 3.0 B 2E 86951 2.9 401 478
1.4509 3.0 A 2B 22845 3.0 322 501
1.4509 3.5 C 1D 04V9M7 3.5 513 525 20
1.4509 4.0 B 2E 95299 3.9 401 495 29

1.4521 1.0 B 2B 89559 1.0 426 585 27

1.4521 2.0 C 2B 02X3M3 2.0 401 423 28
1.4521 2.0 B 2B 87805 2.0 434 571 26
1.4521 3.0 B 2B 89931 3.0 383 540

1.4621 1.5 A 2R  383719085 1.5 395 479 29

THK=thickness

3.2 Specimen dimensions, orientation, and marking

The Charpy-V impact test is standardised to a 10x10x55-mm specimen. All the ferritic stainless steels
that were tested were less than 10 mm in thickness. For that reason sub-sized specimens were used. A
sub-sized Charpy-V specimen has the same dimensions as the standard specimen, except for its
thickness. The dimensions of the specimens that were tested were Bx10x55 mm, where B is the
thickness of the material. In the EN 10045 standard thicknesses of 7.5 or 5 mm are allowed for sub-
sized specimens. In the EN ISO 148 and ASTM E 23 standards the recommended thicknesses were
2.5, 5, and 7.5 mm. The impact toughness test result of the sub-sized specimens requires extrapolation
to correspond to the result from a standard-sized specimen. Precautions are mandatory when
extrapolating these results to represent the actual standardised test specimen. /3, 4, 5, and 6/

The impact tests were carried out in two directions, L-T and T-L. The sample directions and the
markings used are presented in Figure 1.

9
Figure 1 Direction and markings of specimens.

3.3 Testing machine

The impact tests were mainly performed at Kemi-Tornio University of Applied Sciences. An
instrumented Zwick Roell PSW 750 pendulum impact tester with fully automatic tempering and an
automatic feeding unit were used. A pendulum header of 300 J was used. The impact tests were
performed according to the standard EN 10045. The tester used is presented in Figure 2 .

Figure 2 Instrumented Zwick Roell PSW 750 impact tester.

In the work package description the selected testing temperatures were between -40 and +20 °C, but
this temperature range turned out to be too narrow in preliminary testing (at the Outokumpu TRC) to

10
determine the ductile transition curves of all the grades. The final temperature range was -140 to +120
°C, depending on the steel grade being tested. Some grades were tested up to 240 °C. Temperatures
of -160 and -180 °C were not possible because of problems with the cooling unit.

Some of the impact tests in the T-L direction were carried out and also reported in the report of WP5.2,
Mechanical test and metallographic examination of welds.

3.4 Charpy-V impact toughness tests

A total of 24 steel grade and thickness combinations from the three steel producers were tested in two
directions by means of the Charpy-V impact test. In total 5198 specimens were machined and 3025
impact toughness tests were performed on base materials with thicknesses from 1 to 6 mm for WP1
and WP5 at Kemi-Tornio University of Applied Sciences. At the Outokumpu Tornio Research Centre
around 500 tests were performed with a manual Otto Wolpert PW 30/15 K impact tester.

Thin specimens, especially those that were 1 mm thick, caused challenges in the impact tests. The
automatic feeding unit that was used is designed for specimens with a thickness of 10 mm. That led to
feeding disruption at the beginning of the tests. The challenge was solved by using rubber or steel
spacers to increase the height. Specimens with the rubber spacers are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Specimens with rubber spacers.

Most of the 1-mm-thick specimens that were tested were twisted into a propeller shape in the impact
tests. The problem is shown in Figure 4. The twisted specimens with thicknesses of 2 to 6 mm were
cancelled and the tests were replaced.

Figure 4 Twisted specimens with a thickness of 1 mm.

11
3.5 Formation of the ductile transition curves
The data from the Charpy-V impact tests are fitted to form a transition curve. The most commonly used
hyperbolic tangent function (tanh) was used in this study /7/. The equation used (1) is in the form:

𝑪𝑽−𝑼𝑺 −𝑪𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑻−𝑻𝟓𝟎

𝑪𝒗 = ∙ �𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 � �� + 𝑪𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 , (1)
𝟐 𝑪

where

C v = Charpy-V impact energy,

C V-US = constant Charpy-V impact energy corresponding to the upper shelf energy,
C Vmin = constant Charpy-V impact energy corresponding to the lower shelf energy,
T 50 = a parameter to be fitted,
C = a parameter to be fitted.

The relation can also be presented in the form of exponentials as Equation (2).

2∙(𝑇−𝑇50 )
(𝐶𝑉−𝑈𝑆 −𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 )∙𝑒𝑥𝑝� �
𝐶
𝐶𝑉 = 2∙(𝑇−𝑇50 ) + 𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 (2)
1+𝑒𝑥𝑝� �
𝐶

The upper shelf energy C V-US and the lower shelf energy C Vmin are assumed to be known in this
function. The upper shelf energy (C V-US ) has been estimated for each grade, thickness, and test
orientations from analysis of the impact energies when the values reached some constant value. The
lower shelf energy (C Vmin ) is set at around 2 J, depending on the test results. /7/

The correspondence of the data points to the temperature region where the variation in terms of
temperature is close to uniform is essential for the fitting. The region is defined as approximately
0,1 ∙ 𝐶𝑉−𝑈𝑆 ≤ 𝐶𝑉𝑖 ≤ 0,85 ∙ 𝐶𝑉−𝑈𝑆 . The limits may be changed if insufficient data exist in this region. /7/

One additional piece of data has to be added to ensure that the tanh function reaches the upper shelf
in the right temperature region. This dummy piece of data is fixed at a toughness C V = 0,97*C V-US and it
corresponds to the lowest temperature at which the upper shelf data were obtained. /7,8/

The parameters T 50 and C can be calculated from Equations (3) and (4).

𝐶𝑉−𝑈𝑆
����� −𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑉−𝑈𝑆
����� −𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑛∙∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑇𝑖 ∙𝑙𝑛� −1�−∑𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑇𝑖 ∙ ∑𝑖=1 𝑙𝑛� −1�
𝐶𝑉𝑖−𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑉𝑖 −𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶= 𝐶 2 2 (3)
�∑𝑛 𝑙𝑛� 𝑉−𝑈𝑆 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 −1�� −𝑛∙∑𝑛 𝑙𝑛� 𝑉−𝑈𝑆 −𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 −1�
����� −𝐶 𝐶 �����
𝑖=1 𝐶𝑉𝑖 −𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑖=1 𝐶𝑉𝑖 −𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐶 𝑛 𝐶𝑉−𝑈𝑆
����� −𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑇𝑖 + ∙∑𝑖=1 𝑙𝑛 � −1�
2 𝐶𝑉𝑖 −𝐶𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇50 = . (4)
𝑛

In the equations, n is the number of data values between 0,1 ∙ 𝐶𝑉−𝑈𝑆 ≤ 𝐶𝑉𝑖 ≤ 0,85 ∙ 𝐶𝑉−𝑈𝑆 plus the
dummy data.

3.6 Determination of the transition temperature

The transition curves of the materials that were studied were determined from the Charpy-V impact test
results. Generally, the temperature at which the steel achieves an impact value of 28 J (or 27 J) was
used for the Charpy-V impact test transition temperature. For a standard-sized specimen 28 J

12
corresponds to 28J/(1.0 cm * 0.8 cm)=35J/cm2. The symbol that is typically used for this temperature is
T 28J or T 35J/cm 2. A criterion of 35J/cm2 for the transition temperature was also used in the study. The
absorption energy criteria [J] for different thicknesses are shown in Table 3.

2
Table 3 Charpy-V energy of different size specimens at the transition temperature T 35J/cm

Value of Charpy-V test in

Specimen type Dimensions transition
[mm] [J] [J/cm2]
Standard 10 x 10 x 55 28 35
Sub size 1 x 10 x 55 2.8 35
Sub size 2 x 10 x 55 5.6 35
Sub size 3 x 10 x 55 8.4 35
Sub size 4 x 10 x 55 11.2 35
Sub size 5 x 10 x 55 14 35
Sub size 6 x 10 x 55 16.8 35

When the transition temperatures of the sub-sized specimens are compared to those of the standard
specimen, it is necessary to extrapolate the transition temperatures. Kim Wallin has developed a
relation between 35 J/cm2 transition temperatures of the standard and sub-sized specimens for ferritic
structural steels (carbon steels, yield stress > 500 MPa). The Wallin correlation for sub-sized
specimens is material independent and therefore applies to ferritic stainless steels /14/. The
temperature correction for the sub-sized specimens can be calculated by Equation (5) /7/

𝐵 0.25
∆𝑇𝐶𝑉35𝐽/𝑐𝑚2 = 51.4℃ ∙ 𝑙𝑛 �2 ∙ �10𝑚𝑚� − 1� (5)

where B = specimen thickness in mm.

The effect of the specimen thickness on the 35 J/cm2 transition temperatures for high-strength steels is
presented in Figure 5. The effect of the thickness on the transition temperature is substantial when the
specimen thickness is less than 3 mm. That means a major temperature correction for the results of
specimens thinner than 3 mm. For 1-mm specimens the correction is -107 °C. Equation (5) was
developed for use for sub-sized specimens with thicknesses between 1.25 and 10 mm. The
temperature correction was not used for the 1-mm material in this study. /7/

2
Figure 5 Effect of specimen thickness on shift of T 35J/cm transition temperature. /7/

13
4 Results and observations
The fitted impact toughness ductile-brittle transition temperature curves are presented in Appendices 1
to 5. Equations 2, 3, and 4 were used for the definitions. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures
were determined for the sub-sized specimens, and the results were size-corrected with Wallin’s method
to correspond to standard-sized specimens. The thickness correction was calculated by means of
Equation (5). All the determined and size-corrected transition temperatures are presented in Table 4. A
95% confidence interval is taken into account in the presentation of the transition temperatures. There
was not enough impact toughness testing data on some materials for realistic transition curves to be
formed. These materials are marked in yellow in Table 4. The impact toughness test data are listed in
Appendix 6.
Table 4 Determined and size-corrected transition temperatures of the materials that were tested.
Test direction
T-L L-T
B= Transition
ΔTCV35J/cm2 f(B)
Grade Producer THK criterion TxJ T28J TxJ T28J
[mm] [J]* (equation 5)

1.4003 B 1.00 2.8 -130 ± 30 - - - (-107)**

1.4003 B 1.97 5.5 - - - - -57
1.4003 B 2.83 7.9 -75 ± 26 -35 -102 ± 21 -62 -40
1.4003 B 3.95 11.1 - - -105 ± 17 -77 -28
1.4003 B 4.91 13.8 -49 ± 22 -29 -67 ± 12 -47 -20
1.4003 B 5.97 16.7 -34 ± 19 -20 -53 ± 12 -39 -14

1.4016 C 1.02 2.9 -112 ± 44 - -132 ± 35 - (-105)**

1.4016 B 2.00 5.6 -42 ± 18 14 -110 ± 23 -54 -56
1.4016 C 2.01 5.6 -84 ± 25 -28 -56
1.4016 C 2.97 8.3 -25 ± 11 13 -36 ± 22 2 -38
1.4016 C 3.99 11.2 7 ± 21 34 -7 ± 20 20 -27

1.4509 B 1.02 2.8 -94 ± 26 - -107 ± 24 - (-105)**

1.4509 C 0.99 2.8 -97 ± 26 - -108 ± 25 - (-108)**
1.4509 B 1.98 5.5 -30 ± 13 26 -59 ± 26 -3 -56
1.4509 C 1.98 5.5 -29 ± 19 27 -74 ± 37 -18 -56
1.4509 B 2.95 8.3 -5 ± 20 33 -7 ± 14 31 -38
1.4509 A 2.95 8.3 -12 ± 22 26 -32 ± 34 6 -38
1.4509 C 3.52 9.9 - - 25 ± 32 57 -32
1.4509 B 3.91 10.9 -11 ± 23 17 -4 ± 20 24 -28

1.4521 B 0.99 2.8 -104 ± 25 - -114 ± 37 - (-107)**

1.4521 B 1.99 5.6 -44 ± 17 12 -43 ± 33 7 -56
1.4521 C 1.97 5.5 -29 ± 29 28 -59 ± 25 -2 -57
1.4521 B 3.02 8.5 23 ± 17 60 21 ± 17 58 -37

1.4621 A 1.49 4.2 -84 ± 31 -15 -100 ± 26 -27 -73

2
* Based on 35 J/cm transition criterion, reference Table 3
** Thickness correction only for thicknesses from 1.25 mm to 10 mm
More data is required

4.1 Grade EN 1.4003

Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the impact toughness ductile-brittle transition temperature curves for EN
1.4003 produced by producer B with a thickness of 3 mm in the T-L and L-T directions. The red
squares in the transition curve figures are data between 0.1*C V-US and 0.85*C V-US used for fitting the
transition curve, equations 3 and 4. The curves for the other thicknesses are presented in Appendix 1.
14
The estimated upper shelf energies were 48 J in the T-L direction and 59 J in the L-T direction. The
upper shelf energy (C V-US ) was about 10 J higher in the L-T direction than the T-L direction. The trend
was the same with the other thicknesses that were tested. The transition temperatures T 7.9J for EN
1.4003 with a thickness of 3 mm were -102 °C and -75 °C. The lower value was estimated in the L-T
direction. The size-corrected transition temperatures T 28J were -62 °C and -35 °C.

Figure 6 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction T-L.

Figure 7 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction L-T.
15
4.2 Grade EN 1.4016
Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the impact toughness ductile-brittle transition temperature curves for EN
1.4016 produced by producer C with a thickness of 3 mm in the T-L and L-T directions. The curves for
the other thicknesses are presented in Appendix 2.

The estimated upper shelf energies were 25 J in the T-L direction and 38 J in the L-T direction. The
upper shelf energy (C V-US ) was about 13 J higher in the L-T direction than the T-L direction. The trend
was the same with the thickness of 4 mm. Thinner materials 1 and 2 mm thick have similar upper shelf
energy in both directions. The transition temperatures T 8.3J for EN 1.4016 with a thickness of 3 mm
were -36 °C and -25 °C. The lower value was estimated in the L-T direction. The size-corrected
transition temperatures T 28J were +2 °C and +13 °C.

Figure 8 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Direction T-L.

16
Figure 9 Ductile transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Direction L-T.

4.3 Grade EN 1.4509

Figures 10-13 illustrate the impact toughness ductile-brittle transition temperature curves for the
stabilised grade EN 1.4509 with a thickness of 3 mm produced by producers B and A in the T-L and L-
T directions. The curves for the other thicknesses are presented in Appendix 3.

The estimated upper shelf energies were 34 and 38 J in the T-L direction and 38 and 44 J in the L-T
direction. The transition temperatures T 8.3J for the EN 1.4509 produced by producer B with a thickness
of 3 mm were -5 °C and -7 °C. The size corrected transition temperatures T 28J were +31 °C and +33 °C.
For the material produced by producer A the temperatures T 8.3J were -12 °C and -32 °C. The size-
corrected transition temperatures T 28J were +26 °C and +6 °C.

17
Figure 10 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction T-L.

Figure 11 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction L-T.

18
Figure 12 Ductile transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer A. Direction T-L.

Figure 13 Ductile transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer A. Testing
direction L-T.

19
4.4 Grade EN 1.4521
The transition curves for the stabilised and molybdenum alloyed grade EN 1.4521 with a thickness of 2
mm produced by producer C and producer B are shown in Figures 14-17. The curves for the other
thicknesses are presented in Appendix 3.

It is shown that both producers’ materials have about the same upper shelf energies (26 and 29 J) in
the L-T direction. In the T-L direction the producer C material has same upper shelf energy than in the
L-T direction and the producer B material one that is slightly lower, 21 J. The differences are minor. It is
not possible to compare the transition temperatures in the T-L direction because of the lack of testing
data on the producer B material. In the results for other directions it can be seen that the producer C
material has a better transition temperature. The producer C material had a transition temperature T 5.5J
of -59 °C, while the producer B material had a transition temperature of -43 °C. The size-corrected
transition temperatures are around zero for both materials. A possible explanation for this difference is
the material compositions. The compositions are shown in Table 1. The producer C material had lower
interstitial level (C+N 250 ppm) than the producer B material (350 C+N). Another difference is in the
mechanical properties, where the ultimate tensile strength of the producer C material is 423 N/mm2 and
that of the producer B material are 571 N/mm2. The grain sizes of the material were not measured.

Figure 14 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer B. Direction T-L.

20
Figure 15 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer B. Direction T-L.

Figure 16 Ductile transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer C. Direction T-L.

21
Figure 17 Ductile transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer C. Direction L-T.

4.5 Grade EN 1.4621

Only one thickness of the grade EN 1.4621 from one producer was tested. The transition temperature
curves that were determined are presented in Figures 18. The curves are presented with a higher
resolution in Appendix 5. The upper shelf energies in both directions were similar, 16 and 17 J. The
transition temperatures T 4.2J were -84 °C and -100 °C. The thickness correction for 1.5-mm material is
quite major, -73 °C. The correction raises the transition temperature T 28J to -11 °C and -27 °C.

Figures 18 Transition curves determined for 1.5-mm-thick EN 1.4621 produced by producer A.

22
4.6 Summary
One of the objectives of Task 1.4 was to develop a table giving thickness limits for a given temperature
to achieve adequate ductility. A proposal for the temperature limits for the ferritic stainless steels that
were tested is presented in Table 5. The proposed temperature limits are based on the test results and
the transition curves that were determined. A confidence interval of 95% is taken into account in the
determination of the temperature limits.
Table 5 Summary of DBTT transition temperatures for each of the ferritic stainless steel grades that were
tested.
Thickness Min Temp Thickness Min Temp
Grade Grade
[mm] [°C] [mm] [°C]
1.4003 1 -100 1.4509 1 -70
3 -50 2 -20
5 -30 3 0
6 -15 4 0

Thickness Min Temp Thickness Min Temp

Grade Grade
[mm] [°C] [mm] [°C]
1.4016 1 -70 1.4521 1 -75
2 -25 2 -30
3 -15 3 RT
4 RT
Thickness Min Temp
Grade
[mm] [°C]
1.4621 1.5 -50

5 Conclusions
The determination of the impact toughness of materials thinner than 3 mm materials proved difficult.
The automatic impact toughness tester that was used is designed to use only standard-sized
specimens (B = 10 mm). Thinner and lighter specimens require modification to avoid feeding problems.
The corrections used were glued spacers. Both rubber and metallic spacers were used.

Generally, the transition temperatures that were defined are lower in the L-T directional specimens in
this study. The materials that were tested have very different transition temperatures. The lowest
transition temperatures were defined for the grades EN 1.4003 and 1.4016 with a thickness of 1 mm as
-130 and -132 °C. With a thickness of 3 mm the lowest transition temperature is -100 °C for the grade
EN 1.4003. The grades EN 1.4509 and 1.4521 have higher transition temperatures. All the grades
have transition temperatures near -100 °C at a thickness of 1 mm. The transition temperatures that
were determined shifted to higher temperatures with increased specimen thickness, which correlated
with earlier studies /9/.

According to the study, the grade EN 1.4003 has adequate toughness down to -30 °C up to a thickness
of 6 mm. The grade 1.4016 has slightly higher transition temperatures than 1.4003. EN 1.4016 has a
transition temperature below -20 °C up to a thickness of 3 mm. The stabilised grades 1.4509 and
1.4521 have transition temperatures below -20 °C up to a thickness of 2 mm. When a 95% confidence
interval is taken into account, the temperature limits for the material studied here shifted to higher
temperatures, as shown in Table 5.

Similar impact toughness results were reported in WP5. A summary of the impact toughness tests of
the base materials of WP5 is presented in Figure 19. In the WP5 testing the temperature range was too

23
narrow to get a general view of the temperature behaviour of impact toughness in the Charpy V test.
/12, 13/

Figure 19 Representative graph from the impact toughness tests for base materials in WP5 /13/.
It is notable that only one heat of the each manufacturer of each grade was studied. That is not enough
to get reliable data on the impact toughness behaviour of each of the steel grades. The composition of
ferritic stainless steel, especially the interstitial elements, carbon and nitrogen, has a strong effect on
the impact toughness behavior, as does the grain size, which varies in steel processing /9, 10/.

On the basis of the test results, the grade EN 1.4003 has the lowest transition temperature. The
proposed temperature limit for 6-mm material is -15 °C and with a thickness of 1 mm it is -100 °C. The
temperature limit is linear between these temperatures for this grade. For the other grades, the
temperature limit with a thickness of 1 mm is around -70 °C and the limit with a thickness of 2 mm is
about -25 °C.

Thin materials proved to be very difficult to test and in some cases the shear fracture mechanism
played a very significant role. It is necessary to develop another testing method for thin materials. A
possible test method is the Impact Tensile Test (ITT). A replacement for the Charpy V impact
toughness testing of thin materials may be similar to the impact tensile test (ITT). This test method is
presented in the standard ISO 8256: Determination of tensile-impact strength. A similar impact test was
developed at VTT in the RFCS project Stainless steels in bus constructions /11/. In addition, based on
findings from literature and discussions during the project it is recommended to study the fracture
toughness testing of ferritic stainless steels.

24
6 References
1. ASM Specialty Handbook: Stainless steels, Davis, J.R. USA: ASM International, 1994.
2. Van Zwieten, A.C.T.M. & Bulloch, J.H. Some Considerations on the Toughness Properties of
Ferritic Stainless Steels – A Brief Review, International journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping
56 (1993), pp. 1-31.
3. Standard ASTM E23 – 07a.
4. Standard BS EN 10045–1:1990.
5. Standard SFS-EN ISO 148-1.
6. Wallin, K., Nevasmaa, P., Planman, T., and Valo, M., Evolution of the Charpy-V test from a
quality control test to a materials evaluation tool for structural integrity assessment, VTT
Manufacturing Technology, From Charpy to Present Impact Testing, Francois, D., Pineau, A.
(Eds) pp. 57-68, 2002.
7. Wallin, K., Fracture toughness of engineering materials – Estimation and application, 2011.
ISBN 0-9552994-6-2.
8. Voutilainen V., Impact toughness of high chromium content ferritic stainless steels, Master’s
Thesis, Aalto University of Science and Technology, 2010.
9. Sello, M.P. The Laves phase embrittlement of ferritic stainless steel type AISI 441. Doctoral
thesis (dissertation). University of Pretoria, 2009.
10. Lakshminarayanan, A.K., Shanmugam, K. & Balasubramanian, V. Effect of Autogenous
Welding Processes on Tensile and Impact Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints,
International Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 16 (1) 2009, pp. 62-68.
11. Kyröläinen A. et al, European Commission, Stainless steels in bus constructions, Final report,
EUR 20884, 2003.
12. Anttila, S., Heikkinen H-P., Study of weldability, SAFSS WP5.1 final report, July 2011.
13. Anttila, S., Mechanical tests and metallographic examination of welds, SAFSS WP5.2 final
report, July 2012.
14. Discussions between prof. Kim Wallin (VTT) and Dr. Katherine Cashell (SCI), in May 2012.

25
7 Appendices
1. Ductile transition curves determined for EN 1.4003
2. Ductile transition curves determined for EN 1.4016
3. Ductile transition curves determined for EN 1.4509
4. Ductile transition curves determined for EN 1.4521
5. Ductile transition curves determined for EN 1.4621
6. Impact toughness test data

26
OUTOKUMPU STAINLESS OY APPENDIX 1
TRC / Hannu-Pekka Heikkinen FINAL

SAFSS 1 (7)
March, 14th, 2014

Ductile transition curves determined for the grade EN 1.4003 with a thickness from 1 to 6
mm.

C V-US = Upper shelf energy [J]

C = fitted parameter from Equation (3), [°C]
T 50 = fitted parameter from Equation (4), [°C]
T x.xJ = determined transition temperature. Criterion (x.x) is depending on thickness of the sub-sized
specimen. [°C]
T 28J = size-corrected transition temperature [°C]
The red squares in the transition curve figures are data between 0.1*C V-US and 0.85*C V-US used for fitting
the transition curve, equations 3 and 4.

Outokumpu Stainless Oy

Terästie, FI-95490 Tornio, Finland

Tel. +358 16 4521, Fax +358 16 452 620, www.outokumpu.com
Domicile Tornio, Finland. Business ID 0823315-9, VAT FI08233159
Figure 1 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.
Figure 2 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.
Figure 3 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 4 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 5 Transition curve determined for 4-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 6 Transition curve determined for 4-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 7 Transition curve determined for 5-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 8 Transition curve determined for 5-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 9 Transition curve determined for 6-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 10 Transition curve determined for 6-mm-thick EN 1.4003 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
OUTOKUMPU STAINLESS OY APPENDIX 2
TRC / Hannu-Pekka Heikkinen FINAL

SAFSS 1 (6)
March, 14th, 2014

Ductile transition curves determined for the grade EN 1.4016 with a thickness from 1 to 4
mm.

C V-US = Upper shelf energy [J]

C = fitted parameter from Equation (3), [°C]
T 50 = fitted parameter from Equation (4), [°C]
T x.xJ = determined transition temperature. Criterion (x.x) is depending on thickness of the sub-sized
specimen. [°C]
T 28J = size-corrected transition temperature [°C]
The red squares in the transition curve figures are data between 0.1*C V-US and 0.85*C V-US used for fitting
the transition curve, equations 3 and 4.

Outokumpu Stainless Oy

Terästie, FI-95490 Tornio, Finland

Tel. +358 16 4521, Fax +358 16 452 620, www.outokumpu.com
Domicile Tornio, Finland. Business ID 0823315-9, VAT FI08233159
Figure 1 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 2 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 3 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 4 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 5 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 6 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 7 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 8 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 9 Transition curve determined for 4-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 10 Transition curve determined for 4-mm-thick EN 1.4016 produced by producer C. Testing direction
L-T.
OUTOKUMPU STAINLESS OY APPENDIX 3
TRC / Hannu-Pekka Heikkinen FINAL

SAFSS 1 (9)
March, 14th, 2014

Ductile transition curves determined for the grade EN 1.4509 with a thickness from 1 to 4
mm.

C V-US = Upper shelf energy [J]

C = fitted parameter from Equation (3), [°C]
T 50 = fitted parameter from Equation (4), [°C]
T x.xJ = determined transition temperature. Criterion (x.x) is depending on thickness of the sub-sized
specimen. [°C]
T 28J = size-corrected transition temperature [°C]
The red squares in the transition curve figures are data between 0.1*C V-US and 0.85*C V-US used for fitting
the transition curve, equations 3 and 4.

Outokumpu Stainless Oy

Terästie, FI-95490 Tornio, Finland

Tel. +358 16 4521, Fax +358 16 452 620, www.outokumpu.com
Domicile Tornio, Finland. Business ID 0823315-9, VAT FI08233159
Figure 1 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 2 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T
Figure 3 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer C. Testing direction
T-L

Figure 4 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer C. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 5 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 6 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 7 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer C. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 8 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer C. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 9 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 10 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 11 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer A. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 12 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer A. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 13 Transition curve determined for 3.5-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer C. Testing
direction L-T.
Figure 14 Transition curve determined for 4-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 15 Transition curve determined for 4-mm-thick EN 1.4509 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
OUTOKUMPU STAINLESS OY APPENDIX 4
TRC / Hannu-Pekka Heikkinen FINAL

SAFSS 1 (5)
March, 14th, 2014

Ductile transition curves determined for the grade EN 1.4521 with a thickness from 1 to 3
mm.

C V-US = Upper shelf energy [J]

C = fitted parameter from Equation (3), [°C]
T 50 = fitted parameter from Equation (4), [°C]
T x.xJ = determined transition temperature. Criterion (x.x) is depending on thickness of the sub-sized
specimen. [°C]
T 28J = size-corrected transition temperature [°C]
The red squares in the transition curve figures are data between 0.1*C V-US and 0.85*C V-US used for fitting
the transition curve, equations 3 and 4.

Outokumpu Stainless Oy

Terästie, FI-95490 Tornio, Finland

Tel. +358 16 4521, Fax +358 16 452 620, www.outokumpu.com
Domicile Tornio, Finland. Business ID 0823315-9, VAT FI08233159
Figure 1 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 2 Transition curve determined for 1-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 3 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 4 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 5 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer C. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 6 Transition curve determined for 2-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer C. Testing direction
L-T.
Figure 7 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer B. Testing direction
T-L.

Figure 8 Transition curve determined for 3-mm-thick EN 1.4521 produced by producer B. Testing direction
L-T.
OUTOKUMPU STAINLESS OY APPENDIX 5
TRC / Hannu-Pekka Heikkinen FINAL

SAFSS 1 (2)
March, 14th, 2014

Ductile transition curves determined for the grade EN 1.4621 with a thickness of 1.5 mm.

C V-US = Upper shelf energy [J]

C = fitted parameter from Equation (3), [°C]
T 50 = fitted parameter from Equation (4), [°C]
T x.xJ = determined transition temperature. Criterion (x.x) is depending on thickness of the sub-sized
specimen. [°C]
T 28J = size-corrected transition temperature [°C]
The red squares in the transition curve figures are data between 0.1*C V-US and 0.85*C V-US used for fitting
the transition curve, equations 3 and 4.

Outokumpu Stainless Oy

Terästie, FI-95490 Tornio, Finland

Tel. +358 16 4521, Fax +358 16 452 620, www.outokumpu.com
Domicile Tornio, Finland. Business ID 0823315-9, VAT FI08233159
Figure 1 Transition curves determined for 1.5-mm-thick EN 1.4621 produced by producer A. Testing
direction T-L.

Figure 2 Transition curves determined for 1.5-mm-thick EN 1.4621 produced by producer A. Testing
direction L-T.
OUTOKUMPU STAINLESS OY APPENDIX 6
TRC / Hannu-Pekka Heikkinen FINAL

SAFSS 1 (11)
May, 6th, 2013

Charpy V impact test results

Mrf.x = manufacturer / producer

Outokumpu Stainless Oy

Terästie, FI-95490 Tornio, Finland

Tel. +358 16 4521, Fax +358 16 452 620, www.outokumpu.com
Domicile Tornio, Finland. Business ID 0823315-9, VAT FI08233159
 1.4003 T-L 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 4 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 4 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 5 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 5 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 6 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 6 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 3mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 3mm Mfr. B

Temperature [°C]

-140 9 10 3 2 2
-140 1 10 2 2 2
-140 10 10 2 2 2
-130 2 3
-130 2 3
-130 2 2
-130 2
-130 2
-120 9 10 3 2 2 3
-120 10 10 5 2 3 3
-120 10 10 3 2 2 3
-120 10 10 4 2 2 2
-120 10 10 3 2 2 3
-110 3 2
-110 3 4
-110 3
-110 2 3
-110 3 3
-100 10 11 3 14 22 3 3 3
-100 10 11 3 3 33 3 3 3
-100 10 10 3 23 36 2 3 3
-100 10 10 4 31 2 3 3
-100 10 10 3 12 27 2 3 3
KV [J]

-85 3 36
-85 2 33
-85 19 58
-85 20 52
-85 2 22
-80 11 11 3 38 47 2 5 3
-80 10 11 21 43 31 3 4 3
-80 10 18 39 36 3 4 4
-80 11 11 3 38 41 3 5 3
-80 10 11 5 38 33 3 5 3
-60 11 11 32 52 62 6 41 11
-60 10 12 28 54 72 4 46 7
-60 11 11 30 72 27 47 10
-60 11 11 29 53 70 7 18 9
-60 11 12 53 71 5 36 23
-40 10 11 26 37 52 34 83 38 61 6 51
-40 11 11 23 36 61 40 76 66 72 64 59
-40 11 11 24 36 64 35 69 10 58 46 53
-40 11 11 25 36 64 40 72 45 52 64 50
-40 25 33 65 39 75 15 90 4 57
-20 9 12 26 42 66 36 80 62 90 74 68
-20 10 25 40 60 51 77 72 102 74 80
-20 11 11 40 66 45 81 53 101 74 95
-20 11 11 25 44 70 38 74 62 109 63 72
-20 12 11 44 65 40 79 46 103 15 82
 1.4003 T-L 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 4 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 4 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 5 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 5 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 6 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 6 mm Mfr. B

1.4003 T-L 3mm Mfr. B

1.4003 L-T 3mm Mfr. B

Temperature [°C]

0 8 8 22 45 56 41 88 83 91 84 182
0 8 11 23 45 66 42 81 61 93 92 189
0 8 9 26 45 63 42 82 61 94 70 187
0 10 11 24 42 66 42 70 66 110 91 182
0 14 9 45 67 51 84 68 92 65 183
20 9 11 44 48 46 83 63 96 90 181
20 11 10 25 42 50 48 83 66 93 97 180
20 11 12 25 44 51 51 88 70 103 73 179
20 11 12 25 44 50 58 97 69 98 94 184
20 8 13 25 42 53 51 86 70 100 88 189
KV [J]

40 11 10 44 50 89 75 101 179
40 10 10 43 51 87 84 95 181
40 10 11 44 53 97 77 105 178
40 11 11 46 60 85 70 105 180
40 10 10 46 57 84 81 100 182
60 45 52
60 62
60 60
60 45 62
60 45 61
80 52 55
80 52 59
80 60
80 54 60
80 48 59
100 87 83 109 173
100 93 82 124 169
100 97 78 125 173
120
120
120
 1.4016 T-L 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4016 L-T 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4016 T-L 1 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 L-T 1 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 T-L 2 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 L-T 2 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 T-L 3 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 L-T 3 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 T-L 4 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 L-T 4 mm Mfr. C

Temperature [°C]
-140 1 2 3 2
-140 2 6 2 2
-140 5 7 2 2
-140
-140 2
-120 4 7 3 2 2 2 2
-120 4 8 3 2 2 2 2
-120 1 7 2 2 2 2 2
-120 5 7 3 2 2 2 2
-120 6 6 2 2 2 2 2
-100 7 7 21 2 2 2 2
-100 7 18 3 2 2 2
-100 5 9 20 3 2 2 2
-100 6 19 13 3 2 2
-100 5 8 15 2 2 2 2
-80 6 10 25 15 2 2 3
-80 6 21 10 2 2 3
-80 8 24 2 2 2
-80 6 8 21 3 2 2 3
-80 7 9 20 13 2 2 3
-60 7 10 26 21 2 2 3
-60 7 8 26 18 3 2 3
-60 6 9 27 20 3 3 3
-60 7 8 26 3 2 3
KV [J]

-60 7 8 26 23 3 3 3
-40 7 8 2 26 15 22 3 13 3 3
-40 7 22 26 15 19 3 19 3 4
-40 8 3 22 16 20 3 32 3 4
-40 8 8 18 27 15 20 3 20 4 3
-40 7 9 18 27 16 21 3 3 3 5
-20 8 8 24 25 18 20 4 26 5 8
-20 8 8 24 28 16 22 9 13 5 7
-20 7 9 21 26 17 20 17 20 3 7
-20 8 10 22 26 17 20 15 19 4 10
-20 8 8 23 26 18 21 21 26 5 12
0 9 26 27 17 22 19 22 8 13
0 8 8 27 26 19 21 21 35 11 17
0 8 9 25 26 17 22 16 28 10 15
0 7 11 26 26 17 20 21 34 9 14
0 9 9 22 25 19 22 23 26 11 6
20 7 8 26 25 19 22 26 36 11 24
20 10 10 25 25 19 22 25 35 13 25
20 7 8 25 19 22 24 35 11 21
20 9 25 26 20 22 26 35 12 25
20 12 9 24 19 21 25 36 13 24
40 13 9 26 36 15 29
40 10 25 37 15 39
40 13 26 40 14 34
40 8 9 25 38 16 32
40 8 8 24 39 16 39
 KV [J]

Temperature [°C]

80
80
80
60
60
60

120
120
120
100
100
100

8
7
7
7
7
7
1.4016 T-L 1 mm Mfr. C

9
9
8
8
8
9

1.4016 L-T 1 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 T-L 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4016 L-T 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4016 T-L 2 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 L-T 2 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 T-L 3 mm Mfr. C

1.4016 L-T 3 mm Mfr. C

40
40
41
41
38
41

1.4016 T-L 4 mm Mfr. C

20
20
20
20
18
18

1.4016 L-T 4 mm Mfr. C

60
57
40
43
40
41
 1.4509 T-L 3,5 mm Mfr. C

1.4509 L-T 3,5 mm Mfr. C

1.4509 T-L 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 L-T 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 T-L 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 L-T 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 T-L 3 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 L-T 3 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 T-L 3 mm Mfr. A

1.4509 L-T 3 mm Mfr. A

1.4509 T-L 4 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 L-T 4 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 T-L 1 mm Mfr. C

1.4509 L-T 1 mm Mfr. C

1.4509 T-L 2 mm Mfr. C

1.4509 L-T 2 mm Mfr. C

Temperature [°C]

-140 1 1 1 2
-140 1 1 1
-140 1 1 2 1
-140
-140 1
-120 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
-120 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
-120 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2
-120 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
-120 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
-100 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
-100 9 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
-100 1 2 9 2 2 2 2 2
-100 1 2 1 10 1 2 2 2
-100 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
-80 7 10 9 3 2 2 2
-80 7 9 10 10 2 2 2 2
-80 1 9 9 10 2 2 2 2 2
-80 8 10 3 10 2 2 2 2 2
-80 8 2 2 2 2 2 2
-60 8 10 9 10 3 16 2 2 2
-60 8 10 9 10 2 19 3 2 2
-60 8 9 9 11 2 2 2 2 2
-60 8 9 9 10 2 2 2 2 2
-60 9 9 9 11 2 20 2 2 2
-40 8 10 2 20 3 24 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3
-40 2 2
KV [J]

8 10 10 3 17 3 21 2 3 2 3 2 2
-40 8 10 9 10 2 14 12 25 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2
-40 9 11 10 11 2 16 3 23 2 2 3 2 3 2
-40 8 10 9 12 2 14 3 2 3 29 3 3 3 3
-20 9 11 9 10 16 19 13 26 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
-20 11 9 11 15 20 19 22 3 3 3 35 4 3 3 3
-20 10 9 10 2 18 23 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3
-20 8 11 9 10 18 19 19 27 4 3 3 7 3 3 4 3
-20 9 10 8 10 15 2 25 4 4 3 30 3 3 3 3
-10 4 3
-10 4 3
-10 3 3
-10 10 2
-10 4 3
0 9 12 10 11 16 19 21 24 4 27 4 3 8 4 6 4
0 9 10 10 19 20 20 25 4 22 29 41 6 4 29 16
0 9 7 10 11 20 19 20 23 22 4 5 34 4 4 5 29
0 10 10 9 9 18 20 23 24 7 28 34 36 5 4 28 5
0 9 11 10 11 18 19 21 24 4 26 35 37 4 3 6 5
10 10 23
10 12 30
10 19 30
10 26 30
10 8 30
20 8 10 8 20 21 22 25 36 45 7 5 37 34
20 11 9 9 10 18 21 22 25 34 39 5 4 33 44
20 10 8 9 10 19 21 20 24 29 44 6 4 32 41
20 8 11 10 12 20 21 21 25 38 45 6 5 35 39
20 7 12 20 20 22 23 33 45 6 4 14 11
 KV [J]

Temperature [°C]

80
80
80
80
80
60
60
60
60
60
40
40
40
40
40

100

240
240
240
240
240
125
125
125
125
125
120
120
120
100
100
100
100

9
9
8
9
8
9
1.4509 T-L 1 mm Mfr. B

10
11

9
1.4509 L-T 1 mm Mfr. B

10
10
11
11
10
16
12

9
7
9
9

1.4509 T-L 1 mm Mfr. C

13

1.4509 L-T 1 mm Mfr. C

13
11
10
10

1.4509 T-L 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 L-T 2 mm Mfr. B

20
21

21
20
21
20
20
21

1.4509 T-L 2 mm Mfr. C

1.4509 L-T 2 mm Mfr. C

24
23
24
25
24
24
24
24

1.4509 T-L 3 mm Mfr. B

39
40
39
39
42
37
37
34
35
32
36
37
35
36
36
40
41
35
38
41
32
36
38
32
34

34
30
32
36

1.4509 L-T 3 mm Mfr. B

37

42
42
40
40
36
36
36
38
38
38
39
38
38
38
37
40
38
37
38
39
36
40
36
32
36
31

1.4509 T-L 3 mm Mfr. A

1.4509 L-T 3 mm Mfr. A

44
46

44
44
45
44
45
42
44
43

1.4509 T-L 3,5 mm Mfr. C

6

6
6
5
6

1.4509 L-T 3,5 mm Mfr. C

48
47

46
48
43
45
46
46
45
38
45
45

1.4509 T-L 4 mm Mfr. B

1.4509 L-T 4 mm Mfr. B

47
48

50
49
49
49
45
48
47
43
47

42
40
46
45
44
47
 1.4521 T-L 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 L-T 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 T-L 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 L-T 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 T-L 3 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 L-T 3 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 T-L 2 mm Mfr. C

1.4521 L-T 2 mm Mfr. C

Temperature [°C]

-140 1 2
-140 1 1
-140 1 1
-140
-140
-120 2 2 2 2 2
-120 2 1 2 2
-120 10 1 2
-120 2 8 2 2 1
-120 2 10 2 2
-100 5 9 2 1 2
-100 6 2 2 2 1
-100 6 10 2 1 2
-100 9 1 2 2
-100 7 2 2 1
-80 8 10 2 2 2
-80 10 2 2 2
-80 9 11 2 1 2
-80 0 11 2 2
-80 8 9 2 1
-60 9 10 2 2 4
-60 9 11 2 3 2
-60 9 12 3 2 2
-60 9 10 2 2 18
-60 9 10 3 2 19
-40 9 11 3 2 2
-40 10 11 24 2 23
-40 11 6 2 21
-40 9 10 2 2 22
KV [J]

-40 8 11 4 15 20
-40 13 3
-40 13 2
-40 3 2
-40 15 2
-40 16 2
-20 10 11 25 16 23
-20 9 11 29 18 24
-20 10 11 24 14 26
-20 8 11 2 3 27
-20 10 11 3 12 26
-20 17 3
-20 17 17
-20 17 4
-20 16 15
-20 19 16
-10 2 2
-10 2 2
-10 2 2
-10
-10
0 10 12 26 20 26 2 2
0 10 10 29 19 25 2 3
0 10 11 29 19 24 2 2
0 9 11 25 20 24 2 2
0 10 9 28 21 26 2 2
0 20 19
0 21 17
0 20 21
0 19 19
0 21 17
 1.4521 T-L 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 L-T 1 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 T-L 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 L-T 2 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 T-L 3 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 L-T 3 mm Mfr. B

1.4521 T-L 2 mm Mfr. C

1.4521 L-T 2 mm Mfr. C

Temperature [°C]

10 4 3
10 5 2
10 3
10 4 4
10 3 2
17 16 28
17 4 3
17 22 28
17 4 3
17 4 3
20 9 11 29 20 25 10 8
20 9 11 30 21 25 6 28
20 10 29 21 26 4 27
20 10 11 29 22 27 17 5
20 9 13 29 20 26 15 3
20 21 19
20 21 18
20 20 19
20 20 20
20 20 18
40 10 11 28 20 25 23 8
40 11 11 29 21 26 26 32
40 10 12 29 21 26 27 32
40 10 11 29 21 26 26 33
40 0 12 29 20 25 13 36
60 30 34
60 36 36
60 32 40
60 28 35
60 32 40
KV [J]

80 35 39
80 38 42
80 36 42
80 35 42
80 39 45
100 10 12 28 20 26 32 38
100 10 20 28 20 26 34 38
100 11 12 27 21 26 35 38
100 34
100 34
120
120
120
125 36 38
125 36 39
125 36 40
125 34 40
125 36
150 34 40
150 37 40
150 37 41
150 38
150 38
175 38 38
175 35 40
175 36 42
175 35 38
175 38 40
240 37 44
240 38 45
240 39 44
240 42 46
240 42 47
 1.4621 T-L 1,5 mm Mfr. A

1.4621 L-T 1,5 mm Mfr. A

Temperature [°C]
40 16 18
40 16 17
40 17 16
40 17 17
40 16
20 16 17
20 16 17
20 16 18
20 16 18
20 17 17
20 16
20 15
20 15
20 15
20 15
0 16 18
0 17 18
0 16 17
0 17 17
0 16 18
0
0 15
0 15
0 15
KV [J]

0 15
-20 16 17
-20 17 18
-20 16 18
-20 18 18
-20 18 18
-20 15
-20 15
-20 14
-20 15
-20 13
-40 15 17
-40 16 17
-40 15 17
-40 15 17
-40 13 18
-40 14
-40 16
-40 13
-40 15
-40 13
-60 12 16
-60 16 17
-60 13 17
-60 14 17
-60 14 17
 1.4621 T-L 1,5 mm Mfr. A

1.4621 L-T 1,5 mm Mfr. A

Temperature [°C]
-80 9 17
-80 2 16
-80 8 16
-80 2 17
-80 2 15
-100 2 2
-100 2 2
-100 2 17
KV [J]

-100 2 2
-100 2 2
-120 2 2
-120 2 3
-120 2 2
-120 1 2
-120 2 2
-140 3 2
-140 1 2
-140 1 2