UNIT – 3
WIRELESS TRANSCEIVERS
SYLLABUS
• Structure of a wireless communication link
• Modulation and demodulation schemes
– BPSK
– DQPSK
– QPSK
– Pi / 4 QPSK
– OQPSK
– BFSK
– MSK
– GMSK
• Power spectrum and error performance in fading
channels
STRUCTURE OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION LINK
Structure of a wireless communication
link
Block Explanation
• Information source:
– Provides the source signal
– Can be either analog or digital
• Source coder
• They are used to reduce the redundancy of the source
messages. In order to improve the bit rate.
• Original message bits are converted to symbols
• Ex. Zero padding
• Channel coder
– This process adds the additional bits in order to protect data
against transmission errors.
– Ex. Error detection codes, header and trailer bits, Reed Solomon
codes, CRC Codes etc.,
• Modulator
– This converts the input bit stream suitable for transmission.
– Converts the low frequency signals to high frequency signals
• Channel
– Provides the electrical connection between the transmitter and
receiver.
– The various channels used are pairs of wires, co axial cables,
optical fibers or radio channels
• Diversity Combiner:
– A normal receiver will receive multiple signals from
various antennas. All signals will be combined here.
• Equalizers
– Mainly they are used to reduce the ISI and dispersion
in the signal caused by the channels
• Demodulator
– They are the reverse process of the modulation.
– They extracts the message signal from the modulated
signal.
• Channel decoder
– Used to reconstruct the original wave form from the
encoded signal .
– Inverse algorithm of the encoder is used to
reconstruct the original message bits
• Source decoder
– They convert the symbols to message bits
• Data sink
– These devices converts the waveform to analog
signals and they are fed to the respective devices.
END
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STRUCTURE OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION LINK
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
SCHEMES
Introduction
• Deciding the modulation and demodulation formats is very
important in deciding the following parameters.
• Spectral efficiency:
– It must be as high as possible
• Adjacent channel interference:
– It must be small
• Sensitivity with respect to noise:
– This must be small
• Robustness with respect to delay and dispersion:
– This must be as large as possible because channel itself introduces the
delay and dispersion.
• Easy to generate waveforms:
– The hardware requirements should be easy to implement and must
satisfy the practical needs.
Types of Modulation formats
• Binary Phase Shift Keying • Binary Frequency Shift
[BPSK] Keying [BFSK]
• Differential Phase Shift • Minimum Shift Keying
Keying [DPSK] [MSK]
• Quadrature Phase Shift • Gaussian Minimum Shift
Keying [QPSK] Keying [GMSK]
• Offset – Quadratrure
Phase Shift Keying
[OQPSK]
• Pi / 4 Quatrature Phase
Shift Keying [pi / 4 -
QPSK]
Binary Phase Shift Keying - BPSK
BPSK
• In bpsk , the phase of the constant amplitude
carrier is shifted between 2 values according
to the possible signals
• Since it is binary we have only 2 symbols “1”
and “0”
• The transmitted signal is given by
Wave form of BPSK
• In general the BPSK message signal is given by
• Constellation diagram of BPSK:
– It is the graphical representation to compute the
bit error probabilities
• The complex representation of the BPSK
Signals are given by
• Power spectral density of the BPSK is given by
PSD of BPSK
Demodulation in BPSK
• Demodulation in Rx
– Requires reference of Tx signal in order to
properly determine phase
• carrier must be transmitted along with signal
– Called Synchronous or “Coherent” detection
• complex & costly Rx circuitry
• good BER performance for low SNR → power efficient
BPSK Receiver
Drawbacks of BPSK
• The major drawbacks of BPSK are
– Only one bit is used per symbol, thus higher data
rates are not possible
– It requires the coherent detection method, which
requires the prior knowledge of phase and
amplitude of the transmitted signal during
detection.
END
of
BPSK
DPSK
• DPSK → Differential Phase Shift Keying
– Non-coherent Rx can be used
• easy & cheap to build
• no need for coherent reference signal from Tx
– Bit information determined by transition
between two phase states
• incoming bit = 1 → signal phase stays the same as
previous bit
• incoming bit = 0 → phase switches state
Generation of Random Sequence
Transmitter - DPSK
Receiver - DPSK
END
of
DPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying - QPSK
• It has twice the bandwidth efficiency of the
BPSK, since two bits are transferred in a single
symbol.
• The phase of the signal will take one of the
four equally spaced values such as
0,pi/2, pi, 3pi/2 [or] pi/4, 3pi/4, 5pi/4, 7pi/4.
• The QPSK symbol is given by:
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying - QPSK
Constellation Diagram
Power Spectral Density
Modulation Steps
• Unipolar binary sequence are converted to bi
polar NRZ sequence
• The bit stream M(t) is split in to two bit streams
MI(t) and MQ(t)
– MI(t) In phase streams (or) Even Stream
– MQ(t) Quadrature streams (or) Odd Stream
The binary sequences are modulated separately using
Ø1(t) and Ø2(t).
These 2 signals are now considered as the BPSK Signals and they are BPSK
Modulated.
Splitting up of input binary sequence
QPSK Transmitter
QPSK Demodulator
END
OF
QPSK
OFFSET Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
- OQPSK
• Offset QPSK
– The occasional phase shift of π radians can cause
the signal envelope to pass through zero for just
in instant.
– Any kind of hard limiting or nonlinear
amplification of the zero-crossings brings back
the filtered sidelobes
• since the fidelity of the signal at small voltage levels is
lost in transmission.
– OQPSK ensures there are fewer baseband signal
transitions applied to the RF amplifier,
• helps eliminate spectrum regrowth after amplification.
Example above: First symbol (00) at 0º, and the
next symbol (11) is at 180º. Notice the signal going
through zero at 2 microseconds.
This causes problems.
• Using an offset approach: First symbol (00) at 0º, then an
intermediate symbol at (10) at 90º, then the next full
symbol (11) at 180º.
– The intermediate symbol is used halfway through the
symbol period.
– It corresponds to allowing the first bit of the symbol to
change halfway through the symbol period.
– The figure below does have phase changes more often,
but no extra transitions through zero.
– IS-95 uses OQPSK, so it is one of the major modulation
schemes used.
• In QPSK signaling, the bit transitions of the
even and odd bit streams occur at the same
time instants.
• but in OQPSK signaling, the even and odd bit
Streams, mI(t) and mQ(t), are offset in their
relative alignment by one bit period (half-
symbol period)
QPSK Vs OQPSK
• This time alignment will avoid the
simultaneous transitions of the message bits
on In phase and quadrature bit streams.
• In BPSK, the maximum phase shift will be 180o
• In OQPSK, the maximum phase shift will be 90o
END
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OQPSK
π/4 QPSK
• π/4 QPSK
– The π/4 shifted QPSK modulation is a quadrature
phase shift keying technique
• offers a compromise between OQPSK and QPSK in
terms of the allowed maximum phase transitions.
– It may be demodulated in a coherent or non
coherent fashion.
• greatly simplifies receiver design.
– In π/4 QPSK, the maximum phase change is
limited to ± 135o
– in the presence of multipath spread and fading,
π/4 QPSK performs better than OQPSK
Pi/4 QPSK transmitter
I. Differential detection of pi/4 QPSK
II. IF Differential Detection
III. FM Discriminator detector
