CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

An extensive literature study is carried out on grass cutting lawn mowers in order
to emphasize on different designing, analysis, application and safety aspects of
view.
G. Rahul describes the application of solar energy to power an electric motor
which is turn rotates a blade which does the cutting of grass. Smart grass cutting
machine by using photovoltaic source and motor speed control. It is a smart system
for the purpose of grass cutting. The source is drive from the solar energy by using
photovoltaic panel and store the DC voltage in a battery. Ms. Yogita D. Ambekar,
Mr. Abhishek U. Ghate describes the aim of project is to make the grass cutter
which operates on solar energy.[1]
Pankaj Malviya et. al. Author prepared manually handle device. The battery can be
charged by using solar panel as well as external power supply and DC motor which
is controllable is used for changing the direction of grass cutter as per need are
used. The most modern regulator is used for preventing overcharging and
discharging of battery which saves span of battery. Due to industrialization more
electricity is required for various industrial applications and electrical gadgets so
solar energy is best alternative for electricity. Solar panel, battery, DC motor, solar
charger these components are used for fabrication of grass cutter. They have used
less number of moving components so there is less maintenance. This grass cutter
will give much more physical exercise to operator and it will easily handle.[2]
Solar bases wireless grass cutter (IJSTE – International Journal of Science
Technology & Engineering, May 2016) According to the author, The idea of
autonomous machine used to reduce man power with efficient work has given.
Mainly this project explains application of green energy. This knowledge can be
used in agricultural field as a future scope.
According to the author, it gives description multipurpose grass cutter which is
sensor based for special purposes like in grass trimming, hedge trimming etc.
utilization of sensor and design calculation are used in proposed system. According
to the author, A robot was designed that operates on an on-board, solar charged
battery has been designed by the French manufacturer SN Eno. The Robo-
Mower4 the capability of steering itself across a person’s lawn. This robot called
the Atawa A34, uses built-in infrared sensors to avoid obstacles.[3]
Muhammad Wasif, “Design and Implementation of Autonomous Lawn Mower
Robot Controller”, IEEE, 2011. Behavior-Based approach is employed for robot
controllers in order to perform the desired task in outdoor environment, which is
normally dynamic and unstructured. Behavior based controller overcomes all of
these deficiencies by using sense-act methodology in parallel fashion, while
throwing away all dependencies on global world information. Optocouple sensor
are used to find a differentiation between mown and un-mown grasses. Moreover,
obstacle avoidance algorithm would work for static obstacles not for dynamic ones
without global and local positioning the robot’s localization is problematic.[4]
Bidgar Pravin Dilip, Nikhil Bapu Pagar, Vickey S. Ugale, Sandip Wani, Prof.
Sharmila M. This paper describe manually handled device is commonly used for
cutting the grass over the field which creates pollution and loss of energy.
Automatic solar grass cutter which will reduce the effort required for cutting grass
in the lawns. Also solar power will be used to provide the driving force for the
cutter and various sensors will be used to detect and avoid the unnecessary objects
in the field during operation. It consist of microcontroller arduino ATmega328p,
IR sensors, LCD display for better response and understanding to the user. This
paper will analyze the operation and working principle of the Automatic Grass
Cutter. The other objective is that the automatic lawn cutter has to differentiate
between grass and concrete while monitoring its surroundings continuously. They
wanted an ultrasonic sensor to sense it the lawn cutter was heading into an object.
Safety is the main concern while designing the lawn cutter. As it has blades they
wanted there lawn cutter[5]
G. Rahul portrays the use of solar energy to run the electric motor used for cutting
grass. Bhosale and Khadake have presented the implementation of smart solar
grass cutter. This system is driven by the solar energy by using solar panel and
battery. This grass cutting machine was programmable for engine speed control.
Ambekar and Ghate have designed a grass cutter which operates on solar energy.
Hence it saves the electricity and reduces manpower. Amrutesh et al. have
proposed smart solar grass cutter system which uses of sliding blades to cut a lawn
at an even length.[6]
In the invention of Milshtein et al. , a solar electric powered lawnmower was
designed which was controlled electronically to minimize the energy consumption.
Change of grass density or any other change of a load to the blade was sensed by a
controller and was fed-back to the circuitry. Clean energy, low noise, no pollution,
no energy cost, safe operation and low maintenance was added as benefit to the
prototype to reduce its cost. Lawnmower was operated by set of batteries and solar
panels. The direction of the blade could be changed so that mower could throw
grass in different direction. The DC motor was selected to provide maximum
efficiency of 81%-84% at the low possible current. Batteries were selected to
provide high energy density (30 W- hour/kg). In this design, conventional solar
cells were used with the efficiency of 14%. Solar cells were able to produce 175
watts under the normal sun condition. The machine required 24 volt and 10 ampere
of current where solar cells were able to produce only 6 ampere of current[7]
Srishti Jain, et al this paper describes a solar powered robotic lawn mower that is
autonomous and allows the user to cut grass with minimum effort. The sensors
used in the robotic mower helps it to stay on the lawn and to detect and avoid any
obstacles in its way. A 12v 310mA solar panel is used to provide the required
power to the components and also to the battery. A 12v 1.2Ah rechargeable lead
acid battery is also used as a backup, and won’t be over charged due to the small
output of solar panel. The battery charges in 5 hours when under direct sunlight
and the power is delivered to the components via voltage regulators. To detect the
obstacles, they have used IR sensors which has 1m 555 IC. There are two sensors,
one on each side. This is because in case the obstacle is on the left then it will
move in right direction and if the right sensor detects the obstacle then it goes
towards the left. However the main disadvantage is that sometimes response of the
system is too slow so in real time high end DSP processors is recommended that
can process much faster.[8]
In the study of Johnson Alexander John’s lawn mower cutting blade design, it was
reviewed that in order to produce a mechanical energy, a direct current motor was
used that consumed electrical energy as its input. The energy was produced due to
the interaction of current carrying conductors and magnetic fields. Current or
voltage was given as the input to the direct current motor and torque was the
output. Self-initiated precise exchange force was utilized by the motor to control
spin-waves. Sudden magnetic forces which were precisely located as well as
directed were produced by the motor using the phenomena of self-initiated
nonlinear magnetism.[9]
In the study of D. Satwik et al design and fabrication of a lever operated solar lawn
mower, the main objective was to cut grass at different heights. The proposed lawn
mower had a spur gear displacement mechanism in which the rotor blade height
can be adjusted by using the lever attached to it and that can proportionally change
the height of the grass cut of the lawn and required grass cut can be achieved and
this process of adjustment will be completed in less than 20 seconds. The
components used in machine fabrication include; DC motor, battery, solar panel,
spur gears, wheels, ultrasonic sensor, Arduino board and a rotor blade[10]

REFERENCE;
[1] T. Baingane, S. Nagrale, S. Gumgaonkar, G. Langade, S. Ramteke, and
Dhumal, “Review on Fully Automated Solar Grass Cutter,” Int. Res. J. Eng.
Technol., vol. 05, no. 02, pp. 705–707, 2018, [Online]. Available:
www.irjet.net.
[2] Patil, M. Bhagyashri, R. Patil, and S. S, “Solar Based Grass Cutter : a
Review,” Int. J. Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 6, pp. 134–138, 2017, [Online].
Available: www.conferenceworld.in.
[3] A. A. Dhabale, D. B. Bachhav, A. M. More, N. R. Tadvi, and M. S. G.
Kamble, “Solar Economical Grass Cutter,” pp. 2446–2449, 2019.
[4] S. B. Kirubha, K. Gokhularamanan, E. S. Bharathi, and P. B. Rajan, “Smart
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[5] A. R. Deepak, K. Kunwar, E. Daneesh, R. Kadayat, and C. N. Punith,
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[6] A. D. Shah, S. J. Mujawar, P. R. Sutar, and S. R. Prasad, “Solar Powered
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[7] M. Singh, A. Padhan, S. Saurabh, K. Priyesh, M. Rai, and T. Naveen, “A
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Technol., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 370–376, 2016.
[8] Dr. J. G. Chaudhari, Akash S Ingole, Aakash Z Patel, Kunal R Bhagat, and
Ashwini S Gaurkhede, “Smart Solar Based Grass Cutter,” Int. J. Adv. Res.
Sci. Commun. Technol., vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 58–61, 2022, doi: 10.48175/ijarsct-
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[9] M. S. D. Bhadke, “Design and Fabrication of Solar Operated Car,” Int. J.
Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 9, no. VII, pp. 1177–1180, 2021, doi:
10.22214/ijraset.2021.36307.
[10] A. O. Akinyemi and A. S. Damilare, “Design and Fabrication of a Solar
Operated Lawnmower,” vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1161–1197, 2020.