SELF LEARNING MODULE

BASIC CALCULUS
FOURTH QUARTER – WEEK 7

Area of Plane Figures using

Integration
Basic Calculus 11

BASIC CALCULUS 11
Quarter 4 – Module 7:
Area of Plane Figures using Integration

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Dear Parents,
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Lesson 7 Area of Plane Figures using Integration

I What I need to Know?

In module 4, we are introduced to the method of finding the area under a curve by summation
process performed on the rectangles inscribed under the curve, the Riemann Sums. In module 5, we
discussed about the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Now, we are ready to compute the actual area
of a plane region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the x-axis, the vertical lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑏 and
between two curves.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. compute the area of a plane region using the definite integral; and
2. solve problems involving areas of plane regions

Learning Task 1: Evaluate the following definite integrals using integration by substitution.
𝜋
2
1. ∫1 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2)10 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫𝜋3 tan 𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
6

𝜋 1
2. ∫0 (8 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫0 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥

12
3. ∫4 √2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

D What is in?
Learning Task 2: Find the area of the region bounded by the following:

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1, the x-axis and the vertical lines x=0 and x=2.

2. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6, the x-axis, and the vertical lines x=0 and x=4.

4. parabola 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7

5. parabola 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2

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DISCUSSION

We introduced the method of finding the area under a curve by a summation process performed on the
rectangles either inscribe or circumscribe under the given curve or function. Now, we shall formulate a
general procedure for finding the area for which the bounding curve are known.

Area Between a Curve and a Coordinate Axis

Recall that the definite integral as applied to the area is the limit of approximating sums of areas of
rectangles, where the area of one rectangle can be represented by the differential 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥)∆𝑥 with
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 as the height and ∆𝑥 as the width of the rectangle. Each rectangle is called an element or
rectangular strip of the area of the region over [a, b]. The total area is obtained by integrating this
differential area over the interval. Thus, for a vertical strip, we have

𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

For a horizontal strip, the differential area is 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦. Hence, the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦)
and the y-axis over [c, d] is given by

𝑑
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐
Let us solve and discuss the previous tasks.

Example 1: Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1, the x-axis and the vertical
lines x=0 and x=2.

Solution:
First, we sketch the graph.

Figure 1A Figures 1B

If we imagine an infinite number of such rectangles “imaginary” vertical rectangles of height 𝑦 and thickness
𝑑𝑥 extending from x=0 to x=2, each infinitesimally thin, the rectangles will “color in” the required area like in
2
shown in the figure above. Since the integration is a summation process, ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 will yield the exact area.

2 2
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝑥4
=[ − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥] 20
4

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24 04
= [ − (2)3 + 22 + 2] − [ − 03 + 02 + 0]
4 4

= (4 − 8 + 4 + 2) − (0)
𝟐
∫ (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟎

In example 1 we were given the interval of integration. Often this interval is determined by the x intercepts
of the graph. These intercepts can be found by setting 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and solving for x. (It is always advisable
to sketch a graph of the region whose area is to be found.)

Example 2: Find the area of the region bounded by the x axis and the function 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3.

Solution:

Figure 2A Figure 2B

The x intercepts are determined by setting 𝑦 = 0 and solving for x

𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3
0 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥=1 𝑥=3

The area may then be easily computed by integrating from 1 to 3.

3 3
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 3)𝑑𝑥
1 1

𝑥3
= [2𝑥 2 − − 3𝑥] 31
3

33 13
= [2(3)2 − − 3(3)] − [2(1)2 − − 3(1)]
3 3

4
= 0 − (− )
3
𝟐
𝟒
∫ (𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟎 𝟑

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𝑏
If 𝑓(𝑥) is negative over all or part of [𝑎, 𝑏], the integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 will not give the desired area; the area
𝑏
must determine by computing ∫𝑎 |𝑓(𝑥)|𝑑𝑥 . Since the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus cannot be
conveniently applied to a function involving an absolute value, one must first determine where the graph
crosses the x axis, break up the interval into subintervals determined by these points, integrate separately
in each interval, and add he absolute values of the intervals. The next example illustrates this procedure.

Example 3: Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6, the x axis, and the vertical lines x=0
and x=4.

Solution:
First, we draw a sketch of the area to be determined.

Figure 3A Figure 3B

Next, we determine where the graph crosses the x-axis.

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
0 = 𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 6
0 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥=2 𝑥=3

We integrate separately on the three intervals [0,2], [2,3], 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [3,4].

2
2 𝑥 3 5𝑥 2 2
𝐴1 = ∫ (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥 = [ − + 6𝑥]
0 3 2 0

8 20 14
=( − + 12) − (0) =
3 2 3

3
2 𝑥 3 5𝑥 2 3
𝐴2 = ∫ (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥 = [ − + 6𝑥]
2 3 2 2

45 8 20
= (9 − + 18) −( − + 12)
2 3 2

9 14 1
= − =−
2 3 6

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4
2 𝑥 3 5𝑥 2 4
𝐴3 = ∫ (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥 = [ − + 6𝑥]
3 3 2 3

64 45
=( − 40 + 24) − (9 − + 18)
3 2

16 9 5
= − =
3 2 6

To obtain the required area, we add the absolute values of 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴3

𝟏𝟒 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏𝟕
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = |𝑨𝟏 | + |𝑨𝟐 | + |𝑨𝟑 | = + + = 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟑 𝟔 𝟔 𝟑

This can be considered as a more general approach to finding areas. Thus, each of the previous examples
could have been solved using such an approach by considering the x- and y- axes as functions with
equations y=0 and x=0, respectively. Many areas can be viewed as being bounded by two or more curves.

When area is enclosed by just two curves, it can be calculated using vertical elements by subtracting the
lower function from the upper function and evaluating the integral. To calculate the area between two
curves using horizontal elements, subtract the left function from the right function. As always, a sketch of
the graph can be a very important tool in determining the precise set-up of the integral. If you subtract in
the wrong order, your result will be negative. That mistake can be avoided by taking the absolute value of
the difference of the functions.

Area Between Two Curves

To determine the area bounded by two curves, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), we must first determine their points
of intersection. This may be done by solving the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥). If the curves intersect at only two
locations, say 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑔(𝑥); 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏], the area will be

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

If the curves intersect at more than two locations, the area must be computed by subdividing the interval,
integrating separately in each subinterval, and adding the absolute values of the integrals, in a manner
like in Example 3.

To extend our mnemonic device to areas bounded by two curves, consider an infinitesimally thin
rectangles of width 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦1 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑡𝑜 𝑦2 = 𝑓(𝑥). Its height is 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 and its area is
𝑏
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥. The area of the region, obtained by integrating (adding), becomes ∫𝑎 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥.

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Figure: Using Vertical Strips

Example 4. Determine the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 and the line
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7.

Solution: The parabola is represented by the function 𝑦2 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥2 .

To determine g(x) we solve the line`s equation for y:

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7.
𝑦 =7−𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑔(𝑥) = 7 − 𝑥

We will need the points of intersection of these two curves. This is accomplished by
Solving the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 .

9 − 𝑥2 = 7 − 𝑥
0 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2
0 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) Figure 4
𝑥 = −1 𝑥=2

It is clear from the diagram (Figure 4) that 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 2]

We are now ready to compute the area of the region bounded by the curves.

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

2
= ∫−1[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥

2
= ∫−1[9 − 𝑥 2 − (7 − 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥

2
= ∫−1[2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥]𝑑𝑥

𝑥3 𝑥2 2
= [2𝑥 − + ]
3 2 −1

8 1 1
= (4 − + 2) − (−2 + + )
3 3 2

10 7
= − (− )
3 6

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𝟐
𝟗
∫ [𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 − (𝟕 − 𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
−𝟏 𝟐

Occasionally, it is more convenient to compute an area by evaluating an integral with respect to y rather
than with respect to x. If the region is described as the intersection of the graphs 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦),
the area may be represented as an integral whose variable of integration is y.
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
𝑎
It is assumed that 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 are the y-coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs and
𝑓(𝑦) ≥ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]. In this type of problem our “imaginary” rectangles lie parallel to the x axis and
extend, left to right, from 𝑥1 = 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑡𝑜 𝑥2 = 𝑓(𝑦).

Figure: Using Horizontal Strips

Example 5. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2.

Solution:

The equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 is equivalent to 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2. Since the line lies to the

right of the parabola within the region under consideration, we let
𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦 + 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦 2 . (This guarantees that 𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦) is nonnegative.)
Their intersection points are computed by solving the equation 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦.

𝑦2 = 𝑦 + 2
𝑦2 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 2) = 0
𝑦 = −1 𝑦=2
Figure 5

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ]𝑑𝑦
𝑎

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
𝑎

2
= ∫−1[(𝑦 + 2) − 𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦

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𝑦2 𝑦3 2
=[ + 2𝑦 − ]
2 3 −1

8 1 1
= (2 + 4 − ) − ( − 2 + )
3 2 3

10 7
= − (− )
3 6
𝟐
𝟗
∫ [𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 − (𝟕 − 𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
−𝟏 𝟐

E What is more?
Learning Task 3: Sketch and find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of the equations. Show
your solutions and BOX your final answer.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 9, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 6. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2𝜋
3𝜋
2. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 7. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 =
2

3𝜋
3. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 8. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 =
2

4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 5

5. 𝑦 = 8 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Learning Task 4: Sketch the graph and show your solutions. BOX your final answer.

1. Determine the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.

2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 8 using (a) vertical strips and
(b) horizontal strips

3. Determine the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1.

4. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves 4𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4.

5. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the tangent line to the parabola at the
point (2, 4) and the x-axis.

Learning Task 5: Shade the needed region and draw a representative vertical or horizontal strip. Find
the area of the region.

1. x = 0; x = 3; y = 𝑥 2 ; y = 12x 4. y = √𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

2. y = 1; x = y; 𝑥𝑦 2 = 4 5. 𝑦 2 = x; 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2

3. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 ; 𝑥 = 18 − 𝑦 2 6. 𝑥 = 1; 𝑥 = 2; 𝑦 = 0; 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1

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A
blem
What I have learned?
Learning Task 6:
Directions: Reflect the learnings that you gained after taking up the two lessons in this module by
completing the given statements below. Do this on your activity notebook. Do not write anything on this
module.

What were your thoughts or ideas about the topic before taking up the lesson?
I thought that __________________________________________________________________

What new or additional ideas have you had after taking up this lesson?
I learned that (write as many as you can) ____________________________________________

How are you going to apply your learning from this lesson?
I will apply ____________________________________________________________________

Learning Task 7: Study about the “Volume of Solids of Revolution” and answer the problem below.

Find the volume of the solid of revolution obtained by revolving the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and the
x axis about the x axis.

References
Books

Canlapan, R.B., (2017), Basic Calculus, DIWA Learning Systems Inc.

Chua, S.L. (2016), Basic Calculus Soaring 21st Century Mathematics, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Don, E. Phd, How to Solve Word Problems in Calculus (A Solve Problem Approach), McGraw-Hill
Lim, Y.F. et al (2016), Basic Calculus Math for Engaged Learning, Sibs Publishing House, Inc.
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