NATIONAL EXAM TITLE 1:2D Drawing Conceptions

SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING and film making

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 4
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDMD401 CREATING, MANIPULATING AND
INCORPORATING 2D GRAPHICS
DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

Question 1: Define the following digital photograph terminology (5 Marks)

a) Aperture priority
b) Autofocus
c) Depth of field
d) Megapixel
e) Reflector

Answers:

a) Aperture priority: Aperture priority often abbreviated A or Av on camera mode

dial, is a setting on some cameras that allow the user to set a specific aperture
value while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it that will results in
proper exposure based on lighting condition.
b) Autofocus: Autofocus abbreviated as AF is a system that automatically adjusts
camera focus by pressing shutter release button halfway.
c) Depth of field: is the distance between nearest and the farthest that are in the
acceptable zone of sharpness.
d) Megapixel: Abbreviated as MP is a million pixels, the term is used not only for the
pixels in an image but also to express the number of image sensor element of
digital cameras or the number of display elements of digital displays.
e) Reflector: a piece of glass used to reflect light to a subject.

Reference: LU1 Work with digital imaging page 418

Question 2: What stand for? (5 Marks)

a. DPI
b. SLR
c. DOF
d. SVG
e. EPS

Answer

a) DPI: dot per inch

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 b) SLR: Single lens reflex
c) DOF: depth of field
d) SVG: Scalable vector graphics
e) EPS: Encapsulated postscript

Reference: LU1 Work with digital imaging page 418

Question 3:Choose the correct answers (5 marks)

Answer

a) The amount of light entering the camera is also referred to as

i. Rule of Thirds
ii. Background
iii. Exposure
iv. Saturation
b) Which basic composition guideline is represented in this image.

i. Rule of Thirds
ii. Silhouette Photography
iii. Good Photography
iv. Rule of 4ths
v. Incorrect

c) Overexposure define not enough light in a photograph and Under Exposed

meanstoo much light in photograph
i. True
ii. False
d) …………………………allows photographers to edit their photographs quickly
and easily.

i. Adobe element
ii. Google Images
iii. Adobe Lightroom CC
iv. Apple Photos
e) Composition does not definearrangement of your visual "elements" in an
image.
i. True
ii. False
Reference: LU1 Work with digital imaging page 418

Question 4:List down five (5) classification of graphic file format used to store graphics
data (5 Marks)

Answer
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  Bitmap format
 Vector format
 Metafile format
 Scene format
 Animation formats
 Multimedia format
 Hypertext and hypermedia format
 3D format

Reference: LU1 Work with digital imaging page 419

Question5:As you learn different adobe Photoshop tools, what do you understand by
Lasso tools? Name them (5 marks)
Answer

With lasso tools, the exact area of an image can be chosen just by tracing the
assortment outlines the areas are selected.(2 marks)
Some of them are:

 Magnetic Lasso tool(1 marks)

 Simple Lasso tool(1 marks)
 Polygonal lasso tool(1 marks)

Reference: LU 3 Create 2D multimedia graphics design 431

Question 6:Differentiate between vector images and bitmap/raster images? (5 marks)

Answer

Vector graphics, such as logo files, use intricate paths made up of points and lines to
create an image. (2.5 marks)

Raster graphics, such as digital photographs, are created using a grid of tiny pixels.

(2.5 marks)

Reference: LU1 Work with digital imaging page 419

Question 7: Complete below table that describes digital image transferring system and
their meaning by Exporting, Arriving, Storing and importing (5 Marks)

keeping image files ……………………………

inserting media into editing …………………………….
software/ program
Encoding to get final output …………………………….
Displace file from place to …………………………….
another for being edited

Answer

keeping image files Storing (1 Marks)

inserting media into editing Importing (1 Marks)

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software/ program
Encoding to get final output Exporting(1 Marks)
Displace file from place to Arriving (2 Marks)
another for being edited

Reference: LU1 Work with digital imaging page 419

Question 8:List down five (5) graphics software and their corresponding saving format

(5 Marks)

 Adobe illustrator: .Ai

 Adobe Photoshop: .Psd
 Adobe flash: .FLA
 Adobe after effect: .ae
 InDesign: .INND

Reference: LU1 Work with digital imaging page 420

Question 9: a) Bitmap images can be converted into vector in adobe illustrator in adobe
illustrator with………………………………………………………………..feature

(2.5 Marks)

a. Shape builder c. Pathfinder

b. Image trace

b) If a logo has to be inserted into a video project, what color mode should be used?

(2.5 Marks)

i. CYMK

ii. Grey scale

iii. Color profile

iv. RGB

Answer

a) Bitmap images can be converted into vector in adobe illustrator in adobe

illustrator with… (b)… Image trace …………………..features.
b) iv. RGB

Reference: LU Use multimedia graphic software 427

Question10: Does color collection and color grading the same? (5 Marks)

Answer by Yes or No. And justify by differentiating between two

Answer No (1 mark)

Because the color correction process is to make the footage look exactly the way that the
human eye sees things. (2 mark)

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While color grading is where you create the actual aesthetic of your video, the right color
grading helps convey a visual tone or mood. (2 mark)

Answer

Reference: LU2 Use multimedia graphic software 426

Question11:a) Which of the following are key settings to consider when scanning a
graphics(5 Marks)

i. Scanner power setting

ii. Resolution settings
iii. File format and color setting
iv. None mentioned

b) Which file format should be used for an image that:

- includes transparent background

- Include animated graphics

Answer:

a) iii. File format and color setting(1 mark)

b) – .PNG(2 marks)
- .Gif(2 marks)

Reference: LU2 Use multimedia graphic software 428

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

Question11: a) States the procedure of importing an artwork

b) States the procedure of exporting artwork

Answer

a) Step1: choose file> import (2 mark)

Step2: choose location and select file(1 mark)
Step3: select open as type(for window) or import(mac os) in pop-up menu
(1 mark)
Step4: click open (for window) or import(for mac os)(1 mark)
b) Step1: choose file> Export (2 mark)
Step2: choose location and enter file name (1 mark)
Step3: select a format from a save as type (for window) or format (mac os) in pop-
up menu (1 mark)
Step4: click save (for window) or import (for mac os) (1 mark)

Reference: LU2 Use multimedia graphic software 427

Question12: a) What do you understand by ―Design?‖

b) Enumerate types of design

Answer:

a) Design is a visual look or a shape given to a certain object in order to make it

attractive, comfortable.(2 marks)
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 b) – Visual design (2 marks)
- Product design (2 marks)
- Interface design (2 marks)
- Interrelation of type (2 marks)

Reference LU 3 Create 2D multimedia graphic designs page429

Question13:a) what is a scanner?

b) Describe the main use of scanner?

c) Enumerate 4 types of scanner?

Answer

a) Scanner is an electronic device that uses light-sensing equipment to scan paper

images (e.g., text, photos, and illustrations) and translate the images into data
that the computer can then store, modify, or distribute.(3marks)
b) Its main function is to scan or take a picture of the document, digitize the
information and present it on the computer screen.(3marks)
c) – Film scanner (1marks)
- Flatbed scanner (1 marks)
- Video frame grabbers (1 marks)
- Drum scanner (1 marks)

Question14:a) Balance is one of important element to care when arranging elements on

page, list down it types

b) What do you understand by tones in color theory?

c) When do we choose the following color when doing design project?

- RGB color mode

- CYMK color mode

Answer

a) Types of balance
- Asymmetric balance (2 marks)
- symmetric balance (2 marks)
- Radial balance(2 marks)

b) In Color Theory, a tone is any pure Hue with Neutral Gray added. (2 marks)

c) – We choose RGB Color mode when designing project that will be displayed on screen
(1 marks)

- CYMK is selected when doing project which will be printed on paper (1 marks)

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

Question15:a) Define image enhancement

b) Differentiate ―cropping‖ from ―resizing‖

c) Describe image resolution and screen resolution

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Answer

a) Image enhancement: is a process which aims to improve bad images so they will
look better.(3 marks)

Reference LU 3 Create 2D multimedia graphic designs page433

b) Resizing is altering the size of your image without cutting anything out.
To resize an image is to essentially change the file size. Because sometimes, size
does matter.
While
Cropping is to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo)
to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the image subject, or
change the size or aspect ratio. In other words, image cropping is the act of
improving a photo or image by removing the unnecessary parts.(3 marks)

Reference LU 3 Create 2D multimedia graphic designs page433

c) Image resolution is typically described in PPI, which refers to how many pixels
are displayed per inch of an image. Higher resolutions mean that there more pixels
per inch (PPI), resulting in more pixel information and creating a high-quality,
crisp image. (3 marks)
While
Screen resolution is ability of computer screen to display a clear image(3 marks)

Question16: a) Every design needs to be designed with some principles to make sure
that it is convenient, Enumerates 10 principles of visual design?

Answer (1 mark each)

 Contrast
 Balance
 Emphasis
 Movement
 White Space
 Proportion
 Hierarchy
 Repetition
 Rhythm
 Pattern
 Unity
 Variety.

Reference LU 3 Create 2D multimedia graphic designs page433

b) SCAMPER is a successful creative thinking technique that is used to spark

creativity during brainstorming and SCAMPER are letters that stands for seven
thinking approaches, what stand for each of those letters(S,C,A,M,P,E,R)?

Answer

 S:Substitute(0.5 marks)
 C:Combine(0.5 marks)
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  A:Adapt(0.5 marks)
 M: Modify(0.5marks)
 S:Put to another use(1 marks)
 E:Eliminate (1 marks)
 R:Reverse(1 marks)

Reference LU 3 Create 2D multimedia graphic designs page435

SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING and film making

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 4
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDDA401 CREATING 2D DIGITAL ANNIMATION
DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARK

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

Question1: What is: 5 marks

a) 2D Animation?
b) Continuity
c) Life drawing?
d) File extension?
e) Copyright
Answer: (1marks each)
a. 2D animation: 2D animation is the art of creating movement in a two-
dimensional space. This includes characters, creatures, FX and backgrounds.
b. Digital painting: Digital painting is an emerging art form in which
traditional painting techniques such as watercolor, oils, impasto, etc. are applied
using digital tools by means of a computer, a graphics tablet and stylus, and
software. ... The artist uses painting techniques to create the digital
painting directly on the computer.
c. Life drawing: is the practice of using a model and drawing/sketching it out.
d. File extension:File extensions are a way of labeling the names of files so you and
your computer can keep track of what they contain. ... The last part of
the file name is used to indicate the type of file so the computer can open the
correct program when you want to use the file.
e. Copyright:is that it is a bunch of rights in certain creative material such as text,
artistic works, music, computer programs, sound recordings and films.
The copyright owner has the right to control how their material is used.
Question2: In 2D digital animation there are different types of designs list down at least
five types of 2D design? 5 marks
Answer:
 Basic games
 Buttons
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  Characters
 Illustrations
 Logos
 Morphs
 Objects
 Puzzles
 Simulated sequences
 Text
 Titles and credits.
Reference: Lu 1: Identify animation requirement page 300.
Question3: Suppose that you have got a job to work in 2D animation X-company as 2D
animation specialist, this company want to provide sales auction to X-entrepreneur for
buying 10 computers to use in animation, and you are asked to provide specifications of
computer. Provide at least five (5) essential for buying computer to operate in 2D
animation 5 marks
Answer: (1 marks each)
 CPU: Intel core i5, 3GHZ or better
 RAM: 8Gb
 OS : 64 bit
 Video card: NVIDI Geforce
 Soundcard
 Free disk space: 30Gb
 Monitor/Screen minimum resolution : 1280*850 or above
 Window media player or other third party application
 Microsoft word

Reference: Lu 1: Identify animation requirement page 300.

Question4: a)Define storyboard 2 marks
Answer
A storyboard is a graphic organizer that plans a narrative. Storyboards are a powerful
way to visually present information; the linear direction of the cells is perfect for
storytelling, explaining a process, and showing the passage of time.
b) States three (3) types of storyboard 3 marks
Answer (1 mark each)
 Layout storyboard
 Animation storyboard
 Interaction storyboard
 Visual interaction storyboard
 Flowchart storyboard
Reference: Lu 1: Identify animation requirement page 301.
Question5: Answer by using True/False 5 marks

a. Art is defined as Blanche of creative activities such as painting, music,

Literature even dance.
b. Object that are made from clay and permanently hardened by heat is called
ceramic
c. Sculptures are 2D, 3D and abstract form made in curving stone, wood or by
casting metals.
d. Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture
represented throughout their artwork.
e. Traditional animation or Classical 2D animation, Digital 3D animation
,Stop-motion animation, Clay animation or Claymation, Cut-out animation,

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 Sand Animation, Typography Animation, Paint-on-glass animation are types
of animation as indicated by history.

Answer:
a) True (1mark)
b) True (1mark)
c) True (1mark)
d) True (1mark)
e) True (1mark)
Reference: Lu 1: Identify animation requirement page 300.
Question6: Technical terms refers to the words that has a specific meaning within a
specific field of expertise and sometimes are called slugs in other industry like film
.States five (5) technical terminology used in 2D digital animation 5 Marks
Answer (1 marks)
 Animation fps
 Background drawing
 Cel and cel setup
 Cinematography
 Depth of field
 Key setup
 Layout
 Lead animator
 Model sheet
 Sequence
 Time out
 Rendering
 Rough sketch
 Xerography
 Motion blur
 Marquette
Reference: Lu 1: Identify animation requirement page 301.

Question7: Cleanup is the one of the animation production pipeline explain what is
clean up in 2D animation? 5 marks
Answer
Clean-up is a part of the workflow in the production of hand-drawn animation. In
traditional animation, the first drawings are called "roughs" or "rough animation"
because they are often done in a very loose fashion. Clean-up animation is the process
of creating the final drawings you see in the finished film.
Question8: In 2D digital animation there are some Design specifications that can guide
the designer to make a good final work, Give Five (5) Design specification to help the
designer to make his/her final 2D animation. 5 marks

Answer:
 Characters and objects
 Key frames
 Objects
 References
 Samples
 Script
Reference: LU 3 Plan approach page 310
Question9: Choose the correct answer to the following question 5 marks
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 (Note: Write a letter and their corresponding answer)
Answer are within red color
a) Which one is not a part of post-production
i. Scripting
ii. Rendering
iii. Visual effect
iv. Sound effect
b) What best describe ―Motion graphics‖
i. Edits video and audio
ii. Capturing
iii. Decode video format
iv. Adds motion and effects within video
c) What does the abbreviation FPS stand for
i. Flick per scene
ii. Frames per second
iii. Flick per second
d) Which is not a part of pre-production
i. Storyboard
ii. Character design
iii. Animatic
iv. Editing
e) Most objects needs time to accelerate and slow down, this is the
principle of
i. Fast in, slow out
ii. Slow upwards slow downwards
iii. Animation
iv. Slow in/ slow out
Question10: Matching 2D animation software are compatibility of an operating system
5 Marks
Names Operating System
A. Web application 1. Window , Mac OS
B. Adobe After Effects 2. DOS
C. Adobe Animate 3. Window OS
D. Autodesk Animation Pro 4. Ajax Animator
E. Autodesk Animator Studio 5. Windows

Answer
a-4 b-1 c-3 d-5 e-2
Reference: LU 3 Plan approach page 312
Question11: States five (5) technical specifications of 2D animation 5 Marks
Answer (1 mark each)
 Output file format
 Output size
 Operating system
 Hardware specification (Ram and memory size)
 Delivery platform
 Bandwidth and media form
Reference: LU 3 Plan approach page 309

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

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Question12: a) States at least ten (5) digital tools found in 2D animation software

5marks

Answer (1 marks each)

 Pen tools
 Shape tool
 Typing tool
 Unified camera tool
 Puppet tool
Reference: Lu 3: Plan approach 309

b) To produce the 2D digital animation is better to use the visual design principles as
help the client to see and access the animation simply as you are a designer of 2D
digital animation. Outline at least five (5) of those visual animation principles?

Answer (1 marks each)

 Balance
 Composition
 Emphasis
 Focal point
 Movement
 Perspective
 Proportion
 Scale
 Unity
Reference: Lu 4 Produce animation page 316
Question13: A professional animator must understand, respect and use animation
techniques so that his/her project should communicate a message in effective way.
Outline and explain five animation techniques.
Answer
 Acceleration/ Deceleration: acceleration is the rate at which internationalization
speed up and deceleration is the rate at which it slows down.
 Audio integration: simply refers to adding of audio in an edited project
 Hinges and pivot: Making object (child) flow the motion of other object (parent).
 Key frames and tweens: Key frames are used to set parameters for motion, effect
and other properties, while tweens is types of animation that uses symbols to
create movement, size and rotation, fades and color effect.
 Looping background: Giving motion to background to stimulates the object
motion
 Morphing/ object exaggeration: shape and motion of texture or graph change
 Motion paths: line indicating the path of motion.
 Registration points: means anchor point
 Rotation: motion based on circular motion
 Speed/motion blur:
Reference: Lu 4 Produce animation page 317
Question14: An object or shape can be a 2D or 3D shape. Differentiate 2D and 3D
dimensions and give 2 shapes examples at each?
Answer:
2D shape or two dimensions is a figure that has only length and height as its dimension
because 2D shape lies on a flat surface. (3marks)
Example:
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Square, rectangle, etc. (2marks)
While 3D or three dimensional shape has length, height and width as its dimension.
(3marks)
Example:
Cylinder, cube, etc. (2marks)
Reference: Lu 1: Identify animation requirement page 300.

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

Question15: Enumerate and explain five (5) principle of animation

Answer: (3 marks each, 1.5 mark for listing and 1.5mark for explanation)

 Squash and stretch: The purpose of "squash andstretch", is to give a sense of

weight and flexibility to drawn objects. It can be applied to simple objects, like a
bouncing ball, or more complex constructions, like the musculature of a human
face
 Anticipation:is used to prepare the audience for an action, and to make the
action appear more realistic .A dancer jumping off the floor has to bend the knees
first; a golfer making a swing has to swing the club back first.
 Staging: This principle is akin to staging, as it is known in theatre and film. Its
purpose is to direct the audience's attention, and make it clear what is of greatest
importance in a scene. Johnston and Thomas defined it as "the presentation of
any idea so that it is completely and unmistakably clear", whether that idea is an
action, a personality, an expression, or a mood. This can be done by various
means, such as the placement of a character in the frame, the use of light
and shadow, or the angle and position of the camera
 Straight ahead action and pose to pose: These are two different approaches to
the drawing process. Straight aheadactionscenes are animated frame by frame
from beginning to end, while "pose topose" involves starting with drawing a few
key frames, and then filling in the intervals later. "Straight ahead action" creates a
more fluid, dynamic illusion of movement, and is better for producing realistic
action sequences.
 Follow through and overlapping action: Followthroughandoverlappingactionis a
general heading for two closely related techniques which help to render movement
more realistically, and help to give the impression that characters follow the laws
ofphysics, including the principle ofinertia. "Follow through" means that loosely
tied parts of a body should continue moving after the character has stopped and
the parts should keep moving beyond the point where the character stopped only
to be subsequently "pulled back" towards the centerofmass or exhibiting various
degrees of oscillation damping. "Overlapping action" is the tendency for parts of
the body to move at different rates (an arm will move on different timing of the
head and so on).
 Slow in and slow out: The movement of objects in the real world, such as the
human body, animals, vehicles, etc. need time to accelerate and slow down. For
this reason, more pictures are drawn near the beginning and end of an action,
creating a slow in and slow out effect in order to achieve more realistic
movements. This concept emphasizes the object's extreme poses. Inversely, fewer
pictures are drawn within the middle of the animation to emphasize faster action.
 Arc: Most natural action tends to follow an archedtrajectory, and animation
should add here to this principle by following implied "arcs" for greater realism.
This technique can be applied to a moving limb by rotating a joint, or a thrown

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 object moving along a parabolictrajectory. The exception is mechanical movement,
which typically moves in straight lines.
 Secondary action: Adding secondary actions to the main action gives a scene
more life, and can help to support the main action. A person walking can
simultaneously swing their arms or keep them in their pockets, speak or whistle,
or express emotions through facial expressions. The important thing about
secondary actions is that they emphasize, rather than take attention away from
the main action. If the latter is the case, those actions are better left out
 Timing: Timing refers to the number of drawings or frames for a given action,
which translates to the speed of the action on film. On a purely physical level,
correct timing makes objects appear to obey the laws of physics. For instance, an
object's weight determines how it reacts to an impetus, like a push; as a light
weight object react faster than a heavily weighted.
 Exaggeration: Exaggerations an effect especially useful for animation, as
animated motions that strive for a perfect imitation of reality can look static and
dull. The level of exaggeration depends on whether one seeks realism or a
particular style, like a caricature or the style of a specific artist. The classical
definition of exaggeration, employed by Disney, was to remain true to reality, just
presenting it in a wilder, more extreme form.
 Solid drawing: The principle of soliddrawing means taking into account forms in
three-dimensional space, or giving them volume and weight. The animator needs
to be a skilled artist and has to understand the basics of three-dimensional
shapes, anatomy, weight, balance, light and shadow, etc. For the classical
animator, this involved taking art classes and doing sketches from life.
 Appeal: Appeal in a cartoon character corresponds to what would be called
charismain an actor. A character that is appealing is not necessarily sympathetic,
villains or monsters can also be appealing, and the important thing is that the
viewer feels the character is real and interesting.

Reference: Lu 1: Identify animation requirement page 302.

Question16: The minister of health (MINISANTE) in collaboration with Rwanda

biomedical center (RBC) has commissioned you to design a 2D animation detailing how
Covid-19 spread and way of fighting this pandemic. The project must be submitted
within 48 hour, the output format must be in different version so that it can be shared
easily across the country

a) State ten (10) tools you need to perform this project

Answer (1 mark each)
 Computer
 Projector
 Papers
 Rulers
 Drawing tablet
 Pen
 Pencils
 Storage device
 Tablet
 Light pen
 Software
 Internet

Reference: Lu 1: Identify animation requirement page 301.

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 b) States five (5) possible delivery platforms this project will be delivered to public.

Answer: (1 mark each)

Possible delivery platforms

 CD
 DVD
 Film
 Games console
 Internet
 Kiosk
 Mobile phone
 PDA(personal digital assistant)
 Video
 Other mobile
devices
Reference: Lu 1: Identify animation requirement page 302.

SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING and film making

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 4
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDCD401 APPLYING CREATIVE DESIGN TO 2D
FORM
DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

QUESTION1: Define the following 2D form terms 4 marks

1. Shape
2. Pattern
3. Idea
4. Mind mapping

Answer

1. Shape: Shape is simply defined as enclosed line of two dimension area. (1marks)

2. Focus: Focus refers to placing greater attention to certain area or object in piece of
work. (1marks)

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3. Idea: idea is defined as thought, plan or suggestion about what to do. It can also be
defined as something that you imagine or picture in your mind. (1marks)

4. Mind mapping: is a technique of graphically present connections among the key

concepts by using lines, links and images. (1marks)

Reference: LU 1: Source of information on 2D design page 245

QUESTION2: Match elements of Column A with B in the table below (4 marks)

# Column A Column B
a…………. a. Creativity 1. Are in the form of quick
ideation sketches for
conceptualizing and
communicating ideas.
b………… b. visual 2. Is integral to the design process
communication and refers to the
communication of ideas
through experiences, images
and objects.
c……….. c. visual language in 3. the design and creation of
design visual communications
requires the selection and
application of methods, media,
materials, design elements and
design principles and final
presentations.
d…………… d. Visualization 4. Is the act of turning new and
drawings imaginative ideas into reality

Answer (1marks )

# Column A Column B
A,4 (1marks ) a. Creativity 1. Are in the form of quick
ideation sketches for
conceptualizing and
communicating ideas.
B,3 (1marks ) b. visual 2. Is integral to the design
communication process and refers to the
communication of ideas
through experiences, images
and objects.
C,2(1marks ) c. visual language in 3. the design and creation of
design visual communications
requires the selection and
application of methods,
media, materials, design
elements and design
principles and final
presentations.
D,1(1marks ) d. Visualization 4. Is the act of turning new and
drawings imaginative ideas into reality

Page 16 of 142
Reference: LU 1: Source of information on 2D design page 245

QUESTION3: Choose the correct answer (4 Marks)

Answer (are provided in red color )

a) An object in front shows all of itself and blocks the view of objects behind it
i Overlapping (0.5 marks)
ii Intensity
iii Diminishing Detail

b) Placement
i Draw darkness on the ground next to the object, opposite the positioned light
source, to create the illusion of depth.
ii Draw an object in front of another object to create the visual illusion that it is
closer to your eye.
iv Place an object lower on the surface of a picture to make it appear closer to
your eye. (0.5 marks)

iii Draw a horizontal reference line to create the illusion that objects in the
Pictures are varying distances from your eye.

c) What is the eye-level line where the sky meets the ground?
i vanishing point
ii orthogonal line
iii horizontal line
iv horizon line (0.5 marks)
d) The part of an artwork that is filled with something.

a. Space
b. Negative Space
c. Positive Space (0.5 marks)
d. Depth

e) Empty area of an artwork that surrounds the subject matter.

i Mars
ii Space
iii Negative Space (0.5 marks)

Page 17 of 142
 iv Positive Space
f) What is a Gradient?
i Using pattern to add texture
ii Blending from one color to another (0.5 marks)
iii Smudging color
g) What is color Tone.
i The different shades of a color (0.5 marks)
ii The sound of music
iii Different colors

h) The preliminary coats of paint in a painting that render the basic outline before
the final paint layers are added to complete the work.

i medium
ii under-drawing
iii under-painting (1 marks)
iv mixed medium
Reference: LU 1: Source of information on 2D design page 247
QUESTION4: States four (4) advantages of visual communication. (4marks)

Answer (1marks each)

1. visual communication save time and effort

2. it is simple to communicate message
3. it is better than verbal communication
4. it helps in achieving consistency
5. It gives better reflection of information
6. It‘s becoming popular and flexible way of communication
7. It‘s is clear

Reference: LU 2 Explore the creative design process for 2D forms

QUESTION5: Explain two (2) reasons why users need information in design process?
(5 marks)
Answer (2.5marks each)
 It guides every decision an organization makes or expects to make.
 Information is important in the decision-making and problem-solving
processes, and without the right information, organizations are bound
to make mistakes in these key processes.
 It helps the organization devise better strategies for dealing with their
competitors.

Reference: LU 1: Source of information on 2D design page 245

QUESTION6: States three (3) procedures of evaluating and selecting new idea (3 marks)
Answer
1. Purpose (1marks)
2. Methodology (1marks)
3. Empirical result (1marks)
Reference: LU2 Explore the creative design process for 2D forms page254
Page 18 of 142
QUESTION7: state five (5) elements of 2D design process (5marks)

Answer
 Line (1marks)
 Texture (1marks)
 Shape(1marks)
 Form(1marks)
 Space (0.5marks)
 Color (0.5marks)
Reference: LU 1: Source of information on 2D design page 245

QUESTION8: Balance is a vital principal of visual element, Outline the types of balance
(5marks)
Answer
 Symmetrical balance (2marks)
 Radial balance (2marks)
 Asymmetrical balance (1marks)
Reference: LU 1: Source of information on 2D design page 245

QUESTION9: Enumerates four (4) sources of information in design (4marks)

Answer
 Books (1marks)
 magazines (1marks)
 scientific texts (1marks)
 web-based resources (1marks)
Reference: LU 1: Source of information on 2D design page 245

QUESTION10: Explain three (3) properties of color as used in form design (5marks)
Answer
 Hue : Name of color (1.5 marks)
 Value: describe lightness to darkness of color (1.5 marks)
 Intensity: intensity also called Chroma and is the brightness or dullness of a color.
(2 marks)
Reference: LU 1: Source of information on 2D design page 245

QUESTION 11: Outline four (4) commonly Materials tools and equipment used in design
process (4marks)

Answer (1marks each)

 Brushes
 Buckets and containers
 Clamps
 Clays and other plastic
 compounds (plasticene, plaster)
 Cutting tools (scissors, knives blades)
 Drill
 Fibres, tape, string
 Foam core, polystyrene
 Found materials
 Glue
 Hammer
 Measuring tools
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  Nails, screws, wire
 Papers, cardboard and paper
 Pulp
 Pliers
 Recycled materials
 Relevant and current hardware
and software
 Saw
 Shaping tools
Reference: LU 3: communicate concepts or idea through application of design
processes to 2D forms page 258

QUESTION 12: Outline seven (7) steps of professional design process (5 marks)
Answer

Step 1: Study the client brief (1marks)

Step 2: Research, research, research (1marks)

Step 3: Brainstorm (1marks)

Step 4: sketch (0.5mark)

Step 5: Concept development (0.5mark)

Step 6: Revision (0.5mark)

Step 7: completion (0.5mark)

QUESTION 13: Arrange the following process of communication in ascending order

(3marks)
Encoder – recipients – feedback – sender – message – decoder - medium.
Answer:
Message – sender – Encoding – Medium – Recipient – Decoding – Feedback (3marks)
Reference: LU 3: communicate concepts or idea through application of design
processes to 2D forms page 264

SECTION B: ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONS /30 MARKS

QUESTION 14: Outline five (5) Uses of information and communication technology
Answer (2marks each)

 Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is the standard for

the communication and management of medical imaging information and related
data.[1] DICOM is most commonly used for storing and transmittingmedical
images enabling the integration of medical imaging devices such as scanners,
servers, workstations, printers, network hardware, and picture archiving and
communication systems (PACS) from multiple manufacturers
 Cognitive info communications (CogInfoCom) investigates the link between the
research areas of info communications and the cognitive sciences, as well as the
various engineering applications which have emerged as the synergic combination
of these sciences.
 A hospital information system (HIS) is an element of health informatics that
focuses mainly on the administrational needs of hospitals. In many
Page 20 of 142
 implementations, and HIS is a comprehensive, integrated information system
designed to manage all the aspects of a hospital's operation, such as medical,
administrative, financial, and legal issues and the corresponding processing of
services.
 A picture archiving and communication system (PACS) is a medical imaging
technology which provides economical storage and convenient access to images
from multiple modalities (source machine types).Electronic images and reports are
transmitted digitally via PACS; this eliminates the need to manually file, retrieve,
or transport film jackets, the folders used to store and protect X-ray film.
 Market information systems (otherwise known as market intelligence
systems, market information services, or MIS, and not to be confused with
management information systems) are information systems used in gathering,
analyzing and disseminating information about prices and other information
relevant to farmers, animal rearers, traders, processors and others involved in
handling agricultural products.
 Market information systems (otherwise known as market intelligence
systems, market information services, or MIS, and not to be confused with
management information systems) are information systems used in gathering,
analyzing and disseminating information about prices and other information
relevant to farmers, animal rearers, traders, processors and others involved in
handling agricultural products.

Reference: LU 3: communicate concepts or idea through application of design

processes to 2D forms page 256

QUESTION 15: Mention and explain the Stages of design process

Answer

1. The Creative Brief

A creative or design brief is the most important part of the design process. It is the
document on which the ultimate outcome is based on. Therefore, it is important to read
the creative brief thoroughly and understand the client‘s specific industry, business, and
products/services. Also, ask your client questions to assess his psyche and to eliminate
any ambiguity. Doing so will help you to develop a logo that is in line with client‘s
requirements. (1.5 marks)

2. Research as Groundwork
It is very important to conduct thorough research of the client‘s company and
industry. It is advisable to study various fonts, colors, and designs used in
industry. It is also important to research about the competitors to get the feel
of the industry. It is also important to understand what kind of color
combination, design themes and images the client wants you to use and their
expectations are. (1.5 marks)

3. Paperwork
This is an important part of the design process that designers tend to overlook.
You should always start off by sketching your ideas on paper. This helps to
execute ideas and pay attention to minor details. Designing on paper allows
forming an idea and coming up with original logo design.
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 4. Design on Computer
Once you are done with groundwork, you can then start designing on the
computer. There is a variety of software for graphic design amongst which
Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop are most popular. You can experiment with
different colors, fonts, shapes and angles to create multiple variations of the
logo. However, all options must follow the creative brief provided by the client
(1.5 marks)

5. Presentation
Presentation matters. All options must be presented with color variation i.e. using
CMYK, RGB, black and white and reverse options. Doing so will help client
finalize a logo option of which different file formats will be delivered. (1.5
marks)

6. Feedback
Feedback is very important. You should be alert and make the required
changes once the client sends in their feedback on your design. It is also
important to communicate well with the client so that you can make him
understand the technicalities linked with the logo design. It is good to give
advice custom logo design because clients want to see the changes and only
then are they able to make up their mind about the right design option. (1.5
marks)

7. Delivering final files

Once the changes are made and a logo option is finalized, the designer
providing you logo designing then you should deliver the final files as soon as
possible, ideally within (1marks)
Reference: LU 3: communicate concepts or idea through application of design
processes to 2D forms page 259

QUESTION 16: Enumerate ten (10) effective techniques of brainstorming as one

techniques of generating idea.
Answer: (1 marks each)

 Brain writing.
 Rapid ideation.
 Figure storming.
 Online brainstorming, aka brain netting.
 Round-robin brainstorming.
 Step-ladder technique.
 Mind mapping.
 Star bursting.
Reference: LU2 Explore the creative design process for 2D forms page249

Section C: CHOOSE ONLY ONE (1) QUESTION /15marks

QUESTION 17: Describe the three (3) types of information and give examples

Answer

 Primary information (2 marks)

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Primary information is the original or raw data and is mostly referred as your own
source. Primary data is usually present with or no analysis. (2 marks)

Examples: (1marks)

- Company data

- Standards

- Statistics

- Legislation

 Secondary information

Secondary information takes raw data (primary information) and analyse it and present
it in the format that is easy to read and understand.

Examples

- Report
- Newspaper articles
- Text books
 Tertiary information

Tertiary information includes books and article based on the research of others. Its aim
is to explain to explain research for general audience. It can also be a collection of
primary and secondary data filtered and analysed together

Examples:

- Textbooks
- Dictionary and encyclopaedias
- Manuals, guidebooks, almanacs
- Indexes and bibliography

QUESTION 18: Mention and explain the ten (10) techniques to generate the ideas
Answer (1marks each)

1. SCAMPER is an idea generation technique that utilizes action verbs as

stimuli. It is a well-known kind of checklist developed by Bob Eberie that assists
the person in coming up with ideas either for modifications that can be made on an
existing product or for making a new product. SCAMPER is an acronym with each
letter standing for an action verb which in turn stands for a prompt for creative
ideas.

2. Mind mapping is a graphical technique for imagining connections between various

pieces of information or ideas. Each fact or idea is written down and then connected
by curves or lines to its minor or major (previous or following) fact or idea, thus
building a web of relationships. Mind mapping is utilized in brainstorming, project
planning, problem solving and note taking. As is the case with other mapping
methods, the intention behind brain mapping too is to capture attention and to gain
and frame information to enable sharing of concepts and ideas.

Page 23 of 142
 3. Synectics

Synecticsis a creative idea generation and problem solving technique that arouses
thought processes that the subject may not be aware of. It is a manner of approaching
problem-solving and creativity in a rational manner. The Synectics study endeavored to
investigate the creative process while it is in progress. According to J.J Gordon, three
key assumptions are associated with Synectics research.

• It is possible to describe and teach the creative process

• Invention processes in sciences and the arts are analogous and triggered by the very
same ―psychic‖ processes
• Group and individual creativity are analogous

5. Storyboarding

4. Storyboarding has to do with developing a visual story to explain or explore.

Storyboards can help creative people represent information they gained during
research. Pictures, quotes from the user, and other pertinent information are fixed on
cork board, or any comparable surface, to stand for a scenario and to assist with
comprehending the relationships between various ideas.

6. Role playing

In the role playing technique, each participant can take on a personality or role
different from his own. As the technique is fun, it can help people reduce their
inhibitions and come out with unexpected ideas.

7. Attribute listing

Attribute listing is an analytical approach to recognize new forms of a system or

product by identifying/recognizing areas of improvement. To figure out how to
enhance a particular product, it is broken into parts, physical features of each
component are noted, and all functions of each component are explained and studied
to see whether any change or recombination would damage or improve the product.

8. Visualization and visual prompts

Visualization is about thinking of challenges visually so as to better comprehend the

issue. It is a process of incubation and illumination where the participant takes a
break from the problem at hand and concentrates on something wholly different while
his mind subconsciously continues to work on the idea. This grows into a phase of
illumination where the participant suddenly gets a diversity of solutions and he
rapidly writes them down, thereby creating fresh parallel lines of thought.

9. Morphological analysis

Morphological analysis has to do with recognizing the structural aspects of a

problem and studying the relationships among them. For example: Imagine the
problem is transporting an object from one place to another by way of a powered
vehicle. The significant dimensions are: the kind of vehicle (cart, sling, bed, chair); the

Page 24 of 142
power source (internal-combustion engine, pressed air, electric motor); and the
medium (air, hard surface, rails, rollers, oil, water).

10. Daydreaming

Though mostly not met with approval, daydreaming is truly one of the most
fundamental ways to trigger great ideas. The word ―daydream‖ itself involuntarily
triggers an uninhibited and playful thought process, incorporating the participant‘s
creativity and resourcefulness to play around with the present problem. It enables a
person to establish an emotional connection with the problem, which is beneficial in
terms of coming up with a wonderful idea. The focus of productive daydreaming is a
particular goal irrespective of whether it seems to be an impractical task. Plenty of
famous inventors have engaged in daydreaming in the past, thereby setting off ideas
that contributed to life altering inventions

11. Reverse thinking

As the term ‗reverse thinking‘ itself suggests, instead of adopting the logical, normal
manner of looking at a challenge, you reverse it and think about opposite ideas. For
example: ‗how can I double my fan base?‘ can change into ‗how do I make sure I have
no fans at all?‘ You may notice that the majority of participants would find it easier to
produce ideas for the ‗negative challenge‘ simply because it is much more fun.
However, don‘t spend too much time on the reverse idea-generation – about 10 to 15
wrong ideas is fine. After one session is over, you can either continue in the reverse
idea atmosphere with a new challenge or else do the reversal once more to make it
stronger.

12. Questioning assumptions

The majority of industries have orthodoxy – unspoken but deeply-held beliefs that
everyone stands by for getting things done. Sadly, they fail to realize that by
questioning assumptions at every step of service or product development, they can
actually enable the birth of fresh possibilities and ideas.

13. Accidental genius

Accidental genius is a relatively new technique that utilizes writing to trigger the best
ideas, content and insight.

14. Brain writing

Brain writingis easy. Instead of asking the participants to shout out ideas, they are
told to pen down their ideas pertaining to a specific problem or question on sheets of
paper, for a small number of minutes. After that, each participant can pass their
ideas over to someone else. This someone else reads the ideas on the paper and adds
some new ones. Following another few minutes, the individual participants are again
made to pass their papers to someone else and so the process continues. After about
15 minutes, you or someone else can collect the sheets from them and post them for
instant discussion.

15. Wishing

Page 25 of 142
 This technique can be begun by asking for the unattainable and then brainstorming
ideas to make it or at least an approximation of it, a reality. Start by making the
wishes tangible. There should be collaboration among the members of the team to
produce 20 to 30 wishes pertaining to your business. Everyone‘s imagination should
be encouraged to run wild – the more bizarre the idea, the better. There should be no
restrictions on thinking.

16. Socializing

If employees only hang around with colleagues and friends, they could find
themselves in a thinking rut. Let them utilize all those LinkedIn connections to begin
some fantastic conversations. Refreshing perspectives will assist with bringing out
new thinking and probably, one or two lightning bolts. Socializing in the context of
ideation can also be about talking to others on topics that have nothing whatsoever to
do with the present problem.

17. Collaboration

As the term indicates, collaboration is about two or more people joining hands in
working for a common goal. Designers frequently work in groups and engage in
collaborative creation in the course of the whole creative

Reference: LU 3: communicate concepts or idea through application of design

processes to 2D forms page 257

SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING and film making

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 5
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMD2D501 2D DRAWING CONCEPTION

DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

QUESTION1: Define the following term (5 Marks)

a. Rule of Thirds (2.5Marks)
Answer: The Rule of Thirds is a common technique for achieving balance in your
Composition

Page 26 of 142
Reference: LU 4: Apply texture and pattern
Reference: LU 2: Make 1 point perspective and 2 point perspective
RP Notes of 2D drawing conception page 17,22

b. Horizon line (2.5 Marks)

Answer: The "horizon line" is sometimes described as the line that divides the ground
from the sky.
RP Notes of 2D drawing conception page 28

QUESTION2: Identify at list at list 5 commonly tools used in drawing? (5 Marks)

LU 1: Create basics drawing
Answer: (1 Marks each)
 Crayon
 Graphite pen
 Eraser
 Graphite pencils. ...
 Colored and pastel pencils. ...
 Charcoal sticks, artists' pencils, and carré sticks. ...
 Graphite sticks. ...
 Inks, dip brushes, dip pens, and pens. ...
 Craft knife, erasers, stumps, and sharpeners
QUESTION3: Give at least 5 types of line by illustration that can be used to make a
shape or form (5Marks)
Answer: (1 Marks each)
 thick
 Thin
 Horizontal
 Vertical
 Zigzag
 Ziagonal
 Curly
 Curved
 Spiral

Reference : LU 1 Create basics drawing

QUESTION4: Describe five (5) principles of design (5 Marks)
Answer: (1 Marks each)

 Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and
space. If the design was a scale, these elements should be balanced to make a
Page 27 of 142
 design feel stable. In symmetrical balance, the elements used on one side of the
design are similar to those on the other side; in asymmetrical balance, the sides
are different but still look balanced. In radial balance, the elements are arranged
around a central point and may be similar.
 Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer‘s attention. Usually the
artist will make one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas. The area
could be different in size, color, texture, shape, etc.
 Movement is the path the viewer‘s eye takes through the work of art, often to focal
areas. Such movement can be directed along lines, edges, shape, and color within
the work of art.
 Pattern is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the work of art.
 Repetition works with pattern to make the work of art seem active. The repetition
of elements of design creates unity within the work of art.
 Proportion is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, amounts, or
number) relate well with each other. When drawing the human figure, proportion
can refer to the size of the head compared to the rest of the body.
 Rhythm is created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly to
create a feeling of organized movement. Rhythm creates a mood like music or
dancing. To keep rhythm exciting and active, variety is essential.
 Variety is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer‘s attention and
to guide the viewer‘s eye through and around the work of art.
 Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art, which creates
a sense of completeness.
Reference: LU 4: Apply texture and pattern

QUESTION5: What are two (2) basic shapes in drawing? (5 Marks)

Answer: (2.5 marks each)
There are three basic shape archetypes that any form can be fitted into:
 the cube,
 the cylinder
 the sphere.
At the heart of these form shapes are two simple geometric shapes: the square and
the ellipse. Learning to accurately draw and combine these will help you to construct
any object, observed or imagined.

Reference: LU 1: create basic shape

Rp notes of 2D drawing conception page 9

QUESTION6: Step by step draw a golden rectangle (5 Marks)

 Draw a simple square. (1 mark)
 Draw a line from the midpoint of one side of the square to an opposite corner.
(1 mark)
 Use that line as the radius to draw an arc that defines the height of the rectangle.
(1 mark)
 Complete the golden rectangle. (1 mark)

Page 28 of 142
(1 mark)

Reference: LU 4: Create basic shape

Rp notes of 2D drawing conception page 15

QUESTION7: Select the collect answers (5 Marks)

i. One point perspective has
A. One vanishing point
B. Two vanishing point
C. Four vanishing point
D. All of above are correct
Answer:
a. One vanishing point (2.5 marks each)
ii. With Two point perspective shows
a. Two side view
b. Top , front, back and side view
c. One side view
d. No correct answer
Answer: d. No correct answer (2.5 marks each)
References: Lu2: Make 1 point perspective and 2 point perspective
Rp notes of 2D drawing conception page 9
QUESTION8:a) Differentiates two types of color modes used in designing graphics?

(5marks)Answer( 1.5 marks each)

 RGB refers to the primary colors of light, Red, Green and Blue,that are used in
monitors, television screens, digital cameras and scanners.

 CMYK refers to the primary colors of pigment: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black.
... The combination of RGB light creates white, while the combination
of CMYK inks creates black.

 Gray scale is a color mode, made up of 256 shades of grey. These 256 colors
include absolute black, absolute white and 254 shades of grey in-between. Images
in gray scale mode have 8-bits of information in them. Black and white
photographic images are the most common examples of the gray scale color mode.
b) If a logo is to be inserted in a video project, what color mode should be used?
(1 marks)
Answer: RGB
c) Which file format can be used for an image that includes transparent
background elements? (1 marks)
Answer: PNG

Reference1: https://www.lynda.com/InDesign-tutorials/InDesign-CC-2017-Essential-
Training/466174-2.html (Accessed 2017-01-5).
Reference 2: LU 3 Digital painting
Page 29 of 142
QUESTION9: a) Differentiate between texture and pattern (2 Marks)
Answer:
Texture and pattern are terms that describe various decorative elements, such as
upholstery fabrics, curtains, walls and even types of tile.
A pattern is a visual element that repeats, such as plaid or stripes, whereas texture can
be felt, such as the surface of a brick or a piece of burlap. (1 Marks)
while
Texture refers to the surface quality in a work of art. We associate textures with the way
that things look or feel. Everything has some type of texture. (1 Marks)
b) States three (3) under painting techniques (3 Marks)
Answer: ((1 marks each))
 Grisaille
 Verdaccio
 Morellone
Reference: LU3: Digital painting
Reference: Rp note 2D drawing conception page 62
Reference: LU4 Apply texture and patterns

QUESTION10: After defining focal point, identify different ways you can achieve focal
point when drawing (5marks)

Answer:
Definition
Focal point- The portion of an artwork's composition on which interest or attention
centers. (2.5 Marks)
Ways of achieving focal point
The focal point may be most interesting for any of several reasons.
 Contrast. (0.5 Marks)
 Isolation. (0.5 Marks)
 Placement. (0.5 Marks)
 Convergence. (0.5 Marks)
 The Unusual. (0.5 Marks)
Reference: LU4 Apply texture and patterns
QUESTION11: Match this table of area‘s form with their part, I and C is provided as
reference
(5 Marks)

# A B
1. I. c I. Light side a. Form Shadow, the
Form Shadow
Core and Reflected
light.
2. …………. II. Shadow side b. The darkest
part that sits directly
under the object, the
mid tone that makes
up the majority of
the cast shadow
shape and the
lightest, softest
tail of the cast
Page 30 of 142
 shadow
3. …….. III. Cast shadow C. Highlight and
the Halftones.
Answer:
II. a (2.5 Marks)
III. b (2.5 Marks)
Reference: Lu creating basic shapes
Reference : RP notes for 2D drawing conception page 12

SECTION B: Attempt all questions in section B /30 MARKS

Reference: RP notes of 2D drawing conception page 5

QUESTION12: States and describe five (5) Elements of design in art
Answer:
 Lines are marks moving in a space between two points whereby a viewer can
visualize the stroke movement, direction, and intention based on how the line is
oriented. (2 Marks)

 shape is a two-dimensional design encased by lines to signify its height and width
structure, and can have different values of color used within it to make it
appear three-dimensional. (2 Marks)

 Form is a three-dimensional object with volume of height, width and depth.

(2 Marks)

 Color is an element consisting of hues, of which there are three properties: hue,
chroma or intensity, and value.[3] Color is present when light strikes an object and
it is reflected back into the eye, a reaction to a hue arising in the optic nerve.
(2 Marks)

 Texture is used to describe the surface quality of the work, referencing the types
of lines the artist created.The surface quality can either be tactile (real) or strictly
visual (implied). (2 Marks)

 Value refers to the degree of perceivable lightness of tones within an image.

(2 Marks)
QUESTION13: Look at below picture and Redraw and demonstrate horizontal lines with
a, b, c, d, e, f………
Answer(2 marks each) each letter represent horizontal line

Page 31 of 142
 a

d e

Reference: Lu create basic shape

QUESTION14: Photoshop is one of 2D computer graphic software

a) Enumerate five (5) photo shop tools and their uses (5 Marks)
Answer: (1Marks each)

 Navigation tools

o
o Hand Tool * ( H )
o The Hand Tool lets us click and drag an image around on the screen to view
different areas when zoomed in.

o
o Rotate View Tool ( R )
o Use the Rotate View Tool in Photoshop to rotate the canvas so you can view
and edit the image from different angles.

o
o Zoom Tool * ( Z )
o Click on the image with the Zoom Tool to zoom in on a specific area. Press
and hold Alt (Win) / Option (Mac) and click with the Zoom Tool to zoom out.

 Rectangle Tool * ( U )
 The Rectangle Tool draws rectangular vector shapes, paths or pixel shapes. Press
and hold Shift as you drag to force the shape into a perfect square.

Page 32 of 142

 Rounded Rectangle Tool ( U )
 The Rounded Rectangle Tool is similar to the standard Rectangle Tool but draws
the shapes with rounded corners. Press and hold Shift to draw a square with
rounded corners.


 Ellipse Tool ( U )
 The Ellipse Tool draws elliptical vector shapes, paths or pixel shapes. Press and
hold Shift as you drag to draw a perfect circle.


 Triangle Tool ( U )
 The Triangle Tool, new in Photoshop CC 2021, draws triangle shapes. Hold Shift to
draw an equilateral triangle, or use the Radius option to round the corners.


 Polygon Tool ( U )
 The Polygon Tool, updated in Photoshop CC 2021, draws polygonal shapes with
any number of sides. Use the Star Ratio option to turn polygons into stars.


 Line Tool ( U )
 The Line Tool, updated in Photoshop CC 2021, draws straight lines or arrows. Use
the Stroke color and weight to control the appearance of the line.

 Vertical Type Mask Tool ( T )

 Rather than adding editable text to your document, the Vertical Type Mask Tool
creates a selection outline in the shape of vertical type.


 Horizontal Type Mask Tool ( T )
 Like the Vertical Mask Type Tool, the Horizontal Type Mask Tool creates a
selection outline in the shape of type. However, the type is added horizontally
rather than vertically.

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
 Path Selection Tool * ( A )
 Use the Path Selection Tool (the black arrow) in Photoshop to select and move an
entire path at once.


 Direct Selection Tool ( A )
 Use the Direct Selection Tool (the white arrow) to select and move an individual
path segment, anchor point or direction handle.

 3D Material Drop Tool ( G )

 Used in 3D modeling, the 3D Material Drop Tool lets you sample a material from
one area and then drop it into another area of your model, mesh or 3D layer.


 Blur Tool *
 The Blur Tool blurs and softens areas you paint over with the tool.


 Sharpen Tool
 The Sharpen Tool sharpens areas you paint over.


 Smudge Tool
 The Smudge Tool in Photoshop smudges and smears the areas you paint over. It
can also be used to create a finger painting effect.


 Dodge Tool * ( O )
 Paint over areas in the image with the Dodge Tool to lighten them.


 Burn Tool ( O )
 The Burn Tool will darken the areas you paint over.

 Eraser Tool * ( E )
 The Eraser Tool in Photoshop permanently erases pixels on a layer. It can also be
used to paint in a previous history state.

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 
 Background Eraser Tool ( E )
 The Background Eraser Tool erases areas of similar color in an image by painting
over them.


 Magic Eraser Tool ( E )
 The Magic Eraser Tool is similar to the Magic Wand Tool in that it selects areas of
similar color with a single click. But the Magic Eraser Tool then permanently
deletes those areas.


 Gradient Tool * ( G )
 Photoshop's Gradient Tool draws gradual blends between multiple colors.
The Gradient Editor lets you create and customize your own gradients.


 Paint Bucket Tool ( G )
 The Paint Bucket Tool fills an area of similar color with your Foreground color or a
pattern. The "Tolerance" value determines the range of colors that will be affected
around the area where you clicked.

Move and Selection tools


 Move Tool * ( V )
 The Move Tool is used to move layers, selections and guides within a Photoshop
document. Enable "Auto-Select" to automatically select the layer or group you
click on.


 Artboard Tool ( V )
 The Artboard Tool allows you to easily design multiple web or UX (user experience)
layouts for different devices or screen sizes.


 Rectangular Marquee Tool * ( M )
 The Rectangular Marquee Tool draws rectangular selection outlines. Press and
hold Shift as you drag to draw a square selection.

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
 Elliptical Marquee Tool ( M )
 The Elliptical Marquee Tool draws elliptical selection outlines. Press and hold Shift
to draw a selection in a perfect circle.


 Single Row Marquee Tool
 The Single Row Marquee Tool in Photoshop selects a single row of pixels in the
image from left to right.

 Single Column Marquee Tool

 Use the Single Column Marquee Tool to select a single column of pixels from top to
bottom.


 Lasso Tool * ( L )
 With the Lasso Tool, you can draw a freeform selection outline around an object.


 Polygonal Lasso Tool ( L )
 Click around an object with the Polygonal Lasso Tool to surround it with a
polygonal, straight-edged selection outline.


 Magnetic Lasso Tool ( L )
 The Magnetic Lasso Tool snaps the selection outline to the edges of the object as
you move your mouse cursor around it.


 Object Selection Tool * ( W )
 The Object Selection Tool lets you select an object just by dragging a rough
selection outline around it.


 Quick Selection Tool ( W )
 The Quick Selection Tool lets you easily select an object simply by painting over it
with a brush. Enable "Auto-Enhance" in the Options Bar for better quality
selections.

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
 Magic Wand Tool ( W )
 Photoshop's Magic Wand Tool selects areas of similar color with a single click. The
"Tolerance" value in the Options Bar sets the range of colors that will be selected.
 Crop and Slice tools

o
o Crop Tool * ( C )
o Use the Crop Tool in Photoshop to crop an image and remove unwanted
areas. Uncheck "Delete Cropped Pixels" in the Options Bar to crop an image
non-destructively.

o
o Perspective Crop Tool ( C )
o Use the Perspective Crop Tool to both crop an image and fix common
distortion or perspective problems.

o
o Slice Tool ( C )
o The Slice Tool divides an image or layout into smaller sections (slices) which
can be exported and optimized separately.

o
o Slice Select Tool ( C )
o Use the Slice Select Tool to select individual slices created with the Slice
Tool.

o
o Frame Tool * ( K )
o New as of Photoshop CC 2019, the Frame Tool lets you place images into
rectangular or elliptical shapes.
 Measurement tools

o
o Eyedropper Tool * ( I )
o Photoshop's Eyedropper Tool samples colors in an image. Increase "Sample
Size" in the Options Bar for a better representation of the sampled area's
color.

b) States ten (10) blending mode found in photo shop blending pop up option
(5 Marks)
Answer:
 Normal

Page 37 of 142
 Edits or paints each pixel to make it the result color. This is the default mode.
(Normal mode is called Threshold when you‘re working with a bitmapped or
indexed-color image.)
 Dissolve
Edits or paints each pixel to make it the result color. However, the result color is a
random replacement of the pixels with the base color or the blend color, depending
on the opacity at any pixel location.
 Behind
Edits or paints only on the transparent part of a layer. This mode works only in
layers with Lock Transparency deselected and is analogous to painting on the
back of transparent areas on a sheet of acetate.
 Clear
Edits or paints each pixel and makes it transparent. This mode is available for the
Shape tools (when fill region is selected), Paint Bucket tool , Brush tool ,
Pencil tool , Fill command, and Stroke command. You must be in a layer with
Lock Transparency deselected to use this mode.
 Darken
Looks at the color information in each channel and selects the base or blend
color—whichever is darker—as the result color. Pixels lighter than the blend color
are replaced, and pixels darker than the blend color do not change.
 Multiply
Looks at the color information in each channel and multiplies the base color by
the blend color. The result color is always a darker color. Multiplying any color
with black produces black. Multiplying any color with white leaves the color
unchanged. When you‘re painting with a color other than black or white,
successive strokes with a painting tool produce progressively darker colors. The
effect is similar to drawing on the image with multiple marking pens.
 Color Burn
Looks at the color information in each channel and darkens the base color to
reflect the blend color by increasing the contrast between the two. Blending with
white produces no change.
 Linear Burn
Looks at the color information in each channel and darkens the base color to
reflect the blend color by decreasing the brightness. Blending with white produces
no change.
 Lighten
Looks at the color information in each channel and selects the base or blend color
whichever is lighter as the result color. Pixels darker than the blend color are
replaced, and pixels lighter than the blend color do not change.
 Screen
Looks at each channel‘s color information and multiplies the inverse of the blend
and base colors. The result color is always a lighter color. Screening with black
leaves the color unchanged. Screening with white produces white. The effect is
similar to projecting multiple photographic slides on top of each other.
 Color Dodge
Looks at the color information in each channel and brightens the base color to
reflect the blend color by decreasing contrast between the two. Blending with
black produces no change.
 Linear Dodge (Add)
Looks at the color information in each channel and brightens the base color to
reflect the blend color by increasing the brightness. Blending with black produces
no change.
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 Overlay
Multiplies or screens the colors, depending on the base color. Patterns or colors
overlay the existing pixels while preserving the highlights and shadows of the base
color. The base color is not replaced, but mixed with the blend color to reflect the
lightness or darkness of the original color.
 Soft Light
Darkens or lightens the colors, depending on the blend color. The effect is similar
to shining a diffused spotlight on the image. If the blend color (light source) is
lighter than 50% gray, the image is lightened as if it were dodged. If the blend
color is darker than 50% gray, the image is darkened as if it were burned in.
Painting with pure black or white produces a distinctly darker or lighter area, but
does not result in pure black or white.
 Hard Light
Multiplies or screens the colors, depending on the blend color. The effect is similar
to shining a harsh spotlight on the image. If the blend color (light source) is lighter
than 50% gray, the image is lightened, as if it were screened. This is useful for
adding highlights to an image. If the blend color is darker than 50% gray, the
image is darkened, as if it were multiplied. This is useful for adding shadows to an
image. Painting with pure black or white results in pure black or white.
 Vivid Light
Burns or dodges the colors by increasing or decreasing the contrast, depending on
the blend color. If the blend color (light source) is lighter than 50% gray, the image
is lightened by decreasing the contrast. If the blend color is darker than 50% gray,
the image is darkened by increasing the contrast.
 Linear Light
Burns or dodges the colors by decreasing or increasing the brightness, depending
on the blend color. If the blend color (light source) is lighter than 50% gray, the
image is lightened by increasing the brightness. If the blend color is darker than
50% gray, the image is darkened by decreasing the brightness.
 Pin Light
Replaces the colors, depending on the blend color. If the blend color (light source)
is lighter than 50% gray, pixels darker than the blend color are replaced, and
pixels lighter than the blend color do not change. If the blend color is darker than
50% gray, pixels lighter than the blend color are replaced, and pixels darker than
the blend color do not change. This is useful for adding special effects to an image.
 Hard Mix
Adds the red, green and blue channel values of the blend color to the RGB values
of the base color. If the resulting sum for a channel is 255 or greater, it receives a
value of 255; if less than 255, a value of 0. Therefore, all blended pixels have red,
green, and blue channel values of either 0 or 255. This changes all pixels to
primary additive colors (red, green, or blue), white, or black.
 Difference
Looks at the color information in each channel and subtracts either the blend
color from the base color or the base color from the blend color, depending on
which has the greater brightness value. Blending with white inverts the base color
values; blending with black produces no change.
 Exclusion
Creates an effect similar to but lower in contrast than the Difference mode.
Blending with white inverts the base color values. Blending with black produces
no change.
 Subtract

Page 39 of 142
 Looks at the color information in each channel and subtracts the blend color from
the base color. In 8- and 16-bit images, any resulting negative values are clipped
to zero.
 Divide
Looks at the color information in each channel and divides the blend color from
the base color.
 Hue
Creates a result color with the luminance and saturation of the base color and the
hue of the blend color.
 Saturation
Creates a result color with the luminance and hue of the base color and the
saturation of the blend color. Painting with this mode in an area with no (0)
saturation (gray) causes no change.
 Color
Creates a result color with the luminance of the base color and the hue and
saturation of the blend color. This preserves the gray levels in the image and is
useful for coloring monochrome images and for tinting color images.
 Luminosity
 Creates a result color with the hue and saturation of the base color and the
luminance of the blend color. This mode creates the inverse effect of Color mode.
 Lighter Color
Compares the total of all channel values for the blend and base color and displays
the higher value color. Lighter Color does not produce a third color, which can
result from the Lighten blend, because it chooses the highest channel values from
both the base and blend color to create the result color.
 Darker Color
Compares the total of all channel values for the blend and base color and displays
the lower value color. Darker Color does not produce a third color, which can
result from the Darken blend, because it chooses the lowest channel values from
both the base and the blend color to create the result color.

Reference: Lu 3 Make digital painting

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

QUESTION15:a) Describe briefly the difference between 2-point perspectives and 3-

point perspective
(5 Marks)
Answer

The biggest difference in three-point perspective is that there

are three vanishing points (VPs). ... In two-point, lines are either horizontal or recede
toward one of the two vanishing points. In three-point perspective all lines recede toward
one of the three vanishing points.

b) State five (5) tools of 2 D professional designer. (5 Marks)

Answer:
Hardware
 computer
 projector
Page 40 of 142
  ruler
 pencil
 tablet
 light pen
 soft wares
 ups

c) Rwanda minister of health in collaboration with Rwanda Biomedical center (RBC)

commissioned you to design a 2D animation detailing how to fight against the spread of
covid-19 pandemic . States five (5) possible delivery platform for this animation
Answer: (5 marks)

 Television
 Instagram
 Youtube
 Websites
 Facebook
 Film
Reference: RP notes of 2D drawing conception page 86
QUESTION16: a) Composition defines how element are arranged on page and can be
used to unify artwork, describe it five (5) elements
(10 Marks)
Answer (2 marks each)
 Contrast: Are the dramatic differences in tones, strong darks and intense lights,
or is it minimal?
 Focus or Emphasis: Is there a focal point, somewhere that the ―most important
bit‖ where the viewer‘s eye will ultimately pause and rest, rather than wandering
around and around.
 Motion or Movement: Is the composition static or is there a sense of movement?
This can be done in many different ways, including through suggested movement
with soft edges.
 Pattern: If you look at the fundamental lines and shapes, is there an underlying
structure that is pleasing or intriguing, or is it chaotic?
 Proportion: Do the things in the painting relate to one another, do they fit
together? If it‘s realism, does it follow the rules of perspective, are nearby things
bigger than things further away for instance.
 Rhythm: Find the beat, as you would in a piece of music. Its job is to lead and
pace the eye across the composition. Look at the fundamental shapes as well as
colour, repetitions and echoes.
 Unity: Is there anything in the painting that feels it doesn‘t belong, something
sitting awkwardly, out of place?

Reference: Lu 4: apply texture and patterns

b) Differentiate tint from shade (5 Marks)

Answer

Tint refers to any hue or mixture of pure colors to which white is added (2.5 Marks)

While

Shade is a hue or mixture of pure colors to which only black is added.

Page 41 of 142
Reference: Lu 3 Apply under painting techniques (2.5 Marks)

NATIONAL EXAM TITLE 2: Digital images photography

production

SECTOR:MEDIA AND FILM MAKING

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 4
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDSC401 & SETTING UP DIGITAL CAMERA KIT
DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:
SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

Question 1: Match the camera lens filter type in column one with its corresponding
description in column two. /5marks
Camera Description
Lens Filter
types
1. Protective a) Pretty much like sunglasses, add depth to an
UV and image by saturating its color and reducing
skylight reflections.
filters
2. Soft-Edge b) Has a neutral gray half that sharply
GND transitions to clear at the center. It is mostly
Filter used to balance out high-contrast scenes,
such as a flat horizon with bright skies and a
dark foreground, to create an evenly exposed
image.

3. Polarizing c) Are sheets of dark-colored glasses that reduce

filters the amount of light that enters your lens and
hits to the sensor, but without affecting the
color of the resulting image.

Page 42 of 142
4. Hard- d) More commonly preferred for its smoother
Edge gradient between the dark and clear areas,
GND this filter is best used if the horizon is not
Filter perfectly straight or flat; you can also opt for
this if the hard-edge filter tends to create a
noticeable midline for your chosen scene.

5. Neutral e) Are often used to protect the front element of

density a lens against moisture, dirt, and scratches,
(ND) which makes them ideal for shooting in wet,
filters dusty, or muddy environments.

ANSWER:
1E /1mark
2D /1mark
3A /1mark
4B/1mark
5C /1mark
Reference L.U.3. Install or check digital camera support equipment
Question2: List and explain any five (5) tools used to clean up the camera and its
support accessories?

ANSWER
Eclipse/Methanol /1mark
rocket blower /1mark
Cotton or Polyester Tipped Applicator /1mark
Brush /1mark
Speck grabber /1mark
Reference L.U.2. Charge and maintain batteries throughout shoot
Question3: Describe different types of camera angles used in Photography
ANSWER:

The Bird's-Eye view: a view from a high angle as if seen by a bird in flight.
grabber /1mark
High Angle: A high-angle shot is a technique where the camera looks down on the
character or subject from an elevated perspective. grabber /1mark
Eye level: Your eye level is the height of your eyes looking straight ahead; it is
your reference point for drawing perspectival lines. All lines above your eye level
will go down to the horizon vanishing point, and all lines below your eye level will
go up to it. grabber /1mark
Low angle: is a shot from a camera angle positioned low on the vertical axis,
anywhere below the eye line, looking up. Sometimes, it is even directly below the
subject's feet. Or is like a child looking up at a parent. grabber /1mark

Page 43 of 142
 Oblique: The Dutch angle, also known as Dutch tilt, canted angle, or oblique
angle, is a type of camera shot which involves setting the camera at an angle on its
roll axis so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of
the frame, or so that the horizon line of the shot is not parallel with. grabber
/1mark

Reference L.U.4. Install digital camera, lenses and other accessories

Question4: Choose the correct answer /5marks

I. Which is the widest aperture setting?

a. F22
b. F2.8
c. F8 /1mark
d. F5.6
e. F16

II. Which aperture setting will create the greatest Depth of Field (DoF)
a. F22
b. F2.8
c. F16 /1mark
d. F4
e. F5.6
III. Which shutter speed would be best to 'freeze' action in your subject
a. 1/1000sec
b. 1/2sec
c. 1/125sec /1mark
d. 1/2000sec
e. 1.25sec
IV. Which ISO setting will enable you to take picture more easily in poor light
conditions?
a. ISO 100
b. ISO 400 /1mark
c. ISO 800
d. ISO 50
e. ISO 1600
V. What does the 'M' mode setting do?
a. Marks a particular image
b. Sets the camera to Manual mode
c. Masks the lens /1mark
d. Manages your image files
e. Creates Magical photographs

Reference L.U.1. Select and prepare digital camera Equipment and accessories
Reference L.U.3. Install or check digital camera support equipment
Question5: Prove these: [5marks]

a) F/1/( =F/1

Page 44 of 142
ANSWER

F/1( =F/1/1=F/1

b) F/1/( =F/1.4

ANSWER

F/1/ =F/1/1.4=F/1.4
Reference L.U.1. Select and prepare digital camera Equipment and accessories
Question6: Calculate the diameter of the entrance pupil (effective aperture) in kilometer.
If the focal length is 10 mm and the f-stop number of the entrance pupil is 2 [5marks]
ANSWER
D=F/N
D=10mm/2
D=5mm=0.000005km
Reference L.U.1. Select and prepare digital camera Equipment and accessories
Question 7:

a) ANSWER BY TRUE OR FALSE

1. Bokeh is the orbs created when lights are out of focus in an image TRUE/1marks
2. Aperture is a photography term that refers to how much of the image is in focus.
TRUE/1marks
3. Exposure is how light or dark an image is.TRUE/1marks
4. The focal length describes the distance in millimeters between the lens and the
image it forms on the film. TRUE/1marks
5. Speck grabber is a unique tool designed to remove individual contaminant
particles from delicate TRUE/1marks
Reference L.U.1. Select and prepare digital camera Equipment and accessories

Question8: Define the terms below [5marks]

a. Camera: is an optical instrument used to record images. At their most basic,

cameras are sealed boxes with a small hole that let light in to capture an image
on a light-sensitive surface. Cameras have various mechanisms to control how
the light falls onto the light-sensitive surface. /1mark
b. Reflectors: is a tool that helps a photographer to manipulate the light by
providing another surface for the light to bounce off of. Reflectors are
inexpensive tools that can make a big impact on your images. /1mark
c. Camera lens: is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with
a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either on
photographic film or on other media capable of storing an image chemically or
electronically. /1mark
d. Filters: is a camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted
into the optical path. /1mark
e. Polarizer: A polarizing filter or polarizing filter (see spelling differences) is often
placed in front of the camera lens in photography in order to darken skies,
manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of lakes or the sea. The

Page 45 of 142
 rotational orientation of the filter is adjusted for the preferred artistic effect.
/1mark
Reference L.U.1. Select and prepare digital camera Equipment and accessories
Reference L.U.3. Install or check digital camera support equipment

Question9: List down five (5) camera support used during the shot? /5marks
ANSWER:
 Crane /1mark
 Drone /1mark
 Dolly /1mark
 Tripod /1mark
 Steady cam /1mark
 Helicopter
Reference L.U.3. Install or check digital camera support equipment

Question 10: Write down five (5) Ways of Using Reflector to Take Better Portraits
/5marks

 Using a Reflector for Fill Light

 Using a Reflector as the Main Light Source
 Using a Reflector to Block Light
 Using a Black Reflector to Create More Dramatic Shadows
 Reflectors in the Environment

Reference L.U.3. Install or check digital camera support equipment

Question 11: /5marks

a) What must be considered to verify the charger if is suitable for the batteries?
/3marks
ANSWER:
Verification of the voltage range of the charger
verification of the electricity voltage outlet
Verification the plug in of the ports
b) What is a view finder? /2marks
ANSWER:
Viewfinder: In photography, a viewfinder is what the photographer looks through
to compose, and, in many cases, to focus the picture. Most viewfinders are
separate, and suffer parallax, while the single-lens reflex camera lets the
viewfinder use the main optical system.

Reference L.U.2. Charge and maintain batteries throughout shoot

Reference L.U.1. Select and prepare digital camera Equipment and accessories

SECTION B: Attempt all question /30 MARKS

QUESTION 13: Illustrate the types of camera [10marks]

ANSWER
Page 46 of 142
2. DSLR Cameras.
3. Mirrorless Camera
4. Point and Shoot Cameras
5. Smartphone Cameras
6. Bridge Cameras
7. Medium Format Cameras
8. Film Cameras
9. Instant Camera/ Polaroid Cameras
10. Digital Cine Cameras
11. Action Cameras / GoPro Cameras
12. 360-degree Cameras
13. Rugged Cameras
Reference L.U.1. Select and prepare digital camera Equipment and accessories

Question 14:
a) What does scheduling your film shoot mean? /2marks
ANSWER:
Scheduling your film shoot is one of the very first steps in making your project come
to life. But in order to schedule, it is our job to figure out how long it will all take from
the length of individual days to the length of the entire project.

b) In photography is better to setup the Digital camera settings in order to take the
image to the next level, as a photographer describe any five(5) camera mode that
must be set on camera and explain exactly what they can effect on the subject
after and during the shot

Mode P (Programmed Auto): The camera automatically adjusts aperture and

shutter speed for optimal exposure, but the photographer can choose from
different combinations of aperture and shutter speed that will produce the same
exposure. This is known as flexible program. /2marks
Mode S/TV (Shutter-Priority Auto): The photographer chooses the shutter speed
and the camera automatically adjusts aperture for optimal exposure. /2marks
Mode A/AV (Aperture-Priority Auto): The photographer chooses the aperture
and the camera automatically adjusts shutter speed for optimal exposure.
Note: that in all three modes—P, S, and A—exposure is automatically adjusted for
optimal results. /2marks
Mode M (Manual): The photographer chooses both aperture and shutter speed,
providing the greatest latitude for creative expression. Choosing the wrong
combination could, however, result in photographs that are too bright
(overexposed) or too dark (underexposed). We therefore recommend using the

Page 47 of 142
 camera exposure indicator as a guide when choosing aperture and shutter speed.
/2marks
Reference L.U.1. Select and prepare digital camera Equipment and accessories

Reference L.U.3. Install or check digital camera support equipment

Question 15: KIGALI FILM TELEVISION School train professional filmmakers,

photographer ,film and television actors, music audio producer and graphic designer,
they are in process of hiring new Photographer who is able to set up and Operate video
camera, The first question proposed to be asked in written exam to the shortlisted
candidates is ―what the Exposure Triangle Means in Photography and what the main
elements of the exposure Triangle‖, As you are one of those who is going to attend the
written exam you are requested to draw the exposure triangle with the value of each
setting and explain each component that comprise the exposure triangle? [10marks]

ANSWER

The exposure triangle is a common way of associating the three variables that
determine the exposure of a photograph: aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. One must
balance all three of these to achieve a desired result, an adjustment of one requiring
adjustments of at least one of the others.

MAIN ELEMENTS OF EXPOSURE TRIANGLE

1. Aperture
2. ISO
3. Shutter speed

Reference L.U.3. Install or check digital camera support equipment

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

Page 48 of 142
Question 16: NGOMA Video Production Company is hired by the Rwanda culture and
tourism incorporation; a non-government organization located in HUYE district, to make
a shot film entitled ―RWANDA the Peace Country‖.
During the shot the photographer of the company report that their cameras have the
problems, are shooting well as needed the reported errors occur in cameras are as follow
Error Code-Err01

Error Code-Err02

Error Code-Err03

Error Code-Err04

Error Code-Err99

As camera technician and a student in Multimedia the manager for the company asks
you for to fix the error, after fixing give him a short report shows what causes each error
and its solution

ANSWER:

1. Error Code – Err 01:

When you get Err 01 on your camera, it means that the communication between lens
and camera is not working. /1marks
Solution: Very gently clean the camera lens and the electrical contacts (the area
highlighted in red color) with the use of dry and clean cloth. /2marks
2. Error Code – Err 02
You get this Err 02 message, because camera is not able to access or read memory
card. /1marks
Solution: Follow these solutions. In most of the cases it has solved the problems.
/2marks
 Eject and re-insert the memory card
 Format the memory card as it is mentioned in the user manual (the manual book
that you have received with your camera). You can also visit Canon official website
to download user manual for your EOS camera.
 You can also use computer to format the card.
 If formatting card does not fix the problem then you must replace the card with
new one.
3. Error Code – Err 03
If your EOS digital camera showing you Err 03, then it means that there are lots of
folders saved on the memory card. /1marks
Solution: It is very simple to fix EOS error 03 code. Simply move the folders from
your card to PC and then delete them from the card. But if you do not want to
delete folder from card, then simply replace the card with formatted memory card.
/2marks
4. Error Code – Err 04
If your camera is displaying Err 04 code, it means that your camera is not able to
save photos because the memory card is full. /1marks
Solution: Delete unwanted photos/videos or other files from the card to free up the
space. Or you can move all the photos on your computer/pen drive or on any
other data storage devices and then format the card. It will help you to resolve this
issue. /2marks
5. Error Code – Err 99

Page 49 of 142
 Camera error code – err 99 is a general error and it can occur due to various different
causes. /1marks
Solutions: Follow the different solutions for fixing camera error code Err 99: /2marks
 Switch OFF the camera, remove the battery and then re-install it and then Switch
ON the camera.
 If above solution fails, then gently clean the camera lens and the electrical
contacts (the area highlighted in red color) with the use of dry and clean cloth.
 Gently clean the electrical contacts and flash with the help of using dry and clean
cloth.

Reference L.U.1. Select and prepare digital camera Equipment and accessories

Question 17: Name the parts of camera below 20 marks

15.
1.
14.

13.

12. 2.

3.
11.

4.

5.

10.

9.

8.

7. 6.

ANSWER: (each has 1mark)

1. Builtin flash
Page 50 of 142
 2. Hot shoe
3. Microphone
4. Speaker
5. Strap mount
6. Lens release button
7. Lens mount
8. Contacts
9. Mirror
10. Grip
11. Shutter button
12. Main dial
13. Flash button
14. Power switch
15. Mode dial

Reference L.U.5. Disassemble digital camera, accessories and support equipment

Page 51 of 142
 Reference Book on: https://elearning.rp.ac.rw/mod/resource/view.php?id=15287
(RP notes)

SECTOR:MEDIA AND FILM MAKING

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 4
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDPI401 & CAPTURING PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES
DURATION: 3HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

Question 1: List down five (5) accessories that can support the camera during the shot?
/5marks

ANSWER
 Tripod
 Lens
 Filters
 Rain cot
 Reflectors
 Camera Battery
 Power supply
 External Flash Light

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

Question 2: Describe the difference between Viewfinders from LCD screen?/5marks

Viewfinder  Displays the entire frame that the

sensors capture.
 Only shows 90-95% of an image.  More convenient than a viewfinder.
 A more accurate representation of what
the human eye sees. Viewfinder Pros and Cons

 LCD

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 Advantages

 Can hold the camera steadier.

 Doesn't drain the battery as much.
 Offers a more precise view.
Disadvantages

 Can be very small.

 More difficult to see through if you wear glasses.

LCD Pros and Cons

Advantages

 More convenient than a viewfinder.

 Bigger viewing area.
 Can instantly playback a shot.
Disadvantages

 Drains the battery.

 Can overexpose the image.
 Harder to view in bright sunlight.

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

Question 3: Define the terms below as used in cinematography /5marks

a) White balance: is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so

that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in
your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the
"color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth
or coolness of white light.
b) Portraits photography, or portraiture, is a type of photography aimed
toward capturing the personality of a person or group of people by using
effective lighting, backdrops, and poses.
c) Photography: is the art, application, and practice of creating durable
images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image
sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such
as photographic film.
d) Composition:is how the elements of a photo are arranged.
A composition can me made up of many different elements, or only a few.
It's how the artist puts those things within a frame that help
a photograph become more or less interesting to the viewer.
e) Framing:Framing in photography refers to the technique of drawing
focus to the subject in the photo by blocking other parts of the image
with something in the scene. Frames can be located in the center of the
picture or alongside its edges.

Page 53 of 142
REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481
REFERENCE L.U.2: PREVIEW AND EXPERIMENT WITH IMAGE
CAPTURE|page 488
REFERENCE L.U.3: REVIEW IMAGES |page 491
REFERENCE L.U.4: ENHANCE IMAGES |page 496
REFERENCE L.U.5: FINALIZE IMAGE CAPTURE PROCESS |page 499

Question 4: Differentiate Optical from digital zoom /5marks

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

Question 5: Give and explain at least five (5) elements to look for in a
photography location? /5marks

 Light! Always look for beautiful light first! Think of the type of lighting
you like to shoot in and look for areas that will complete your vision of
lines in the image to lead to the subject.
 Lines: Not only does a beautiful space enhance your images, looking for
additional structures (either manmade or nature made) can add interest
to your images. I look for lines….whether it be leading lines or curves
that can break the frame up and add interest or frame my subject.
 Repetition : Anything in nature that repeats itself is pleasing to the eye
 Background: For portraits, I enjoy shooting into a darker background
than my subject. This makes my subject pop, so I look for areas that will
help me achieve that vision.
 Color: Look for color! Dark colors or light colors. Colors that will make
for beautiful bokeh. Colors that compliment your subject. Or think of
colors as a way to convey a feeling.

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

Page 54 of 142
Question 6: Describe the use of terms below as used in cinematographic
/5marks

a) Image stabilization
Image stabilization only allows you the ability to capture sharp images of
static subjects at slower speeds. Moving objects will be equally blurry or
streaky—and in some cases blurrier or shakier with the IS turned on.
There are two types of image stabilization (IS): lens based and in camera.
b) ISO
ISO is simply a camera setting that will brighten or darken a photo. As
you increase your ISO number, your photos will grow progressively
brighter. For that reason, ISO can help you capture images in darker
environments, or be more flexible about your aperture and shutter speed
settings.
c) Aperture
The aperture stop of a photographic lens can be adjusted to control the
amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. In combination with
variation of shutter speed, the aperture size will regulate the film's or
image sensor's degree of exposure to light.
d) The shutter speed changes the way movement appears in photographs.
Very short shutter speeds can be used to freeze fast-moving subjects, for
example at sporting events. Very long shutter speeds are used to
intentionally blur a moving subject for effect.
e) Manual focus
Manual focus allows you to ensure that the most important part of your
subject is crisp. When shooting subjects up close, focusing manually will
give you tighter control.

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

REFERENCE L.U.2: PREVIEW AND EXPERIMENT WITH IMAGE
CAPTURE|page 488
REFERENCE L.U.3: REVIEW IMAGES |page 491
REFERENCE L.U.4: ENHANCE IMAGES |page 496
REFERENCE L.U.5: FINALIZE IMAGE CAPTURE PROCESS |page 499

Question 7: Answer by TRUE or FALSE /5marks

a) Fogging in photography refer to the deterioration in the quality of the

image. TRUE
b) Exposure is controlled by aperture and measured in f-stops. TRUE
c) ISO stand for international standard organization TRUE
d) ISO 1600 is a setting of ISO that can be used for taking photographs
outside in sunny conditions. FALSE
e) Gain control help to bust video signal when shooting the video. TRUE

Page 55 of 142
REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481
REFERENCE L.U.2: PREVIEW AND EXPERIMENT WITH IMAGE
CAPTURE|page 488
REFERENCE L.U.3: REVIEW IMAGES |page 491
REFERENCE L.U.4: ENHANCE IMAGES |page 496
REFERENCE L.U.5: FINALIZE IMAGE CAPTURE PROCESS |page 499

Question 8:

a) What does culling mean in photography /2marks

 Culling is the process of going through a large collection of images to
select those that are the best, whether for delivering to a client (for a
professional photographer) or for using in a family album of some kind
(for a family photographer).
b) What is indoor and outdoor in photography? /3marks
 Indoor photography is all about photo which is taken inside the building,
most of those photo using an additional light for helping to get good
image.
 Outdoor photography is all about the photo which taken out the
building, where we use natural light for getting an image, and where
necessary we use refractor for increasing the intensity of light.

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

REFERENCE L.U.2: PREVIEW AND EXPERIMENT WITH IMAGE
CAPTURE|page 488

Question 9: Describe five (5) main elements of composition in photography?

/5marks

 Lines: Diagonal, Horizontal, Vertical and Converging lines all impact

images differently and should be spotted while framing a shot and then
utilized to strengthen it
 Depth of field: It can isolate a subject from its background and
foreground (when using a shallow depth of field) or it can put the same
subject in context by revealing its surrounds with a larger depth of field.
 Pattern: Emphasizing and highlighting these patterns can lead to
striking shots – as can high lighting when patterns are broken.
 Symmetry: A symmetrical shot with strong composition and a good
point of interest can lead to a striking image
 Texture: Images a two dimensional thing yet with the clever use of
texture they can come alive and become almost three dimensional.

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page

481
REFERENCE L.U.2: PREVIEW AND EXPERIMENT WITH IMAGE
CAPTURE|page 488

Page 56 of 142
Question 10: Define Shallow depth of field? / 5marks
 Shallow depth of field: is the small or narrow area in an image that is
in focus. Often, the background is blurred while only the subject stays
in focus. This shallow or small depth of field can be achieved by
increasing the aperture or rather lowering the f/ number.

Question 11: What is the histogram and what is used for? /5marks

The histogram is a graphical representation of the exposure of the pixel in your

photo. The horizontal axis represents the amount of light, starting at zero on
the left side and which stands for blacks (Shadows), and ending at the right at
255 which stands for white (bright). The vertical axis represents the number of
pixels in the photo for each tone.

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

Page 57 of 142
REFERENCE L.U.2: PREVIEW AND EXPERIMENT WITH IMAGE
CAPTURE|page 488

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

Question 12: The diagram below indicates the elements of Exposure triangle
/10marks

a) What is Triangle of Exposure? /1mark

 The Exposure Triangle comprises aperture, shutter speed, and ISO.
These three camera and lens controls work together to regulate the
amount of light that makes it to the light-sensitive surface (aperture and
shutter speed) and the sensitivity of that surface (film or digital ISO).
b) Describe the elements of the exposure triangle? /3marks

1. Aperture: Like the iris of your eye, the aperture blades on the lens of a
camera control how much light is let into the camera lens. The
amount of light that reaches your camera’s image sensor will
determine what the exposure looks like.

Each aperture setting on the lens is referred to as an f-stop, a fraction that

indicates the diameter of the lens opening. Aperture also determines the depth
of field and sharpness. Every lens has a ―sweet spot‖ or ―critical focus,‖ usually
between f/4 and f/11.

Page 58 of 142
2. Shutter Speed: While aperture determines how wide the lens opening
is, shutter speed determines how long the lens stays open for, letting
the specific amount of volume of light into the sensor determined by
the aperture. A faster shutter speed, like 1/1000th of a second, has the
effect of freezing motion, while a slower shutter speed, like 1/60th,
will blur motion in a scene.

3. ISO: ISO is the international standard of measurement that determines

how sensitive a photographic film emulsion or digital sensor is to light.
When increasing the ISO it allows you to work with less light, however
if the ISO is increased often times there will be more noise and less
detail within your video. In other words, when increasing your ISO it
will bring light into dark images, but as a result can diminish the
quality of the shot.

c) Based on the diagram determine how each element of exposure triangle

can make the effect in the image? /6marks

 Aperture

Your aperture setting measures how narrow or wide the opening of a lens' iris
is; the wider the opening, the lower the f-stop, the narrower the opening, the
higher the f-stop. Now, the size of an aperture affects images in several ways.

1. The amount of light that hits the sensor, resulting in brighter or

darker images. (Wide apertures allow more light in, while narrow
apertures allow less.)
2. The depth of field of an image, or how much of a scene that
remains in focus. (Wide apertures result in less depth of field,
while narrow apertures result in more depth of field.)

 ISO

The ISO setting on your camera basically controls how sensitive the sensor is
to light. Low ISO results in darker images and high ISO results in brighter
images. Now, you should definitely keep an eye on your ISO when you're
cranking it up to compensate in a low-light situation because as your ISO gets
higher, not only does the amplification of the sensor data begin to result in
unwanted grain and noise but it decreases dynamic range.

 Shutter Speed

The shutter speed is the duration in which your shutter opens and exposes a
camera sensor to light. Fast shutter speeds let in less light and result in darker

Page 59 of 142
images, while slow shutter speeds let in more light, resulting in brighter
images.

However, one effect that you should keep in mind when deciding on your
shutter speed is motion blur. Fast shutter speeds capture less motion blur and
slow shutter speeds capture more. This can be problematic if you're shooting a
narrative film, because there is a certain amount of motion blur that people
consider "natural" or "normal," which is usually achieved with a shutter speed
set somewhere around 1/48 or 1/50. Why 1/48 or 1/50? Because most films
are shot in 24 frames/second, and the "180-degree shutter angle rule" states
that your shutter speed should be double the inverse of your frame rate. (24 * 2
= 48, the inverse of which is 1/48.)

REFERENCE L.U.3: REVIEW IMAGES |page 491

REFERENCE L.U.4: ENHANCE IMAGES |page 496
REFERENCE L.U.5: FINALIZE IMAGE CAPTURE PROCESS |page 499

Question 13: Archiving Image Store (AIS)Ltd is a company specialized in

archiving and storing photos/images and also are specialized in shooting
special photographic images in few days they got a job from AKAGERA
NATIONAL PARK to capture images to be posted in different halls of their
house, the first thing needed to be done before start capturing is to make
shooting schedule as the photographer of AIS ltd you are requested to make
that shooting schedule, before you need to determine the steps that can be
followed in creation of shooting schedule (list them) /10marks

1. Selecting the right location.

2. Know your script
3. Scout at the right time
4. Look at light
5. Follow the sun
6. check for power supplies
7. Listen
8. Examine the elements
9. Decide where to set up
10. Get permission
11. Evaluate the area.

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

Question 14: /10marks

a) What is a Digital documentation? /2marks

 Digital documentation is a method of converting the physical text
into digital text.
b) Want is a subject? /2marks
Page 60 of 142
  In photography, the subject is simply the object (or person or critter)
that is shown in the image. But a single photograph can show
several things
c) List down four (4) important thinks to include in Photography Timeline
/4marks
3. Outfit changes
4. Styling time
5. Travel time
6. Lunch and snake break
d) Make a simple example of timeline of certain type of photography you
need show the activities will be conducted during the shoot? /2marks
Example of wedding photography timeline
10:30 am – 11:00 pm: Attire and Other Details
11:00 pm – 1:00 pm: Getting Ready/Father‘s ‗First Look‗
1:00 pm – 2:00 pm: Individual Portraits
2:00 pm – 3:00 pm: ‗First Look‘ and Couple Portraits
3:00 pm – 3:45 pm: Wedding Party Portraits
3:45 pm – 4:30 pm: Family Portraits
4:30 pm – 5:00 pm: Ceremony Details and Cocktail-Hour Decor
5:00 pm – 6:00 pm: Ceremony
6:00 pm – 6:30 pm: Post-ceremony Photos
6:30 pm – 7:00 pm: Reception Decor
7:00 pm: Cocktail Hour and Reception Photos

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

Question 15:
a) What is the difference between using a wide aperture and a small
aperture? /5marks
 The smallest f/stop number (f/2.8, f/4) set the camera to a wide
aperture.

 The biggest f/stop number (f/16, f/22, and so on) set the camera to a
small aperture.

b) List down at least ten (10) type of photography /10 marks

1. Aerial photography
2. Architectural photography
3. Candid photography

Page 61 of 142
 4. Documentary photography
5. Fashion photography
6. Food photography
7. Landscape
8. Action/sports photography
9. HDR Photography
10. Time Lapse Photograph

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

Question 16:

a) What are the types of filters and when we use it? /3 marks
The most three common types are:

 UV filter: it increases saturation and cuts down on haze

 Polarizing filter: It helps in reducing reflections.

 Neutral Density filter: it helps in long exposure

a) As photographer who uses digital camera in your every shot you do,
describe the digital camera modes /12 marks

 Program
 Aperture priority
 Shutter priority
 Manual
 P stands for Program, or Programmed Auto, and this is essentially the
next step up from the Auto option. In some respects the two are very
similar. The camera can still be relied upon to do all the work of taking a
good exposure, and you don't need to worry too much about adjusting
anything. You do, however, have a little more control over things.

 The A, or Av, option stands for Aperture Priority, and this lets you control
the aperture of the lens you're using. This is the opening through which
light passes, and you can make it larger or smaller to regulate how much
light to let in.
 Shutter Priority lets you control the camera's shutter speed, which leaves
control over the aperture to the camera.

Page 62 of 142
  Manual Mode this gives you control over both the shutter speed and the
aperture – and your goal is to use the combination that will give you the
most appropriate exposure

REFERENCE L.U.1: PREPARE TO CAPTURE DIGITAL IMAGES |page 481

REFERENCE L.U.2: PREVIEW AND EXPERIMENT WITH IMAGE
CAPTURE|page 488
REFERENCE L.U.5: FINALIZE IMAGE CAPTURE PROCESS |page 499

SECTOR: ICT

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 4
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDEI401 EDIT DIGITAL IMAGES

DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

QUESTION 1: adobe Photoshop consist of different tool and each tool perform
different task in image editing. Explain what is healing tool? (5MARKS)

ANS: The spot healing brush is the default healing tool in Photoshop and can
be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled
area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture
from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding
wherever you paint.

REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image

REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

Page 63 of 142
 QUESTION 2: Each image has Resolution and it is determined by number of
pixels taken by that image. Give the types of resolution of digital images
(5MARKS)

 ANS: pixel resolution, the term resolution refers to the total number of
count of pixels in an digital image. For example
 Spatial resolution is a term that refers to the number of pixels utilized
in construction of a digital image. Images having higher spatial
resolution are composed with a greater number of pixels than those of
lower spatial resolution.
 Spectral resolution describes the ability of a sensor to define fine
wavelength intervals. The finer the spectral resolution, the narrower the
wavelength range for a particular channel or band.
 The radiometric resolution of image data in remote sensing stands for
the ability of the sensor to distinguish different grey-scale values. It is
measured in bit.

REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image

REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION 3: in digital image editing, sometimes we need to remove

unwanted part on image. As a good designer write the steps to Crop an Image
in Photoshop? (5MARKS)
The process to crop image (1MARK)
1. Select the any part of the image. (1MARK)
2. Select the shape of cropping tool from the menu(1MARK).
3. Hold shift key and drag to select the marquee to a square or a circle.
(1MARK)
4. Hold a marquee from its canter, hold down Alt after dragging and select
image on Crop menu item. (2MARK)

REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION 4: Define the term ―Smart Object‖ In Adobe Photoshop? (5MARKS)

Layer is known as Smart Objects Layer, that contain image data from raster
or vector images,
REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION5: What is the best resolution for printing digital images (5MARKS)
REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

Ans: Print: 300dpi is standard, sometimes 150 is acceptable but

never lower, you may go higher for some situations. (2.5MARKS

Page 64 of 142
 Web/Digital: DPI doesn‘t equate to digital it‘s a print measure. It
was commonly believed for a long that 72dpi was ideal for the web.
(2.5MARKS

QUESTION6:Define color mode and list different color modes existing digital
photography (5MARKS)
Ans: color model?
A color model is simply a way to define color. A model describes
how color will appear on the computer screen or on paper.
The color mode or image mode determines how colors combine based
on the number of channels in a color model. (2.5MARKS)

1. RGB mode (millions of colors) . (0.5MARKS)

2. CMYK mode (four-printed colors) . (0.5MARKS)
3. Index mode (256 colors) . (0.5MARKS)
4. Grayscale mode (256 grays) . (0.5MARKS)
5. Bitmap mode (2 colors) . (0.5MARKS)
REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image
QUESTION 7:Write the steps to change color mode in adobe Photoshop
(5MARKS)
With Adobe Photoshop CS6

1. Next, select ―Image‖ . (2MARKS)

2. Choose ―Mode‖ . (1.5MARKS)
3. Find and click on ―CMYK Color‖ (1.5MARKS)
REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image
REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION 8:Deeply describe the difference between lossy and lossless

compression (5MARKS)

Ans:Lossy compression is the method which eliminate the data which is not
noticeable. While Lossless Compression does not eliminate the data
which is not noticeable (2.5MARKS)

In Lossy compression, A file does not restore or rebuilt in its original form.
While in Lossless Compression, A file can be restored in its original form.
(2.5MARKS)

Page 65 of 142
REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image

REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION 9:Differentiate DPI and PPI in digital image editing

(5MARKS)

ANS:DPI: Dot‘s per inch. The number of dots in a printed inch. The
more dot‘s the higher the quality of the print (more sharpness and
detail). (2.5MARKS)

PPI: Pixels per inch. Most commonly used to describe the pixel
density of a screen (computer monitor, smartphone, etc…) but can
also refer to the pixel density of a digital image. (2.5MARKS)

REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image

REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION 10:Give the advantages of the following adjustment in

adobe Photoshop while editing digital image: (5MARKS)
A. Curves
B. Levels
C. Exposure
D. Black and white
E. Brightness and contrast

Brightness/Contrast: applies the same adjustment to every pixel in the

selection or image (i.e., if you increase the brightness value by 30, 30 is added
to the brightness value of every pixel). (1MARK)

· Levels: allows precise adjustments using three variables (highlights,

shadows, and midtones). Use the black (shadow), white (highlight), and gray
(midtone) sliders to adjust the black point, white point, and overall brightness
respectively. (1MARK)

Page 66 of 142
 Curves: is similar to levels, but rather than changing sliders on a plane you
can add points to a graph. (1MARK)

· Exposure: use multiple sliders to adjust the exposure, offset, and gamma
of an image. (1MARK)

The Black & White Adjustment Layer allows you to easily make a color image
appear grayscale and then apply other effects from there. This feature works
the same in all recent versions of Adobe Photoshop: CS5, CS6, and Creative
Cloud (CC). (1MARK)

REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image

REFERENCE : LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION 11:Outline 5 mostly used compression techniques applied in image

compression (5MARKS)
Ans: Zip, (1MARK)

CCITT, (1MARK)

JPEG, (1MARK)

LZW (Lemple-ZifWelch), (1MARK)

RLE (Run Length Encoding) (1MARK)

REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image

REFERENCE : LU 4: Edit digital image
SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

QUESTION 12: After editing a photo the last step is to save it for future use.
Explain how do you save a Photoshop file so that you can edit it later?
(10MARKS)
Ans: Choose File > Save or press Ctrl+S/Command-S. Or,
choose File > Save As (Ctrl+Shift+S/Command-Shift-S) to save a new copy of
the file. In the Save dialog that appears, select a location on your hard disk (if
you want to move it to a new location) A. A Save the file so you
can edit it later. 10MARKS)
REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image
REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION 13: How to whiten teeth in adobe Photoshop (10MARKS)

Page 67 of 142
 Ans: Teeth whitening

Step 1: Select The Lasso Tool (2MARKS)

Step 2: Draw A Selection Around The Teeth
Step 3: Add A Hue/Saturation Adjustment Layer(2MARKS)
Step 4: Change The Edit Option To Yellows (2MARKS)
Step 5: Lower The Saturation Of The Yellow(2MARKS)
Step 6: Change The Edit Mode Back To Master
Step 7: Drag The Lightness Slider To Brighten The Teeth (2MARKS).
REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image
REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION 14:How to remove wrinkles on a skin (10MARKS)

Step 1: Add A New Blank Layer. (2MARKS)
Step 2: Select The Spot Healing Brush. (2MARKS)
Step 3: Select The "Sample All Layers" Option. (2MARKS)
Step 4: Select "Content-Aware"(2MARKS)
Step 5: Click On The Skin wrinkles To Heal Them(2MARKS)
How to Remove Skin Blemishes In Photoshop

REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image

REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

QUESTION 15:How one can be blemishes free on skin (15MARKS)

How to Remove Skin Blemishes In Photoshop

Step 1: Add A New Blank Layer. (3MARKS)

Step 2: Select The Spot Healing Brush. (3MARKS)
Step 3: Select The "Sample All Layers" Option. (3MARKS)
Step 4: Select "Content-Aware" (3MARKS)
Step 5: Click On The Skin Blemishes To Heal Them(3MARKS)

REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image

REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

QUESTION16: You are expert in digital images editing, how a fat image can be
reshaped. (15MARKS)

Page 68 of 142
Step One

Open an image in Photoshop (File > Open). (1MARK)

Step Two

In the Layers panel, select the Background layer and choose Cmd/j (PC -
Ctrl/j) to duplicate the layer. We will be working on the duplicate layer so the
original doesn't get ruined. (1MARK)

Step Three

With the top layer selected in the Layers panel, choose Filter >Liquify
(Cmd/Shift/x (PC - Ctrl/Shift/x). The Liquify dialog box opens(1MARK).

Step Four

You can use the Hand and Zoom tools to zoom and move around your image.
The Photoshop Hand tool shortcut (Spacebar) and Zoom tool shortcuts (Cmd/+
or Cmd/- (PC - Ctrl/+ or Ctrl/-)) also work. (1MARK)

Step Five

In the upper right corner you can set the Brush Size and Brush Pressure. The
Brush Pressure setting controls the brush sensitivity. The standard Adjust
Brush Size shortcut also works ([ or ]). (1MARK)

Step Six

Set your Brush Size and choose a low Brush Pressure, then click the Forward
Warp tool (w key). (1MARK)

Step Seven

As you click and drag in the workspace the image distorts based on the brush
strokes. (1MARK)

Step Eight

To shrink an area, choose the Pucker tool (s key) and paint your image.
(1MARK)

Step Nine

To enlarge an area, choose the Bloat tool (b key) and paint your image.
(1MARK)

Page 69 of 142
Step Ten

An easy way to reverse selective changes is paint with the Reconstruct tool (r
key) (1MARK).

Step Eleven

The Push Left tool (o key) pushes the pixels left or right depending on whether
you are moving the brush up or down. (2MARK)

Step Twelve

To remove all of your changes, click the Restore All button. Once you are
finished, click OK to accept your changes. (3MARK)

REFERENCE: LU 1: Assess digital image

REFERENCE: LU 4: Edit digital image

NATIONAL EXAM TITLE 3: Audio production and Sound Reinforcement

system

SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING and film making

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 4
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MANIPULATING AND INCORPORATING AUDIO
INTO MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION
DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

Page 70 of 142
QUESTION 1: Write the following audio acronyms in full: 5
Marks

i. MIDI ii. HDMI iii. FLAC IV. DVDRW e. CD

Answer

i. MIDI: Musical instrument digital interface. (1 marks)

ii. HDMI: Higher definition multimedia interface (1 marks)
iii. FLAC: Free lossless audio codec (1 marks)
iv. DVD-RW: Digital versatile disk-Rewritable (1 marks)
v. CD: Compact disk (1 marks)

QUESTION 2: Answer by True or False

5marks
i. When trimming a clip, Dragging inward shorten the clip, and outward
lengthen it.
ii. Clips can be moved left/right to change their timing, as well as up-
down to different tracks.
iii. If original audio clip is split into two separate clips, each can be edited
dependently.
iv. Key framing is a technique that can be used to duck audio, which is
the practice of fading clips in-or-out.
v. Digital audio is created by repeating original waveform

Answer

i. True (1 marks)
ii. True (1 marks)
iii. False (1 marks)
iv. True (1 marks)
v. False (1 marks)

Reference: Lu1: Identify and describe format of digital audio (Lo1.2)

Reference: Lu1: Identify and describe format of digital audio (L2.1)

QUESTION 3: Define the following terms:

/5Marks
a) Digital audio
b) Analog signal
c) Sampling

d) Frequency
e) Compression
Answer

Page 71 of 142
 a. Digital audio: is type of audio which is recorded by taking samples of
the original sound wave at a specified rate. (1 marks)

b. Analog audio: refers to audio recorded using methods that replicate the
original sound waves. (1 marks)
c. Sampling: Refer to a method of converting an analogue audio signal into
a digital signal. (1 marks)
d. Frequency: Represents the number of periods in a second and is
measured in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second. (1 marks)
e. Compression: is the process of reducing a signal's dynamic range.
(1 marks)

Reference: Lu1: Identify and describe format of digital audio page 442

QUESTION 4: Choose the correct answer to the following questions

5marks

1. Online services that allow users to listen to music as it is being

downloaded use what type of technology
a. Looping
b. Streaming
c. Recording
d. Sampling
2. Which of the following types of audio produce the most realistic sound?
a. Monophonic
b. Surround
c. Stereophonic
3. Which of the following is best audio format for audio streaming
a. .Mp3 and .FLAC
b. .Mp3 and .WMA
c. .MP3 and .AIFF
4. X-company is recording instructional podcast for streaming through the
company network. Since all company computers are windows based,
which is the best format to use?
a. .AAC
b. .WMA
c. .MIDI
5. Which editing techniques allows to create a slow change of volume when
transitioning between songs.
a. Audio panning
b. Crossfade
c. Looping
d. Splitting

Answer

1: b. Streaming (1 marks)

Page 72 of 142
 2: b. Surround (1 marks)

3:b.Mp3 and .WMA (1 marks)

4: b .WMA (1 marks)

5. b. Crossfade (1 marks)

QUESTION5: Sound wave can be recorded into two different types of audio
recording, Using below original sound wave demonstrate by drawing two types
of audio recording

/5Marks

Answer

Reference: Lu1: Identify and describe format of digital audio page 442

QUESTION6: An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data
on a computer system. The bit layout of the audio data is called the audio

Page 73 of 142
coding format. Differentiate between types of audio file format and give
examples at each. 5Marks

Answer

Audio file format comes into two types

1. Lossless compressed audio format

A lossless compressed audio format stores data in less space without
losing any information. (1.5 marks)
Example: Wave, FLAC, Audio monkey, WMA (1marks)
2. Lossy compressed audio format
Lossy audio format enables greater reductions in file size by removing some
of the audio information and simplifying the data andresults in a reduction
in audio quality. (1.5marks)
Examples: MP3, AAC, MMF, AMR (1 marks)
Reference: Lu1: Identify and describe format of digital audio page 442

QUESTION7: Outline five (5) characteristics of sound wave.

/5Marks

Answer (1 mark each)

1. Amplitude
2. Frequency
3. Mono
4. Stereo
5. Time period
6. Velocity
7. Wavelength

Reference: Lu1: Identify and describe format of digital audio Page 447

QUESTION8: soundcard is professional recording equipment states at least

two (2) essential advantages of MIDI soundcard in audio studio
/5Marks

Answer (2.5 mark each)

1. Include small file size

2. Connect several sound equipment through cables and monitor them on
computer.

Page 74 of 142
 3. A MIDI recording is not an audio signal, as with a sound recording made
with a microphone

Reference: LU 1: Identify and describe format of digital audio page 446

QUESTION9: a) Differentiate downloading from streaming?

/2.5Marks

b) What do you understand by audio codecs?

/2.5Marks

Answer

a. Downloading: Downloading means your computer is receiving data

from the Internet While Streaming media is multimedia that is
constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being
delivered by a provider 2.5Marks

b. Codecs :A codec is a device or computer program which encodes or

decodes a digital data stream or signal./2.5Marks
Reference: LU 1: Identify and describe format of digital audio page 447

QUESTION10: Sharing audio file depend on many factor by considering the file
format, devices that can store and play it, even the storing space. All of those
factors can be determined when selecting appropriate compressing software an
audio file. Enumerates Five (5) best audio file compressors you know?
/ 5Marks

Answer (1 mark each)

1. Online UniConverter
2. Online Converter
3. You Compress
4. File Zigzag
5. Monkey‘s Audio
6. Free make Audio Converter
7. A shampoo Zip Pro
8. Win Soft Magic Compressor

Reference: LU 1: Identify and describe format of digital audio page447

QUESTION11: Calculate sampling fluequency (sampling rate) that have 40 Hz

of sampling interval /
5marks

Answer:

Page 75 of 142
Reference: LU 1: Identify and describe format of digital audio (LO 1.6) 448
|Page

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

Reference: LU 1: Identify and describe format of digital audio (LO 1.7) P a

g e 449

QUESTION12: a) Basically choosing audio manipulating software depends on

skills over which you have to use that software. List five (5) digital audio
software /5marks

Answer (1 marks each)

FL Studio
Cubase
Reason
Adobe Audition
Refx. Nexus
Hydrogen

Page 76 of 142
 Expstudion Audio editor
Audacity
b) Give two (2) reasons why audio file for streaming and email attachment must
be small in size?
/5marks

Answer

 To reduce cost of bandwidth used 2.5 marks

 To allow recipients download attachment fast 2.5 marks

Reference: LU 2: use digital software (LO 2.1) 451 | P a g e

QUESTION13: a) Summarize in two (2) steps the process of importing audio

media into adobe audition/5 marks
Answer ( 2.5 marks each)

Way1

Step1: select file menu and choose import

Step2: Select file(s) from media browser and click open/ import

Way2

Step1: Open media browser and select file(s)

Step2: Drag and drop into files panel

b) Saving when working avoid the risk of losing your during power
outbreak and should be done consistently when working on desktop computers.
Describe steps of saving audition project
/5 marks

Answer: (1 marks each)

Step1: select file menu

Step2: choose save as

Step3: Enter the name of project in provided text field

Step4: choose location where you want to save project

Step5: click ok and open where you save file to make sure that is saved
properly

Reference: LU 2: use digital audio software (LO 2.1) 454 | P a g e

Page 77 of 142
QUESTION 14: Enumerate five (5) Editing tools found in audio editing software
systems and their uses?

/10marks

Answer

1. Move Tool: Moves clips in the Timeline (2 marks)

2. Razor Selected Clips Tool: Cuts clips into separate portions (2 marks)
3. Time Selection Tool :Selects portions of clips in the Timeline (2 marks)
4. Slip tool: stretches clip in time (2 marks)
5. Rectangle marque tool: select waveform portion of audio spectral (2
marks)
Reference: LU 2: use digital audio software (LO
2.2) 452 | P a g e

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

QUESTION 15: a) Differentiate between stereophonic and surround sound?

/5Marks

Answer

Stereophonic sound commonly stereo is a method of sound reproduction that

create illusion of multi-directional audible perspective by using two channels of
two speaker (left and right) system 2.5Marks

While

Surround is also stereophony that involves three or more speakers (left,

center and right ) to give more realistic effect 2.5Marks

b) States five (5) core audio special effect/5Marks

Answers: ( 1 mark each)

 Modulation effects—Chorus, Tremolo, Flanger and Phaser

 Time-based effects—Reverb, Delay and Echo
 Spectral effects—EQ and Panning
 Dynamic effects—Compression and Distortion
 Filters

Reference: LU 3: Edit digital audio page 467

QUESTION 16: Study below adobe audition interface and answer the questions

A B C
Page 78 of 142
a) Rename the panels labeled with letter A, B , C, D, and F. E is History and
is provided as sample to answer all left
(10 marks)

Answer:

a. Files (2 marks)
b. Editing tools (2 marks)
c. Audio waveform/ multitrack editor (2 marks)
d. Media browser (2 marks)
e. History
f. Audio meter(2 marks)

b) Look below studio installation and name equipment a, b, c, d, and e

(5 marks)

Page 79 of 142
 a

c
b

Answers

a. Monitor/ speaker(1 marks)

b. Microphone (1 marks)
c. MIDI soundcard(1 marks)
d. Computer (1 marks)
e. Headphone (1 marks)

Reference: LU4: Construct Digital audio track page 469, 470

SECTOR:MEDIA AND FILM MAKING

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 5
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDSS501 &SOUND REINFORCEMENT
SYSTEM
DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:
SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

Page 80 of 142
SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

Question 1: What is a loudspeaker? /2marks

ANSWER:

A loudspeaker is an electroacoustic transducer; a device which converts an

electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. The most widely used type
of speaker is the dynamic speaker.

Loudspeaker, also called speaker, in sound reproduction, device for converting

electrical energy into acoustical signal energy that is radiated into a room or
open air.

Reference L.U.2. Identify audio equipment and cables Page| 429

Reference L.U.3. Connect the sound reinforcement system Page| 434

Question 2: What is a Microphone? /2marks

ANSWER:

A microphone is a device that captures audio by converting sound waves into

an electrical signal.
Microphone: an instrument for converting sound waves into electrical energy
variations which may then be amplified, transmitted, or recorded.
Reference L.U.2. Identify audio equipment and cables Page| 429
Reference L.U.3. Connect the sound reinforcement system Page| 434

Question 3: What does bandwidth mean in sound system? /2marks

ANSWER:

Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a

continuous band of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and
depending on context, may specifically refer to pass band bandwidth or
baseband bandwidth.
Reference L.U.1. Design sound Page|424
Question 4: What does Decay mean in sound system? /2marks
ANSWER:

Decay is the time taken for the subsequent run down from the attack level to
the designated sustain level. Sustain is the level during the main sequence of
the sound's duration, until the key is released. Release is the time taken for the
level to decay from the sustain level to zero after the key is released.

Reference L.U.1. Design sound Page|424

Question 5: Define /2marks

Page 81 of 142
ANSWER:

a. Woofer: is a technical term for loudspeaker driver designed to produce low

frequency /1mark
b. Guitarchord: is a set of notes played on a guitar. A chord‘s notes are often
player simultaneously but, they can be played sequentially in an arpeggio.
/1mark
Reference L.U.2. Identify audio equipment and cables Page| 429
Question 6: /5marks
a) The sound equipment can generate sound in form of electrical signals
where the sound that can heard with person comes as a sound wave,
give and differentiate the type of sound waves that everyone can hear.
/3marks
Longitudinal Waves: A wave in which the particles of the medium
vibrate back and forth in the ‗same direction‘ in which the wave is
moving. Medium can be solid, liquid or gases. Therefore, sound waves
are longitudinal waves.
Transverse Waves: A wave in which the particles of the medium
vibrate up and down ‗at right angles‘ to the direction in which the
wave is moving. These waves are produced only in a solids and liquids
but not in gases.
b) Differentiate disturbance to variation? /2marks
ANSWER:

Disturbance: a state in which normal mental or physical functioning is

disrupted.
Variation: a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level, typically
within certain limits.
Reference L.U.1. Design sound Page|424
Question 7: Write the full word for the following terms /5marks
ANSWER:

a) DB: Decibel /1mark

b) MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface /1mark
c) MADI: Multichannel Audio Digital Interface /1mark
d) XLR: External Line Return /1mark
e) TS: Tip Sleeve /1mark
Reference L.U.1. Design sound Page|424
Reference L.U.3. Connect the sound reinforcement system Page| 434

Question 8: The PA system refers to the system of installing different sound

equipment to provide the sound to the audience, in that installation of the PA
system also Sound cable can be used as the equipment. What the Sound cable
mean in PA system and what are the main functions of sound cables in PA
system? /5marks

Page 82 of 142
ANSWER:

Sound Cable: is cable used to transfer analog or digital signals from audio
source to amplifier or powered speaker cable are identified by their plugs and
sockets than by the shape or color of the wire that is used. /2.5marks
A sound cable used to transfer analog or digital signals from an audio source
to an amplifier or powered speaker. Cables are identified more by their plugs
and sockets than by the shape or color of the wire that is used. See analog
audio and audio connections. /2.5marks
Reference L.U.3. Connect the sound reinforcement system Page| 434
Question 9.Hearing level refers to the way audience can receive the sound
through the ears and also there is different types of hearing levels that can
describe more what is hearing levels, describe those four (4) types of hearing
levels /5marks

Symbolic level: If you describe an event, action, or procedure as

symbolic, you mean that it represents an important change,
although it has little practical effect.
Aesthetic levels: is a branch of philosophy that deals with the
nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (itself a
subdivision of philosophy and branch of aesthetics). It examines
subjective and sensor-emotional values, or sometimes called
judgments of sentiment and taste.
Aesthetics covers both natural and artificial sources of aesthetic
experience and judgment. It considers what happens in our minds
when we engage with aesthetic objects or environments, such as
viewing visual art, listening to music, reading poetry, or exploring
nature.
The definition of aesthetic is being interested in how something
looks and feels.
Warning levels: Warning levels are compiler warnings, the code
you have written is analyze and problematic code will generate
warnings (that can be treated as errors). There are four levels, with
four being the strictest level and also the default level. 0 Turns off
emission of all warning messages.
Primitive levels: A low-level object or operation from which
higher-level, more complex objects and operations can be
constructed. In graphics, primitives are basic elements, such as
lines, curves, and polygons, which you can combine to create more
complex graphical images

Reference L.U.1. Design sound Page|424

Question 10. Saving and exporting is one of the process that can be done after
producing audio, in that process of saving and exporting the audio there is the
way of choosing audio file format be used in export and saving process of the

Page 83 of 142
audio, explain clearly what is an Audio file format and give two examples of
audio file format you know? /5marks
An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a
computer system. The bit layout of the audio data (excluding metadata) is
called the audio coding format and can be uncompressed, or compressed to
reduce the file size, often using lossy compression.
Mp3
.3gp
.aa
aac
flac
Reference L.U.1. Design sound Page|424

Question 11: Based on the figure below define the term shown on the
figure/5marks

Frequency

a) Peak (also, crest) highest point of a wave..

b) Trough lowest point of a wave.
c) Theamplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the
highest point on the wave (peak or crest) to the lowest point on the wave
(trough).
d) Wavelength refers to the length of a wave from one peak to the next.
Wavelength is directly related to the frequency of a given wave form.
e) Frequency sometimes referred to as pitch, is the number of times per
second that a sound pressure wave repeats itself. The units
of frequency are called hertz (Hz).

Page 84 of 142
Reference L.U.1. Design sound Page|424
Question 12.
a) What does the term sampling mean in Sound system? /1mark
ANSWER:
Sampling involves taking snapshots of an audio or video signal at very fast
intervals, usually tens of thousands of times per second. The quality of the
digital signal is determined largely by the sampling rate, or the bit rate the
signal is sampled at.

b) Match the types of loudspeaker with the corresponding frequency range

/4marks Answer

Loudspeakers Frequency range

Subwoofer 3 KHz to 30 KHz
Midi-range 10 Hz to 100 Hz
Tweeter 1 KHz to 10 KHz
Bass 20 Hz to 3 KHz
Reference L.U.1. Design sound Page|424
Reference L.U.2. Identify audio equipment and cables Page| 429
Reference L.U.3. Connect the sound reinforcement system Page| 434

Question 13. The mixer console, cables and sound equipment has connectors
and Jack, as you are technician to connect and install different equipment of
sound in PA system, identify the different types of connectors and give
examples for each connector /5 marks
ANSWER
1. Balanced connectors: uses three conductors to carry the audio signal. Two
of conductors carry negative and positive signals (audio AC signal) and the
third is used as the grounding. /1.5marks

Example
External line return(XLR) /0.5mark
Tip Ring Sleeve (TRS) /0.5mark
2. Unbalanced connector: There are only two conductors. One carries
positive, other carries the negative and also is used as ground. /1.5marks
Tip-sleeve (TS) /0.5marks
Radio corporation of America(RCA) /0.5mark
Reference L.U.3. Connect the sound reinforcement system Page| 434
Question 14. The image below shows different parts that build the sound
cable, Name the parts of the cable as shown on the image and give the role of
each parts in the cable construction /5
marks a.

Page 85 of 142
 c.

d.

e.

b.

ANSWER (each has /2marks)

a. Brand
b. Copper conductor core
c. Cotton yarn
d. Shield
e. PE Insulation
SECTION B: Attempt all question /30 MARKS

Question 15.
a) Differentiate the types of audio channels? /6marks
MONOPHONIC /2marks

In monophonic sound systems, the signal sent to the sound system encodes
one single stream of sound and it usually uses just one speaker.
Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction (often shortened to mono) is
sound intended to be heard as if it were emanating from one position.
STEREOPHONIC /2marks

Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method of sound

reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective.
"Stereophonic" applies to so-called "quadraphonic" and "surround-sound"
systems as well as the more common two-channel, two-speaker systems.
POLYPHONIC /2marks

Polyphony, in music, the simultaneous combination of two or more tones or

melodic lines (the term derives from the Greek word for ―many sounds‖). Thus,
even a single interval made up of two simultaneous tones or a chord of three
simultaneous tones is rudimentarily polyphonic.

b) By using a diagram differentiate properly the attack, decay, sustain and

release as the sound envelop

ANSWER: /4marks

Page 86 of 142
 Attack: when you first press a key the Attack refers to the time it
takes for your sound to go from silent to the loudest level
The decay time controls how long it takes for your sound to go from
the initial peak of your attack to the sustain level.
Sustain refers to the level during the main sequence of your sound.
It‘s the level that your sound maintains when you hold a note.
Release controls how long it takes your sound to return to silence
after the key is released. A longer release time means a longer fade
out.

Reference L.U.1. Design sound Page|424

Reference L.U.3. Connect the sound reinforcement system Page| 434

Question 16. In the installation of PA system the Main and Stage speaker will
be installed to output the sound that comes from the Mixer console and in the
power amplifier, As the technician to install that PA system explain properly
the difference between stage monitoring speaker to the main speakers and
show simply the steps that can be used in the installation of Stage Monitoring
system. /10 marks

ANSWER
Main Speakers: are speaker that are usually used in PA System to face the
audience in order to produce the good output to the audience in other hands is
what the audience can listen to
Stage monitor Speaker: is referred as the speaker that are facing the performer
in order to help performers to know exactly what they are performing to.
A stage monitor system is a set of performer facing loudspeaker
A stage monitors are bit different than main speakers because they are placed
on the stage and faced each performer
The main mix is determined by each channel‘s volume level, stage monitor
mixes are instead defined by each channel‘s Aux Send Level
The more you turn up the channel‘s aux or Monitor (Mon) Knob, the more you
will hear it in the connected stage monitor

Page 87 of 142
Reference L.U.3. Connect the sound reinforcement system Page| 434

Question 17. /10 marks

c) A person standing on a pier notes that 3 waves come across the end of
the pier every second. What are the frequency and period of the water
waves?

d) Differentiate lossless to lossy compression? /5marks

Lossless compression formats include the common FLAC, WavPack,
Monkey's Audio, ALAC (Apple Lossless). They provide a compression
ratio of about 2:1 (i.e. their files take up half the space of PCM).
Development in lossless compression formats aims to reduce
processing time while maintaining a good compression ratio.
/2.5marks
Lossy compressed audio format: Lossy compression enables even
greater reductions in file size by removing some of the audio
information and simplifying the data. /2.5marks
Reference L.U.1. Design

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

Question 18. /15 marks

a) Differentiate input transducer from output transducer

Input transducer Output transducer

Page 88 of 142
 Takes a form of physical energy and Takes electrical (audio) signal into
convert into signal which can be mechanical energy that can be
read. heard
For example Microphone takes /1mark
physical sound waves and turns
those into an electrical signal which
can be transferred through wires to
the amplifier/1mark
Example: Microphone /1mark Example: Speaker /1mark

b) Differentiate outdoor speakers to indoor speakers /4marks

SOUND QUALITY Indoor are made to be 
Outdoor are made to project
used in enclosed small effective sound over a large
space area
 Indoor are made to  Outdoor reach very high
reach the lower volume volume without interference
/1mark /1mark
DESIGN  Are small compared to  outdoor speakers have a
outdoor Speaker unique design that
/1mark concentrates towards
durability
 They are made using a hard
and study material
considering they are large
and heavier too.
/1mark
ALL Weather  can get easily damage  Made with durable water
Resistance  Indoor are made with resistance materials to
material that prevent wearing out fort
/1mark /1mark
INPUT POWER  Doesn‘t overcome the  Outdoor can be divided into
 Doesn‘t overcome the
obstacles  Outdoor
active can be categories
and passive divided
/1mark obstacles intouse
 Can active
highand passive
input power
categories
because of sound obstacles
 Can use high input
/1mark
power because of sound
obstacles

c) Differentiate Subwoofer to woofer loudspeakers /3marks

Page 89 of 142
 SUBWOOFER: is a loudspeaker designed to reproduce low-pitched audio
frequencies known as bass and sub-bass lower in the frequency than those
which can be (optimally) generated by a woofer frequency range for
subwoofer is about 10 Hz to 100 HZ /1.5marks
WOOFER: or Bass speaker is a technical term for loudspeaker driver designed
to produce low frequency sound typically 20HZ to 3 KHZ /1.5marks
Reference L.U.2. Identify audio equipment and cables Page| 429
Reference L.U.3. Connect the sound reinforcement system Page| 434

Question 19. Name the parts of the mixing console as shown on the figure
below

/15 marks

j) b)
i)
h)
a)
g)
f)
e)
c)
d)

a) Equalizer (EQ)
b) Master Output
c) Master Faders
d) Channel faders
e) Mute
f) Panorama (Pan)
g) Auxiliary Sends
h) Gain
i) Inputs
j) Insert

Page 90 of 142
SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING and film making

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 5
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDAP501 AUDIO PRODUCTION

DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

QUESTION1: a) Define ―sound‖? (3

Marks)

Answer

Sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a

transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human physiology and
psychology, sound is the reception of such waves and their perception by the
brain. ... Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as infrasound. 3 Marks

b) What do you understand by MIDI?

(3 Marks)

Answer

MIDI is short for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. It's a language that
allows computers, musical instruments and other hardware to communicate.
A MIDI setup includes the interface, the language that MIDI data is transmitted
in, and the connections needed to communicate between hardware. 3 Marks

Reference: LU1 Record sound page 445

QUESTION2: Suppose that you are sitting for the exam to work in KINA Music
studio and you are asked to answer only below:

Page 91 of 142
 List down five (5) equipment used in professional recording (5
Marks)

Answer 1 Marks each

 Computer.
 Digital Audio Workstation (DAW)
 Audio Interface
 Microphones
 Headphones
 Studio Monitors
 Cables. ...
 Microphone Stands.
Reference: LU1 Record sound page 445, 446
QUESTION3: List down eight (8) application software used to manipulate and
produce audio
(4 Marks)

Answer 0.5Marks each

Top 10 Audio Editing Software

 Adobe Audition.
 Logic Pro X.
 Ableton Live.
 GarageBand.
 Audacity.
 Sound Forge.
 Studio One.
 FL Studio.
 Cubase
Reference: LU1 Record sound page 445

QUESTION4: Differentiates between LINE IN and AUDIO OUT (4

Marks)

Answer

Line in or line-in is a jack found on computer sound cards enabling users to

connect an external audio device.

These devices include CD players, audio mixers, musical instruments, and

microphones. They're used to record, play, and modify the incoming audio. 2
Marks

Page 92 of 142
AUDIO OUT allows external speakers, headphones, or other output devices to
connect to the computer, transferring computer generated audio to the devices
so that it can be heard. 2 Marks

Reference: LU1 Record sound page 445

QUESTION5:Give six (6) examples of audio input /output devices (3

Marks)

Answer 0.5 Mark each

 Monitor.
 Headphones.
 Computer Speakers.
 Sound Card.
 Microphone.
 Headset

Reference: LU1 Record sound page 445

QUESTION6: i) Every record have to be clear to make it easy altering, what to
check for ensuring signal level before recording?
(2.5 Marks)

a) Microphone
b) Soundcard
c) Headset
d) Input signal
Answer: d) input signal

ii) Which of the following is a step of setting input/output? (2.5

Marks)

a) Go to edit menu, preferences, auto save, scratch disk

b) Choose create > preferences > audio > input /output
c) File menu> preferences > audio hardware
d) Edit menu> choose preferences > Select Audio hardware> set input/output
Answer:

d. Edit menu> choose preferences > Select Audio hardware> set

input/output

Reference: LU1 Record sound page 446

QUESTION7: Explain all steps of recording a sound in waveform when using
Adobe audition?
(4 Marks)

Page 93 of 142
Answer:

Step 1: open adobe audition

Step2: click on waveform editor to activate waveform editor panel

Step 3: set recording devices by choosing edit menu> Preferences > Hardware
devices

Steps 4: click on red record on waveform to start and stop recording

Reference: LU1 Record sound page 446

QUESTION8:Describe briefly four (2) types of track found in adobe audition (4
Marks)

Answer:

 Video track: contain imported video clip (1 Marks)

 Audio track: this track have audio imported or recorded one (1 Marks)
 Bus track: this track let you combine the output of several audio track
or sends and control them collectively(1 Marks)
 Master track: combine outputs of multiple track and buses (1 Marks)
Reference: LU1 Record sound page 446
QUESTION9:SOLEIL studio located I RUHANGO District is one of audio
production studio found in southern province. A Gospel artist called VUMILIA
joined the studio to record her second album that will be launched in summer
of 2021; Record must be mixed with beat of synthetize, drum, Guitar and many
more.

Explain all technical process of recording this artist in adobe audition (5

Marks)

Answer:

According to how many devices of input, all must be recorded in multi-track

session and each audio equipment is set to its own input.

 Create a multi-track session by click on multi-track session view (1

Marks)
 Fill in required information and click ok (1 Marks)
 Set input used to record (Microphone) By selecting hardware set up(1
Marks)
 Click on R to activate required devices to record (0.5Marks)
 Click on recording button to start and stop recording/ or space bar (1
Marks)
 Repeat the above process to record each devices (0.5Marks)

Page 94 of 142
Reference: LU1 Record sound page 447

QUESTION10: Answer By True or False (5

Marks)

i) Imported audio is directly opened in multitrack session view

ii) Delay is the repetition of signal after a brave period of time of time
and number of repetition depend on the feedback.
iii) Reverb is natural result of sound waves bouncing of every surface.
iv) The compressor attenuates soft parts, while leaving loud parts
untouched.
v) When trimming clip dragging inward will lengthen the clip, and
outward will shorten.
Reference: LU2 Edit audio page 449
Answer:

i. False (1Marks)
ii. True (1Marks)
iii. True (1Marks)
iv. False (1Marks)
v. False (1Marks)
Reference: LU2 Edit audio page 449

Page 95 of 142
 Answer:

1. Time selection tool

2. Zoom control
3. Toggle power state
4. Clip
5. Loop playback
Reference: LU1 Record sound page 447
QUESTION12: a) Explain why is necessary to make sound normalization
process?

(3 Marks)

Answer:

Normalizing audio means setting a peak or target volume for a certain part
of audio file, meaning that quiet areas will be raised to a certain volume,
while the loud ones will be brought down or remain untouched.

Audio should be normalized for two reasons

Page 96 of 142
  To get the maximum volume (1.5 Mark)
 For matching volumes of different songs or program segment (1.5 Mark)
Reference: LU1 Record sound page 448
b) What do you understand by mastering ?
(2 Marks)

Answer:

Mastering is the final step of audio post production. And it purpose is to

balance sonic elements of stereo mix and optimize playback across all systems
and media format

Reference: LU3 Master audio mix page453-457

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

QUESTION13. Outline the process of mapping out channel to output in

audition

a) On windows operating system (5 Marks)

b) On mac OS operating system (5 Marks)
Answer:

a. Choose edit > Preferences > audition channel mapping (windows)

b. Audition > Preferences > audition channel mapping (Mac os)
QUESTION14. Differentiate between Mono, stereo, and surround channel
(10 Marks)

Answer:

 Mono stands for monophonic. Mono signal are recorded and played
back using single audio channel
(3 Marks)
 Stereo are recorded and played back using two audio channels (3
Marks)
 5.1 surround sound, requires five speakers and one low frequency
subwoofer (LFS).
(4 Marks)
Reference: LU3 Master audio mix page 457

Page 97 of 142
QUESTION15. Enumerates ten (10) audio effect that can be applied to an
audio clip

(10
marks)

Answer:

 Fades 1 Marks
 Filter and EQ 1 Marks
 Reverb 1 Marks
 Delay 1 Marks
 Modulation 1 Marks
 Echo 1 Marks
 Compressor 1 Marks
 Limiter 1 Marks
 Gates 1 Marks
 Pitch 1 Marks

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

QUESTION16. a) Explain briefly three (3) main key setting to consider when
exporting audio

(12 Marks)

Answer:

 File name convention (2 Marks)

 Name of the final output (2 Marks)
 Location (2 Marks)
 Determine the path of saving final file (2 Marks)
 Format (2Marks)
 Determine the extension of the final output (2Marks)
b) Enumerate three (3) activities done in audio production mastering
(3 Marks)

Answer: (1 mark each)

 Editing minor flawless

 Applying noise reduction to eliminate clicks, dropouts, hum and hiss

Page 98 of 142
  Adjusting stereo width
 Adjust volume
 Peak limit
 Dynamic range compression or expansion
Reference: LU3 Master audio mix page 457
QUESTION17. Differentiate lossless compression and lossy compression
format and give 2 examples at each
(15 Marks)

The word lossy is used in digital audio to describe a type of compression used
to store sound data. The lossy audio produces a lower quality sound and has a
smaller file size. Lossy compression is also called
irreversible compression because it's impossible to rebuild the data that's been
stripped away. (2.5 Marks)

Examples:

 MP3 ( 2.5 Marks)

 AAC ( 2.5 Marks)
Lossless formats are capable of compressing the silences to almost zero space
and by doing this it maintains all of the sound data, thus making them smaller
than uncompressed files. Lossless formats use compression algorithms that
preserve audio quality meaning the audio is exactly the same as the original.

(2.5 Marks)

Examples:

 LAC, WavPack, ( 2.5 Marks)

 Monkey's Audio, ( 2.5 Marks)
Reference: LU3 Master audio mix page 457

NATIONAL EXAM TITLE 4: Video Pre-production

SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING and film making

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 5
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDAP501 SCRIPT WRITING

Page 99 of 142
DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

QUESTION1: Define the following term

(5Marks)

a) Treatment

b) Brainstorming

c) Plot

d) Screenplay

e) Conflict
Answer:
 Treatment refer to a document that present the story idea of your film
before writing the entire script and are often written in present tense.
(1marks)

 Brainstorm refer to a group creativity technique by which efforts are

made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list of
ideas spontaneously contributed by its members.
(1marks)

 Plot: plot defines the sequence of events that connect the audience to the
protagonist and their major goal. (1marks)

 A screenplay, or script, is a written work by screenwriters for a film,

television program, or video game. These screenplays can be original
works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. In them, the
movement, actions, expression and dialogues of the characters are also
narrated.
Page 100 of 142
 (1marks)
 Conflict: Conflict is a vital component of drama and script writing. All
stories basically explore the human struggle against various obstacles to
ultimately succeed.
(1marks)
Reference: Reference: LU1 Brainstorm idea
LU2 Write treatment page 340

QUESTION2: Fill the gaps with Topic and story, idea sorting and expanding,
Focused story ideas
(3marks)

1. Brainstorming session deal with…………………………….

2. Idea to burs mind map includes……………………………..
3. ……………………………include in strategic planning
Answer:

1. Brainstorming session deal with…focused story idea……… (1marks)

2. Idea to burs mind map includes…… idea sorting and expanding
……..(1marks)
3. …Topic and story……include in strategic planning
(1marks)
Reference: Reference: LU1 Brainstorm idea page 335

QUESTION3: Answer the following statement by True or False

(5Marks)

a. Slug line describe location and time of the day

b. Script is used to mean theater and screenplay is used general in
film industry
c. You can develop a storyboard without a script
d. In mind map drawing, we are advised to make the lines the same
length as the word/image they support.
e. It is always recommended to write a screen play in present tense
Answer:
a. True (1marks)
b. True (1marks)
c. False (1marks)
d. True (1marks)

Page 101 of 142

 e. True (1marks)

QUESTION4: Give three (2) examples on the following criteria you can use to
build character profile
(5 Marks)

a) Character basics
b) Appearance and mannerism

Answer:

a) Character basics
 Names
 Races (2.5 Marks)
 Age
 Nationality
b) Appearance and mannerism
 Hair
 Eye and skin color (2.5 Marks)
 Fatness and thin

QUESTION5:What are two (2) criteria to consider when titling your script?
(5Marks)
Answer: (2.5 marks each)

 Dual meaning
 Marketability
 Make sure that titles make sense to the story
 Capture the genre of the story

Reference: LU2 Write treatment page 340

QUESTION6: No conflicted story becomes theater. Execute this statement with

three (3) types of conflict
(5Marks)
Answer: (1marks each)

Here are five different types of conflict

 personal conflict (1.5marks )

 relational conflict (1.5marks )
 societal conflict(2marks )
 situational conflict
 cosmic conflict

Page 102 of 142

Reference: LU1 Write treatment page 340

QUESTION7: Every character has one or more function in film; states two (2)
main types of character
(2Marks)
Answer: (1marks each)

Main types of conflict

 central conflict
 protagonist
 Antagonist

Reference: LU1 Write treatment page 340

QUESTION8: Differentiate:

b) Skimming and scanning through the script

(2Marks)
c) What are three (3) key elements of wrapping through a script
(3Marks)
Answer:
a) Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get general overview of idea,
scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific fact. (2Marks)
b)
 Topic sentences (1Marks)
 Supporting sentences(1Marks)
 Closing sentences(Marks)

QUESTION9:States ten (10) rules followed when typing a script

(5Marks)
Answer: (0.5 Marks each)
 Keep tittle pages simpler
 Only use FADE IN and FADE OUT transition at the beginning and end of
your script
 Slug lines, location headings should have only three pieces of
information
(INT/ EXT, LOCATION, DAY/ NIGHT)
 Little to no camera direction

Page 103 of 142

  Dialogue never follows the slug line
 All new notable characters names need to be in CAPS the first time they
appear on screen
 Cut to transition is useless in screenplay
 Less is more
 Dialogue is not for exposition
Reference
https://thescriptlab.com/features/screenwriting-101/8886-15-simple-
screenplay-rules-you-need-to-know/

QUESTION10:With clear demonstration, draw narrative arc of good story

(5Marks)
Answer:

Narrative arc is made off

1. Set up or exposition
2. Rising action or tension
3. Climax point
4. Falling action
5. Resolution / Denouement
QUESTION11: Give and explain role of director in preproduction process of a
film
(5Marks)
Answer: (1Mark each)
 Script analysis
 Location searching
 Budgeting
 Hiring/ casting crew member
 Searching talented actor

Page 104 of 142

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

QUESTION12: Outline five (5) synopsis format

(10Marks)
Answer (2marks each)
 Narrative arc
 Active voice
 Unique point of view
 Story advancement
 Clear writing
Reference: LU1 Write treatment page 341

QUESTION13: Describe screenplay cover page format

(10Marks)

Answer:

Demonstration of cover page (5marks)

All title pages should include following, centered on the page:

 the title (in uppercase) (2marks)

 Written by. (2marks)
 the writer's name(s) (2marks)
 based on (if any) (2marks)
 The date goes in the lower right-hand corner. (2marks)

Page 105 of 142

QUESTION14: Enumerate three (3) expositions through dump writing and give
two (2) example at each
/10marks

Answer

 Exposition through dialog 2marks

Example: expository props, exposition rules, information dump 2marks
 Exposition through film form 2marks
Example: Mise-en-scene detail-, camera movement, Sound, editing and
decoration 2marks
 Page only exposition 1marks
Example: Expository leeway 1marks

Reference: LU 3 Compose flash draft page 346

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

QUESTION15: a) Define synopsis (5 marks)

Answer:

A synopsis is really nothing more than a short description of your screenplay.

The typical synopsis consists of a plot summary of the screenplay on one side
of
a sheet of paper and usually contains no more than 400 words. It highlights
your
main characters and what they go through during your story. A good synopsis
will focus a lot of attention to conflict and resolution.

b) Outline five (5) elements to be aware of when writing a good synopsis

Answer: (2 marks )
Limit your synopsis to one page or less.
• Include a sentence or two about your beginning scenes.
• Describe where the story happens and at least the major character.
• Other characters can be introduced, but don‗t make the synopsis too
detailed.
• Include the most important conflict or events in the story.
• Use the present tense except for events that come before the story.
• Link synopsis paragraphs to one another in a logical way – so they flow.

• Write your synopsis paragraphs so anyone can understand your story.

• Try to convince your reader that your story is interesting and would
make a great movie.
• Include a sentence or two about your ending scenes.
• Let your voice or style come through in your synopsis.
• Always proofread your synopsis for correct style, grammar, and usage.

Page 106 of 142

 Reference: RP note of writing script page 21-22

QUESTION16: Outline 5 elements that should Be in the Treatment?

Answer (3marks each)

1. A Working title
2. The writer's name and contact information
3. WGA Registration number(Writers Guild of America (union for
screenwriters))
4. A short logline
5. Introduction to key characters
6. Who, what, when, why and where.
7. Act 1 in one to three paragraphs. Set the scene, dramatize the main
conflicts.
8. Act 2 in two to six paragraphs. Should dramatize how the conflicts
introduced in Act
1 lead to a crisis.
9. Act 3 in one to three paragraphs. Dramatize the final conflict and
resolution

Reference: RP note of writing script page 23

Page 107 of 142

TVET NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

MARKING GUIDE

SECTOR:MEDIA AND FILM MAKING

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 5
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDSP501 & SHOTLIST PREPARATION
DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:
SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

Question 1: /5marks
a) What does parenthetical mean in video pre-production? /1mark
ANSWER

Parentheticals: are those little descriptions that sometimes appear after a

character‘s name, in dialogue blocks, to spell out tone, intent or action.

b) Discuss all stages that must be done during making contact and build a
relationship? /4marks

Contact Approaches: contact approach gives you the leeway to ―find

your own path‖ to the airport
A contact approach is an approach available to aircraft operating on an
IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) flight plan, where the pilot may deviate from
the published instrument approach procedure (IAP) and proceed to the
destination airport by visual reference to the surface.
Insurance: Insurance refers to insuring the film against unforeseen
incidents like illness of an actor or occurrence of natural calamities
leading to delays in the film schedule. It can also include coverage against
accidents that damage equipment while shooting is in process, it is
something people buy to protect themselves from losing money. People
who buy insurance pay a "premium" (often paid every month) and
promise to be careful (a "duty of care").

Page 108 of 142

 Permission: Permission is defined as giving consent or authority or
allowing someone to do something.
Reference photos: Photo-referencing in visual art is the practice of
creating art based on a photograph. Almost all artists will photo-
reference at some point; even if not in their daily work, artists may
photo-reference as part of their training, to improve their artistic eye

Reference L.U.2. Describe and evaluate shots

Question 2: ANSWER BY TRUE/FALSE /5marks

a) Script Scheduling allows administrators and users who write scripts to
schedule the execution of a script by the time of day, the day of week,
every ―X‖ number of minutes, etc. TRUE
b) A slug line is different from a scene heading TRUE
c) Eights is used to estimate the screen time and shooting time for a scene.
TRUE
d) Sceneisn‘t a place where something occurs or a setting in a story. FALSE
e) Parentheticals, or actor/character directions, or ―wrylies,‖ are those little
descriptions that sometimes appear after a character‘s name, in dialogue
blocks, to spell out tone, intent or action. TRUE

Reference L.U.1. Breakdown the screenplay into shot

Reference L.U.2. Describe and evaluate shots
Reference L.U.3. Create shotlist table

Question 3: Give strategic planning and research method you can use while
identifying video pre-production location? /5marks
ANSWER
Website: website is a page or collection of pages on the World Wide Web
that contains specific information which was all provided by one person or
entity and traces back to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
/2marks

Programs: A program (noun) is executable software that runs on a

computer. ... Instead, a program consists of compiled code that can run
directly from the computer's operating system. Examples of programs
include Web browsers, word processors, e-mail clients, video games, and
system utilities. /1.5marks

Methods: approach, arrangement, design, form, habit, manner,

mechanism, mode, system or a way of doing something. /1.5marks

Reference L.U.2. Describe and evaluate shots

Page 109 of 142

Question 4: which formatting errors done during Screenplay formatting
progress? /5marks

ANSWER

Overusing transitions. SLAM CUT TO, DISSOLVE TO /1mark

Putting action in parentheticals. Action only goes on action lines. /1mark
Unfilmable things. /1mark
Underusing sluglines. /1mark
Inconsistent character names /1mark
Reference L.U.1. Breakdown the screenplay into shot

Question 5: Define the terms below /5marks

ANSWER

a) Shortlist: is a document that maps out exactly what will occur and
what will be used in that particular shot, or scene, of the film.
b) Scenebreakdown: is when you get your script in hand and your pre-
production team ready for action.
c) Scriptbreakdownelement: is an object, person, or process that is
identified when creating a scene breakdown, such as: Cast /
Characters, Extras, Props, Set Dressing, Costumes, Makeup, Vehicles,
Stunts, Special Effects or VFX, Livestock, Sound, Music, Special
Equipment
d) Schedulingsoftware: it is used to create Breakdowns, Shooting
Schedules, Production Boards, Call Sheets and Production Reports.
You‘ll be able to prepare the Production Schedule, make endless
changes to that Schedule, and run the set, while ensuring that everyone
knows what they‘re supposed to be doing when, where and why.
e) Stripboard: is a production document that organizes scenes in the order
of shooting using color-coded strips of three types: scene strip, day
break or banner. Additionally a scene strip can contain information
about the shoot location, the characters in the scene and the number of
pages.
Reference L.U.1. Breakdown the screenplay into shot
Reference L.U.2. Describe and evaluate shots

Question 6: What are the process of sealing a deal? /5marks

 Rental Rates: rental rate. The periodic charge per unit for the use of
property. The rental rate may be a certain amount per square foot

Page 110 of 142

 per year (even though paid monthly),per square foot per month, per
room, per apartment, or any number of other variations /2.5marks
 Location Agreement: A location agreement is a document that
gives permission to enter private property for the purpose of recording
content, whether you are filming, taking photographs, or making any
other recordings /2.5marks
Reference L.U.2. Describe and evaluate shots

Question 7: /5marks
a) What does props mean in Shotlist Preparation? /1mark
Prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set,
Distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes, and electrical equipment.
Consumable food items appearing in the production are also considered
Props
b) Scene are made up of four elements what are them?
Elements of a scene.
 Actions/1mark
 Thoughts/1mark
 Dialogue/1mark
 Emotions/1mark
Reference L.U.1. Breakdown the screenplay into shot
Reference L.U.3. Create shotlist table

Question 8: Explain briefly the Opinion and changes that Director can do?
/5marks
Analysis: In essence, script analysis is the tool that allows an artist to
interpret the various words the writer has given them and, ultimately, to
transform them into live action. It is that which allows for the
transformation from page to stage. /2.5marks
Changes adaption: this means according to the difficulties or changes
that found on the field director have the ability to change or transpose
from one medium to another. He has ability to make fit or suitable by
changing, or adjusting. /2.5marks
Modifying something to create a change in structure, function, and form,
which produces a better adjustment. When screenwriters adapt from
another medium it must be a visual experience
Reference L.U.1. Breakdown the screenplay into shot

Question 9: What are the meaning of the following terms as used in video pre-
production?
a) Colored highlighter: Mark the script using color highlighters and pens
Again, the purpose of marking is to identify all the elements in a scene
so they can included in the script breakdown sheet and shooting

Page 111 of 142

 schedule. It's standard to use highlighters and pens to identify each
element.
b) Schedulingsoftware: it is used to create Breakdowns, Shooting
Schedules, Production Boards, Call Sheets and Production Reports.
You‘ll be able to prepare the Production Schedule, make endless
changes to that Schedule, and run the set, while ensuring that everyone
knows what they‘re supposed to be doing when, where and why.
c) Character’s objective: The objective is a goal that a character wants to
achieve. This is often worded in a question form as ―What do I want?‖ An
objective should be action-oriented, as opposed to an internal goal, in
order to encourage character interaction onstage.
d) Changes adaption: this means according to the difficulties or changes
that found on the field director have the ability to change or transpose
from one medium to another. He has ability to make fit or suitable by
changing, or adjusting.
e) Company move: means that company is moving. Not your offices. You
get to sit still. There's actually more than one type of company move.
The smallest is the ―stage move.‖ As you might imagine, this is when the
crew moves from one soundstage to another, on the same lot.
Reference L.U.1. Breakdown the screenplay into shot
Reference L.U.2. Describe and evaluate shots
Reference L.U.3. Create shotlist table

Question 10: Video Pre-production refers to the process of planning some of

the elements involved in a film, play, or other performance. Script writing,
shotlist preparation and stripboard are elements that could be focused to in
video pre-production as script writer determine (by using graph) method that
should be used to divide script page when you are breaking down a script.
/5marks

Divide into 8ths: Begin Breaking Down Your Script into 8ths (Don't forget
Scene Breakdowns) Divide every page into eight, 1 inch parts.
This measurement is used to estimate the screen time and shooting time for a
scene. Sounds funny, but, it's important that both of you measure scenes in
exactly the same way. /1mark
Each designed line has (0.5 marks)

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Reference L.U.2. Describe and evaluate shots

Question 11: Give the meaning of the following terms? /5 marks

a) Break of the day: is the time when it begins to grow light after the night
/2.5marks
b) Call and wrap up time: Call and wrap up times: Call wrap-up time is the
amount of time that a call center agent spends doing follow up tasks in
order to complete a customer interaction/2.5marks
SECTION B: Attempt all question /30 MARKS

Question 12: IBTC is a school that teaches film making, script writing, camera
operating, lighting in film, sounding in film and editing. In few days ago they
published new Job for trainer who can train in the short course that they offer.
In the written exam that will be given to the shortlisted candidates, one
question supposed to be asked is to describe all contents of shotlist. As you are
one of those who are going to seat on the exam give the answer of the above
question. /10marks

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 1. Shot number: the reference number assigned to each individual
shot. /0.5mark
2. Shot description: a short description of the action and/or dialogue.
/0.5mark
3. Shot size: how big or small the subject is in the frame./1mark
4. Shot type: the camera angle, or how the camera frames the subject.
/1mark
5. Movement: how the camera does (or doesn‘t) move within the shot.
/1mark
6. Equipment: the type of camera that captures the shot. /1mark
7. Lens: the camera lens used to capture the shot. /1mark
8. Frame rate: the frequency at which the frames are captured.
/1mark
9. Location: where the shot is captured. /1mark
10. Actors: the actors included in the shot. /1mark
11. Sound: how the sound and/or dialogue are captured. /1mark
12. Extra notes: remaining anecdotes the director wants to convey to
the crew about the shot. /1mark

Question 13: Stripboard is one of the most component needed to make a

complete video, mostly is needed in video pre-production and it has its main
content that must guide anyone to make it perfectly, Describe that contents of
the Stripboard. /10 marks

ANSWER
Scene number: Scene Numbers are sequentially designated to
scenes in the order they appear in the Project's Script. /2 marks
Scene description
INT/EXT: INT (INTERIOR) it means that the scene takes place
indoors. EXT (EXTERIOR) it means that the scene takes place
outside. The purpose is to let everyone know where the scene takes
place. /2 marks
D/N: DN means "Doing Nothing". The abbreviation DN lets
someone know you are not doing anything. This could be at a
moment in time or in response to a question about something
specific. The abbreviation DN can also mean "Don't Know" (i.e.,
You do not know the answer to a question /2 marks
Character ID numbers: Character ID: Give each character a
unique 3-digit number, beginning with 001 and proceeding upward
without duplication across the content being coded (e.g., each
episode or film). If a character appears in more than one episode or
film, code him/her each time but use the same ID. /2 marks
Shooting location: it is better for location sitter to find out and
check whether the location for shooting is well prepared and

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 organized well before shooting date. /2 marks

Question 14: Describe at list five (5) camera movements? /5marks

(1mark for each)
Zoom: Zooming is one camera move that most people are probably
familiar with. It involves changing the focal length of the lens to make the
subject appear closer or further away in the frame.
Pan: Panning is when you move your camera horizontally; either left to
right or right to left, while its base is fixated on a certain point. You are
not moving the position of the camera itself, just the direction it faces.
Tilt: Tilting is a cinematographic technique in which the camera stays
in a fixed position but rotates up/down in a vertical plane. Tilting the
camera results in a motion similar to someone raising or lowering their
head to look up or down.
Dolly: in dollies the camera is moved toward or away from the subject.
Is generally used to produce images which involve moving the camera
toward or away from a subject while a take is being recorded
Truck: Tracking is where the camera is moved sideways, parallel to an
object.
Trucking involves moving the entire camera along a fixed point, but the
motion goes from side to side, rather than in and out. It's often used to
follow characters in action.
Pedestal: A pedestal shot means moving the camera vertically with
respect to the subject. This is often referred to as "pending" the camera
up or down
Rack Focus: A rack focus is the filmmaking technique of changing the
focus of the lens during a continuous shot. The term can refer to small or
large changes of focus.
A rack focus in filmmaking and television production is the practice of
changing the focus of the lens during a shot. ... If the focus is shallow,
then the technique becomes more noticeable. In professional films, a
camera assistant called a focus puller is responsible for rack focusing

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

Question 15: Describe and explain clearly which camera angle to be used in
preparation of shotlist? /15marks
1. Extreme Wide Shot (Extreme Long Shot): An extreme long shot
(abbreviated as ELS) is a long shot that covers a wider area. It is also
known as an extreme wide shot (EWS). The shot frames the subject from
a distance and focuses on its surroundings. /1.5marks

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 2. Wide Shot (WS) or Long Shot (LS): The wide shot (aka long shot) is a
camera shot that balances both the subject and the surrounding
imagery. A wide shot will often keep the entire subject in frame while
giving context to the environment. /1.5marks
3. Medium Shot (MS): This is where the subject is framed from waist to
head. Or a medium shot, also called a mid-shot or waist shot, is a type of
camera shot in film and television that shows an actor approximately
from the waist up. /1.5marks
4. Close-Up (CU): This is where a certain feature takes up most of the
frame; for example a car registration plate or a person‘s face. /1.5marks
5. Extreme Close Up (ECU / XCU): Extreme Close Up ("ECU" or "XCU"):
The shot is so tight that only a detail of the subject, such as someone's
eyes, can be seen. /1.5marks
6. Point of View (POV): A point of view shot (also known as POV shot, first-
person shot or a subjective camera) is a short film scene that shows what
a character (the subject) is looking at (represented through the camera).
/1.5marks
7. The Bird's-Eye view: a view from a high angle as if seen by a bird in
flight /1.5marks
8. High Angle: A high-angle shot is a technique where the camera looks
down on the character or subject from an elevated perspective
/1.5marks
9. Eye level: Your eye level is the height of your eyes looking straight
ahead; it is your reference point for drawing perspectival lines. /1marks
10. Low angle: is a shot from a camera angle positioned low on the
vertical axis, anywhere below the eye line, looking up. /1marks
11. Oblique: The Dutch angle, also known as Dutch tilt, canted angle,
or oblique angle, is a type of camera shot which involves setting the
camera at an angle on its roll axis so that the shot is composed with
vertical lines at an angle to the side of the frame, or so that the horizon
line of the shot is not parallel with. /1marks
Question 16: Differentiate type of Props and give at least two (2) example for
each?
Hand props are anything handled or carried by an actor.
/5marks
 Weapons  handheld  bags and
 Flashlights security briefcases
 Candles equipment  pens
 Phones  communication  small electronic
 Lighters devices equipment
 portable  And so much
medical devices more.

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 Personal props are props worn or carried by a particular actor and
issued to him rather than stored on the prop table.

Set props: Are the large movable items not built into the set are like
furniture. Generally this is the furniture or ―sit tables‖ and would include
things like:
/5marks

 Chairs  Appliances
 Tables  Barrels
 Rugs  Trunks, or large rocks.
But it can also include large items like:
 Tents  A car
 Canoe

Set dressing: Are arranged by set dresser who arranges objects on a film
set before rolling the camera. They work under the direction of a Lead
man and the Set Decorator. And also

Set dressing: You should have anyone free in ‗dressing‘ the next scene if it‘s at
all possible. Then, you are not wasting time waiting for the things to be moved
around; like furniture, while you are at the same time setting up lights and
camera. /5mark

Set dressers place furniture, hang pictures, and put out decorative items
of set dressing like:
 Books
 desk lamp
 blotter
 framed photos
 personal effects
 letter trays and
opener
 Papers
 Paper files.

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References books:
 Scriptwriting An introduction to screenwriting 2013 BarnsleyOCA
 The complete guide to digital video2003LewesAlastair Campbell
 The Essential Screenplay (3-Book Bundle): Screenplay: Foundations of
Screenwriting, Screenwriter's Workbook, and Screenwriter's Problem SolverApril
24, 2018 New YorkBantam
 The Screenwriter's Workbook: Exercises and Step-by-Step Instructions for
Creating a Successful Screenplay, Newly Revised and UpdatedOctober 31,
2006New YorkDelta

SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING and film making

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 5
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDPC501STORYBOARD PANELS CONSTRUCTION
DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

QUESTION 1: Define storyboard (3marks)

Answer: A storyboard can be defined as a visual representation of a film sequence and

breaks down the action into individual storyboard.

Or
Storyboard is a visual organizer that consists (made off) drawing or image
displayed in sequence.

QUESTION 2: Outline five (5) items to include in storyboard (5 marks)

Answer:

 Drawings, sketches, reference images(photographs) 1 mark

 Description of shot 1 mark
 Shot specifications 1 mark
 Character movement 1 mark
 Camera movement 1 mark
 Shot size 1 mark
 Lens length 1 mark

Reference: LU1 Design and draw the shape of the panels page 372

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QUESTION 3: Multiple choice question (4 marks)

a) Which of the following should not be included in a storyboard?

i. Shot description
ii. Types of video camera to be used
iii. Scene number
iv. Camera movement

Answer: ii. Types of video camera to be used (1 mark)

b) The opening shot of a scene, which tells you where the action will be taking place, is
called:
i. Medium shot
ii. Establishing shot
iii. Close-up
v. Point of view shot
Answer: ii. Establishing shot (1 mark)
c) Why create a storyboard?
i. It helps you to visualize your idea for a video.
ii. It serves as a guide for all the production personnel to follow in shooting the
video.
iii. It allows you to experiment with alternative ideas before committing anything
to tape.
iv. All the above

Answer: iv. All the above (1 mark)

d) What is the proper way to frame a close-up?

i. Just get in really close - it doesn't matter what you're shooting.
ii. Cut the subject off at the neck.
iii. Show all the face including the whole chin, but it's ok if you cut off the top
of the head.
iv. Show all the face including the whole forehead, but it's ok if you cut off the
chin.
Answer: ii. Cut the subject off at the neck. (1 mark)

QUESTION 4: Explain steps of making storyboard panel (5 marks)

Answer:

 Create templates: Start by drawing a series of rectangles on piece of paper.

(2 mark)
 Add script: Adding script means adding simple not that related to that
scene, it can be a dialogue or scene description.
(1 mark)
 Sketch of the story: Adding visual representation of elements that will
appear inside each frame (rectangle) or panel.
(1 mark)
 Add notes: Notes can indicate props, camera angle, shot size(type) or any
important element within the frame
(1mark)

Reference: LU1 Design and draw the shape of the panels page 372

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QUESTION 5: Outline five (5)cinematic storyboard templates (5 marks)

Answer:

1. Commercial advertisement ( 1mark)

2. Television show ( 1mark)
3. Feature film (1mark)
4. Instructional video (1mark)
5. Independent film (1mark)
6. Online videos (1mark)

Reference: LU1 Design and draw the shape of the panels page 373

QUESTION 6: outline and explain different storyline development categories (5 marks)

Answer:

1. Conflict progression: A story is driven by conflict. Conflict in film can be referred

as struggles that main character have to overcome. (1mark)

2. Character: character is a person, animal or being creature or thing in a story.

Most stories have multiple characters interacting with one of them as the
antagonist causing conflict to the protagonist. (1mark)

3. Ticking clock; is concept by which certain task must be completed by certain

deadline where character fail and suffer the consequences.

4. Dialog: Dialog convey information that the audience needs to know in order to
understand what the story is all about. (1mark)

5. Character moment: Revealing character‘s motivations and abilities in a sing

directories scene. (1mark)

Reference: LU2 Develop and sketch the storyline page 378

QUESTION 7: Explain 5 stages of dramatic structure of plot development (5 marks)

Answer

1. Exposition: exposition is anything from character introduction to set details and

dialog or simply the starting/ beginning of the story. 1mark
2. Rising action: 1mark
3. Climax: is the term that refer to where the tension or action reach it highest part
before falling action 1mark
4. Falling action 1mark
5. Resolution: Resolution describe the story end and how all conflict are being
resolved by major character. 1mark

QUESTION 8: Differentiate sketched storyboard from photo-based storyboarding

methods? (5 marks)

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 Answer:

With sketching storyboard method, you create a storyboard via hand-drawn sketches
while Photo-based storyboards are an alternative method for portraying narratives.
Instead of sketches, you will now take and use photos as your source material.5 marks

QUESTION 9: Cinematography, the art and technology of motion-picture photography. It

involves such techniques as the general composition of a scene; the lighting of the set or
location; the choice of cameras, lenses, filters, and film stock. Outline five (5)
cinematographic slugs and techniques and give examples at each. (5 marks )

Answer: (1 mark each)

1. Camera shot types: determine the size of subject in frame

 The extreme wide shot
 The wide
 Long shot
 Full shot
 The medium shot
 The medium close up shot
 The close up shot
 The extreme close up shot
 The establishing shot
2. Camera angles: Specify the camera positioned to take a shot
 Eye level
 Low angles
 High angles
 Dutch tilt angle/ oblique
3. Composition: How element of the frame are arranged.
4. Props
5. Special effect
6. Sounds

Reference: LU 3: Emphasize action motion and camera position page 382

QUESTION 10: Outline five 5 storyboard types

(5 marks)

Answer: (1 marks each)

1. Narrative
2. Basic
3. Scene card
4. Thumbnail storyboard
5. Floating storyboard
6. Framed storyboard
7. Photo storyboard

Reference: LU1 Design and draw the shape of the panels page 376

QUESTION 11: States Five (5) application (program) software you can use to draft a
storyboard. (5marks)
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Answer: (1 marks each)

 Final draft
 Movie magic screen writer
 Fade in
 Celtx
 Studio binder

QUESTION 12: Explain why storyboarding is most important part of video pre-
production? (5 marks)
Answer
The storyboard is a very important part of the pre-production process because it clearly
conveys how the story will flow, as you can see how your shots work together. It also
allows you to see potential problems that would not go unnoticed, ultimately saving you
time and money.

Reference: LU1 Design and draw the shape of the panels page 372

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

QUESTION 13:The camera angle marks the specific location at which the
movie camera or video camera is placed to take a shot. A scene may be shot from
several camera angles simultaneously. The different camera angles will have different
effects on the viewer and how they perceive the scene that is shot. Explain five (5) types
of camera angles (10 marks)

Answer:

1. The Bird's Eye ( 2marks)

The bird‘s eye angle is angled at 40 degrees rather than being straight down. ... In
filmmaking and video production, a bird's-eye shot refers to a shot looking directly
down on the subject. The perspective is very foreshortened, making the subject
appear short and squat.
2. Eye Level Shot ( 2marks)
Our first camera angle is the eye level shot, and this is when your subject is at eye-level.
An eye level shot can result in a neutral perspective (not superior or inferior). Eye level
shots are actually much less standard than one might initially think, because directors
often prefer to place the camera at shoulder level to attain a much more cinematic look.

3. Low Angle Shot ( 2marks)

This shot frames the subject from a low camera height. These camera shots most often
emphasize power dynamics between characters.

Low angle camera shots are a perfect camera angle for signaling superiority or to elicit
feelings of fear and dread.

4. High Angle Shot ( 2marks)

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In a high angle shot, the camera points down at your subject. It usually creates a feeling
of inferiority, or ―looking down‖ on your subject.

5. Oblique or Dutch angle ( 2marks)

Dutch angle is a type of camera shot which involves setting the camera at an angle on its
roll axis so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of the
frame, or so that the horizon line of the shot is not parallel with the bottom of the
camera frame.

Reference: LU 3: Emphasize action motion and camera position page 382

Reference: The Five C’s of cinematography by joseph V. Mascelli page 11-65

QUESTION 13:Shot size is how much of the setting or subject is displayed within a
given frame of a video, photo, or animation, hence the scope or size of the shot. Different
types of camera shots in film or video communicate different narrative value, and are
combined during post-production to tell a story. Explain five (5) camera shot types/size

(10marks)

Answer: (2marks each)

1. Wide shot (WS) - used to establish the location or setting, sets the stage, and can also
be used to introduce action, shows the whole scene, orientates the viewer
2. Full shot (FS) - frame a person from head to toe or completely frame an object. A full
shot is used either to establish or follow a character.
3. Medium shot (MS) - frame a person from the waist up. A medium shot is used to
provide new visual information or show a closer view of the action. It also adds visual
variety in editing.
4. Three quarter shot (3/4) - frame a person from the knees up. This shot is a variation
between the medium and full shot and provides visual variety.
5. Long shot (LS) - are full shots, but show the person at a greater distance.
6. Head and shoulder shot (H & S) - frames a person from the chest up. The head and
shoulders shot provides a closer view of a character and can be used as a listening or
reaction shot. This is the standard framing for most interviews where there are two
subjects engaged in conversation.
7. Close-up (CU) - head shot, just above the shoulders. This shot is used to provide a
more intimate view of a character or show expression. The close-up can also be used as
a listening or reaction shot, or to show the details of an object.
8. Extreme close-up (XCU) - frames a head shot from the tip of the chin to the middle of
the forehead, or any other equivalent space on an object, animal, etc. This shot shows
drama or tension in a character‘s face or allows the viewer to see specific details on an
object.
9. Two shot (2-SHOT) - frames two people in a full shot. This can be expanded to include
however many people are framed in the shot (three shot, four shot, etc.)
10. Medium shot (MED 2-SHOT) - frames two people in a medium shot and can be
expanded to a medium three shot, four shot, etc.
Reference: LU 3: Emphasize action motion and camera position page 382
Reference: Grammar of edit second edition by Christopher j. Bowen, Copyright © 2009,
Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. page 14-23
QUESTION 14: Outline and explain steps of making photo-based storyboard (10marks)
Answer:

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1.Take photo snapshots. front of a public announcement board. Vary the camera
shots: Take a series of photos of as person in long shots for overview, over-the-shoulder
and point-of-view for people‘s actions, close-ups for details of an interface or a particular
action, etc. Select five photos as your sources for your storyboard. ( 2.5 marks)
Again, begin with a long shot introducing the setting, followed by three photos
illustrating the interaction, and a single photo for the ending of the storyboard.
2. Manipulate and print your photos. manipulation tool, decrease the contrast and
increase the Using your favorite image brightness of the photos, and then convert them
to gray scale photos. ( 2.5 marks)
This makes it easier for you to add annotations and sketch over the photos. For printing,
we recommend a minimum size of around 10cm x 10cm (4‖ x 4‖).
3. Add annotations. Similar to our earlier -sketched storyboard, we also add
annotations to our photo storyboard. Again we use these to indicate a person‘s
movement (arrows for walking direction, or head turning). Use a thick marker and
different colors to make these annotations stand out from the photo underneath.
Alternately, use office supplies to add editable and movable annotations atop your
storyboard. For example, if you place a transparency over the photo, you can draw your
arrow atop of that. You can move that transparency to move the arrow, or replace it with
a new transparency if you change your mind. ( 2.5 marks)
4.Add storyline text and comments. storyline text below the printout of the Write
the photos. (2.5 marks)
This makes it easier for others to follow the story you are telling when they read your
storyboard.
Your photo-based narrative storyboard is now complete.

Reference: RP notes of storyboard panel construction page 19

QUESTION 16: Panels are used in comics to frame the action. The way you lay out the
panels on the page is important, as it affects the rhythm and pace of the story. Organize
The way you can lay out the panels on the page.(10marks)
Answer

Here You can do the following:

 Creation of the panels

 Smart add panels
 Renaming panels
 Deleting panels
 Joining panels
 Duplicating panels
SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

QUESTION 15: state and explain five (5) rules of composition and framing (15marks)

Answer (3 marks each)

1. Headroom: Filmmakers know this to be true and they count on it when composing
an individual‘s shot. The placement of the head within the frame is very
important, which is why we have the guideline of headroom.
2. Look Room

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 Look room (also called looking room or nose room) is the empty space that we have
provided within the frame, between the talent‘s eyes and the edge of the frame
opposite the face.
3. THE RULE OF THIRDS
The rule of third is the basic rule of composition. This guideline gives you the idea
on where to place your subject within the frame. Though your tendency may be to
position your subject dead center on the screen, the rule of thirds will give you a
more compelling picture.
4. THE 180 O RULES

The 180-degree rule says that the action of the subject or subjects is the center of the
circle and the diameter of that circle passes through the action, and shooting is
permitted within 180 degrees of one side of the circle only.
5. Subjective vs. Objective Shooting Styles

Now let us address how the person‘s eyes are looking straight at us. What might it mean
if the person being recorded by the camera looks directly into the lens? How does it
make you, the viewer, feel when you are addressed directly by on-screen talent?
Subjective shooting.
Of course, it may depend on the kind of project you are shooting or watching. If you are
photographing a news reporter on location, then it would make sense for the on-camera
talent to look straight into the camera‘s lens and deliver the factual report.
The reporter makes a direct connection with you, the home audience, by looking you
square in the eye and speaking the truth. Whoever it is, these television programming
genres have an accepted rule that a person may look directly into the lens and address
the viewer. Many call this style of camera work Objective shooting.
This is not so for scripted fictional narrative projects. With a fictional story you have
actors playing roles in a pretend world. The camera is almost always an observer, not a
direct participant. The talent is not supposed to look directly into the lens — and often,
not even near it. If an actor looks into the lens, or addresses the camera, it is called
―breaking the fourth wall.
Reference RP notes of storyboard panel construction page 35-44

QUESTION 16: What are 5 graphics annotation should be added to a storyboard panel

(15 marks)

Answer: (3 marks each)

1. Image composition
2. Actor body language
3. Line of action
4. Camera position
5. Light direction
6. Dialogue

Reference: LU 3: Emphasize action motion and camera position page 384

Page 125 of 142

 NATIONAL EXAM TITLE 5:Video Operating and Editing

SECTOR:MEDIA AND FILM MAKING

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 4
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDVC401 & OPERATING A VIDEO CAMERA
DURATION: 3HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

Question 1: Match the camera lens filter type in column one with its corresponding
description in column two. /5marks
Camera Lens Filter types Description
1. Protective UV and a) Pretty much like sunglasses, add depth to an image by
skylight filters saturating its color and reducing reflections.

2. Soft-Edge GND Filter b) Has a neutral gray half that sharply transitions to clear
at the center. It is mostly used to balance out high-
contrast scenes, such as a flat horizon with bright skies
and a dark foreground, to create an evenly exposed
image.
3. Polarizing filters c) Are sheets of dark-colored glasses that reduce the
amount of light that enters your lens and hits to the
sensor, but without affecting the color of the resulting
image.

4. Hard-Edge GND Filter d) More commonly preferred for its smoother gradient
between the dark and clear areas, this filter is best used
if the horizon is not perfectly straight or flat; you can also
opt for this if the hard-edge filter tends to create a
noticeable midline for your chosen scene.

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5. Neutral density (ND) e) Are often used to protect the front element of a lens
filters against moisture, dirt, and scratches, which makes them
ideal for shooting in wet, dusty, or muddy environments.

ANSWER:
1E /1mark
2D /1mark
3A /1mark
4B/1mark
5C /1mark
Reference L.U.3. Test all operational aspects of the camera |Page 549

Question 2: Explain thelens filters and give their role.

ANSWER:

Lens filters: are transparent or translucent glass or gelatin elements that attach to the
front of a lens. They protect the camera lens, alter the characteristics of light passing
through the lens or add special effects and colors to an image. /2marks

Filters help to

 Minimize glare and reflections /1mark

 Enhance colors /1mark
 Reduce light coming into the lens and more. /1mark

Reference L.U.1. Test all operational aspects of the camera | page 559

Question 3: The image below show camera settings (mode), explain briefly the mode
shown on the image as the letter (P, A, S, M)?

Four main types of camera modes that can be found in most digital cameras

1. Program (P)
2. Shutter Priority (Tv) or (S) /1mark
3. Aperture Priority (Av) or (A)
4. Manual (M)

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Program mode, the camera automatically chooses the Aperture and the Shutter Speed
for you, based on the amount of light that passes through the lens. This is the mode you
want to use for ―point and shoot‖ moments, when you just need to quickly snap a
picture. /1mark

Shutter Priority mode you manually set the camera‘s shutter speed and the camera
automatically picks the right aperture for you, based on the amount of light that passes
through the lens. This mode is intended to be used when motion needs to be frozen or
intentionally blurred. /1mark

Aperture Priority mode, you manually set the lens aperture, while the camera
automatically picks the right shutter speed to properly expose the image. /1mark

Manual mode stands for a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this
mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you
want. /1mark

Reference L.U.3. Operate the camera | page 570

Question 4: Define the following terms:

a) Camera: A camera is an optical instrument used to capture an image. At their

most basic, cameras are sealed boxes with a small hole that allows light in to
capture an image on a light-sensitive surface. Cameras have various mechanisms
to control how the light falls onto the light-sensitive surface.
b) Histogram in Photography: a histogram is a graph showing the distribution of
light in an image. Most cameras are capable of displaying a histogram for each
image stored on the camera's memory card. Some cameras even allow you to see a
live histogram before you take the shot.
c) White Balance: (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that
objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo.
Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a
light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.
d) DSLRs: A digital single-lens reflex camera is a digital camera that combines the
optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging
sensor. The reflex design scheme is the primary difference between a DSLR and
other digital cameras.
e) Depth of field (DoF): is the area between the nearest and farthest points
from the camera that are acceptably sharp in an image.
A deep DoF means all or most of your photo will be in focus, including the
foreground, subject and background.

Reference L.U.3. Operate the camera | page 570

Reference L.U.2. Prepare and load storage devices | page 565

Reference L.U.1. Test all operational aspects of the camera | page 559
Question 5: List down any five (5) storage devices used in recording and saving videos?
/5marks

ANSWER (1mark for each)

 Video cassettes tapes

 Memory cards
 Negative film

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  VHS
 Beta
 Hi8
 MiniDV
 CDs
Reference L.U.2. Prepare and load storage devices | page 565
Question 6: What are the shooting techniques? /5marks

 Composition /1mark
 Continuity /1mark
 Framing /1mark
 Visual aesthetics /1mark
 Movement and timing /1mark

Reference L.U.2. Prepare and load storage devices | page 565

Question 7: Explain the factors affecting depth of field /5marks

Factors that can affect depth of field: aperture, the focal length and the distance
from the subject.

 The aperture is the opening created by a set of overlapping metal blades,

known as the diaphragm, inside a photographic lens. This opening controls
the amount of light coming through the lens. The wider the aperture, the less
depth of field you capture. The smaller the aperture, the deeper the depth of
field. /1.5marks
 The focal length of the lens determines the image magnification. The wider
the lens, the shorter the focal length. This allows you to capture a wider
depth of field. The longer or more zoomed in the camera lens, the less depth
of field you capture. /1.5marks
 Distance to subject refers to the length between the camera and the focus of
the image. The closer the camera is to the subject it is focusing on,
the narrower the depth of field will be. Inversely, the farther away the subject
is from the camera, the wider the depth of field will be. /2marks
Reference L.U.3. Operate the camera | page 570
Question 8: What does camera movement mean in cinematography? /5marks

Camera movement is a filmmaking technique that causes a change in frame or

perspective through the movement of the camera. Camera movement allows
cinematographers and directors to shift the audience's view without cutting.

Reference L.U.2. Prepare and load storage devices | page 565

Question 9: List down any five (5) composition techniques? /5marks

 Framing /1mark
 Rhythm /1mark
 Position /1mark
 Simplicity /1mark
 Rule of third /1mark

Reference L.U.3. Operate the camera | page 570

Question 10:

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 a) What does Rule of thirds mean and what are its role in cinematography?
/2.5marks

The Rule of Thirds places your subject on the left-third or right-third of the frame,
creating a pleasing composition.

The rule of thirds describes a basic compositional structure of a photograph.

Theruleofthirds is a type of composition in which an image is divided evenly into

thirds, both horizontally and vertically, and the subject of the image is placed at the
intersection of those dividing lines, or along one of the lines itself.

b) What does Three-point lighting mean in cinematography? /2.5marks

Three-point lighting is a traditional method for illuminating a subject in a scene

with light sources from three distinct positions. The three types of lights are key light,
fill light, and backlight. Key light. This is the primary and brightest light source in
the three-point lighting setup.

Reference L.U.3. Operate the camera | page 570

Question 11: Differentiate 4k to HD resolution? /5marks

 4K presents cinema standard and professional production, while UHD stands for
screen resolution and broadcast content standard.
 True 4K has a resolution of 4096 x 2160 pixels, abbreviated 2160p.
 UHD is 3840 x 2160, also abbreviated 2160p.

Reference L.U.1. Test all operational aspects of the camera | page 559
SECTION B: CHOOSE FOUR (4) QUESTIONS 40MARKS

Question 12: State any five (5) camera angles and explain how they can be used? /10
marks

The Bird's-Eye view: a view from a high angle as if seen by a bird in flight.
grabber /2mark
High Angle: A high-angle shot is a technique where the camera looks down on the
character or subject from an elevated perspective. grabber /2mark
Eye level: Your eye level is the height of your eyes looking straight ahead; it is
your reference point for drawing perspectival lines. All lines above your eye level
will go down to the horizon vanishing point, and all lines below your eye level will
go up to it. grabber /2mark
Low angle: is a shot from a camera angle positioned low on the vertical axis,
anywhere below the eye line, looking up. Sometimes, it is even directly below the
subject's feet. Or is like a child looking up at a parent. grabber /2mark
Oblique: The Dutch angle, also known as Dutch tilt, canted angle, or oblique
angle, is a type of camera shot which involves setting the camera at an angle on its
roll axis so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of
the frame, or so that the horizon line of the shot is not parallel with. grabber
/2mark
Reference L.U.1. Test all operational aspects of the camera | page 559
Question 13: Complete table below table with the following content for each column

Focal length (8-24 mm, 24-35 mm, 55-200 mm, 50-200 mm) ,

Lens type (Wide angle, Standard prime, Macro, Telephoto),

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Application ((Prime portraits, wedding, streets documentary), (Sports, wildlife,
astronomy))

/10marks

Focal length Lens type Application

? Fish eye (ultra-wide)

? ? Interiors, landscape , architecture,

forest photography

35, 50, 85, 135 mm ? ?

? Zoom Portraits, weddings, wildlife

photography
? ? Ultra-detailed photography

100-600 ? ?

ANSWER
Focal length Lens type Application
8-24 mm /1mark Fish eye (ultra-wide) Panasonic shot, city
capes, landscape, real
estate, abstract
24-35 mm /1mark Wide angle /1mark Interiors, landscape ,
architecture, forest
photography
35, 50, 85, 135 mm Standard prime /1mark Prime portraits,
wedding, streets
documentary /1mark
55-200 mm /1mark Zoom Portraits, weddings,
wildlife photography
50-200 mm /1mark Macro /1mark Ultra-detailed
photography
100-600 mm Telephoto /1mark Sports, wildlife,
astronomy /1mark
Reference L.U.1. Test all operational aspects of the camera | page 559

Question 14:

a) Differentiate prime lens and zoom lens? /6marks

 A prime lens is a lens with a fixed focal length (also commonly referred to as a
―fixed lens‖).
 A zoom lens, on the other hand, has a variable focal length. By turning the zoom
ring, you move optical elements inside the lens to achieve a different angle of view.

b) Describe labeling details for label videos /4marks

 Shoot(s) production 1mark

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  Name 1mark

 Date of shoot(s) 1mark

 Location(s) 1mark

Reference L.U.2. Prepare and load storage devices | page 565

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

Question 15: List down any fifteen (15) Filmmaking equipment?

ANSWER (1mark for each)

1. Video Camera
2. Tripod
3. DSLR Shoulder Mount Rig
4. Camera light Three-Point
5. Dolly and rails
6. Lighting Kit
7. Shotgun Microphone
8. Boom Pole accessories
9. Audio(XLR) Cables
10. Wireless Microphone
11. Portable Digital
12. Recorder
13. Headphones
14. Light
15. Reflector
16. Arrange Lenses
17. Extra batteries
18. Video Tapes
19. External Hard Drive
Reference L.U.2. Prepare and load storage devices | page 565
Question 16: Name the part of the camera as shown in the image below

ANSWER (1mark for each)

Page 132 of 142

 1. Built-in Microphone
2. Handle Unit
3. [MODE] Camera/Media Mode Selection Button
4. [POWER ON/OFF] Lock Power ON/OFF Switch
5. [POWER/CHARGE] Power/Charging Display Lamp
6. [AWB/9] Auto White Balance/User 9 Button
7. Visibility Adjustment Lever
8. Battery
9. Viewfinder
10. Eyepiece
11. [REC/7] Record Trigger/User 7 Button
12. Zoom Lever at the Grip
13. [EXPANDED FOCUS/8] Expanded Focus Assist/User 8 Button
14. Tally Lamp
15. Tripod Mounting Hole

Reference L.U.3. Operate the camera | page 570

Reference L.U.2. Prepare and load storage devices | page 565
Reference L.U.1. Test all operational aspects of the camera | page 559

https://pavilion.dinfos.edu/Article/Article/2338138/factors-that-affect-the-depth-of-
field/#:~:text=You%20can%20affect%20the%20depth,the%20distance%20from%20th
e%20subject.
Page 133 of 142
 https://photographylife.com/understanding-digital-camera-
modes#:~:text=Digital%20Camera%20Modes%20allow%20photographers,all%20para
meters%20of%20the%20exposure.

https://petapixel.com/2016/09/14/20-composition-techniques-will-improve-
photos/
https://manual3.jvckenwood.com/pro/mobile/gy2/b5a-
2647en/HQHUSYcmduwdls.php

SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING and film making

TRADE: MULTIMEDIA
RTQF LEVEL: 5
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: MMDVE501 VIDEO EDITING

DURATION: 3HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

SECTION A: Attempt all question in section A /55 MARKS

QUESTION1: Define the following term (5 Marks)

a. Media Importing
b. B-roll

Answer

a. Importing media refers to how to insert media files into any editing software.
2.5pts
b. B-roll footage, Broll or B roll is any supplemental video that considered to be
secondary to your primary footage. 2.5pts

Reference: LU 1: Import and manage media files 393 | P a g e

QUESTION2: What are four (4) different ways of Importing Media? (2 Marks)

Answer

 File menu > choose import 0.5Marks

 Drag and drop 0.5Marks

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  Double click in project panel 0.5Marks
 Using keyboard shortcut 0.5Marks

Reference: LU 1: Import and manage media files 393 | P a g e

QUESTION3:. What are the main steps of importing media? (5 Marks)

Answer

Select file menu (or other way of importing)>> choose files to be imported>> click open

Reference: LU 1: Import and manage media files 393 | P a g e

QUESTION4: a) Define term ―video editing‖. (5 Marks)

Answer

Video editing is the process of manipulating and rearranging video shots to create a new
work. And also Rearranging, adding and/or removing sections of video clips and/or
audio clips. Applying colour correction, filters and other enhancements. Creating
transitions between clips. 2.5Pts

b) What is maker?

Reference: LU 1: Import and manage media files 393 | P a g e

Answer

Markers are an often underutilized tool in the Premiere Pro CC toolbox. They are little
colored tabs you can apply to both your timeline and your source clips to indicate
important points in time with a color or note. ... Comment markers let you leave yourself
notes about specific points in a sequence or clip. 2.5Pts

Reference: LU 2: trim video 398| P a g e

QUESTION 5: Give and explain clearly the factors that help to make transition a good
edit (5 Marks)

Answer

1. Information 1 marks
A new shot should always present some new information to the viewer. In a
motion picture, this may primarily be visual information (a new character entering
a scene, a different location shown, an event whose meaning is not quite known
yet, etc.)
2. Motivation 1 marks
The new shot you cut to should provide new information, but what about the shot
that you are cutting away from? What is the reason to leave that shot? When is a
good time to leave that shot? There should always be a motivation for making a
transition away from a shot. This motivation can be either visual or aural.
3. Shot Composition 1 marks
Although the editor cannot control the composition of visual elements in the shots
that he or she is given to edit, the editor can certainly choose what two shots get
cut together at a transition. Provided the correct composition is in the visual
material, the editor can help make the viewing of these images more engaging for
Page 135 of 142
 the audience member. In its easiest form, an editor‘s choice can be to simply edit
in all the footage from one beautifully composed and recorded shot — simple,
complex or developing.
4. Camera angles 1 marks

The reason for this is simple. If two shots are recorded with similar framing from two,
very near angles on action, then their resulting images will look too similar to one
another, even though they are slightly different. This similarity will register with the
viewer as he or she watches the program and it may appear to the eye like there is a
glitch or a jump in the image at the cut point.

5. Continuity 1 marks
Providing smooth, seamless continuity across transitions is a very important
element to keeping your edits unnoticed by the viewer. Once again, editors are not
responsible for the quality of the footage that they are given, but they are
responsible for massaging that material into the best motion picture possible. If
the production team and talent did not provide the correct visual performances to
transition with smooth continuity, it will be the editor‘s job to make up for that
defi ciency in some way in the editing. And to make matters more interesting,
there are actually several different forms of continuity that need to be addressed at
various points throughout the editing process.
6. Sound 1 marks
Alternately, sound can make a statement that goes against the visuals being
presented
to the viewer

Reference: Grammar of the Edit, SECOND EDITION ,Roy Thompson

Christopher J. Bowen,Copyright © 2009, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Page
57

QUESTION 6: Explain how you can insert media on timeline (5 Marks)

Answer
 Dragging the whole clip 1 marks
Dragging a whole clip means putting an audio and a video on time line at the same time.
You can do this by dragging the video using mouse from source panel to the time line on
targeted track
 Managing source panel 1 marks
By managing the source panel, it is possible to select only the audio or video track and
insert it on timeline by using those video and audio icons lie under source panel or
insert a part of a clip.

 Dragging video/audio only 1 marks

 Using shortcut (Insert and overwrite) 2 marks

Reference: LU 2: trim video 398| P a g e

QUESTION 7: How can editor manage the source panel to insert clip on timeline

(5 Marks)

Answer

Page 136 of 142

Editor can manage source panel in two ways

 Drag video only 1 marks

 Drag audio only1 marks
 Mark in/ out 1 marks
 Add/ remove marker 2 marks

Reference: LU 2: trim video 398| P a g e

QUESTION 8: Video post-production involves several activities and must be done in

sequential order to be done properly. States 8 video editing workflow (8 Marks)

Answer

1. Acquire 1 Marks
2. Organize 1 Marks
3. Review and selection 1 Marks
4. Assembly 1 Marks
5. Rough cut 1 Marks
6. Fine cut 1 Marks
7. Picture lock 1 Marks
8. Mastering and delivery 1 Marks

Reference: Grammar of the Edit, SECOND EDITION ,Roy Thompson

Christopher J. Bowen,Copyright © 2009, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Page 7

QUESTION 9: choose the correct answer (5marks)

a) In which video production phase video editing is applied(1marks)

i. Development
ii. Post production
iii. Production
iv. Mastering and delivery
Answer: ii. Post production

b) Editing is the process of cutting unwanted part of clip . (1marks)

i. True
ii. False

Answer: ii. False

c) A jump cut is nonprofessional error that should always be avoided and is defined
(1marks)

i. Making cuts before action

ii. Joining clips that are too similar angle and shot size
iii. When someone jumps while filming
iv. Avoiding by zooming.

Answer: ii. Joining clips that are too similar angle and shot size
d) Video editing is in form of art because (1marks)
i. you have to know what to cut to make people look good.
Page 137 of 142
 ii. You are trying to cover up the mistakes of the director and camera man.
iii. You are blending together images and sound to make a connected piece
iv. It's not really an art, it‘s just moving things around to look good.
Answer: iii. You are blending together images and sound to make a
connected piece
e) A "matched cut" in editing means (1marks)
i. There is continuity from one shoot to the next
ii. You have good matches.
iii. People have to freeze between shots while filming
iv. None of the above.

Answer: i. there is continuity from one shoot to the next.

QUESTION10. Define continuity in film making and list four (4) types of it (5 Marks)

Answer

Continuity is the principle of making sure that all details in a film or TV

show are consistent from shot to shot and from scene to scene. 2 marks

 Continuity of Content 0.5 mark

 Continuity of Movement 0.5 mark
 Continuity of Position 0.5 mark
 Continuity of Sound 0.5 mark
 Continuity of dialogue 0.5 mark

Reference: Grammar of the Edit, SECOND EDITION,Roy Thompson

Christopher J. Bowen,Copyright © 2009, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Page
67

QUESTION 11: List major five (5) categories of Edit types (5 Marks)

Answer

The Action Edit 1 mark

The Screen Position Edit 1 mark
The Form Edit 1 mark
The Concept Edit 1 mark
The Combined Edit 1 mark

Reference: Grammar of the Edit, SECOND EDITION ,Roy Thompson

Christopher J. Bowen,Copyright © 2009, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Page
88

SECTION B: Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

QUESTION12. a) What is the difference between file format and codec? (3 Marks)

Answer

The file format is the structure of a file that tells a program how to display its contents.
While A codec is a software that compresses your video so it can be stored and played
back. The most common codec includes h. 264, which is often used for high-
definition digital video and distribution of video content. 3 mark

Page 138 of 142

b) List down video codecs used in video editing (7 Marks)

Answer

 HEVC/H. 265. 1marks

 H. 264 1marks
 MPEG-4. MPEG-4 1marks
 DivX. 1marks
 MP4 1marks
 AVI 1marks
 MOV (QuickTime) 1marks
 FLV (Flash) 1marks
Reference: LU 4: Export project page: 414

QUESTION13: Describe steps of editing multicamera footages (10 Marks)

Step 1. Create multi camera source sequence

 Select multiple clips from project panel 1marks

 Right click 1marks
 Choose create multi camera source sequence 1marks
Step 2: creating sequence from multi camera source sequence

 Select multi camera source sequence 1marks

 Right click 1marks
 Choose new sequence from clip 1marks

Step 3: Editing and switching of camera angles

 Enable multi camera editing window 1marks

 Play the sequence 1marks
 To switch to different angles, use numerical keyboard 2marks

Reference: LU 2: Trim video page: 404

QUESTION14: Describe below interface and name panel 1, 2,3,4 and 5 (10 Marks)

1 3

2
Page 139 of 142

4
Answer

1. Source panel/ monitor 2marks

2. Project panel 2marks
3. Program monitor/ editor 2marks
4. Timeline 2marks
5. Effect panel 2marks

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C /15 MARKS

QUESTION15: a) List down five (5) tools found in video editing software (5 Marks)

Answer(1 marks each)

 Selection Tool.
 Track Select
 Ripple Edit.
 Rolling Edit.
 Rate Stretch tool
 Razor tool
 Pen Tool. ...
 Hand.
Reference: LU 1: Import and manage media files /Page395

b) Differentiate between color correction and color color grading (5 Marks)

Answer

The color correction process is to make the footage look exactly the way that the human
eye sees things. While color grading is where you create the actual aesthetic of your
video, the right color grading helps convey a visual tone or mood.

Or

Color correction is a technical process that occurs during a film's post-production

phase. Film colorists use editing software to adjust the color, contrast, and exposure
of film footage so that it appears natural and unprocessed—the way the human eye
experiences it in real life. While Colour grading is adjusting the image in specific ways to
create a stylistic effect.

Reference: LU 2: Trim video page: 407

Page 140 of 142

 c) color tone is one color collection techniques found in lumetri color used to make
footage have natural looks. Enumerate and explain five (5) effects found in color tone

(5 Marks)

Answer

1. Exposure: control how much light in your footage (underexposure, overexposure)

2. Contrast: refer to how bright your footage.
3. Highlight: highlight deal with increasing / decrease where footage is too light
4. Shadows: increase or decrease the shadow visibility
5. White: white highlight the place of footage with much light and increase the light
6. Blacks: blacks select the blacks‘ area and increase the blackness or reduce it.

Reference: LU 2: Trim video page: 407

QUESTION16: Audio/ sound take matter in visual communication and should be cared
before releasing project so that visual contents are enhanced by matching sound.

a) States three (3) ways you can use to adjust gain premiere pro (3 Marks)
Answer: you can adjust gain by
 Adjusting the volume in effect control panel
 Adjust the volume using timeline
 Adjusting audio gain

Reference: LU 3 work with audio 409

b) State all steps of adjusting gain of a specific audio clip (6 Marks)

Answer

Adjust the audio level using the selection tool:

1. Right-click on one of the selected audio clips.
2. Choose the ―Audio Gain..." option from the pop-up menu. Adobe Premiere Pro with panel
open and audio gain selected. ...
3. In the Audio Gain box, adjust dB to the desired level and Click "OK."
Reference: LU 3 work with audio 409

c) Outline file structure when naming file (6 Marks)

Answer

 File name
 File location
 File naming convention

Reference: LU 4 Export project /page 414

Page 141 of 142

END

Page 142 of 142