COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL

No. 409.

NORTHERN NIGERIA.

REPORT FOR 1902.

(For Report for 2.901, see NoV 377.)

$)tmtdtb to both giorx*** oi ftetiiament bgffiommaabof Jftajeetfi.

December, 1903.

LONDONJ
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1908
[Od. 1768-1*.] Price Is. U,
 COLONIAL REPORTS.

The following, among other, Reports relating to His Majesty's

Colonial Possessions, have been issued, and may be obtained from
the sources indicated on the title page

ANNUAX.

No. Colony Tear.

387 Gibraltar ... •• »» ... 1902

388 Weibaiwei .. • 1 1 ' M ... *t

389 Sierra Leone ... ... . i , »» ... >i

390 British Honduras ... t **• ii

391 Gambia ... ... ... ... i• I . . ... it

392 St. Helena ... .. ... ... II
393 Hong Kong Ml ... ... ... II
394 Turks and Caicos Islands ... ... ... ... n
395 Seychelles ... ... ... •*« II
396 Ceylon ... * ... ... ... '. « . ... ... II
397 Gold Coast ... ... ... ... II
398 Barbados... ... ... 1.. ... 1902-1903
39$ Fiji ••• ... ... »» ... ... ... 1902
400 Lagos ... ... ... ... 4.. ... ... it
401 British Solomon Islands ... ... ... ... 1902-1903
402 Cocoa-Keeling Islands ... .. • « * > t «t • •» 1903
403 St. Vincent ... ... (*• ... ... ... 1902-1908
404 Grenada ... ••• ... ... a *. ... 1902
405 Southern Nigeria ... ... ... ... II
406 81 raits Settlements ... ... ... ... II
407 Trinidad and Tobago ... ... ... ... ... 1902-1903
408 Basutoland •*• ... ... ... II

MISCELLANEOUS.

15 Canada ... ... ... Legal Status of British North

American Indians.
16 Miscellaneous Colonies... Medical Reports.
17 Gilbert and Ellice Islands Report for 1896-1900.
18 Hong Kong Operations in New Territory
during 1900.
19 Miscellaneous Colonies... Medical Reports.
20 Weihaiwei ... ... General Report.
21 Dominica... Report on Uaribs.
22 Seychelles Para Rubber.
23 Dominica... ... ••• Lind Settlement and Roads.
24 Grenada ... Land Settlement in Carriacou.
 OOLOWIAL B » 0 » T S — A » » U A L . *

No. 409.

NORTHERN NIGERIA.
(For Report for 1901, see No 877.)

Snt F . LUGARD to MR. CHAMBERLAIN.

September 2nd, 1903.*

SIR,
I HAVE the honour to submit my Annual Report for
the year 1902, and, since the events (in connection with the
campaign against Eano, &c.) which were in progress at the
(Slid of the year have extended over the first part of 1903, I
have ventured to include this period in the report in order to
avoid as far as possible breaking off in the midst of an incom­
plete narrative.

2. This Report was written on my way home last May, and I

very greatly regret the delay which has occurred in submitting
i t This has been due to the fact that I have awaited replies
to certain queries I had sent to Northern. Nigeria. These
replies have not yet reached me, but I feel I can no longer
defer the submission of the Report.

I am, Ac,
F . D . LTJGARD

0
Received in Colonial Office, October 22nd.
876 Wt 21109 12/1908 D & 8 6 16571 A9
4 QQhOWtJLh ^BFOIW—A$WQJUi.

CONTENTS.

General Political:—
Bautahi, Bornu, Tola, Abuja, Zaria ...
Northern Hausa States * *. ... ... ...
Che Pulani »• • ... ... ...
Cano-Sokoto Campaign ... ... ... ...
Settlement at Sokoto ... . •.. ... ... ...
Eatsena... ... ... ... • ... ... ...
General Review of Provinces ... ... ... ...
Political Officers and Native Stan! ... ... ...
Taxation ... ... ... ...
Transport ... ... . *. ...
Railways ... ... ... ...
Trade and Industry ... ... ... ...
Mine'rals ... ... ••» ... ... ... ...
Revenue and Expenditure ... «•« ... ...
Judicial ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Slavery ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Native Courts ... ... ... ...
Senoussi ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Missions ... ... ... ... ... •»fc ...
Education ... ... ... ... ... ...
French Flotilla ... ... ... ...
Boundary Commissions ... ... ••* ... ...
Medical ... ... ... ... ...
Climate ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Meteorology ... ... ... ...
European Population ... ... ... ...
Public Works ... ... ... ...
Telegraphs ... ... ... ...
West African Frontier Force ... ... ... ...
Police and Prisons ... ... ... ...
"Vessels ... «•* ... ... ... ... ...
Post Office and Cables ... ... ... ... ...
Appendices... ... ... ... ... ... ...
 troRTH8ir.tr JTIOISBIA, 1902.

ANNUAL EEPOBT, 1902.

In my last Annual Report (for the year 1901) I described

the events which had recently taken place in Bornu; the
appeal of Fad-el-Allah for British protection after the defeat
and death of his father. Rabeh; the consequent despatch by
Mr. Wallace to his camp of the mission under Major
McClintock; the subsequent reported attack upon Fad^el-Allah
at Gujba by iiie French and the necessity for an enquiry into
these events and for the assertion of an effective control over
that portion of the Protectorate in order to put a stop to
further acts of aggression, and to rescue Bornu from the con­
dition of chaos and bloodshed into which it had fallen. In
pursuance of your instructions to this effect I had hoped to
visit the district myself on my return from leave at the end of
1901, but, finding that I was unable to do so, I despatched
Colonel Morland, with a strong force, with instructions to make
full enquiries as to the action of the French and the causes
which had led up to it, and to ascertain whether the reports
of their having carried off natives otf the British Protectorate
and raised large sums of money, &c, from the people, had any
foundation in fact.
BAUTSHI.
2. His route lay through Bautshi, a province not as yet
brought under administrative control, and under the rule of
an Emir who had in January, 1900, perpetrated a terrible
crime in the treacherous sack of the large town of Guaram,
whose inhabitants were massacred or carried into slavery.
Bautshi was in a special degree the centre of the slave trade,
and it was to the market of Bautshi (Yakoba) that the slaves
captured or bought in Adamawa were brought, whence they
were distributed to the various Hausa states, especially Sokoto
and Kano. Hie chief had maintained a hostile attitude
to Government, and it was expected that he would oppose
the Protectorate troops. Mr. Wallace accompanied the
expedition as far as Bautshi to deal with the political
situation, and I left it to his discretion, after enquiry
on the spot, to deoide whether or not it would be possible to
retain the Bmir. The expedition under Colonel Morland
oonsisted of 13 officers, 5 non-commissioned officers, 3 doctors,
615 rank and file, 2 75-millimetre guns, and 4 maxims, and left
Ibi, for Bautshi on February 3rd, 1902.* Preparations for
opposing the expedition had apparently been made and fighting
* Colonel Beddoea had previously inflicted punishment on the Yergum
tribe to the west of the road, who had been murdering traders. They later
sent in their submission.
6 OOLOMIAL W&€mt9r~AMBAi*.

was momentarily expected as the troops neared the city on

February 16th. The size of the force, however, deterred the •'
war parly and no fighting took place. Mr, Wallace anm-
moned the headmen and told them that the Emir would be
deposed in consequence of his misrule, and invited them to
choose his successor. They at once named the heir, and he
was duly nominated on a letter of appointment in identical
terms with those given to the Emirs of Nupe, Kontagora, and
Tola. The ex-Emir fled in the night with a few followers,
and the city was in a state of panic, which was allayed by
Colonel Morland in every possible way.
3. The fact, however, that there was no exodus, which would
have been attended by much looting and theft on the part of
the criminal classes in the town, was largely dlie to the
fearless and indefatigable efforts of Mr. Temple, whom I had
appointed as Resident, who remained in the town all nignt
reassuring the people and regardless of personal risk. No
shot, therefore, was fired, and no looting or destruction of
property of any kind took place, and the substitution of the
new Emir for the old, and the inclusion of the Province under
administrative control, was effected without disturbance or
bloodshed.
4. By June, 1902, the Resident was able to report that he
believed the slave trade to be practically extinct in Bautshi.
Some time later a prospecting party arrived and visited
the tin-bearing district under the protection of an escort. This
aiea is peopled by wild pagan tribes who had long defied
the power of Bautshi. Mr. Temple, acting on my instructions,
made ceaseless efforts to get into touch with these people and
to arrive at a friendly understanding with them. In this
he was very largely successful, and several tribes entered into
friendly relations.
5. The Shiri, however, elected war and attacked our troops.
Their villages were situated among the interminable hills
which form the Bautshi highlands, and were approached by
precipitous gorges and defiles. The troops, admirably handled
by Captain Monck-Mason, drove them from their strongholds
and inflicted much loss upon them, whereupon, as is the
custom of these pagans, they agreed that we were the stronger
and came in and made submission.
6. Later again in the year hostilities took place with the
Ningi tribe, who inhabited the northern part of the Province.
The king of this very warlike tribe, whose headmen largely
consisted of exiles from Kano, and which I am told had
frequently defeated the armies of Kano and Zaria, and had
eren descended from their fastnesses and laid waste the country
almost up to the gates of these capital cities, was a homicidal
maniac addicted to disembowelling his wives and other similar
practices. He threw down the gauntlet, defying the white
men, whom he said he would annihilate, and he was in con­
sequence defeated by Captain Monck-Mason and Mr. Temple.
His fall was the cause of great rejoicing to the tribe over whom
he tyrannised, since he was a usurper. The rightful chief
was put in his place, and the people killed the fugitive tyrant
and matte sUbmissiett.
7. Meanwhile the ex-Emir of Bautshi, with a small follow­
ing, had become a cause of great disquiet and constant trouble.
4
He was eventually caught by Mr. Temple, who attempted to
induce him to live quietly at his headquarters and treated
1
him with much kindness and tact He found, howevef , that
he was a focus of intrigue, and in January, 1903* I agreed
that he should be sent to Illorin. He is allowed a small sum
for his maintenance and lives there in the charge of the
Emir and Resident. On his departure from Bautshi there
was much rejoicing, and bonfires were lit at night in the
city. The new Emir did fairly well, though ho proved a
weak man. I regret that he has lately died.

THE MALLAH JlBRELLA.

8. Leaving a company as garrison at Bautshi, Colonel Morland
advanced through Gombe towards Ghijba in Bornu. The
country to be crossed has long been the scene of constant
warfare. 'A certain Mallam (Mttfiah) JPibrella aroso some
4
years ago and gathered round him a band of fanatics. " He
defeated the King of Gombe and annexed! a part of his
country, and threatened Bautshi, M hich there is little doubt
would have fallen before his troops had not the British expe­
dition happened to intervene. For many years he had led
a career of unbroken conquest, defying even the armies' of
ttabeh and Fad-el-Allah, and' at the tme of Colonel Morland's
arrival he was the most dreaded power in the eaet. He had
lately declared himself to be tl£e Mahdi, and dressed his
followers in the "jibbeh" of the Dervish. While advancing
in the open, the scouts reported the presence of a body of
some 600 foot and 100 horsemen behind a fold in the ground,
and Colonel Morland had barely time to form square with the
advance guard 13 cover the long column before he was charged
in a most determined fashion by these fanatics, with the Mallam
at their head. They reached within 60 yards of the small
square (consisting of 100 men with a maxim and a gun) before
they were checked by tha fire, when they swept round, making
0
In 1887 the Mallam was expelled from Mtssau for witchcraft. He weak
to Kano and was again expelled. He settled in Dukul in Gombe territory,
and was given some lauds and farms, but began to intrigue and formed a
war-camp at Bajoga in 1894. He was attacked by the king of Gombe, who
was killed. The Mallam then took most of Gombe's temfrcry—Rabeir
quarrelled with him, bat Fad- el*Allah was not strong enough to attack him*
;
Bte continued harassing the country round until ke was defeated an4
captured, as here related.
8 COLONIAL BEPOfcTS—ANNUAL.

a turning .movement. They were, however, beaten off and

fled in disorder, having 60 killed and a large number of
wounded. Our casualties were only two wounded, since the
enemy fired little, but tried to close with the sword and spear.
Colonel Morland pursued for two days and then sent out
several flying columns who captured many horses, men, and
banners, but the credit of the capture of the Mahdi himself
fell to Lieutenant Dyer, who rode 70 miles in 17 hours to
effect it. Jibrella was a white-haired old* man of a fine type.
The danh and pluck shown by him had won the admiration
o£ our officers, and he was well looked after till his arrival
in Lokoja, where I placed' him in charge of the local chief
with a small subsidy for his maintenance. He is very feeble,
and no longer a danger.

FKRNOH ACTION IN BOKNU.

9. The expedition reached Gujba on March 11th, and leaving

a company there as garrison proceeded thence to Maidugun.
Colonel Morland himself made a rapid trip to the ancient
capital of Bornu at Kuka on Lake Chad. The situation as he
found it was as follows:—After the death of Babeh, Fad-el-
Allah, his son, had taken command of the remnant of the
forces and had retired westwards into British territory pursued
by the French. Some fighting had taken place before the
French gave up the chase and returned to their headquarters
at Dikwa. Fad-el-Allah now sent one of his generals
to return to the neighbourhood of Dikwa in order, T
believe, to dig up some buried ammunition. The French
officer, Captain Dangeville, was away and the general
inarched as far as Ngala and attacked' the French post there,
but was repulsed. Captain Dangeville returning collected his*
forces and marched by forced marches upon Fad-el-Allah's
camp at Gujba. Taking that chief by surprise he defeated
him and annihilated his army, and Fad-el-Allah himself was
killed. In addition to their own troops employed on this raid,
the French raised levies in British territory. A great number
of prisoners were taken in the battle and much loot. In
return for delivering the Sultan of Bornu from his enemy
Fad-el-Allah the French imposed a war indemnity of $60,000
upon this chief, in addition to the balance of $21,000, which
Sanda had failed to pay, and detained him at Dikwa till it
should be pa?d. Prior to this they had placed on the throne of
Kuka the sec* ind son of the late Sheikh (Sanda), on condition that
he should pa;/ them $30,000, and they deported to Kanem (East
of Chad) the elder and legitimate heir on account of his
refusal to pay; —Sanda had paid $9,000 only. The total indem­
nity olaimel was thus $80,000, of which $73,500 had been
paid up, an<\ the Sheikh Shefu Garbai was new in Dikwa await­
ing the arrival of Ms messengers who were ransacking the
 NORTHERN NIGE&IA, 1902.

impoverished and destitute country to obtain the balance

($6,&00) required. Colonel Morland sent messages to Shefu
Garbai telling, him that he would recognise him ae Sultan
of British Bornu if he oame to reside in the country, and
at the same time he put a stop to the collection of any
further payment to the French. Garbai accepted our offers
with alacrity, returned with a large following, and took
up his residence at Mongonu on Chad, pending the rebuilding
of Kuka. The French, who were waiting at Dikwa for the
balance of their impost, nominated the third brother, Sanda,
as Sultan of the very small part of Bornu which lies to the east
of the British boundary, with his capital at Dikwa. The advent
of a large German expedition, however, at this moment caused
the French to evacuate Dikwa and German territory, and retire
beyond the Shari. The situation created by the French action
was one which naturally gave rise to constant friction, the fol­
lowers of each of the rival Sultans attempting to raise tribute and
interfering with the towns of the other, and especially, as
might be expected, on the part of Sanda, whose residence was
on the frontier line, and who had but little territory to the
east. This again caused mutual " protests" between the
representatives of the two European Powers, and much valu­
able time was spent in attempting to lay down a temporary
frontier. In consequence of this state of things, I advised His
Majesty's Government of the necessity of proceeding with the
delimitation of this frontier without delay. To this proposal
the Secretary of State assented and a joint Commission was
appointed.

CONDITION OF BORNU PROVINCE.

10. Colonel Morland reported that the people were every­

where glad of our arrival, and the country is practically
peaceful and well disposed. After establishing a second
company of the Northern Nigeria Regiment as garrison at
Maiduguri, he left that place on April 8th and hastened
back to headquarters, and Captain Cochrane, as senior
officer, was left in political charge till the arrival of
Mr. W, P . Hewby, C.M.G., whom I had placed in charge of
Bornu. I cannot speak too highly of the ability with which
this most difficult task wai conducted by Colonel Morland
and his officers. An enormous area, some 60,000 square miles,
was brought under administrative control, with little
bloodshed. The difficulties encountered were unusually
great owing to lack of water and of supplies, and the
whole expedition, including Ma.jor Cubitus later operations,
was concluded in about four months. Over 1,000 miles of
country was traversed and mapped in this period.
The country shows signs at every step of the anarchy and war
of which for so many years it has been the scene. The popula-
10 COLONIAL fcfcPOBtS - A l t JTtttL

tion is depleted, towns onoe large and prosperous are now /

only charred ruins, while brigandage and pillage are every­

where rile. Strenuous efforts have been made with a large
measure of success during the last six months to introduce
law- and order, and to give the country a cfiance to recuperate,
but time will be needed even partially to restore its former
prosperity. The population consists of (1) the indigenous
1
inhabitants, Beriberi or Kanuri, (2) of so-called "Arabs/
and (3) Ful«ni,~the two latter being pastoral people owning
herds of cftttle. Surveys have been made up to the extreme
Northern frontier from Chad to Machena near the French
boundary on the North. I am informed that Mongonu, the
temporary residence of the Sultan, which a year ago was
a small village, has already a population of 25,000, It
will be moved to the old capital at Kuka (now being rebuilt)
in October next. I have elsewhere reported on the great quan­
tities of neglected produce wnich are to be found in Bornu
(para, 106). Mr. Hewby reports that though the heat is great
at times in Bornu, and there is little shade, and the sand
storms are violent and frequent, frost is experienced on the
shores of Lake Chad. Generally speaking, there is a great
dearth of water in Bornu (ther wells in central Bornu being
as much as 250 feet deep) and it is generally impregnated
with salts.

YOLA.

11. In my last report I related the circumstances under

which it had been found necessary to take action at Yola.
The ex-Emir had fled to German Adamawa, end he attacked
the German expedition near Garua on its arrival there in
March, 1902. He was defeated with great loss, and fled back
to British territory where, with a small following, he continued
throughout the year to be a constant source of unrest. Every
effort to capture him was unavailing, since he escaped alter­
nately into German or British territory. Early in the present
year he was murdered by the Lala pagans. I should have
wished, had it been possible, to have afforded a domicile to this
brave though fanatical chief, but he was wholly irreconcilable,
and his death is beyond doubt a great blessing to the Yola
Province, over which h e had long tyrannised and where h e was
cordially hated. With the exception of the capital (Yola) and
of a few minor settlements, tEe greater part of this Province
is occupied by lawless pagan tribes whose pastime it is to
fall upon travellers and traders and to kidnap them or each
other for sale as slaves. Mr. Barclay, the Eesident, has done
much by travelling among them to gain their fneadfehip and
to induce them to forego these undesirable practices, but it
is unfortunately true that the African savage in his primi­
tive state can, as a rule, understand nothing but force, *nd
regards arguments and verbal lessons as the weapons of the
 NOfcTMftltN NIQEUIA, 1&0^. 11

weak, tc be listened to for the moment and set aside when

convenient. If, however, he is once convinced by coercion
that the white man has power to enforce his admonitions he
will in future respect them-—to some extent,
12. Colonel Morland on his way south to Tola had avoided
with difficulty a conflict with the Marghi tribe who live on
ihe frontier between Tola and Bornu. At a later date, how­
ever, they attacked the Political Officer (Captain Mundy)
wounding him and three rank and file. They were then
defeated with a loss of 90 killed, ©elenel Morlandi's expedi­
tion reached Tola on April 18th, and, since his own presence
was urgently required at Lokoja, he left Major Cubitt in
command of what remained of the force, with orders to
traverse the country of the Bassemas and the Wurkum hills
on the north of the Benue between Tola and Ihi m accordance
with my instructions. Major CubHt was attacked by the people
of Banjeram, who had murdered five traders, and he also
burnt the town of Kwa, whose people had recently killed seven
traders and one woman. Thirty-4wo skulls were found here
in one house. He was again attacked in the Wurkum hills,
and after several skirmishes the chiefs came it/ and begged
for peace. Lieutenant Dyer and the interpreter were slightly
wounded in these operations, and one carrier killed. Th* opera­
tions were very ably conducted by Major Cubitt. At the $nd of
1901 the additions to the Political Staff of the Protectorate had *
1
enabled me to appoint a Besidmt to this Province (Tola) and
much progress has been m&de in establishing law and order.

ABUJA.

13. The western part of the Nassarawa Province (east of

Nupe) has always enjoyed an unenviable notoriety for brigan­
dage. Several important trade routes from Zaria and Kano
pass this way (vid Kachia and Abuja> to Umaisha. on the
Benue), and constant complaint* reached me of tEe robbery
and murder of traders, it was in the southern part of this
belt that the Hon. D. Carnegie lost his life, and in June, 1902,
the murder of a native missionary named Bako, who was
travelling near TJmaisha, was reported to me. The Resident,
Captain Moloney, finally urged upon me the absolute neces­
sity of at once taking steps to put an end to the lawlessness
that had its centre at Abuja, and in spite of the fact that the
rains had broken I considered it necessary to despatch an
expedition under Lieutenant^Colonel Beddoes to effect the
arrest of the chiefs of the marauding parties at Abuja. The
expedition was a strong one, and was accompanied by the
Resident. The troops suffered much from sickness, and the
expedition was in consequence much delayed, but it was
entirely successful, and, after breaking down resistance, the*
town of Abuja was captured, and most oi tile heads of thef
19 OOLOHIAL BB*0B*8—AHNtJAt.

marauding band arrested. A heavy fine was imposed and

a new king installed in place of the former, who had been
killed. The troops marched back through the disturbed belt
of country, and Colonel Beddoes enquired into the circum­
stances of the death of the native missionary and effected
some more arrests.
14. Meanwhile there had been unrest at the Provincial head­
quarters (Koffi) owing to the attitude taken by the Magaji—
the nominee of the Emir of Zaria, who is Suzerain of Nassa-
rawa and Eeffl. The Magaji was a man'of strong character,
while the King of Keffi was a very old and weak man and a
puppet in his hands. Captain Moloney had from time to time
reported to me that the opposition he had to encounter from this
man rendered his efforts to bring order into the Province futile,
since he maintained an armed following of his own who were
constantly engaged in raiding caravans and slave catching.
The arrival at Keffi of the powerful force under Colonel
Beddoes seemed to me a good opportunity for settling this
matter, but Captain Moloney thought that if he could induce
the Magn ji to come to an amicable understanding his influence
might prove of great use to Government, and he therefore
asked me to defer action. The arrest of the Abuja chiefs had,
of course, a considerable effect in Keffi, and the Magaji saw
that unless he altered his conduct his turn would come next.
Captain Moloney himself was not a man to brook opposition,
and he determined to bring matters to an issue at once. He
went to the king's house and the Magaji was summoned to
attend. He declined to do so, and Mr. Webster, Assistant
Resident, was sent to fetch him. Misled by the Government
native agent, Awudu, to whose intrigues and false representa­
tions it now appears probable that the deplorable results which
followed were directly due, Mr. Webster entered the private
quarters—probably the harem—of the Magaji. That chief
was surrounded by armed retainers who immediately set
upon Mr. Webster. He very narrowly escaped with his life
and was eventually seised an3T liberally thrown out. Captain
Moloney then sent him to call up a detachment of troops. The
Magaji, seeing that his arrest was imminent, rushed out of
his house and kiUed Captain Moloney and the agent Awudu
before the soldiers could reach the 3poi He and his followers
then fled, but sent messages that they would presently return
and finish their work.
16. Colonel Beddoes at once returned from Lokoja with a
strong force, and the Magaji was pursued to the confines of the
Province. There was no doubt but that he would travel north
to Kano, which was the focus of hostility to the British, and
accordingly orders were sent from Zungeru by rapid mes­
sengers to Zaria to form a cordon to arrest his passage. This
step would have resulted' in the capture of the murderer had
it not been for the treachery of a town named Aucham near
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 13

the Zaria frontier. As it was he very narrowly escaped,

leaving his cattle and other Belongings in our hands. News
reached me later that he had been received with muoh honour
by the Emir of Kano, who assigned him a house and gave
him presents, while he rode always at the post of honour on
his right hand.

ZARIA.

16. The situation in these northern Provinces had long

been an impossible one. The Emir of Zaria had been out­
wardly friendly, and had in February, 1902, appealed for
assistance against Kontagora. After the capture of that
chief (see para. 69 inf.) and the dispersal of his bands, I placed
a Resident with a small garrison close to the town of Zaria,
since the Emir had by his appeal to Government ostensibly
accepted British rule. This was in March, 1902. The Emir was,
however, a type of the very worst class of Fulani ruler. His
acceptance of the British had been due to cowardice only.
He not only continued to raid for slaves, and to despatch
them to Sokoto and Kano, but he now proceeded to force
acquiescence to these acts, and to extort levies, &c, by giving
out that it was by the white men's order. He
thus hoped not only to compel obedience by the fear of
Government, but at the same time to make the Government
detested. More than once his armed gunmen came into
collision on these forays with our patrols. The Emir was
known to be intriguing with Kano, and it was even seriously
debated whether or not an attack should be made on the
British garrison, which was small and without any defences.
I therefore desired the Commandant to reinforce the garrison
and to send a senior officer to command it. The Emir had
been noted for his cruelties; not only did public mutilation
for petty offences daily take place in the market, but a system
of execution peculiar, I believe, to Zaria, was frequently prac­
tised. It consisted in constructing a bottle-shaped hole in the
ground in which a prisoner was placed in a standing posture;
the neck of the bottle was then completed and the man left
to die of starvation and thirst. Influential persons who dis­
approved of the Emir's actions frequently disappeared—among
others the Emir's sister—and enquiry showed that they were
done to death and burled in their house*, or in a room in the
Emir's house to which they had been invited as guests. It
was then given out that the guest had left suddenly on a
long journey, and no one dared to question the fact. The i

situation had at last become full of danger. The Resident

was thwarted at every step, and an attempt to poison him
seems to have been made, while news came to him almost
daily of some new outrage which the Emir h&d s$id wa? done
by the Resident's orders,
14 QOhOMAh REPORTS—ANNUAL.

17. Captain Afeadie, the Evident, therefo&e 4eteroamed to

accept the responsibility of arresting the Emir, since it m s /
necessary to act at once, without incurring t h e delay of refer­
ring for orders. The Emir was given up mot unwillingly by
the chiefs and brought dofinto WuAishi, where be was placed
in charge of the local chief. He was treated with eveiy con­
sideration and dignity, and was accompanied by thirty-seven
w i v e s and followers. It had been a source of regret to me
tha/t the inclusion of each new Province under administrative
control had been accompanied by the deposition of the ruling
Eniir, and Zaria was a solitary exception. I had, therefore,
been unwilling to depose him, and I now hoped that a period
of enforced banishment would be a sufficient lesson to him
that he must amend his conduct. I told him that if he behaved
well I hoped to reinstate him later when the trouble vrith
Kano was settled, but I saw that it would be impossible to
allow him to go back while the unrest in that city continued,
for I might count with certainty on his collusion with the
Kano chief, and in all probability I should have a rising in
Zaria in rear of any force Which marched on Kano. Indeed,
a party of his horsemen did later join the Kano forces against
us. According to native custom the Galadema acted as locum
tenens during the absence of the Emir. This man acted as
Emir for nine months and proved an admirable ruler,
thoroughly loyal and helpful to the Resident.
18. Mohamadu, the Emir, however, ia spite of my warning
could not refrain from his innate " munafiki."* He despatched
constant letters to Zaria from Wushishi announcing that the
Governor had reprimanded the Resident, and that he (itoha-
madu) was to return in so many <ky ,-onding
8 tim* *>
time some plausible reason why that return was deferred.
He ordered the towns to cease paying their customary tribute
to the Galadema, and such was the terror in which he was held
that (expecting his speedy return) his orders were obeyed.
r
His son, the Maidaki (heir to the Emirate), assisted h s father
in these plans at Zaria. On my arrival there on February {11 th,
1903, I found the eastern part of the Province in a state of
revolt, the large towns in ihat quarter refusing to recognise
the Galadema and to pa.T their taxes, and equally defiant of
the Resident's orders. Nothing could be done until after the
Kano expedition, since upon the result of that conflict the
qyes bi all were tunned.
19. On April 7th, 1908, on my return from Kano, the settle­
ment of which I relate in a subsequent paragraph, I called
together all the chiefs and told them that I was aware
of what the Emir at Wushishi, in spite of my warning,
had' been doing. The Gajadema and all the chiefs who
had supported him during his long regency told me that
0
Treachery or cunning,
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 16

if I reotored Molaamadu they must and would all leave,

for they would of a certainty he done to death secretly.
I could net afford to banish the whole of the party
who had been loyal to us, and no assurance of protection had
any effect whatever. I had, moreover, on the information
given me by the Resident, already come to the conclusion
that Mohamadu could not be restored. His actions had
proved—what his face indicated—that he was a thoroughly
bad man, possessed of great cunning, wholly unscrupulous,
and by nature cruel and treacherous. His son resembled him
in face and I think in character. When at Sokoto I was
able, in consequence of the very friendly and cordial relations
which existed between myself and the new Sultan, to mention
that the Emir of Zaria had rendered himself impossible,
and to ask who was the rightful Emir whom the Sultan
would desire to see appointed. (The present man was a
usurper not appointed by Sokoto.) Two names were imme­
diately given to me as the only possible heirs, and the idea
of putting in the Galadema was scouted as wholly impossible
since Ke was of peasant origin, and would not be willingly
recognised by the chiefs of outlying towns, or the headmen
of the city. On my return to Zaria, therefore, I announced
that the Emir would be deposed, since he had not listened to
my warning and had continued to inkigue, even since his
removal to Wushishi,
20. My decision, I am told, was the occasion of much re­
joicing in the city. I recognised the loyalty of the Galadema
and gave the reasons why he could not be appointed, and
told the assembled chiefs what the Sultan and the Wasiri
of Sokoto had said. Of the, two men named there could be
no doubt whatever as to which was the better. lya had joined
Alien of Kano against us, and by all accounts had been con*
tinupusly hostile, and did not bear a good character. Dan
Sidi, on the other hand, had been friendly disposed, and, since he
was the grandson of the original founder of Zaria,histitleseemed
indisputable. I told them to debate the matter, but indicated
that 1 preferred Dan Sidi, the Wombai. To this they agreed,
and after a long explanation of the conditions on which he
would hold his position, and the main characteristics of British
suzerainty, I installed him as Emir. This was done (as
already at Sokoto and Kano) with some ceremonial. The
troops, with guns and Maxims mounted, formed vhree sides
of a large hollow square in front of the Emir's royal enclosure.
On my arrival I was received by the troops with a royal
salute, and a carpet was spread for the Emir and a few of
the principal officers of state in front of the square and fading
1
his gate. I then presented him, according to tho custom of
Zaria? with a «own and turban. Those are the insignia of
office which hitherto had been sent by Sokoto and presented
by his Wa»ir, but which now they all recognise must come
16 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

from the British as the new Suzerains. This done, I said a

few words to the great masses of people assembled, wishing
the new Emir good luck and long life, &c, and promising
them that there should be no interference with their religion—
an announcement which was received with a murmur of
pleasure—and then gave permission for the royal trumpets
to sound. There followed a discordant hubbub of eight-foot
trumpets, of drums and various other instruments which can
only be sounded for a duly appointed and accepted Emir,
and which no locum tenens may use. This is the signal to the
populace of the final appointment of the Emir. I then shook
hands with him before his people, and according to custom
led him into the interior of the royal enclosures which thence­
forth became his residence. It is the custom of Hausaland
for the Etmir himself, attended by all his chiefs and hundreds
of horsemen, to accompany for some little distance an
honoured guest on his departure, and accordingly next day
an enormous throng of galloping horsemen in robes of every
conceivable colour, headed by the Emir and his entourage
to the accompaniment of dense clouds of dust and the braying
of the royal trumpets, escorted' me for a couple of miles,
M
where we said a cordial good-bye." I was somewhat prepos­
sessed by this man, who appeared quiet and dignified, and
showed some anxiety to grasp the principles upon which he was
to rule in future. His fear was chiefly lest the Resident
should be misinformed by tale-bearers hostile to him, and
he insisted that so far as he was able he would act up to my
instructions, and that any default would be from ignorance
and not of intention. I replied that the secret of success
would be to hide nothing, but to treat the Resident as his
friend and adviser, frankly placing all his difficulties before
him, for he was there to help him and not to find fault with
him; that we would mutually endeavour to learn each other's
modes of thought and to work together for the benefit of the
country, which I trusted would thus remain in peace hence­
forth and grow prosperous.

NORTHERN HAUSA STATES.

21. It is difficult to convey to those who have not been in
this country the overshadowing importance of the Kano-
Sokoto question. I am convinced that it had long been the
earnest desire of such a man as the Emir of Nupe, who had
thrown in his lot with us, that the Government would settle
this question, for as long as there was a divided allegiance
his position was difficult, and his co-religionists dubbed him a
traitor. But the great bulk of the country, knowing the
enormous strength of the walls of Kano, and exaggerating the
number and fighting capacity of the Emir's army of horsemen,
doubted whether the British could in reality conquer him,
pr occupy Sokoto, who^e amies bad overrun so vast a country.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902*

Intrigue, therefore, was rife in every province* and, every

chief feared t o bum his boot* and accept as final, the British
role. The old belief that we had not come to stay and would
shortly evacuate and leave our friends in the lurch seemed
to receive confirmation by our hesitation to settle once for all
who was to be Suzerain, and gave grounds fox belief that
Government itself feared the power of Sokoto and Kano, and
dared not assert itself. If the white men themselves had? fears,
who had not yet seen the strength of Kano, what chance
(they argued) of success would we have when the Arma­
geddon came? Meanwhile the Emir of Kano blustered;
for a year past he had been rebuilding his walls, and all
the innumerable great walled cities in the Emirate
were likewise ordered to rebuild their walls and re-dig their
moats, and did so. Arms had been imported in great quan­
tities from Tripoli, and it is said that great numbers also
were smuggled from Lagos. High prices were offered to any
man who would desert from our troops and bring his jrifle,*
#

and I believe that there was a regular organisation at Lokoia

for the theft of rifles and ammunition. The latter .(".SOS)
had a regular market rate at Kano. Every outlaw and
deserter could escape there and receive a welcome and a
high price for hig arms and services and defy the Govern­
ment; and this focus of hostility, this market for our rifles,
lay but 82 miles—five marches—from the Residency and
imall garrison of Zaria, and was, of course, a serious danger
to the administration. The murder of Captain Moloney and
the flight of the murderer to Kano, the reiterated threats of
the Emir, and the advent of the Boundary Commission to
delimit the Anglo-French boundary around Sokoto, and thence
along the Katsena frontier (within 20 miles of that town)
brought matters to a crisis. The garrison of Zaria could no
longer be left without large reinforcements, and our rule in
the Zaria Province itself was a farce, while the attitude
of Katsena had to be ascertained, and a practicable route
vid Kano opened to communicate with the Commission and
supply them with needful stores when they arrived mid­
way between the Niger and Chad—350 miles from our nearest
garrisons on the east or west.
22. No less urgent was the arrest of the murderer of Captain
Moloney. "If a little town like Keffi could do so much " (Alieu
M
is reported to have said) "what cpuld not Kano dof ; namely,
in the way of exterminating the British. If the life of a
European can be taken with impunity the prestige of the
Government would be gone, and prestige is another word for

* So far as I could discover, after the occupation, the number of deserters

from our forces at Kano was small, though we recovered 30 of our carbines
and 23 more are expected to come in shortly. There appears, however, to
have been a strong contingent of French deserters with their arms.
W71 B
%t COfiOKlAIi REPORTS—ANNUAL.

self-preservation in a country where millions tr* ruled by

a lew score. In my opinion Government owes it to every
British officer called upon to serve in distant districts among
turbulent people to take prompt and effective measures in
such a case, or the lives of its servants would not be safe*
Thi& has ever been a cardinal principle with the Indian
Government, and a frontier tribe shielding the murderer of
a British officer has been held to have declared war against
the State. I feft that I had no option But to attempt the
arrest of the Magaji to the uttermost limits of the Protec­
torate, and if ever the day shall come when any other policy
may prevail it will not be long before it is followed by disaster.
Meanwhile it was reported that a native sergeant-major of
the West African Frontier Foroe, who had gone on furlough
to Kano, had been imprisoned and murdered, and though it
was subsequently found that he had escaped, a second soldier
was found in the dungeon reduced to a skeleton and of doubt­
ful sanity*
23. Finally a well-authenticated report reached me that Alien,
the Emir, had actually marched out of Kano to attack the
small garrison of .Zaria, and had only turned back on hearing
of the death of the Sultan of Sokoto. The real story appears
to be that he had written to Katsena to join him and had
marched, out to join the Katsena contingent, but as Katsena
would have nothing to say to this war policy he had not
attempted an advance The report, however, was confirmed
to me; and I immediately directed that the garrison at Zaria
fjiould be strongly reinforced, and seeing that a conflict was
'nevitable I began to push up supplies of ammunition, food,
Sbe., in readiness.
24. This was at the end of November, 1902. News travels
rapidly in Haus^land. It was almost immediately known from
Sokoto to Illprin that the whit§ men and Kano were preparing
to fight, and all awaited the issue. To shirk the conflict
was impossible, and would have been interpreted as a sign of
fear and a confession that Government admitted that Kano
was more powerful than itself. Such a policy would not
probably have evaded war in the long run, but would have
induced a far more sanguinary and widespread conflict. It
has been asked whether every prior effort at conciliation had
been made. The circumstances, as I have related them, will,
I think,, show that this was not possible. One cannot attempt
conciliation with an accessory after the fact to a brutal murder,
or with a King who has tortured an innocent man merely
because he was the servant of Government. To attempt it would
have been not only humiliating but futile, and the messenger
would in all probability have been killed. Such were the
causes which led to the expedition against Kano.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. ' ID

' T H E FUI<ANI DYNASTY.

25. I would desire to offer one or two observations here (a)

on the position in Hausaland occupied by the Fulani dynasty
and (b) on the position oif the British Government with respect
to that dynasty.
The Fulahs or Fulani appear to have been a pastoral rpop who
spread themselves throughput Northern Nigeria in the
latter half of -the eighteenth century, occupying at thai
time a merely servile, or at least nomadic, position as cattle
herds. Early in the nineteenth century there arose a religions
leader among them named Dan Fodio, the founder ol Sokoto.
To him the chiefs of the various shepherd clans repaired,
and he gave to each a flag of conquest. Armed with this
sacred symbol! and inspired by fanatical seal, each chief
led his clan to victory* and the various Emirate* more or
less as they exist to-day were established. Dan Fodio is
said to have prophesied that his green flag would only be It
passport to victory for 100 years, and that after that period
the Fulani dynasty would cease to hold sway. It is a curious
fact that this 100 years (by the Mohammedan Calendar) had
just expired, and the Fulani are said to have expected their
overthrow and believed that the late Sultan would be the
last of the dynasty. The Habe dynasty, which they ousted
(itself said to be the seventeenth which had' overrun and
conquered Hausaland), appears to have had a highly developed
system of rule and administration which the Fulani adopted
in its entirety, including the system of judges (Alkalis) in­
dependent of the executive. Mohammedanism had already
penetrated into the country, and many of the Habes were
Mussulmans. This revolution took place about 1810, at the
time that Clapperton visited the country. Under the Habes
and in the early rule of the Fulahs the country had thriven
greatly, and Kano was already the commercial emporium
of the Western Sudan. When Barth reached Hausaland in
1851 he described it as the most densely populated country
in all Africa, and its population was estimated at from thirty
to fifty millions.
26. The Fulani never thoroughly conquered the country,
and succeeded only in gaining the submission of the great
towns in the plains where their hdrsemen were effective. The
pagan tribes in the hills and broken country and even in large
areas of the plains maintained their independence. They
were constantly raided for slaves, and retaliated by attacking
caravans and frequently carried the war up to the gates of
the Fulani walled towns. This state of chronic war ana unrest
devastated the country. Caravans could only reach the Niger
from the north if powerfully escorted, while the tribute h*
slaves to Sokoto and the number reiained for use in each
W7J
40 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

Emirate led to the depopulation of t h e country not merely by

reason of t h e numbers captured—vast as they were—but
by the numbers killed in these raids or left to starve in the
bush.

FULANI TAXES AND RAIDS. ,r

27% Wherever a Fulani army had been it left a depopulated

desert- Greed was one of the- chief characteristics of the new
dynasty, and tax after tax was enforced upon the people, so
that at the present day there is no conceivable trade and
no profession which has not its own special tax. Every form
of handicraft, the dyers, weavers, blacksmiths, Ac.,, was taxed.
Even the collectors of honey in the woods paid their dole to
the chiefs, and there exists, I believe, a complete system of
death duties. Though only some eighty or ninety years have
passed since the Fulani conquest, the decadence which was
already apparent in the time of Barth had reached its extreme
before the end of the nineteenth century. Bribery, corrup­
tion, and extortion marked the so-called administration of
justice, whilst the multiplication of harems find the growth
of a large class of idle " princes " led to nepotism and imposi­
tion of tax after tax to meet the necessities of the rulers and
their idle sons and relatives. No man's life was safe; common
people were killed without compunction; notables were re­
moved by poison or secret murder. Trade was paralysed by
extortionate levies and rendered difficult by the insecurity
of the roads.

ADVENT OF EUROPEANS.
28. The conquest of Nupe by the Royal Niger Company
hastened the process of disintegration and decay by upsetting
the existing form of rule and substituting nothing for it, and
in every direction the subject peoples began to refuse to pay
iheir taxes, and the slaves and serfs to leave their masters
and run away to the south bank of the Niger (which had
been taken from the Nupe kingdom by the Company) and
there to lead a life of vagrancy at Xokoja, or of comparative
idleness in the surrounding country. The deposed Emir
returned and ousted the Company's nominee. Fresh cam­
paigns,—.now with the aid of Government troops,— were under­
taken against Lapai and Argeye (sub-Emirates oi Nupe) in
1898; discontent increased in 1899; and when the transfer
to Government took place in 1900 the Emir of Nupe, unable
to control his people and driven to desperation by the loss
o* the farm slaves and of his revenue, allied himself with the
arrogant fighting chief of Eontagora and attacked the Govern­
ment canoes on the Kaduna, and threatened the small garrison
at Wushishf, at the same time laying waste the whole country
and carrying off its people as slaves,
 NOfcTHEBN NIGERIA, 1902, tl

RUIN OP THE COUNTRY BY >mm FULANI,

29. It is improbable that the dynasty could lam lasted
long even had its collapse net been thus accelerated, fer the
passion of the Fulani for slave raiding had, as I have described,
denuded t h e country oi its population, and a s slaves b e c a m e
more difficult to procure from t h e old hunting grounds, the
rural populations even ef flie Fulani tributary provides were
harried and destroyed. The truly awful desolation afcd de­
struction of life caused by this slave raiding is apparent lo-day
in every direction. Enormous tracts of land have gone out
of cultivation, and one constantly sees the ruins of great
towns now overgrown with jungle. Nigeria, once described
as the most densely populated country in Africa, is to-day
throughout its greater area but sparsely Inhabited. Mr.
Wallace, travelling through Eabba, write*:—"With regard to
the depopulation of Northern Nigeria by the Fulani, which is
so apparently manifest to the merost novice in the service, a
traveller (in the country, for instance, between Eabba and Egga)
would not, I am certain, come across 200 people en route, in
what, even in my time, was & dtmseiy populated country.
Again, in the Nassarawa country, a once fertile and populous
province, one can now only view the remains end ruins of large
and totally deserted towns, bearing witness to the desolation
wrought by 100 years of internecine strife and slave raiding by
the Fulani." Major Sharpe, Resident of Eontagora, described
his Province as denuded of all its inhabitants except old men
and babies.
30. Such was the condition of affairs when His Majesty's
Government entrusted me with t h e task of setting up an
administration in the country in 1900. Already the Fulani
rule was decadent, and its decay had been greatly accelerated
by the advent of Europeans. In my view the time had come
for the transfer of the suzerainty to the. more capable hands
of the British, who, fortunately for the country, were ready
to undertake it. Till <tiie dose of the first year (1900) the
administration was paralysed by the withdrawal of most of
the troops for the Ashanti War, and the task of creating the
different departments was also no light one; but before 1 re­
turned to England early in 19011 had been able to put a atop
to the depredations of the worst of the raiders—Eomtagora—
and to incorporate that Province and Nupe, without further
bloodshed, under the administration.

FULANI SYSTEM OP RULE. ,

31. The system of Fulani rule was a feudal one, in which

the right to all land was vested in the Emir, and fief holders
paid a rent or tribute to Hie overlord. This in the case of
Fulani holders appears to have been a tithe of the produce,
 22 COLONIAL BfcFORfS—ANNUAL.

but in t i e case of conquered pagans the amount was arbi­

trarily assessed and frequently doubled as a punishment for
rebellion I have yet fa learn the full details of the land
tenure system throughout the Protectorate, nor would space
permit me to deal with the question at any great length here.
I will, therefore, only instance the system as it obtains in
Nupe from the account supplied by Mr. Goodair (Assistant
Resident). Over each district there is appointed a chief who
r
-resides at the capital; under him is a duel ' ajel6" (tax
gatherer) who also remains at the capital in attendance on
his lord. The actual assessor and collector is the subordinate
ajele who resides in the district He lives upon the peasantry,
and his staff of messengers also are at free quarters. The
district itself is under a headman, a native of the country,
who actually collects the taxes from village headmen, and
hands over the proceeds to the subordinate ajele who had
fixed them. The proportions taken are as follows: —Emir,
50 per cent.; fief holder, 25 per cent; senior ajele, 12J per
cent; junior ajele, 6£ per cent.; headman of fief, 6£ per
cent; village headman, nil (though, of course, he takes care
to secure something). The chief officers of state (Fulani) hold
many fiefs. The Yerima of Bida, for instance, has 18, and
these pass with the office. Only the headman is local, the
vest being alien Fulani, who render nothing in return for
the 93} per cent of the tax which accrues to them. The
headman is in theory appointed by the Emir, but in practice
by the fief holder. The subordinate ajele does not in theory
rule the district, but as everything depends upon his reports
to his chiefs he is virtually the despotic ruler, and the
nominal ruler (the local headman of the district) fears him
• too much to contradict his wishes. There is thus a dual rule.
There is a right of appeal to the Etmir, but it must pass
through each of these grades. So detested have these ajeles
become that they have been expelled during the recent relaxa-
. tion of the Emir's power by most of the districts, and the Emir
is therefore at a loss to collect his tribute. Captain Abadie,
Resident of Zaria, and Mr. Dwyer, of Illorin, report that it
was the custom of the ajeles to estort money by a gate tax
And by payments for hearing cases, also by seizing slaves,
In addition to their extortions in the collection of tribute.
They paid for nothing, raped women, and if a town demurred
to such treatment it was reported to the Emir as rebellious
and raided. I propose in future (if found possible) that the
fief holder shall reside on his fief; that both the ajeles shall
be abolished, and that the local headman of the district
shall, under the supervision of the Resident, assess the tribute
and collect it, and thai it shall be distributed as follows: —
Emir, 40 per cent; Government, 28 per cent; fief holder,
20 per cent; headman of district, 10 per cent.; village head­
man, 2 per cent. This scheme will abolish two out of the
' three absentee landlords (the Emir alone taking a share with-
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1903.

out residence), and will do much towards freeing the popula­

tion from oppression.
BRITISH AND FULANI.
32. Turning to the second point,-—the relation of th$ British
to the Fulani. Up to the year before the crisis with the
French in Borgu and the raising of the West African Fron­
tier Force (1898), the Royal Niger Company had been domi­
nated by the fear of the then powerful Fulani Emirs, against
whom they were not strong enough to hold their own and to
cope at the same time with aggression on their frontiers. In
1897 Sir George Goldic risked all in a conflict with Nupe, which
elge (it was said) had purposed themselves to attack and demolish
the Company. Prior to that date the, Company h&d paid an
annual subsidy to Sokoto and to Gando in accordance with the
treaties. The Niger Company's war with Nupe, one of the
Sokoto states and the immediate vassal of Gando, put an
end in fact to the treaties, and was so regarded by Sokoto,
who at first declined to receive his annual subsidy, or to have
any further dealings with the Company, and sounded his
Emirs as to reprisals. Finding no ready response, he yielded
to persuasion and took the subsidy which the Company, who
were about to hand over the administration to Government,
were anxious that he should receive as a token of the tfori*
tinued validity of the treaty, upon the recognition of which
by Sokoto depended their ability to transfer the couAttyto
Government. The treaty contained certain stipulations which
amounted to a transfer by the Sultan of a part at any rate
of his sovereign rights to the Company. That th#y had evgr
understood or agreed to this the Sokoto chiefs entirely denied.
For the rest it amounted to a compact of friendship, and was
understood as such by the Sultan. This maintenance of
friendship was in fact the only quid pro quo he recognised
return for his subsidy, and this he now no longer main­
tained.
33. When it was finally decided that the transfer to Govern­
ment should take place on January 1st, 1900, I drew up and
submitted to the Secretary of State a proclamation announcing
the change, and saying that the new Government would
remain bound by the pledges given by the Comoany and
would expect from the chiefs a fulfilment of ike obligations
into which they on their part had entered under the treaties.
This was translated into Hausa, and I despatched the document
by the hand of the messenger of the highest standing I had.
At the same time I provided in my estimates for the amounts
payable under the treaties which would presumably fall due
on January 1st, 1901.
34. My messenger to Sokoto was treated with indignity, and
no acknowledgment of my letter was sent to me, a delibe­
rate insult according to Fulani custom. I learnt later that
 *4

my letter had caused fear and that its J#ne was considered
insultingi and that the Sultan on reading it had said that
never again would he accept or read a letter from the white >
man. As there wan nothing in the original except a courteous
intimation, approved by the Secretary of State, in the sense
I have described, I am compelled to attribute this misunder­
standing to the translation, The hostile acts done by Nupe and
"Korita£ora tvassfcla t>f Sokoto) against the Government, de­
scribed in my last report, constituted a further breach of the
treaty. I was, however, unwilling to denounce it, and after
the defeat of Kontagora I sent a Tetter to Sokoto asking him
to nominate a successor. This was a very significant act and
equivalent to a recognition of lis ancient prerogatives. I
received no reply, but in May last (1902) a letter reached
nio saying that between the Mussulmans and Government there
could be nothing b\tt war; nor was this declaration withdrawn
in a subsequent letter, though couched in more courteous terms
s , (in consequence of the conciliatory efforts- of the Emir of
Nupe), in reply to one I sent to the Sultan informing him of
the reasons for which I had deposed the Emir of Bautshi.
36. This letter, in my view, was a final denunciation of
the treaty. Up Co this time I had not regarded the treaty as
being denounced, and the subsidy was merely a year overdue,
but I had refrained from sending it until the Sultan should
exhibit a more friendly attitude and claim it, and acknow­
ledge the proclamation which I had sent in the name of His
Majesty's Government confirming the treaties and inviting
him to declare his adherence £o them. Looking to his previous
refusal tb accept the subsidy from* the Royal Niger Company,
it would seem not improbable that to send it would be merely
to court a rebuff and to precipitate trouble.* Gando had,
like Sokoto, maintained for these two years an attitude of
passive hostility. Though by treaty a friend, no European
couW visit his capital, and a Lagos trader who without my
knowledge attempted to do so in January, 1902, was sum­
marily turned back. Nupe, the immediate vassal of Gando,
had taken« Up arms against Government, and his other
vassal, Illorin, had received letters inviting him to do the
same; while Rah a and other Fulani chiefs close-to Gando
had raided the Dalul Mauri district, and had been engaged
* I give in Appendix I. copies of these letters to and from Sokoto
1. The original proclamation sent by my own messenger and un­
acknowledged.
% My letter asking the Sultan to nominate an Emir for Kontagora.
3. My letter inf orming the Saltan of the Bautshi garrison.
4. The Sultan's letter declaring war.
5. The SultanV letter acknowledging mine re Bautshi.
6; Colonel MorlantTs letter informing him re Kano and of oar advance,
4
i 7. His reply.
T do not recollect any other letters to have passed between as.
 tiOfttltERN NIGBfelA, 1902. 26
in fighting there with our troops under Captain Keyes and
others. This attitude and these acts in my opinion gate
ample justification lor the denunciation of the Gando treaty,
notwithstanding that in June, 1902, on the urgent represen­
tations of the Btair of Nupe, Gando had sent friendly letters
to me. He had never dissociated himself from the declaration
of war sent by Sokoto, had sent no customary message of
friendship or civility, nor claimed the benefit of the treaties
so long as it suited him to discard them. In the mean­
time, being compelled to reply to his overtures at the time
t

of the fight at Sokoto, I instructed the Resident to point

out these facts to him, and to add that in my view the
treaties had expired, but that I welcomed his present friendly
attitude, and so long as he conformed to the conditions upon
which the Government would recognise him as Emir he should
not lose his place and would receive our protection and help.
I added that 1 hoped the prosperity and goodwill which had
followed the adhesion of the two Emirs who were at one
time his vassals (Nupe and Illorin) would also follow the
inauguration of his rule as a subject of the Government.
After the capture of Sokoto a number of Arabic letters from
Gando to Sokoto (among others), were found. These were
carefully translated by Captain Merrick, R.A., and pointed to
the fact that Gando was tributary to Sokoto and held no
independent sovereignty, and acquiesced in his liostile attitude
to the Government.

CONCLUSIONS.

36. The Fulani, therefore, held their suzerainty by right of

recent conquest, nor has time enoug*h elapsed for those rights
to have become stereotyped by sales and transfers of title as
in an older community. The misrule of the Eulani had ren­
dered them-hateful to the bulk of the population, who would
welcome their overthrow, and I can myself see no injustice
in the transfer of the suzerainty thus acquired to the British
Government by the same right of conquest. This suzerainty
involves the ultimate title to all land, the right to appoint Emirs
and all officers of state, the right of legislation and of taxation.
I explained this to each of the Emirs whom 1 installed at
Sokoto, Kano, and Zaria, and also at Katsena. What they
had won by conquest they had lost by defeat. They appeared
in all cases to accept this as an obvious truism, and to be
delighted at the intention of Government to still maintain
them as vassal rulers, with their quondam dignity and customs,
and to be relieved and pleased at the lightness of the yoke
imposed and the smailness of the taxes which I proposed to
inflict upon them. The case of these alien conquerors is
wholly different from that of ancient chiefs ruling over people
 COLONIAL BBPOBT8—-ANNUAL.

of their own. race for long centuries past, as I believe is tfce

case, for instance, with the Yoruba chiefs of Lagos, who are
of the same race as their subjects, and have held their posi­
tion for centuries with a well established system of communal
land tenure. Nor were the Fulani a warrior dynasty identified
with a large section of the governed races, and holding their
sceptres from immemorial time, as in the native states of
India. The British conquest of this vast country has been
almost bloodless; the people have welcomed our advent. But
in my view the tradition of British rule has ever been to arrest
disintegration, to regain and build up again what is best in the
social and political organisation of the conquered dynasties,
and to develop on the lines of its own individuality each
separate race of which our great Empire consists. That has
been our policy in India; and Northern Nigeria, though but a
third the size, and many centuries behind the great Eastern
dependency, still presents to my imagination many strangely
parallel conditions. I believe myself that the future of the
virile races of this Protectorate lies largely in the regenera­
tion of the Fulani. Their ceremonial, their coloured skins,
their mode of life and habits of thought, appeal more to the
native populations than the prosaic business-like habits of the
Anglo-Saxon can ever do. Nor have we tHe means at present
to administer so vast a country. This, then, is the policy to
which,in my view,the administration of Northern Nigeriashould
give effect, viz., to regenerate this capable race and mould
them to ideas of justice and mercy, so that in a future gene­
ration, if not in this, they may become worthy instruments
of rule. My desire to utilise the Fulani as rulers has been
described in a former report and has met with the approval
of the Secretary of Stafe. They are unfit at present to exercise
power except under supervision, nor do I hope for any great
success in the present generation, but I hope and believe
that with careful guidance their sons and grandsons will
form invaluable rulers under British supervision, and
that their superior intelligence can be developed as a useful
asset in our administration.

KANO-SOKOTO CAMPAIGN.

37. Being, therefore, well aware, by no empirical conclusions,

but by an intimate knowledge of the circumstances, that the
war between Kano and {he white man would be one as be­
tween the British Government and the Fulani only,—a war
from which the populace would- hold alooi except when
coerced by the rulers who exercised a terrorism over them—
I felt that, if our,troops were eager for the encounter and well
led and organised, we had nothing to fear, and "that the
troops at my disposal were sufficient for the task. The eager­
ness of the men left nothing to -be desired. Many of theni
Ixwe the distinguishing names of Kano, Katsena, Sokoto, or
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 27

Babeji, showing them to be natives of those towns, and

these were at least as eager as the rest. In case, however, of
any check, I did not allow it to be known what were our plans,
and throughout the country it was believed that we certainly
did not intend to go beyond Kano. Finally I suggested pre­
cautions against poisoned wells, the only form of disaster which
seemed to me possible, for in the Hausa states running water is
rare and the supply is obtained almost solely from wells. I
thought it advisable, moreover, to place in the field the strongest
force possible, and to effect this I temporarily withdrew the
garrison, and consequently the Resident, from Bautshi. In
all, the expeditionary force consisted of 1,020 rank and file, and
some 60 Europeans, including the Zaria garrison. All pre­
liminary arrangements for transport and supply were completed,
and the bulk of the force was concentrated at Zaria early in
January.
38. I had not considered it necessary to ask for assistance
from any other Colony, for the garrisons left throughout
Northern Nigeria were, in my opinion and that of the Com­
mandant, adequate, and the force in the field was much larger
than that employed against Kontagora, Yola, or in the
occupation of Bornu. From the reports received from very
many different sources I had no reason to anticipate a resist­
ance appreciably greater than that offered on those occasions.
As the result has proved, the opposition at Kano, where no one
on the British side was killed and only 14 wounded, in spite of
the fact that they had incomparably belier defences and were
fully warned and prepared for our advance, could not compare
with the fighting at Tola, which was taken quite by surprisie,
and where we had 47 casualties.
39. In order, however, to guard against any unforeseen contin­
gency or unexpected check, the Secretary of State directed that
reserves of 300 men each were to be ordered up from Southern
Nigeria and Lagos. Brigadier-General Kemball, D.S.O.,
Inspector-General of the West African Frontier Force, who
was then at Lagos, was also directed to proceed to Northern
Nigeria to take command, in accordance with the arrangement
providing for the command of operations in which troops, from
different Colonies or Protectorates are employed. Dfelay was,
however, impossible, for tlje troops and carriers at Zaria,
numbering over 2,000, required one and a half tons of food
per day, and could not have been fed there for another week
without resorting to forced levies from the villages around,
thus alienating and distressing the people.
40. Prior to General KembalPs arrival, therefore, I had given
orders to Colonel Morland to advance, and on January 29th
(1903) the expedition, consisting of 24 officers, 2 medical officers,
12 British non-commissioned officers, 722 rank and file, with
4 guns and 4 Maxims, left Zaria. Colonel Morland was
98 COLONIAL REfrOBTft—ANNUAL.

opposed at Bebeji, eight miles across the frontier, and Captain

Abadie (Political Officer) made a plucky attempt to avoid,
bloodshed by riding up to the walls of the town and en­
deavouring to persuade the people not tc fight Alien, of
Kano, however, had promised death to any one who should
open the gates, and so after a discussion with the defenders
on the ramparts, which had its humorous side, the fight
began. It was brief, for a shell blew in the gate, killing
the king and two chiefs who were standing behind it (the
defenders had protested by the king's command that the
king ,was not in the town and they could not yield without
his orders), and the storming party met with little resistance.
The town was not looted or injured and non-combatants were
unharmed.
A series of towns, each with newly-built ramparts of great
strength, are situated on the road to Kano, and each, in accord­
ance with orders, had prepared to fight, but after the example
of Bebeji the warriors had not stomach for the task. Bach
Fulani headman with his following therefore fled to Kano,
while the mass of the people, well knowing that, contrary to
all their own experience and custom in warfare, the British
troops would not harm them, remained quietly in their towns
and brought ample supplies of food and water for the troops.
These were duly paid for as though no war was being waged;
for, indeed, we had no war against the people of Hausaland,
but only against their Fulani rulers. It was, I submit, a very
striking testimony to the discipline of the troops and a very
satisfactory witness to the humanity which has marked the
dealings of Government with the people of Northern Nigeria
that here, in the midst of a country into which no British
soldier had ever penetrated, the people shouM have shown
such absolute confidence in and knowledge of our methods
instead of deserting their towns and " running into the bush/'
which is their custom on the slightest alarm.
41. Unopposed, therefore, the force reached Kano, where
the extent and formidable nature of the fortifications surpassed
the best-informed anticipations of our officers. Needless to
say, I have never seen, nor even imagined, anything like it
in Africa. The wall was 11 miles in perimeter, with 13
gates ail newly built. Subsequent measurement at several
points by the Public Works Department proved the walls to
be from 30 feet to 50 feet high and about 40 feet thick at
the base, with a double ditch in front. The loopholes four
feet from the crest of the wall (which was here four feet
thick) were served by a banquette and provided with mantlets
at intervals, being crenulated between them. The ditch or
moat is divided into two by a dwarf wall triangular in section
which runs along its centre. The section and elevation are
shown in Appendix IV. The gates themselves were flimsy
structures of cow-hide, but the massive entrance tower in
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 29

which, they were fixed was generally about &0 feet long and
tortuous, so that they were impermeable to shell fire. Some
of them were most cleverly designed in a re-entrant angle,
so that the access to them was enfiladed by fire from this
walls on either side, while the ditch itself was full of live
thorns and immensely deep. Had all the gates been thus
constructed Kano would have been practically impregnable.to
direct assault, bui the enormous extent of the walls would
hate rendered it vulnerable to escalade by night. Fortunately,
however, the gates were not all so built, and after a fruitless
attempt at the "Zaria Gate/' Colonel Morland effected a
small breach at the next, which was then/ stormed by a party
under Lieutenant Dyer. Had the defenders possessed any
vestige of determination they could have rendered this opera­
tion impossible and cut each man down as he appeared; but
the determined nature nf the attack, the great prestige which
our troops had already won throughout the country, and the
effect of our shells, had caused the very volatile courage of the
defenders to evaporate; and as soon as the head of the first of
the storming party appeared on the wall they fled incontinently.
42. The inhabited part of the city of Kano covers only a small
part (about one-third) of the great area enclosed by the walls,
and a distance of one and a half miles separated the scene
of the fighting from the town itself (see plan, Appendix IV.),
so that Colonel Morland by attacking here was able to take care
that not a soul was hurt except the actual combatants. These
suffered severely in their retreat both from our shell fire and
from the charge of the mounted infantry who awaited them out­
side the walls and did great execution, turning the flight into a
panic-stricken rout, and creating that great moral effect which is
in the long run (as it proved here later on) so effective a
means of preventing subsequent bloodshed. The troops entered
the town unopposed, the people, in their strange way, looking
on as though the matter did. not intimately concern them,
and took possession of the king's palace, which consisted of a
network of buildings covering an area of, 33 acres, and
surrounded by a wall 20 to 30 feet high outside and 15 feet
inside, in itself no mean citadel. Here an unexpected resis­
tance was offered by the head slave who was left in charge
of the treasure and arsenal. With some half dozen followers
he suddenly attacked Lieutenant Dyer, and inflicted a bad
sword-cut on his wrist before he was overcome and killed.
Guards were placed on the gates and no men were allowed
to go into the city with arms, with the result that there
was no panic, and the people continued to follow their usual
avocations as though nothing had occurred. Our casualties
were only 14 wounded, and this in spite of the heavy though
ill-directed fire kept up by the defenders from the walls and
the good shooting of a few deserters from the French and
from EaWh, from whoso bullets tyiere were many narrow
so COLONIAL REPORTS^-ANNUAL.

escapee. l a the arsenal was found every conceivable kind

of ammunition and a great quantity of powder. About 20,000
rounds of ammunition were destroyed, and 350 firearms/
One of Alieu's women set fire to the magazine and a disaster
was only narrowly averted.
43. Jt was now ascertained that the Emir Alieu had left
his capital on January 2nd and gone to Sokoto (with the
object, it is said, of saluting the new Stltan) with about
1,000 to 2,000 horsemen. He had left the town in charge
of two head slaves, both of whom died in its defence, to­
gether with the kings of Kunshi and Ghirko, noted fighting
men, and others, with orders to hold it to the death. These,
with all the defenders of Kano, had after its fall gone off
to join him. He had cleared out the whole of his private
effects except the recently paid tribute (about .£1,375 in cow­
ries), and the rooms of his -palace were found bare and swept
clean. Some interesting letters from the late Sultan of Sokoto,
together with letters from the Royal Niger Company, were
found, but as Arabic letters are never dated it was difficult
to say precisely when they were written. Those from the
Sultan were for the most part injunctions to fight the British
Government. The Emir had taken with him by force every
possible representative of the dynasty and also the whole
of the leading men of the town' and officers of state, many
of whom it is said did not wish to fight.
44. Alieu himself was a tyrant who was detested by the
people, but had inspired so deep a dread and fear that his
will was law. Certain death awaited anyone who disobeyed
or who was even suspected of wavering, and thus he managed
even in his own absence to compel a resistance which few
besides himself desired. I had given orders to Colonel
Morland that immediately after the occupation of the city
he should close the slave market and visit the dungeon and take
out the prisoners and enquire into their cases. So well, how­
ever, is our policy known, that the slave market closed itself,
while it was found that the prisoners had been taken by
the fighting men to the walls to witness our expected defeat
and subsequently liberated by the townspeople. These male­
factors at once began to loot throughout the city, and every
effort, with the aid of the people, was made to recapture
them.
45. I visited the dungeon myself. A small doorway 2 fee*
6 inches by 1 foot 6 inches gives access into it. The interior
is divided (by a thick mud wall with a similar hole through
it) into two compartments, each 17 feet by 7 feet and 11 feet
high. This wall ^as pierced with holes at its base through
which the legs of those sentenced to death were thrust lip td
the thigh, and they were left to be trodden on by the mass
of other prisoners till they died of thirst and starvation. The
 JfOBTHJBRtf NIGEBIA, 1902. 81

place is entirely air-tight and unventilated except for the

one small doorway, or rather hole, in the wall through which
you creep. The total space inside is 2,618 cubic feet, and
at the time we took Kano 135 human beings were confined
here each night, being let out during the day to cook their food,
Ac., in a small adjoining area. Recently as many as 200
have been interned at one time. As the superficial ground
area was only 238 square feet there was not, of course, even
standing room. Yictims were crushed to death every night
and their corpses were hauled out each morning. The stench,
I am told, inside the place when Colonel Morland visited
it was intolerable, though it was empty, and when I myself
went inside three weeks later the effluvium was unbearable
for more than a few seconds. A putrid corpse even then
lay near the doorway. It was here that the two West African
Frontier Force soldiers were confined. One of the gfeat pools
in the city is marked as the place where men's heads were cut
off; another near the great market is the site where limbs were
amputated almost daily.
46. It had been Alieu's policy to substitute favourite slaves
for the chief officers of the state, and the fact that he had
taken with him every native official in his vast city would
lead one to expect that uhaos and disorder would have been
rampant. It is a most remarkable tribute, both to the
orderly disposition and good sense of the Kano people and -
to their knowledge of our stern repression of crime, that three
days after the occupation three large and well equipped
caravans started for Zaria, and others from the North and
East continued to arrive, while within the same time the
great market was in full swing again as though nothing un-
usual had happened. The market has daily increased and
entire quiet has prevailed. On all occasions I have found that
the people were not slow to bring to notice any crime or
unfair dealing committed by our soldiers or carriers, and
this, I think, is a striking proof of their trust in British
impartiality. I regret to record an outrage by three soldiers
who broke out of our camp in the king's enclosure and killed
a man in the market. The murderer was tried by court-
martial and shot, and I directed that some of the chiefs of
Kano should witness this vindication of British justice. The
quiet and good order I have described was in a large measure
due to the exertions of the one man of any influence who
was found in Kano—an old official who had been for forty-:
one years head of the market—but was to a still greater extent
due to the discipline of the troops and the indefatigable efforts
of Captain Abadie, Resident of Zaria, whom I had temporarily
appointed to the charge of Kano. Captain Abadie made the
headmen of the fourteen quarters of the town responsible for
good order, and he fixed a rate of exchange between the
local cowries and the British silver with which our troops
and followers desired to purchase iheir daily food.
St COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

'< ADVANCE FROM KANO.

47. News was received that Alieu had left Sokoto and
was returning towards Kano with an enormous following.
Colonel Morland, Having put the king's enclosure in a relative
state of defence, was ready to march out to meet this force
on February 9th. General Kemball, however, was now on his
way from Zaria to Kano (arriving on the 13th), and on February
16th he left with Colonel Morland and a force of 600 rank and
file and 34 Europeans, and niiit^ed towards the west, leaving
254 troops as a garrison in Jro. I had directed Colonel
Morland to send letters to Sokoto and Katsena^ telling them that
we had no quarrel with them provided they would receive
us in peace and carry out the conditions on which the Govern­
ment was prepared to recognise and confirm them in their
positions. (See Appendix I.) To the letter to Katsena a
reply was received at once from the Emir saying he had
no desire for war and was prepared to accept my conditions,
but there was not yet time for a reply to be received from
Sokoto. After the fall of Kano the surrounding towns all
sent in to submit and to affirm tHeir wish for friendship,
but thei king of each, with hia Fulani following of horsemen,
was absent with the hostile army, and each town was under
its Galadema, the king's locum teneni,
48. When the force had reached some 100 miles from Kano
a belt of waterless jungle was encountered, about 57 miles
in breadth, on the further side of which Alieu's army was
encamped. A detour was made, and Captain Wright and
Lieutenant Wells were sent with a small party of 45 men
of the Mounted Infantry to reconnoitre a second road.. They
fell in with a party of 200 of the enemy's horsemen, whom
they defeated, capturing a large number of men and horses.
From them they learnt that the main body was behind.
Captain Wright had received similar information from the
General Officer Commanding, but decided to advance and
oppose his little force as a barrier to the enemy to delay
their advance on Kano till the main body of our troops
should have time to anticipate them. It seemed like certain
annihilation, and his men, hampered by carriers on foot and
by the captured horses, had barely time to form a square when
they were charged by 1,000 horse and 2,000 foot under the
Wajriri and several of the more prominent fighting chiefs.
Fortunately there was a little scrub around, of which, during
the action, a zariba was made. Ten times the little square
was charged, and yet the men held their ground with perfect
steadiness, firing only at 50 yards range to save their ammu­
nition, and only by word of command. Each charge was
repulsed, though manv of the enemy were shot fifteen feet
from the rifles. The Waziri and seven other principal chiefs
were killed, and the attack was beaten off with only one
man wounded and tnree horses killed on our, side. The enemy
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 33
lost very heavily. Had the square once been broken or the
leaders lost their heads or been wounded, the little force would
have been obliterated. The enemy retired in good order to a
village named Chamberawa, where Captain Porter, with
another small detachment of Mounted Infantry, came upon
them and charged incontinently, taking them completely by
surprise and routing the whole force. , The people of the
village shut their gates and thrust the Kano men from their
walls when they attempted to enter, but received our party
with cordiality. These gallant actions finished the opposition
of Kano. A notable incident proving the attitude of the
people towards us was the fact that at one time Lieutenant
Wells was cut off, and would undoubtedly have been killed
with the handful of men with him, had it not been for the
action of a small village named Shankra, whose inhabitants,
seeing his danger, came to his assistance, received him within
their walls, and shut their gates in the face of the Kano army.
This was a gallant act, since they could hardly expect that the
handful of British would win, and our defeat would mean their
own annihilation.
49. The night before the Waairi had started on his march
to Kano, Alieu, the Emir, had deserted his forces and fled
alone in the night. He was said to be a brave man, but he
mistrusted all his chiefs, who detested him, and he feared
to be deserted in the battle. He went north disguised as a
salt merchant and was captured by the King of Gober, who
sent to tell me and to ask what he should do with him.
Meanwhile, however, Captain Foulkes, of the Boundary Com­
mission, hearing of his proximity, rode 175 miles in two and a
half days and brought him back. I directed that he should
be sent down country, where he will be given a small sub­
sistence allowance and permitted to reside. The Galadema,
Alkali, and Lemam, with four petty chiefs and the Magaji
of Keffi, fled with a handful of men to Sokoto. They repre­
sented Alieu's faction.
50. The night before Captain Wright's action there had
been divided counsels in the enemy's camp. The Wombai,
a brother of Alien and of the Waziri, had separated from
the latter with a considerable following and had taken a
different road to Kano, saying he would not fight. After the
dispersal of the Waziri's army and the death of its leaders,
the bulk of the following made off through the bush and joined
the Wombai.
Leaving Zungeru on February 2nd I had myself reached
Zaria (170 miles) on the 11th, and after staying there five
clays had gone on to Kano. Hero on March 4th I received
news of the advent of the Wombai with an enormous following,
and he now sent word asking for permission to enter Kano.
I replied that I cordially welcomed the return of all fugi­
tives, that the fighting was done, there were no old scores
r
15571
34 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

to wipe out, and I had no grudge whatever against those

who had fought us fairly. I, however, insisted that they
should all come in together by a specified gate and not in
driblets, and that all firearms should be surrendered. It was
not possible to prevent thousands of footmen from scattering
to their own towns, but the whole of the horsemen, estimated
by Captain Lewis, who collected the arms, at about 2,500,
together with some 6,000 footmen, surrendered on March 6th.
Only 120 rifles were collected from them, but the Wombai
promised to gather in many more later from the outlying
towns.
61. Alieu, as I have said, hud removed all the possible candi­
dates for the Einirsliip, but after the fall of Kano the repre­
sentative of the elder branch of Dan Tukkur, a man named
Abdul Tukkur, had arrived from Zinder where he had taken
refuge on Alieu's succession. His claims were strong, but ho
had no following, and I found after a time that he was quite
unfit for the position, being eccentric and of weak intellect.
The riff-raff of the town gathered round him, and I found
that they had been looting the houses of the chiefs of the
rival party in their absence. I therefore turned him out,
The Wombai, »who was not only the heir to the Emirship
but the unanimous choice of all parties, had from the first
been represented to me as the best and most popular candi­
date, and the death of his elder brother, the Waziri, and the
flight of the king's .son (the Galadema) had removed his only
rivals. Both were very unpopular. The Wombai was a
man with a most intelligent and humane face, in great con­
trast to the cunning, sensuality, and cruelty which were deli­
neated in the features of the ex-Emir of Zaria. I summoned
him, together with his six leading chiefs, and explained to
them the conditions which I intended to impose.

CONDITIONS OF APPOINTMENT OF EMIR.

52. The British Government would in future, I said, be the

Suzerain of the country, but would retain the existing rulers,
exercising the right to appoint not only the Emirs but the
chief officers of state. The rights of succession, nomination,
or election customary in the country would not as a rule
be interfered with, but the High Commissioner would retain
the right of veto, and the king or chief would lose his-, place
for misconduct. Similarly in the matter of law and justice;
Mohammedan law, so long as it was not contrary to the law
of the Protectorate, would not be interfered with, and the
Emir's and Alkali's courts would be upheld and strengthened
under the supervision of the Resident. Mutilation and im­
prisonment under inhuman conditions would not be allowed,
and no death sentence would be carried into execution without
the prior concurrence of the Resident. Bribery and extortion
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902.

would be checked, and certain classes of offences would be

tried in the Provincial Court, in which alone all cases affecV
ing non-natives and Government servants would be heard.
Government would impose such taxes as the High Commis­
sioner might see fit, to pay for the cost of administration,
but these would not be of an oppressive character. Tradera
and caravans would be encouraged, and l^ere not to be taxed
by the Emir, whose levies would be subject to the approval di
the High Commissioner. The Fulani, I observed, had lost
their domination, and in future the ultimate title to Mnd
and minerals would be vested in the British Government, but *
owners would not be deprived of their land unless it was
needed for necessary public works or Government require­
ments. I emphatically forbade all slave raiding and all
transactions in slaves, while saying that it was not my inten­
tion to interfere with the existing domestic slaves; but these
would, like anyone else in the land, at any time, have a
right of appeal to the Resident, and, if they proved cruelty on
the part of their masters, would be liberated We recog<
nised, I said, no less than they did that labouring classes
must exist, and I had no desire to convert the existing farm
and other labourers into vagrants, idlers, and thieves, but
I hoped that they would by and by see the advantage of
paid free labour, which we considered more profitable and
better than slave labour. In future, I said, neither the Emii
nor any chief would be allowed to have recourse to armed
force, and the "Dogari" (gunmen) would be abolished. If
the Emir were unable to enforce his legitimate orders he
would refer to the Resident, for in the British Government
alone was to be vested the task of policing the country.
Consequently firearms would not be required and must be
rendered up, and, unless in special cases authoriaed by permits
from the Resident, their possession would involve punishment.
All a\:pplies would be fairly paid for, and they need have
no fear in taking to the Resident all complaints against sol­
diers or other Government servants who might commit any
violence or deal unfairly. The garrison would be located
outside the town and soldiers would not be allowed to enter
it with their arms. When I added that liquor was prohibited,
there was a motion of appreciative assent, and to my announce­
ment that they were absolutely free in the exercise of their
religion there was a quite remarkable expression of joy and
relief. Sokoto, I said, would remain the religious head, but
no tribute of slaves might be sent to him in future. I added
at the close of my remarks that it was not the desire of Govern­
ment to upset and to change such native laws and customs
as were good, and that it would be our desire to study them so
as to understand the people. I finally spoke of the advantage
of a coin currency and the necessity of a fixed rate of exchange
between British silver and cowries. I assured them that the
British had come to stay, and nothing would ever cause us>
15571 v 2
36 COLONIAL REPORTS-—ANNUAL.

now to lea YD the country. I presented to the new Emir of

Kano the Staff of Olhce of the Eirst Class, as I subsequently did
to the Emir of Zaria, and I later promised the same to Sokoto
and Katsena, together with formal letters of appointment.
It is important to note thai on each occasion I had the best
interpreters in the country and the words were paraphrased
into simple English. The interpretation was checked at
Sokoto by Major Burdon and at Katsena and Kano by
Dr. Cargill (the two most fluent Hausa scholars), and at
Zaria by Captain Abadie. All of them frequently corrected
the interpreter when he had not thoroughly grasped the sense.
The intelligent comments and questions of the chiefs showed
that they thoroughly understood. Turning to the circum-
stances of Kano itself, I declined to appoint the Wombai as
Emir until I had returned from Sokoto, whither I proposed
to go at onne, judging that this period of probation would
not be without good effect, while for my own part I was
unwilling to act with precipitation even though the circum­
stances, as I saw them at tne time, seemed to leave no alter­
native and though we appeared singularly fortunate in the
candidate proposed. Meanwhile he was left in charge of the
town but was not to occupy the king's quarters until finally
installed. I said that I had decided to occupy, as residency
and barracks, the place named Nassarawa, a suburban resi­
dence belonging to Alieu which was about 800 yards from
the city walls, and that I should also require the Emir to
build a house and courthouse in the city near to the palace,
which the Resident might occupy from time to time. This
is a somewhat important matter, since I believe the people
regard it as a sign of suzerainty that the British representa­
tive should have a house in the city itself and fly the flag
there. I added that the king's buildings would be evacuated
the next day when I myself left, and I required the Envr to
build barracks at once for the troops before the rains set in.
This order to build a residency and lmrracks constituted
the only approximation to a war indemnity, and since every
town would be called upon to send its quota of men for the
purpose the burden was a trivial one, I had already com­
menced to make a broad breach in the walls opposite the
Nassarawa gate. All the chiefs who had now returned were
to resume their old positions, but no vacancies in chiefships
existing at this date were to be filled till my return.
53. With these conditions the chiefs appeared well satisfied.
They had entered my room in a state of extreme nervousness
and we parted with much cordiality.

JOURNEY TO SOKOTO.
54. Next day, March 7th, T left for Sokoto, taking Captain
Abadie with me, and leaving Dr. Cargill as Resident of Kano.
I had also with me Mr. Hopkins, Private Secretary, and
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 37

Dr. Paterson, and an escort of 80 men aud a maxim, under

Lieutenant Baillie-Hamilton. I was escorted beyond the gate
one and a-half to two miles by the Wombai and the Kano
horsemen, and the former greeted me moot cordially at part­
ing. I marched fast, and reached Maradi, 50 or 60 miles from
Sokoto, in seven days. I had sent letters to General Kemuall
asking him to despatch a party to meet me and bring me to
Sokoto, but messenger after messenger produced no reply, and
I found later that my letters had never reached him until
after the return of the force from Wurno. Our route led
through a thickly populated country (Kano-Samfara-Sokoto),
in which large walled towns of great strength succeeded each
other every few miles, and in some districts groups of these
must have numbered 30,000 to 40,000 people. That the High
Commissioner himself (who&e capture or death would, of
course, have been regarded as equivalent to a defeat of our
forces) should have been able to traverse this country with
but three officers and an escort of 80 men, and should every­
where have received ample supplies, and an apparently friendly
welcome, while Sokoto was at the very time collecting its forces
to fight, was, I submit, a very striking confirmation of the state
of feeling throughout the country on which my plans for this
campaign had been based. On the road we met various Kano
fugitives, to whom I gave permission to return in peace to
Kano, and, finding that the Samfara people had been capturing
some of the dispersed force, I ordered their liberation. At
Maradi I heard that General KembalPs force had turned south­
wards. I therefore made a detour in the same direction.
Shortly afterwards (being but two marches from Sokoto) I
got into communication with him, and hearing that the place
had since been occupied, I came on without delay, reaching
the camp early on the 19th.

CAPTURE OS? SOKOTO.

55. The expeditionary force, meanwhile, had, after Captain
Wright's action, advanced on Kowra, where a depSt of sick
was formed and left under the charge of an officer. During the
march from Kano they had suffered greatly from the intense
cold at night, the Hamattan gale, and from thirst. Lung
diseases were prevalent among the soldiers and carriers, and
52 had died. As no reply had been received to the letter which
had been sent by my instructions to Sokoto (saying that we had
no desire to fight and inviting him to come to terms), a second
was sent in the same sense, and to this an evasive answer was
received. Copies of these are contained in Appendix I.
56. The force then advanced to Shagali, and, turning south,
effected a junction with Captain Merrick's troops (about 200),
who had been in occupation 61 Argungu for several months,
acting first as escort to French convoys traversing the' British
sphere under international arrangement, and later as escort to
38 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

the Boundary Commission. Thus reinforced, the column,

numbering 656 rank and file, with 1,100 carriers, and with 25
officers, two guns and four maxims, advanced on Sokoto, where,
contrary to expectation, they were opposed by a force estimated
at 1.500 horse and 3,000 foot. The Sokoto army contained
many fanatics, who charged our square in ones and twos, and
courted certain death, but except for these the resistance shown
was feeble, and the whole army was soon in full flight, pursued
by our mounted infantry. Their loss was estimated at TO
killed and 200 wounded. Our casualties consisted of one
carrier killed and one wounded. The troops now marched on
Wurno, the alternative capital, but found it deserted, and
returned on the 18th, camping near the walls of Sokoto.

SETTLEMENT AT SOKOTO.
67. On the morning of the 19th March I arrived myself, and
at precisely the same moment the Sokoto Waziri and two
or three other chiefs with a large following- came im and
surrendered. They were allowed to return, as at Kano on ?

giving up their firearms, and I allowed them, as before, to

retain their horses and their swords. Next day X summoned
the leading councillors to the 'Sultan's house, and told them
that I considered it of importance either to find and reinstate
the fugitive Sultan, or to appoint a successor at once. I invited
them to let me know whether the Sultan would return, and,
if not, whom they would desire to appoint. After a private
consultation they named Atahiru. This man had been elected
in due form on the death of the late Sultan, but a rival of
the same name arose, who was supported by the best fighting
man (his brother) in Sokoto. To avoid a civil war Atahiru
had retired, and hei had lived quietly on his own farms ever
since, declining also to take part against the British. He now
came in to pay his salutations. No mention was made of the
claims of the fugitive Sultan, and, in reply to my questions,
all concurred in saying that no one had any notion whither
he had fled. So far as I could judge no one seemed to care,
including the brother who had made him Sultan, who was
one of those present.
58. As at Kano, so again here, I considered that we were
fortunate in the nominee of the chiefs, for Atahiru was a man
whose face and manner greatly prepossessed me in his favour.
He appeared to be in the proper succession. (Vide genealogy,
Appendix II.) I agreed to appoint him Sultan, and I fixed
the next morning to explain to tbem the future regime, I
was glad to find that there was no apparent desire to restore
the fugitive Sultan, for he too had received the Magaji of Keffi
(Moloney's murderer) with honour. I again took the oppor­
tunity of telling them that any one who harboured the Magaji
would be liable to punishment, and of offering a reward to any
e n * who would capture him. The elders replied that ne had
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902.

merely come in the suite of Alieu of Kano, and they believed

he had been killed in the fight. I added that if the ex-Sultan
retired quietly to his own town (each Sokoto chief being head
of a town in addition to any office he may hold at the capital),
he would not be interfered with, and that I had no desire to
capture or punish him.*
59. Next day the elders, headed again by the pathetic figure
of the blind old Waziri, assembled at my camp, and a paper
which I had roughly drawn up setting forth the conditions of
the future was carefully translated word by word by a very
good interpreter, checked by Major Burdon (holder of the
Hausa scholarship), whom I had appointed Kesident of Sokoto.
This document may be of interest, and I have therefore attached
it, together with Major Burdon's notes of the interview of the
previous day, as an appendix (III.). It will be seen from this
that in addition to what I had said at Kano I explained to
them also my point of view regarding the treaties, and I showed
them the original letter from the late Sultan declaring war,
0
Evonts which have occurred subsequent to the writing of this report are
as follows :—The ex-Sultan, contrary to my expectation, aid not accept my
conciliatory offers. It would probably have been easy to have captured or driven
him out of the country, but I hoped that be would settle down peaceably.
Probably he could not believe in the genuineness of such proposals to the
head of an army which had recently opposed us, and supposed ii to be
merely a ruse to capture him, and he was in all probability encouraged
in this belief by the Magaji of Keffi, who it appears had joined him, and
who knew that for him there was no pardon. There were also with him,
Abu Bei:r, ex-Emir of Bida, Belo, who had neglected his chances of being
Emrc of Kontagora, the Galadema and other irreconcilable chiefs of Kano,
with the implacable Lapini of Bida, &c The ex-Sultan established himself
at Gusho with a small following. This village being near Sokoto, the
garrison of that place drove him out. He found no following in his own
territory, and the Sokoto chiefs remained loval. He then passed eastwards
between Kano and Zaria, giving out that lie was about to proceed on a
pilgrimage to Mecca, and ordering all the people to follow him. Not a
chief or man of any sort left Kano, but the villagers of the districts he passed
through, appealed to on religious grounds, and misunderstanding his inten­
tions, flocked to him by thousands. A party of mounted infantry from Zaria
attacked him, and inflicted some loss upon him (two of our men being killed),
whereupon many of the villagers returned to their homes. The ex-Sultan
fled eastward into the only portion of the Protectorate still uniraversed by
our troops and to which no Resident had as yet been appointed. The people
of this district, which consists of a number of small but ancient Emirates
lying between Kano and Bornu, could only have received the usual exaggerated
aud often wholly untrue reports of the events which had been taking place,
which in Nigeria are circulated with magical rapidity. Probably under
the impression that the British had ousted the head of their religion and
1
declared war against " the Faith, ' enormous numbers joined in the so-called
pilgrimage. These consisted largely of unarmed peasantry and women.
"From all I cau gather," writes the Acting High Commissioner, "the
movement was not against u s ; the Sultan wished to establish himself in
some region remote from our influence, and simply called upon the people
to follow him." During his flight, writes another officer, he scrupulously
avoided our posts, and had even passed close to the Resident of Kano,
who had only a tiny escort with him, without attempting to molest him.
Captain Sword, from Kano. joining forces with the Bautshi garrison,
pursued the ex»Sultan, and after a series of skirmishes, in all of which he
40 COLONIAL ftJfcPOKTS—ANNUAL.

which, in consequence, I had had no option but to accept, with

7
the results which they now realised. I appointed the next
day (22nd) for the installation of the Sultan.
CEREMONY OF INSTALLATION.
The troops were drawn up (as subsequently at Kano and
Zaria) in a hollow square, and the ceremony was a most effec­
tive one. It was marked by the really extraordinary murmur
of deep satisfaction from the assembled masses when I
announced the complete freedom of their religion, and by a
prayer recited aloud by the Mallams so soon as I had installed
the Sultan. So far as I could judge, the people seemed quite
satisfied at the selection. The ceremony was completed by the
bestowal of a gown and turban. Hitherto the Sultan of Sokoto
had received no present on installation. It had been, on the
contrary, his custom to present the insignia to his vassal emirs
as a token of his suzerainty. The fact, therefore, that it was /
intimated to me that the ceremony would be incomplete with­
out this present was a remarkable and spontaneous acknow-

was successful, arrived at the town of Burmi on the confines of Bornu.

Here ?as a colony of aliens, who coming from the north and probably
of Tuareg origin, had settled here, and had received the remnants of the
Mallam Jibrella's army after his defeat by Colonel Morland in March, 1902.
4
One of the sons of that chief had been elected Mahdi" in his place.
Captain Sword attacked the town and severe fighting took p'ace, for
these people were of a very valiant race. An officer ind a British non­
commissioned officer and 60 rank and file were wounded, while four were
killed. Captain Sword, having no big gun to breach the walls, which were
very strong, was unable to storm the town, and retired on Bautshi with his
wounded unmolested during the night. The loss inflictad on the enemy
appears to have been very great, ana this, combined with a defeat which a
party of mounted infantry from Kano inflicted upon a separate section of
the ex-Sultan's adherents, broke up the hostile gathering. Meanwhile steps
had been taken to concentrate a powerful force at Bautshi with the object
of capturing the ex-Sultan and bis principal chiefs, including the Magaji,
but before it could take the field messages were received from him saying that
he had no desire for further fighting, and that bis adherents were starving.
It appears probable that very many of the misled peasantry must have died
in this way. A reply was sent to the effect that the Sultan must surrender
unconditionally, and meanwhile the expedition pushed on. On reaching
Burmi it wa* opposed (on July 27th) with great determination and
fanaticism. The town was taken after a fight which lasted till dusk, and
about 700 of the enemy were killed, including the ex-Sultan and most of the
chiefs. Our losses were Major Marsh (commanding), a most valuable and
gallant officer, and 10 men killed, with three officers and 69 men wounded.
This decisive and successful action has completely broken up the party of
the irreconcilabies, as well as the remnant of the Mahdi's following, but
the death of Major Marsh is a very great loss to the W.AF.F.
It has been stated in the press that the ex-Sultan had unfurled the
ancient banner of Dan Fodio (which though captured at Sokoto by us had
unfortunately been misplaced and lost again during the action), and that
it was to this standard that the people had flocked. There does not appear
to be any grounds for this report, and the green flag has not again
been heard of. The ex-Sultan found no appreciable aid in the country
recent iv traversed by the Kano Expedition, and the newly appointed emirs
sn&chiefs remained loyal.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 41

ledgment before all his people that he accepted the British as

his future suzerains. The same afternobn I broke up the
expeditionary force. General Kemball returned w& Argungu
and the Niger to Zungeru and the coast"; a foice under Captain
Merrick started due south for Kontagora to traverse the
Dakurrekurre country, the people of which had long been
giving trouble by killing traders and closing the roads; Colonel
Morland, with the bulk of the force, marched direct for Kowra
and Kano.
60. On the 23rd, the day after the installation, I myself, with
an escort of about 60 mounted infantry, took the road to
Katsena. I was again escorted by the Sultan, and throngs
of chiefs and horsemen, who would not be persuaded to turn
back for a long time, in spite of the burning heat, which the
Fulani feels as much or more than a European, and our parting
in its cordiality almost resembled that of old friends. They
thanked me profusely for all that had been done, and I think
that they are really immensely relieved that the long looked
for crisis has at last come and gone, and astonished to find
that the British are not the ogres which they expected, while
their own position in the future, though changed, has advan­
tages as well as disadvantages, and is vastly better than they
had anticipated that it would! be after defeat. We told
them that they had made a more plucky stand than Kano had,
for they had faced us in the open, while the Kano warriors
had only fought behind their stupendous walls, and had bolted
at the first assault. This seemed to please them greatly, and
to be all they cared for. Strange as it may seem, I believe that,
as a matter of fact, their cordiality was not a mere assumption,
and that they were not altogether sorry at the turn events had
taken, and genuinely surprised and pleased at their treatment.
61. On leaving Sokoto I had a very disagreeable task to
perform. Hundreds of slaves had secretly crowded into our
• camp, hundreds more clambered over the walls to follow us,
and no prohibition would stop them. Turned out of the line
of march, they ran parallel to us through the fields, or ran
on ahead. I had promised ,not to interfere with existing
domestic slaves; I had no food for these crowds, and in front
of us was a desert untraversed and unmapped, in which the
infrequent wells were far apart, and could only supply a very
limited amount of water. Moreover, this exodus of slaves
would leave Sokoto ruined, and its social fabric a chaos. There
was nothing to be done but to send these poor wretches buck,
and instruct the Resident to enquire into all deserving cases.
We did so, and presently found that the King of Sober, who
was following me with an army of 300 or 400 wild horse­
men of the desert, had appropriated all he could catch. We
made him disgorge them, and set them at liberty to return.
Doubtless verr many bolted to neighbouring towns, but I con­
sidered my obligations of honour and of necessity were satis-
42 COLONIAL KEPOttTS--ANNUAL.

fied when I turned them out of my own following, and I did

not enquire too curiously what became of them.

KATSENA.
62. Marching fast across the arid and often waterless tract
which separates Sokoto from Katsena, we reached the latter place
on the night of the 28th Maroh. In answer to the letters sent
by Colonel Morland I had received a reply and an ambassador
at Kano from the Emir of Katsena, protesting that he had
nothing to do with Sokoto or Kano, and did not wish to fight,
and professing much pleasure at our coming; I had accord­
ingly sent back messages saying that I had no quarrel with
him, and would visit him later and explain the conditions
of British suzerainty, and that a Resident and garrison would
be quartered near his town. On my approach, however* the
Emir and people were obviously in a state of panic, notwith­
standing the friendly letters which had passed between us, and
i t was some time before I could succeed in inducing the Emir to
come out and lead me into the town according to custom. I
found he had madeelabomt© preparations for our arrival, and had
turned out of his own buildings and had had them .thoroughly
cleaned for my occupation. But I also learned secretly that
there had been a strong " war party," who were for opposing
us. Next day I summoned the IDmir, Abu Bekr, and the seven
principal chiofs, and I went through the same formula as at
Sokoto, informing the Emir that we would recognise him as
King, and fully informing him of the conditions to which he
must conform, which as suzerain of this country the Govern­
ment now claimed the right to enforce. These I have already
detailed.
63. Since Katsena boasts that it is the seat of learning and
literature, I added that I would be only too glad to give all
assistance possible to education. I further added that the
Boundary Commission would shortly arrive on the frontier,
and explained its objects and enlisted the assistance of the
Emir in them. I told him of the Royal Niger Company and
the present Government; of the history of the Treaty with
Sokoto; his declaration of war; the reception of the Magaji by
Kano; and the sequel to these acts. He assured me that if the
Magaji entered Katsena territory he would at once be sensed,
and he agreed to all my conditions and proposals. I impressed
on him in particular the advantage of a stable currency, and
explained the British silver coinage, and fixed a rate of
cowrie exchange, and (as I had done in each previous instance)
I dwelt on the advantage of peace and good order, which
should enable trade and jLsperity and wealth to increase and
the population which was now so diminished to grow to its
former size. I arranged also for a residency and barracks,
but I do not think that there will be any necessity to maintain
troops, or for a Resident to have his pormanent quarters here.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 43
I am, however, maintaining a garrison, if only as a link and
forwarding agency, pending the arrival and departure of the
Boundary Commission. I left part o£ my escort as a temporary
garrison.
TESSAWA, BETWEEN KATSENA AND ZINDER (FRENCH).
64. I received here an embassy ,under the Kowra of Tessawa,
north of Katsena, from the town of Gangara (Tessawa). They
stated that they had been driven out by the French, and were
camped in the bush to the number of 5,000, where only ths day
before they had (so they said) been threatened by the French,
and they now requested permission to reside in the British
sphere. On enquiry it appeared that their town was, as nearly
as possible, on the frontier line. I therefore told them to await
the arrival of the Boundary Commission, and I arranged with
the Emir of Katsena to allow them to build a town in the
British sphere, if their own should be adjudged by th^ Boundary
Commission to be in the French sphere, since they declared that
nothing would induce them to return to the Frenoh Sphere.
They expressed the greatest delight at my permission to remain
in Nigeria. I told them that they would have, of course, to
pay the usual taxes. I informed the French Administrator at
Zinder of these complaints, and, in his reply (received long
afterwards) he whdly denied that they had been threatened
in their present retreat, whilst admitting the destruction of
Gangara for rebellion.
GOBER.
65. The two brother kings of Gober had come, as I have
said, with a large following of desert spearmen to meet us on
our way to Katsena, and they accompanied us for several
marches. Their country, though in the British sphere, had been
overrun by the French, who had at first taken the side of the
Asbenawa, and ousted the Gober King, but later, finding the
Asbenawa intractable, had turned against them and installed
these two kings, imposing their usual war indemnity. They
asked that I should fix a boundary between them and the
Asbenawa (with whom they were at constant feud), and pro­
fessed an entire loyalty to Government and a readiness to obey
all orders. I experienced some difficulty in checking their
looting propensities, and was glad when at last I was rid of
them.
ASBENAWA.
66. The Asbenawa belong to the district of Asben in the
French sphere. They are a nomadic tribe, and each year enter
British territory with great herds of sheep and cattle, and
many camels. They are the transport contractors for Sokoto
and Kano, and import the sorcalled "potash" and the live
stock which form the bulk of the Kauo-Lagqs trade. The
44 COLONIAL BEPOBTR—ANNUAL.

large parties which enter Nigeria reside for nine months in the
British sphere, returning during the rains (July-September)
to Asben to get salt, sinoe they sajr that their camels will not
survive in Nigeria, but they own villages (18 in Gober district)
all over the northern provinces, which they claim to have con­
quered before the French interfered. They leave in them a
certain number of women and others to gather in the crops,
pending their return to these permanent villages at the end
of the wet season. They would therefore appear to be natives
of the British rather than of the French sphere. It is a matter
of some difficulty to decide how the conditions of the modern
partition of Africa shall be made to apply to these nomads,
and whether they are to be considered as natives of the British
Protectorate or as French subjects. In order to give confidence
to these people, and to inaugurate a system of camel transport by
contract, I engaged a batch of 60 camels with their attendants
to travel with me from Kano to Sokoto and back vid Katsena,
so I am in hopes that next year I may succeed in enlisting
them for the transport service in the north.

INSTALLATION OF EMIR OF KANO.

67. On April 2nd I reached Kano, and on the next day I

installed the Wombai as Emir with the usual ceremonial.
The special tradition of Kano prescribed the gift of an um­
brella, a sword, and a dagger; the two latter I fastened on
myself, and opened the former. It is also the custom at Kano
that no King shall enter the royal enclosures by the gate used
by his predecessor. A great breach in the palace walls had
therefore been made prior to the ceremony, and temporarily
made good with wet mud, which could easily and quickly be
torn down. I left without witnessing this curious ceremony,
since it appeared to be their wish to complete the installation
in their own way, without our assistance. There was a very
great concourse of people in the great open space in front of
the King's enclosure. On our arrival he had come out with
all his horsemen to meet us and escort us through the town,
and on my departure on the 4th the same ceremony was
observed. I note this as a significant and satisfactory sign.
Our parting was exceedingly cordial, and I really believe that
Abassi will do his utmost,to conform to the new rigime loyally.
On April the 7th I reached Zaria, and installed the new Emir,
Dan Sidi, as I have already described, and on the 14th I
reached Zungeru. It was just 38 days since I had started from
Kano, and in this period close on 800 miles had been traversed
(in 32 marching days giving an average of about 26 miles per
day) and matters settled at Sokoto, Katsena, Kano, and Zarin.
a really wonderful record when one considers that loaded
carriers covered this distance in a waterless country at the
hottest time of the year.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 45

GENERAL REVIEW OF PROVINCES.

68. At the beginning of the financial year 1902-3 the Pro­
tectorate consisted of 1 3 provinces, and the operations which I
have described have added three more, making a total of 16, for
which provision has been made in the estimates of the current
year (1903-4). The whole Protectorate has now been taken under
administrative control, and it is important to recollect that
by so doing we have not added new territory and new responsi­
bilities to the Empire, but have simply recognised those which
we had already accepted. My task has not been to annex new
kingdoms, but to endeavour to fulfil the obligations and respon­
sibilities to which we have pledged ourselves, with regard to
the territory placed under my charge. The new provinces are,
Sokoto, Kano (including Katsena), and Katagum (or Damer-
geram) lying to the east of Kano and between it and Bornu.
The attached map (Appendix V.) will show the! divisions of
provinces as they exist at present, pending more accurate adjust­
ment of some of the frontiers.
I have sketched at some length the inclusion of the pro­
vinces of ( 1 ) and (2) Bornu (Northern and Southern), ( 3 )
Bautshi, ( 4 ) Sokoto, ( 6 ) Kano, (6) Katagum (which has come
under administrative control with the inclusion of Kano), and
I have spoken of the condition of (7) Zaria and of ( 8 ) Tola.
I will now briefly allude to the remaining eight provinces.
KONTAGORA ( 9 ) .
69. It will be remembered that the province of Kontagora
wis brought under control in March, 1901. It had been com­
pletely laid waste by its Emir, the noted slave raider Ibrahim,
who escaped and at the date of my iast report was, with a large
force, raiding and harrying the province of Zaria (which was not
then included under the Administration). In February, 1902,
on the appeal of the Emir of Zaria, I sent an expedition under
Major Dickinson to endeavour to effect the capture of Ibrahim.
This was brilliantly effected with a handful of mounted infantry,
almost without firing a shot, by Captains Abadie and Porter,
who captured Ibrahim, together with his two sons and
brother and other chiefs, ^nd the whole of his enormous
following, estimated at 20,000 people. Large numbers of
these who wetre recently captured slaves fled into the
bush and found their way back to their villages. About
660 were repatriated to Wushishi, the Chief of that
place being in the retinue of Ibrahim, and some 4,200
more were brought back to their homes in Kontagora, and 188
to Bida. Ibrahim himself was transported to Lokoja and left
in gaol for a few clays on a charge of murdering the Mallam
of "Wushishi, but I deemed it inexpedient to try him, and I
exiled him to Yola for a tim^. I was unable to obtain a
suitable man to succeed him as Emir, and an attempt to restore
the old I?agan dynasty did not prove a success. Ibrahim,
46 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

though an inveterate slave catcher, was a man ol strong char­

acter, nephew of the Sultan of Sokoto, and of great influence
Ciroughout the country. He was, in appearance, and I believe
in character, a changed man since his downfall and humilia­
tion, and since Kontagora had now been without a chief ior
two years I decided to bring him back and put him in charge
of the town and immediate district, not of the whole province,
where he would be under the eye of the Resident. It will in
future be wholly impossible for him to slave-raid; he will have
neither men nor arms. I believe that his restoration, even
though partial, will have a most excellent effect throughout
the country, and tend to do away with the misgiving which
the unavoidable deposition of the Emir of Zaria created. It
will, I know, give the greatest pleasure at Sokoto. Ibrahim
has had a severe lesson, and the man who said he would " die
with a slave in his mouth" seamed absolutely sick at the
mention of a slave when I asked if he would have dealings
with them again, and the vehemence and earnestness of his
abjuration was almost laughable. The province is under Major
Sharpe, C.M.Gh, and will, I hope, gradually recover its population
and prosperity. Major Sharpe states that at present its condi­
tion is lamentable. There are few children and no girls, and
everywhere are to be seen the ruins of burnt villages. He
estimates the population of the province at 9,600 men, 6,000
women, and 5,000 children. The truculent tribes to the north,
against whom were constant charges of wanton murder, have
seen a British force march through their country (Captain
Merrick, returning from Sokoto), and have been warned that
such practices must cease.

NASSARAWA (10).
70. Captain Moloney's sad death was a very great loss to
the province of Nassarawa, where he was doing most excellent
work. In consequence of his murder by the Magaji, the sub­
ordinate and friend of the ex-Emir of Zaria, I detached that
portion of the Zaria dominions which fell into this province
from the Zaria control. They formed a long narrow arm
reaching down to the Benue. Mr. Granville has succeeded
Captain Moloney, and during the interval before his arrival
Mr. Cargill took temporary charge of the province and effected
a great improvement by bringing about the voluntary abdi­
cation of the a#ed and useless Chief of Keffi in favour of his
son. In spite of the punishment inflicted on Abuja I fear
r

that that nest of robbers has not yet been effectually broken
up. The province consists of a great number of separate
tribal jurisdictions, with, no permanent Emir, and will afford
scope for an administrator with talent for organization.

MURI ( 1 1 ) .
71. On Mr. Hewby's transfer to Bornu the province of Muri
fell to Mr. Cargill, before he left for Nassarawa andfenaPyfor
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902.

Kano. His intimate knowledge oi Hausa enabled him to

detect the malpractices of the hitherto trusted native officials
in this province, who, for a period of three years, have been
acquiring slaves and other wealth in the name of the Resident.
The senior <>f the two was found to have 65 slaves in his pos­
session, besides all he had sold from time to time; the junior
had 30. These, chiefly girls, had' been acquired, either on the
statement that the Resident required them, or by threats of
false reports which would involve (so he represented) terrible
punishments. Mr. Cargill, on his transfer to Nassarawa, dis­
covered similar malpractices on the part of the native agent
there, and also the guilt of the agent Awudu, upon whom
retribution came when Captain Moloney was killed. This
matter is oxie of transcendent importance. The absence of
honest native interpreters and agents is the curse of the
country, and renders administration very difficult. The only
remedy is for Residents to learn Hausa, and now that the initial
appointments have been filled, I hope to make the promotion of
juniors, and even the retention of seniors, dependent upon their
passing the language test. In order to increase continuity—
which is vital—the period of residential service for political
officers has been increased from one year to eighteen months.
The Native Courts in this province have been working especially
well. There are a large number of lawless pagan tribes, with
some of whom it has not yet been found possible to estabhVt
satisfactory relations.
BAS*A ( 1 2 ) .

72. The province of Bassa is said to be full of rubber forests,

and other valuable products, but it is inhabited by some half
dozen or more extremely truculent pagan tribes—^the Baasas,
Okpotos, Igbinas, Munshis, &c—among whom it is not at
present safe to travel, and who still practise barbarous rites
and are continually perpetrating wanton outrage*. I am
anxious to co-operate with the High Commissioner of Southern
Nigeria in the enforcement of -rubber laws for the preservation
of the trees, &c, and I hope during the coming yeu* to be able
to introduce something more like law and order into this
province.

KABBA ( 1 3 ) .

73. The excessive amount of work devolving upon the Resi­

dent at Lokoja, both judicial and executive, has tied down the
officer responsible for the province of Kabba to his headquarters
to an extent which has involved the unavoidable neglect of
the outlying districts. Since this country was detached from
Nupe by the Royal Niger Company in 1897 there has been no
paramount chief, and much lawlessness prevails. The enforce­
ment of taxation will, I hope, do away with much of the idle­
ness and apathy which I am told at present exists everywhere,
48 COLONIAL RBPOBT8—ANWUAL.

and induce the people to work their land, as I am informed

they did in former days, without, as then/being yearly raided
for slaves as well.

NUPE (14).

74. The province of Nupe, under the intelligent rule of the

Emir Mohamadu, and the sympathetic supervision of Mr. Gold­
smith and Mr. Goodair, continues to show progress, and the
chiefs are apparently very loyal The Resident reports that
the area under cultivation is double what it had been at any
previous time, and that the men formerly kept as the Bida
standing army are all now farmers. The population ia esti­
mated to have increased by 3 per cent, in Bida, Lapai, and
Argeye. It ie estimated for the whole province at 650,000.
An event of much importance during the year was the amicable
settlement of the long standing feud between the Emir and
the Kuta, who is chief of all the canoeing and riverain popula-
tion. I fear that oppression and extortion have been going on
under the " ajelo " system in Nupe, and that the peasantry have
been afraid to come to Bida to complain. I have already
(para. 31) described this system, which I propose to abolish,
and the one which I intend to substitute for it. The radical
remedy is for the Resident to be constantly on the move through
his province listening to the grievances of the people on the
spot. Hitherto in every province he has been detained mucJii
at his headquarters, in consequence of the amount of work
involved in the preparation of accounts &c, but the increase
of staff will considerably improve this, nor will these routine
duties involvo so much time as the staff becomes more
familiar with the system. The Emir is ever reedy to assist
in every way, and has made rough roads throughout his do­
minions and planted trees along them, and lias shown himself
an enlightened and progressive ruler. In November last he
came with a large retinue of many hundreds of horsemen and
followers, and with all his chiefs, to pay me a ceremonial visit
at Zungeru. His camp is said to have numbered some 10,000
souls. I received him with some ceremonial on the polo-
ground, where his horsemen galloped past by batches under
their leaders and saluted. They were greatly impressed by
some evolutions of a troop of our mounted infantry, which
followed. The Emir was, of course, greatly struck with what
he saw at Zungeru, especially with the railway and the electric
light in Government House. The buildings, masonry-bridges,
&c. did much to convince him of the fact, which hitherto they
;

have never believed, that the British have come to stay. Thi»
visit of a ruling Emir is a significant acknowledgment before^
the whole country of the British suzerainty, and was volun­
tarily made at a time when the situation as regards Kano was
growing acute, I was interested to hear what was the view
taken by this Emir of the fighting at Kano, for he is a man
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 49

of great loyally to his caste, and has ever been the special advo­
cate of <tihose who had brought retribution on their heads.
Alieu of Kano had been a personal friend of his, and he had
done his utmost to bring him to reason and to prevent war.
I am informed that neither he nor his chiefs expressed the
smallest sympathy for him, saying he had brought a just fate
on his head, but that they expressed the greatest satisfaction
on hearing that Kano had not been looted and had suffered no
harm.
ILLORIN (15).
75. Mr. Dwyer has achieved what I believe to be considerable
progress in the province of Illorin. He has indefatigably
toured and mapped, and assessed the tribute payable by each
village to its chiefs and to the Emir. The result, as reported
by him, is that the Emir is now not less devoted to the
administration than he of Nupe. Formerly he was a puppet
in the hands of the four Baloguns or war chiefs, and
these exercised what extortion they chose. By steadily
suppcxtttig the authority of the Emir, and by personally super­
vising the tribute paid to him, Mr. Dwyer, without the assist­
ance of the extortionate ajele, has assured to the Emir a
regular and substantial income, based on the ancient tribute,
which amounts to £900, and is paid in cash. As Illorin is the
destination of most of the Kano and Sokoto caravans/ heavy
work in connection with the new taxation will devolve upon the
Political Officer of this province, but a good beginning has, I
understand, already been made, and I am hopeful that the
full amount anticipated will be raised this year. It is worthy
of note that when the Sokoto-Kano affair began to grow acute,
the Emir of Illorin, who formerly was a malcontent, received
a letter from a Sokoto chief accusing hifn of disloyalty, and
urging him to foment disorder in his part of the country. The
Emir brought the letter to the Resident and read it to the
people, and, refusing its accompanying present, turned the
bearer out of the town with the message that he intended to
pay no more taxes in slavey or otherwise to Sokoto and had
accepted British rule.
BORGU (16).
76. Under Mr. Kemble (acting in charge) the province of
Borgu has maintained the character it has always borne since
ft was administered in 1898 and 1899 by the West African
Frontier Force as an orderly, law-abiding district. The ex­
cellent Chief of Kiama is as personally keen as ever in con­
structing rc.ds and helping the Resident in every way.
POLITICAL OFFICERS.
77. Objection has in some quarters been taken to the ap­
pointment of military officers as civil residents. Failing the
15571 *>
50 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

supply of men with African administrative experience I have

found that selected Army officers are an admirable class of men
for this work. They are gentlemen; their training teaches
them prompt decision; their education in military law gives
them a knowledge of the rules of evidence and judicial pro­
cedure sufficient when supplemented by a little special study
to meet the requirements of a not too technical system of
court work, and their training in topography enables them to
carry out the surveys of all their journeys. Officers, more
especially those who have served in India, have done some
excellent work in Northern Nigeria, and their sympathy with
and understanding of the people is certainly not less than
that of the civilian. It is indeed a characteristic of the
British officer that when in civil employ his ml? is often
99
marked by less " militarism than that of the civilian, and
he is more opposed to punitive operations.
Both Oxford and Cambridge are now coming forward with
offers of facilities for t h e special t r a i n i n g of graduate* to
enter the Colonial service, and young men of the best class
are eaorer to accept such appointments. " No suitable oppor­
1
tunity/ says the Oxford Circular of December 27th, 1902,
° should be lost for drawing closer the relationship between
the educational centres and the empire." Cambridge is arrang­
i n g ^ institute an examination and give a diploma in Tropical
Medicine audi Hygiene, and already has a Hausa Scholarship.
Major Burdon suggests that a chair should be endowed for
Hausa and Arabic, which should also include instruction in
the religious tenets and the law and polity of the western
Mohammedans similar to the school which exists in Paris for
1
the training of Algerian officials and the parallel school in
Uerlin. No better scheme could be suggested, nor one that
would more greatly benefit the Crown Colonies concerned.

NATIVE STAFF.

One of the most serious difficulties in administration in

Northern Nigeria lies in the almost complete absence of material
for creating a native stafL In the clerical departments
(secretariat, Ac.) I find the greatest difficulty in filling ihe
posts, for the demand is much greater than the supply. With
a few notable exceptions the native clerks are unreliable and
have not the education to enable them to undertake the
work raquired of them. Yet they receive salaries of £120 to
£180 per annum with free quarters as may be available.
In the matter of political agents to collect taxes and keep
Residents informed of events and carry out subsidiary missions,
&c, and of interpreters, the case is even worse. There are
extremely few available, and experience has proved that they
are with few exceptions thoroughly dishonest, and in some
cases have done incalculable harm before being found out. If
 NORTHERN NIGER?A, 1902. 61

we could but find a few honest and efficient native subordinates,

the task of administration would be greatly simplified.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION.
78. In this rSmmS it will be seen that the policy as regards the
Fulani which I sketched in my report for 1900, and which re­
ceived the approval of the Secretary of State, has been steadily
adhered to. Every effort, as I have said (para. 36) has been
made to utilise the abilities of this race, .while putting an end
to the tyranny and oppression which had hitherto marked their
rule. My efforts, however, to introduce any permanent reforms
were of little avail so long as Kano defied the Government and
Sokoto remained, in theory at least, the suzerain Now that
the absolutely necessary action has been successfully taken to
place our relations with those states on a basis which aU
Nigeria can understand, and the King's Government is acknow­
ledged as the sole suzerain in Northern Nigeria, it is possible
to develop the policy further, and to lay down in more detail
and with a firmer hand the requirements of the administra­
tion. These I have sketched in describing the conditions which
I have publicly announced to Sokoto, Kano, Katsena, and Zaria,
in so far as general principles are concerned.

ABSENTEE LANDLORDS.
The two first internal reforms which I hope to introduce
(apart, of course, from the abolition of inhuman punishments
and of the dungeons I have described, and the sale of slaves,
&c.) are (1) to regulate the appointment of officers of state
and (2) to reorganise and reassess the taxation. Concerning
the latter, I have written elsewhere (paras. 31 and 80). As
regards the former, the existence of this large idle class of
" absentee landlords " was one of the chief evils of Fulani rule
(as I have shown in para. 31). In Zaria alone (for instance)
there were 65 such chiefs draining the peasantry for the means
wherewith to uphold their state. Alieu of Kano (to take
another instance) was one of 64 brothers, for all of whom,
besides uncles and sons, places of dignity had to be found.
He ousted the old traditional holders of offices, who were free-
lorn, and some of wLom had held hereditary office from the
old Habe dynasty, to replace them by favourite slaves and
sons. The Kano hierarchy consists of 12 chiefs, who are
appointed from the royal family, 20 hereditary offices, six non-
hereditary, and eight held by the Emir's chief slaves. Below
these 46 arc many petty office holders. In future the appoint­
ments to these offices as they fall vacant will be confirmed by
the High Commissioner, and I hope gradually to bring it about
that they shall be filled either by men who perform some useful
work for the state, or eke by the chiefs m the neighbouring
 COLONIAL REPORTS— ANNUAL.

cities, who will reside at their towns, and onlv he summoned

to the capital on important occasions to aid with their counsels. ,
This is already, I believe, the system at Sokoto, but nowhere
else. It was also largely the system in Uganda.

FIREARMS.

79. With regard to firearms, I lost no time in giving effect

to my words, that the possession of them had become illegal,
and they are being collected and destroyed. With the increased
supervision which the small extra staff now provided to control
the frontiers affords, I hope to prevent the illicit importation
which has hitherto gone unchecked The existing law gives
all the powers required, and is now being enforced throughout
the Protectorate. The large standing army kept up by the
Sultan of Bornu has been disarmed. 180 breech-loaders and
530 muzzle-loaders have already been handed in, and more
are to come, and the Resident reports that he does not think
there are 100 unlicensed muzzle-loaders or 12 breech-loaders
left in the province. A few permits are given to Emirs and
influential men for a very limited number of muzzle-loaders
for show.
TAXATION BY CHIEFS.
80. In the kaleidoscope of successive dominations the ques­
tion of the so-called " lawful jurisdiction " of the various chiefs
in any part of Africa tends to become hopelessly confused, and,
in my view, the very first essential of *n effective suzerainty,
and the basis of all administrative organisation, depends upon
the impartial and patient investigation and settlement of this
vital question. It has, therefore, been the primary object of
my policy in Northern Nigeria, by dividing the country into
provinces, and deputing a Resident to the charge of each, to
effect throughout the whole Protectorate a demarcation of
existing jurisdictions, and a reassessment (in accordance with
the actual taxable capacity of each village) of the tribute, rent,
or dues which it shall pay to the over-lord, to replace the
present unequal incidence and the arbitrary and tyrannical
levies of the past. Recourse to force for the collection of
tribute, " lawful" or otherwise, by the chiefs, with its waste of
life, and its continual unrest and war is now prohibited, and
the British administration is, therefore, responsible for the
enforcement of such dues as it may decide to be justly pay­
able. In my view it is a natural corollary that the whole popu­
lation should pay alike, if not to the alien Fulani, tKen to the
Government direct. In a country blessed with a fruitful soil,
and the luxuriant productiveness which marks the tropics, the
necessaries of life are procurable with a very minimum of
labour, and the small additional work required to meet the
demands of the tax or tribute is a benefit, not a burden, to the
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 63

population. Some progress has been made with this scheme

of assessment.
81. Simultaneously with it a census, and a geographical
survey, together with the collection of a mass of statistical
information regarding products, area under cultivation, &Q.,
are being effected in a rough and ready way; but the work
of fully grappling with and completing so large a task still
belongs to the future. Its most effective realisation so far has
been achieved in the Illorin province, 3ince it was one of the
three first taken under administrative control. During the
past year a revenue of JE900 has been assessed, and paid in to
the Emir of this province. The result, I 'believe, has been
most beneficial to the people, who greatly appreciate the ad­
vantages of a fixed and final settlement, in place of the arbi­
trary imposts of the past, while the Bmir is no less grateful
for our assistance, and appreciates the advantage of an income
which comes in steadily and without trouble. I have already
described the mode of collection in Nupe, where I hope to
abolish several of the middlemen. It is these intermediaries
who bleed the country, and the reduction of their numbers to
the lowest effective minimum should be the object of the
administration.
TAXATION BY GOVERNMENT.
82. As the period of initial construction of an administration
feeling its way cautiously among a great population and gra­
dually acquiring a knowledge of the peoples with whom it
has to deal gives place to a scheme of rule based on a settled
policy, the cost of the machinery necessarily increases, notably
on account of the need of more administrative officers and of
additional police, and the necessity for raising a local revenue
to meet that cost consequently becomes imperative. Beyond
doubt the best method of taxation in Africa is the " indirect,"
viz., by customs; but assuming that the revenue from this
source, collected on the coast b$ Southern Nigeria and Lagos,
has reached its maximum, the next best in the condition of
the country appears to me to be by class taxation. I have,
therefore, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, intro­
duced tolls on caravans and licences on canoes and on the sale
and manufacture of native liquors. Of these I will speak
later. These alone are, however, insufficient, nor do I think
that the principle of direct taxation, though it should be
cautiously applied, and its incidence should at first be very
light, should be wholly set aside in laying down the lines of
policy which are to guile the future development of this
country. I, therefore, have proposed to levy from all chiefs
who collect tribute and whose ability to do so now depends
solely on the Government, a certain proportion (limited under
present conditions to one quarter) of the tribute so collected;
while in the new assessment all those who pay to no chief,
having in many cases abandoned their' allegiance, through
54 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL*

the instrumentality, more or less direct, of the white man, shall

pay for the present their tribute direct to Government.

83. To make this system effective and to prevent fraudulent

and excessive exactions by agents will need an efficient staff.
I should be amply satisfied if at present the product of the
tax did no more than pay for that staff, since the machinery
thus introduced would effect much more than the sole collec­
tion of the tax, and since by the introduction of this system
without injustice and friction the basis would be laid of a
revenue which would continually grow from year to year
and form eventually a substantial contribution to the task
of rendering the country self-supporting, If a fully adequate
supervision is not supplied ab initio the result will be extor­
tion and consequent discontent. It is unfortunately one of
those cases in which capital outlay must be incurred with a
prospect of deferred returns; but however costly the machinery,
the expense should not, in my view, be grudged, for whereas
it is now not difficult to find acceptance of such a system,
its introduction at a future periou would infallibly produce
discontent. It is for these reasons that the Secretary of State
has approved in the present year (1903-1904) of a small addi­
tional department (the Revenue Department) whose duties
will consist in the assessment and collection of this revenue
and otherwise in work identical with that of the Assistant
Residents.
84. The taxation I have proposed is upon the revenue of
chiefs or communities. I am opposed to direct taxation by
Government upon individuals (as I said in my report for 1900)
because (1) I think it premature until individual property in
land has become recognised, and (2) until the system of
serfdom has given place to one of independent agricul­
tural labour, and (3) until a currency has obtained a footing
so as to obviate too frequent a payment in kind. In writing
this I do not reverse what I wrote on this subject in my report
for 1901. I then said that I deprecated direct taxation in the
earlier stages of the development of an African Protectorate
" while maintaining the absolute right of Government to levy
such a tax for benefits conferred." Progress has been somewhat
more rapid than I then anticipated, while the necessity of find­
ing a revenue lias grown even more imperative, and I consider
that it is now possible to introduce the principle though its
application should at first be tentative |ind gradual. Moreover,
I think that it is better to translate assistance rendered in public
works, &c, into liquidation of a recognised payment to the
revenue than to allow it to drift into something perilously akin
to a system of forced labour.
85. The tax is concerned with the ownership of land and
its produce, and my remarks, therefore, both as regards the
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 55
recognition of individual property and as regards indepen­
dent labour do not refer to the urban or to the trading com­
munities, in both of which these principles are already largely
recognised. Property in a city, whether real or personal,
descends to the legitimate heir, and in Fulani cities is subject
to death duties, Labour employed by traders is largely in­
dependent and carriers are often engaged and paid for their
services. But the farm slaves or serfs—adscripti glebae—
" paying yearly little dues of wheat, and wine, and oil," as their
forefathers paid, do not own their holdings or understand
individual land tenure, and their contribution to the revenue
should, in my view, be deducted from those dues,—fairly
assessed,—and not take the form of a poll or hut tax. The
land in theory belongs to the Suzerain, hitherto the Fulani
Emir and now the British Government, and with that transfer
of suzerainty begins the right of Government to a share in the
occupier's rentals, but not, in my view, the right to an
additional impost upon the tenant. In similar fashion the
communities not under Fulani rule pay their dues to Govern­
ment as the immemorial mark of their recognition of
suzerainty, and in return they receive immunity from the
raids of the Fulani or other slavers and raiders.
86. The other taxes to which I have alluded above are (1)
the caravan tolls, (2) canoe licenses, and! (3) the local liquor
tax. The caravan tolls consist of a levy on goods of 5 per
cent, in each Province traversed by a caravan up to a maximum
of 15 per cent, on its down journey, and a similar levy on its up
journey. This is in return for the safety of the roads and their
improvement, and is in lieu of the exorbitant imposts which used
to be levied by Emirs, without any such compensating advan­
tages, and which are now abolished. The Royal Niger Com­
pany levied, from 1897 onwards, a tax on the staple of trade
of 15 per cent., which, since the transfer to Government, has
lapsed. The French, I believe, enforce no taxes on caravans
but compel them all to pass through Zinder (and Gaya on the
west) and take out registration papers.
(2.) A licence on canoes, according to their earning capacity,
vaiying from 6$. t^ £3 per auburn. Large transport and ferry
canoes in the season can earn <£&and upward** per month. The
tax, therefore, is not excessive., Both these taxes are levied
on the classes best able to pay in the country, and who have
benefited most from the British administration. The canoe
owners especially have earned enormous sums by carrying for
Government.
(3) The remaining tax is on the manufacture and sale of
locally made intoxicating liquors. The duty formerly im­
posed by the Royal Niger Company of £1 per ton on salt
imported into Northern Nigeria from Southern Nigeria has
also been revived.
 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

87. The taxes which I have described, together with con­

tributions from Southern Nigeria and Lagos, and the duties
which the new staff will enable me to collect on frontiers
not conterminous with those Administrations will together,
I anticipate, yield a revenue which, though it be as yet but
a fraction of the amount required to meet the expenditure,
will still compare not unfavourably with any Protectorate
in a like stage of development.

TRANSPORT.

88. The question of transport is becoming one of the most

serious which the Administration has to solve. Carriers are
exceedingly costly, and since the chronic unrest of former times
has been replaced by comparative order and quiet, a great
number of the floating population from whom carriers have
hitherto been drawn have, I am told, settled down on the land
and to the cultivation of profitable industries. The demand,
therefore, for carriers is much greater than the supply, and
since the need for the conveyance of supplies to garrisons and
other such necessities of the Government is imperative, re­
course must be had either to some substitute for carriers or
to forced levies. Since the latter alternative is inadmissible,
and subversive of all British principles of rule, it remains only
to consider the former. In the north, transport animals will
live and are not too costly, but the expense of creating the
requisite organisation will be considerable, and it will be im­
perative also to make roads. These are tasks to be undertaken
without delay in the coming year, but in my opinion the only
feasible way of meeting the difficulty, and by far the cheapest
and most effective, is by running a light line as far as 3aria,
and thence (having reached a country where animal transport
is available and animals thrive), to construct roads to Kano,
Sokoto, Bautshi, and Bornu, and organise a cart service upon
them. The construction of a road to Zaria would be little less
costly than that of the track of a surface line, the chief addi­
tional expense of the latter consisting in the cost of rails and
sleepers, while the up-keep of a transport train, with its neces­
sarily costly supervising staff, the replacement of animals,
forage charges, &c, would probably exceed the working ex­
penses and interest on capital of a light railway, apart from
the incomparably greater efficiency and rapidity of the latter.

89. The cheapest form of animal transport is the light cart

drawn by two oxen. These animals do not require the daily
grain ration, the expensive harness, or the individual care and
attention necessary for mules and horses. They are procurable
in large numbers at low cost, and provided the tsetse fly is
absent, and roads possible for carts are made, there is no reason
why they should not serve as a cheap means of transport in
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 57
the northern provinces. It is to he hoped that the recent in­
vestigations into the mode of propagation of the blood para­
site, of which the tsetse is the transmitting agency, and the
attempts to discover an antitoxin to confer immunity, may
have a successful result. I hope that the Medical Department
of Northern Nigeria may be able to contribute its share to
these invaluable investigations, and that we may also shortly
have more reliable information as to the local geographical
distribution of the fly. I have already three experimental
carts, and hope shortly to introduce many more. The value
of transport animals at Kano is approximately as follows: —
Camels, £5 to £10; mules, £4 to £7; oxen, £2 to £4. The
latter are fairly plentiful, but are troublesome animals to pack,
and useful only for draught. Though I hope we may before
long have a road to Zaria and Kano, it must be many years
before a track fit for carts can be made through the hilly
country to Bautshi, and onwards to Bornu. Transport, there­
fore, to the east at any rate, must consist of mules. There
are very few indeed of these animals in the country, and it
will be necessary to import them. The Treasurer (Mr.
Harrisson), during a recent v?sit to Argentina, made full en­
quiries, at my request, concerning the cost of importing mules
thence to West Africa, and I myself, in 1899, made similar
enquiries, both from Messrs. Houlder Brothers and from the
Remount Department, War Office. Mr. Harrisson's local know­
ledge of Buenos Ayres enabled him to furnish me with valuable
figures. They are as follows:—Provided a whole ship-load ifi
taken (viz., 900 animals), one firm with whom he communicated
could deliver them at Porcados for £14,400, and another for
£15,500, viz., £16 and £17 per mule respectively. This
includes freight, vessel's fittings, attendance, fodder, commis­
sion, and insurance. Mules (exclusive of shipping) cost £25
and upwards in the Canaries, and some personal knowledge
of this matter in India and elsewhere enables me to say tkat
their cost would be much the same from most other sources,
nor is there any great supply. The Pernambuco mule should
stand the climate of Northern Nigeria well.

90. British Colonies are, I venture to think, much behind

those of Germany and Prance in the matter of road construc­
tion. It is several years since the Prench in West Africa com­
pleted a road, 500 miles in length, and fit for motor traffic, to
connect their various railheads. The Germans in East Africa
long ago completed a main trunk road from the coast to Tabora
and thence branching to Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria, and
another from the port of Bagamoyo to that of Dar-es-Salaam
and thence to Lake Nyassa, while their West African Colonies
are, I believe, equally well supplied. Such roads reduce the
1
cost of transport by rendering it possible to use carts; they
promote trade, and are of great strategic value. I hope that
before long Northern Nigeria will be able to boast of some
58 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

development in this direction, hut hitherto the more absolutely

urgent work in other directions has compelled me to defer road
construction, except in and around cantonments;

RAILWAYS.

91. No further survey for the extension of the Lagos Railway

into Northern Nigeria has been undertaken during this year.
I have, however, been able to discover a port (at Baro) on the
Niger to which the existing light surface line between Zungeru
and Bari Juko could be extended to reach the river, without
traversing the great belt of swamp and flood area which extends
along its left bank from the Kaduna mouth. From this port
a rough survey has been made by the Director of Public
Works through the trade centre of: Bida, and no diffi­
culty has been encountered. A location survey as far as Bida
is now being made by Mr. Scott, Surveyor. This extension
would, if made, place Zungeru within 18 hours of Lokoja, and
enormously facilitate the transport of stores, mails, and pas­
sengers, saving much valuable time at present wasted by the
ten days or more occupied by the Kaduna route, and providing
a quicker and less distressing means of transport for invalids
than the present journey (for nine months in the year) by open
canoe. Incidentally the railway would add very greatly to the
comfort of Europeans by enabling us (now that the stern-
wheeler " Sarota," which has a refrigerator, has been placed
on the river) to bring up frozen meat and vegetables, and so
vary the ceaseless diet of fowls, which are not nutritious.
Supplies of meat and English fruit and vegetables could be
bought from the steamers at Forcados, brought up by the
" Sarota " to Baro, and delivered thence in Zungeru in eight
or ten hours by rail, This would effect an improvement in
health.
92. The line would, moreover, traverse the greatest trade
route in Nigeria, and render possible the export of cotton and
other produce grown in the Nupe province and in Southern
Zaria. Without it cotton cannot, I fear, be profitably exported
from those districts. The great additional demand for transport
from Lokoja to Zungeru, consequent on the increase of the
Political, Military, and Police Departments, can with difficulty
be met without this line.

93. Alternative routes the whole way from Zungeru to Zaria

have also been examined and roughly surveyed by the Director
of Public Works (who has great experience of railway work in
India) and a feasible track for the ultimate extension of this
surface line has been found. The length would be 153 miles.
The further distance to Kano from Zaria (82 miles) has also been
roughly surveyed. This is a somewhat more expensive section,
but I do not consider that this further extension is very
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 59

necessary, and not at all comparable in importance with that

to Zaria, which is the real centre of all caravans and trade, and
the point from which the roads to the north, east, and west
diverge.
94. If the cost of an extension of the Lagos line be assessed
at £6,000 per mile (which is the estimate for the last extension
sanctioned), the total cost from Ihadan to Zaria would be at
least £3,000,000, apart from the bridge across the Niger.
The Lagos railway, moreover, would be in competition with
steamer transport on the Niger, and this would compel it to so
reduce its carrying freights southwards that a traffic greatly
in excess of what exisis, or can exist until new industries have
been created, would alone enable it to pay even its working
expenses. In my view, a light line from the Niger to Zaria
could deal adequately with the existing traffic, and create the
new industries which will later provide traffic for the more
costly line. I t would work northwards from the Niger, and
would, therefore, be in co-operation with and not in competition
with the steamer transport. Meanwhile, the extension of the
Lagos line to Oshogbo, and eventually to Illorin, has been
approved by the Secretary of State, and this extension will, as
Sir William MacGregor points out, enable it to tap a very fertile
district and pass towns having populations of 60,000 to 100,000
souls and upwards.
95. The great urgency is for an immediate line to serve the
needs of the Administration in lieu of the failing supply and
costly method of human carriers, and to secure to British ports
the trade of the north, as well as to render feasible the develop­
ment of the cotton and other possible industries, These objects
cannot be achieved otherwise than by the rapid construction
of a light line at low cost. The light line I advocate may, in
fact, be. described better perhaps as a tramway, since its
gradients, curves, and speed are not intended to rival those of
a railway.

SURVEYS.

96. Considerable progress has been made in surveys, and

the map of Northern Nigeria is now beguiling to be filled
in with some degree of accuracy. I have had a separate map
of each province compiled on a scale of ^i/doo^ (approximately
four miles to one inch), and upon this has been traced
every route surveyed since February, 1901, when the existing
data were last incorporated, A map of a portion of the Pro­
tectorate on scales of ^ , o «M»d i ^ u \ o o o (eight and sixteen
5 0

miles to one inch) hat* beet, .vmpileii t>y the Intelligence

Division of the War Office, and these will be corrected and
brought up to date by the recent information in the large-
scale maps. I have also had a map made on a scale of ofl ~iOTo
0
60 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

(approximately 32 miles to one inch), incorporating all informa­

tion up to date, a copy of which is attached to this report,,
Appendix V. From it will be seen the tentative division into
provinces, the boundaries of which have been in many cases
surveyed and fixed in accordance with tribal jurisdictions.

ECONOMIC.

97. Additional consignments of cotton seed have been

received from England and distributed. Samples of indigenous
cotton from each province have been sent to the British Cotton
Growing Association, and also some samples of the cotton
from the new seed, but as yet their report has not been received.
I hear that the latter has been valued at the very high price of
6|d. per lb. It is under consideration to send a cotton expert
to Northern Nigeria, as has been done to each of the other
West African Colonies, who should instruct the natives in the
use of ginning and pressing apparatus, and report on the suit­
ability of various districts and soils for cotton cultivation, and
upon the prospects of the industry if taken seriously in hard.
My own view is that imported products such as cocoa, im­
proved cotton, coffee, &c, should not be grown in plantations
by Europeans, but introduced as a crop among the agricultural
villages, and their cultivation promoted by a distribution of
plants and seeds, and by a promise to buy the produce, and
by bonuses for good results, & order to naturalise them in the
country. The extensivo growth of the onion and leek through­
out the Hausa States shows that the people readily adopt a
new culture. It is necessary to establish nurseries of such
plants for distribution, under the care of an expert Curator,
and I think it would be most useful to place in the Government
gardens specimens of indigenous trees of economic value (e.g.,
the various rubber plants, wood-oil trees, gambia pod, &c,
#

&c), so that Residents and others on arrival could learn to

recognise these, and promote their cultivation, and check their
destruction in their provinces. It is, above all, important to teach
the people the use of oxen in agriculture, and to introduce the
American or Indian plough used by the Kaffirs of South Africa.
It has been pointed out by many writers, that since throughout
Africa oxen are only driven or tended by men, the introduction
of ploughs has the result of emancipating the women to some
extent from the labour of field work, and causes it to be under­
taken by men. Men, however, already work in the fields
throughout the greater part of Northern Nigeria.

LOCAL TRADE.

98. Apart from the trade done by the merchants for over­
sea export, there are several other forms of trade carried on in
Northern Nigeria, concerning which a few observations may
not be out of place.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 61

99. There are in Kano four distinct classes of traders. 1

interviewed the chief merchants of each class separately and
informed them of the slavery and firearms laws, and of the
taxation on caravans, Ac
100.—(1.) Tripoli.—The first class consists of a small colony
of white traders (Arabs) from Tripoli. The extent of the trade
done by them may be gauged from a despatch recently received
from the Consul at Tripoli, in which he states that a caravan
from Kano and the south had just arrived, consisting of 1,220
camels laden as follows: —
£
Feathers, 200 loads, value £800 each «• 16,000
Skins, 1,000 loads, value £24 each - 24,000
Ivory, 20 loads, value £50 each - 1,000

£41,000

together with 20,000 to 25,000 five-franc pieces bought at *

two for one Maria Theresa dollar. The caravan had been
11 months on the journey. The cost <xf transport is estimated
at £27 per ton, Of these goods the Morocco leather comes from
Nigeria, and perhaps a portion of the feathers and ivory. It is
difficult to see how this northern trade can survive when once
competition from the south begins, or what articles there are
except Morocco leather, which already goes largely to the
south, and Kano gowns* and cloths, which can bear the heavy
transport charges to Tripoli. It would be interesting to know
whether these traders have hitherto managed to export any
slaves to Tripoli and Turkey. When in Kano I impressed
on them the prohibition against slave dealing in any form
and against the import of firearms. Their imports were said
to consist of burnouses and cloths, sweets, scents, tea, &c
101.—(2.) Salaga.—The second batch of traders who came to
?*e me at Kano, and who form a separate community, are the
Salaga merchants, who import kolas from the hinterland of the
Gold Coast and Togoland, taking cloths and live stock, Kano
leather work, antimony, and some " potash," &6., in exchange.
Upon this import in future the authorised customs will be levied.
Lack of staff, and the precarious footing which we held in the
north, has prevented the levying of this tariff hitherto. The
chief route enters at Kengakoi, near Illo, and passes through
Sokoto to Kano.
102.—(3.) Ashen, —The third, and by far the most im­
portant, trade of Northern Nigeria is that in " potash " and live
stock. This " potash" (which consists of carbonates of soda)
 62 COLONIAL BBPORTS--ANNUAL.

is of two kinds, slabs of rook and loose or powdered. Its value

is reported as follows (per ton): —
Kano: "Stone," £18 13.*., at 1,200 cowries equal 1*.
" Loose," £4 16*. to £614*.
Zaria: £24.
Bida; £42.
Lokoja: £42.
Lagos: £40.*
Kola nuts, per 100: —
Kano: 6*. 6d.
Lagos: 1*. 3d. to 1*. 6d>
103. The greater part of the potash comes from Asben and
, from Minau in French territory, but there are also areas which
yield it in the northern part of British Bornu, and (it is siaid)
some of the islands in Lake Chad, e.g., Kawa, three days'
journey to the east. Each year the Asbenawa enter Nigeria
in the dry season with trains of camels laden with this
" potash," and with herds of live stock (cattle and sheep, and
a few goats, all males). These they sell to the Hausa mer­
chants (the fourth distinct trading community of Kano), receiv­
ing kolas and black cloths, and British cotton and hardware
goods, in exchange. There are a few resident Asbenawa in
Kano established as merchants, and dealing in the produce
annually imported by their tribesmen.
104.—(4.) Hausa.—The Hausa merchants form enormous
caravans, chiefly of small donkeys, and transport this potash
(together with live stock and articles of Kano manufacture) to
Illorin and Lagos. They are unwilling to dispose of it en route
(hence the equality of prices at Lokoja, Bida and Lagos), and
t

trade it in Illorin chiefly for kolas, and for cotton, hardware,

and other goods. It is largely used by the natives for cooking
purposes, and is an indispensable adjunct to the yam diet of
the Yorubas. It is also greatly in demand for horses, to whom
it is given in large quantities.

LOCAL INDUSTRIES.
105. There is also a considerable local trade in raw and
manufactured cotton. Zaria, for instance, produces large
quantities of raw cotton, which is carried to Kano and manu­
factured there into cloth, and the Hausa gown, or " tobe," •
which is generally beau/ifully embroidered with patterns in
white or colours. The leather trade is another local industry,
Kano and Zaria being the chief centres where shoes, slippers,
long riding and wearing boots, saddles, and innumerable other
articles of leather, are made. These also aie embroidered or
• The price was £60 before the roads in Northern Nigeria were made safe.
 NORTHERN N I G E R I A , 1908. 63
worked in different coloured leather*. The leathers we red,
yellow, and green, the last being the finest and most costly.
Bida is the only place where a glass factory exists that I know
of, and every large city has its guild of blacksmiths and
workers in iron. The embossed brass and copper work of Bida
in especial is very good, and the designs of their goblets, in
which brass and copper are beautifully blended, are extremely
elegant. Space does not permit of my detailing the lesser
manufactures and industries, but the preparation of indigo,
and the dyeing of cloths, which is carried on in almost every
town, is an industry so extensive as to merit mention. Horse-
breeding is a source of profit throughout the towns in the
north, and a small troup of brood mares is met with in almost
every town of Samfara.

PROSPECTS O F TRADE.

106. The inclusion of the northern Hausa States under the

Administration has been effected only just in time to check
the diversion of trade routes, a matter in which the French
have shown such great activity. The Germans also have en­
deavoured to prevent traders and caravans from crossing the
frontier into British territory, and have prohibited the export
of ivory from Adamawa. As, however, it is only a short time
since the trade centre of Kano came under British control, and
as the German and French frontiers are only now being de­
limited, it is premature to discuss the opportunities for trade
expansion which the inclusion of the northern States will
involve. I hope in a future report to be able to give some
useful statistics of the various openings which present them­
selves. At present I can only point out that the population
is dense, and imbued with a keen trading instinct, and that
if a cheap form of transport, e.g., a light line, were constructed,
the country might produce immense quantities of cotton,
ground nuts, capsicums, beniseed, and the various other ex­
portable agricultural products; while the sylvan resources, the
so-called " gutta " of Hausaland (the rubber of the " Ganisi"
tree), shea nuts and shea butter, wood oils, &c, are at present
practically untouched, and must remain so for lack of trans­
port. From Bornu the Resident, Mr, Hewby (who has an
expert knowledge), reports great quantities of gum which is
not collected, as well as gambia pod, kino, copaiba, tamarind,
shea, and a considerable quantity of rubber (in the south),
while skins, feathers, and ivory are exported northwards to
Tripoli.
107. The Niger Company showed some enterprise in
asking permission to attach one of their staff to the Bornu
expedition. This gpntleman, and also another who was
attached to their prospecting expedition, report on the country
(1) from Ibi vid Bautshi to Bornu and thence to Yola, and (2)
64 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

from Zungeru to Zaria and thence to Bautshi and the tin district
at Badiko. Their reports may be summarised as follows:— ,
Ibi to Bautshi. Trade prospects excellent when the roads are
safe. People eager to trade, Much shea, ground nuts, beni-
seed and balsam. Bautshi through Bornu. Country abso­
lutely desolated by war before the advent of our Government;
very rich and fertile; liirtle population, except in Gombe
district. Gum, shea, balsam, " gutta," and tamarind. Bornu
to Yola. Rich and populous; people eager to trade; benefit
of safe roads. Wushishi to Zaria. Trade prospects very
good, especially at Gwari. People eager to trade. Much
shea, cotton, a little palm-oil, ground nuts, and tobacco. At
Zaria hardly any Company's oloth. Native leather work and
cloth in quantities ; " gutta," 25s. for 76 lbs. Zaria to
Bautshi. Prospects hopeless. Much rubber and "gutta."
People apathetic, except at Lere. Cotton, cattle and some
rice and beeswax. Bautshi. Much rubber for sale, Home
beniseed. Company's cloth in the markets. Roads must be
made safer.
1 believe that the Company has it in contemplation to open
trading depfits at Zaria and other interior towns, a proposal I
welcome with great pleasure.
108. In the northern States I observed that the shea butter
tree disappears, and is replaced by the " Gamsi Maifadigaine "
(i.e., broad leaved), and very many other new varieties of trees.
I noticed throughout the country that the stately trees, which
give a parklike appearance to the cultivated areas (chiefly the
"locust" with its useful bean, and the shea, and in the north
the tamarind), are all of many years growth and are being
extensively out down. Young trees to take their place are
non-existent, for the Fulani dynasty (at any rate for years past)
appears to have neglected the good of the country, and to have
only endeavoured to squeeze what they could out of it. I hope to
remedy this, and to introduce new and valuable trees, but had
our advent been much longer delayed I fear all this country
would have become deforested, since the tree growth in the
north is not exuberant as in the Delta. The Asbenawa are
great offenders, for they cut down the young acacias and tama­
rinds, and lop great limbs off the older trees, to graze their
camels, till nothing remains but a dying bole.
The Bassa province produces ivory, and, I believe, is full of
rubber foresta and of valuable timbers. Colonel Pavel, of the
German expedition, reports the country north of the Benue to
be rich and cultivated, with a fertile soil, producing cotton and
rubber. Dikwa, on the Anglo-German frontier line, imports
coffee, sugar, velvets, silks, weapons, and gold and silver
objects from Tripoli, chiefly, I believe, through the British
sphere.
109. The country north of Zaria appears to oflfer every facility
for raiuing; stock. Many excellent fodder grasses abound, and
 NORTHERN NIGERIA) 1902.

the tsetse appears to be entirely absent. The magnificent type

of oxen in the country can hardly be improved, and the im­
portation of a few Spanish jackasses would enable us to breed
a very serviceable and strong mule. The breed of horses
might also be greatly improved by the importation of a few
stallions. I think also that ostrich farming might prove a
lucrative business. A light railway would also secure as
freights the really prodigious tonnage of potash annually trans- *
ported south by men and animals. In return for the products
I have named there is a practically unlimited market for salt
and for cotton and hardware goods.
110. This trade, however, will never be developed, and may
not improbably be diverted to the French sphere, unless two
conditions are fulfilled, and that without delay. The first is,
as I have said, the construction of a light Hue, which will
reach the centres of trade within a few years. The second is
that merchants will take the trouble to go inland and establish
deptits for the collection of produce, instead of confining their
stations to the banks of the Niger and waiting for trade to
come to them. The Administration has opened up these mar­
kets and rendered many of the routes to them perfectly safe,
which were not traversable a year ago, though others still
remain as yet dangerous to traders. It is in contemplation to
make a good road from Zungeru to Kano, and what is now
required is that merchants with enterprise shall import carts
or mechanical transport (pending the construction of the light
railway), and take advantage of the opportunities iM offered.
The existing monopoly in Northern Nigeria was its salvation at
a time when a number of rival traders, with warehouses side
by side, at some two or three stations on the Niger, bid against
each other for a limited output of native produce, the quantity
of which was not appreciably increased by their competition
and consequently enhanced prices. It is now an anachronism,
and retards the development of the country, which is large
enough, and offers opportunities enough, for many firms with­
out mutual interference. Since the great obstacle to the
advent of competition is the difficulty of procuring transport
up the Niger (the Niger Company alone possessing river
vessels), I am considering how far Government may be able
to assist all merchants alike by conveying a limited quantity
of merchandise up river in Government vessels.
111. I would more particularly welcome development on
specialised lines. One firm might undertake the carrying trade
as " transport riders," and, by utilising draught transport and
steamers, collect produce at various depots. Failing British
initiative, I shall hope to utilise the Tripoli merchants and the
Asbenawa with their camels. (As a beginning I engaged 50
of the camels of the latter to accompany me to Sokoto and back
to Kano, and I hGpe soon to be able to induce them to accept
contracts for carrying telegraph and building materials, and
15571 B
00 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

•tores in the northern provinces.) Another might undertake

the development of the cotton and cocoa* industries. With /
regard to cotton, the following note (dated December 9th,
1902), furnished me by the Niger Company, gives some pre­
cise and useful information: —
" As far back as 1888 the question of working com­
mercially the indigenous cotton was considered, and
samples of small shipments &ent home. As shipped
it mucH resembled rough Peruvian, and was market­
able at about equal value, say then bd. to b\d. per lb,
"At that time it was decided to make trials,in the
various experimental plantations and in other parts of
Northern and Southern Nigeria. Trials were made with
Egyptian and American cotton seed, &c. (Georgian,
Nankin, Louisiana, Sea-island, and Garo Hill.)
"The trial #*re in almost every case eminently
satisfactory. Altogether several hundredweights of
cotton wern sent home from various parts of Nigeria, of
course lu ug been prepared in a primitive fashion.
The reports irom Liverpool, Manchester, and London re­
ferred to the length and strength, and valued as follows:
Egyptian cotton b\d., as against Q%d. marketable
Egyptian. On the samples of the other cottons the
valuation varied from bd. to Qd. per lb., and would
average over b\d. which was then the market value of
}

middling American. The Directors having satisfied

themselves that there was a future for cotton in Nigeria,
postponed any larger experiments, knowing that the
labour difficulty could not be immediately overcome.
Considering that there were large quantities of vegetable
products awaiting collection, and wasting yearly through
native lethargy, the time was not considered ripe for the
development of the cotton industry." ;
In respect of agriculture and sylvan produce, it would be
necessary to import seed, and, as I have said, to introduce the
4t
American " or Indian plough used in South Africa, and to
teach the natives the use of animals, and of machinery, for
agricultural purposes. i
112. In a word the chief needs of Northern Nigeria now
are (1) cheap transport, and (2) European competition, for the
development of its natural resources, and the introduction of
new articles of commercial value. Any new qomers would
find the Administration keenly eager to assist in every possible
way, and ready itself to share in the pioneer work and expenses,
0
Cocoa was started 10 years ago in the Gold Coast Colony, and the valio
this yenr of the exports is estimated at .280,000. The* results in the
Oameroons are even more striking.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 07

but such development should not rest on the shoulders of Gov­

ernment alone, nor in the past history of our commerce has
British trade looked to the initiative of Governments to lead
the way for unenterprising merchants.
113. I hadi hoped to be able in this report to give some
statistics of the imports from Lagos, but the Resident
of Illorin has been too much pressed with the multi­
farious duties of his post to be able as yet to ascertain
these with any degree of accuracy, nor have I been able up
to now to summarise and produce in tabular form the statistics
regarding trade which I have received from the various pro-
vinces. The new caravan tolls will afford valuable data on this
head, which I hope to incorporate in my next report. I was
aware that an enormous quantity of merchandise passed to and
from the northern States and Illorin, but I was not prepared
for the actual volume which I saw on my way from
Zungeru to Zaria. It is simply amazing, and! nowhere in
Africa did I conceive that there was anything like it. The
road I traversed is hut one of several routes, and along
the whole route one meets a continual stream of laden
men, women, and asses, numbering thousands, together
with ceaseless herds of live stock. The value of mer­
chandise passing through Bida was estimated at £49,860.
The heads of the caravans expressed great pleasure at
the complete safety of the roads. During the year the Niger
Company's cash trade again increased very largely, but no
returns are given, since they prefer that the statistics on this
head should be treated as confidential.

TRADE.
114. I append tables (Appendix VI.) showing in detail the
imports and exports by the Niger Company. They show
a falling-off in the total of £35,552. The value of the
exports only decreased by £4,881. The shea crop failed
this year, as it occasionally does, and accounted for a decrease
of £17,446. Since this was due entirely to natural and excep­
tional causes, it may be expected id reoover itself fully next
year. Apart from this it will be seen that the value of other
exports increased by £12,615, in spite of the decrease in
ivory, due to the advent of the German expedition in the
hinterland of the Cameroons and the prohibition they have
placed upon its export. The bulk of the ivory has in past
years come from German Adamawa and has been steadily
decreasing. The trade of the Protectorate may therefore be
said to be increasing in a satisfactory way. The dispropor­
tionate decrease in imports of £30,721, with a corresponding
decrease in duties of £3,238, can only be due to the consump­
tion of existing stocks On powder alone, for instance, £12,000
had. I am told, been paid in duties in 1900 and the stocks are
still unconsumed.
15571 E 2
68 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

115. During the yea* Messrs. John Holt & Company estab­
lished factories at Lokoja and at Quendon, but I have not
been able to obtain any statistics of the trade they have done.
The trade carried on by petty traders is, I believe, very largely
on the increase, especially that of small Lagos merchants at
Illorin. The Lagos returns for the year show a very marked
increase in the importation of cotton goods, and I think that
a great portion of the amount is due to the large increase in
imports into Northern Nigeria (chiefly via Illorin) from
Lagos.
116. I think I may say that the two primary objects for the
development of trade, which I noted in my last report, have
now been to a large extent realised, viz., (1) the inclusion of
the northern States under administrative control and the open­
ing up of the markets they supply, and (2) the suppression of
Alave raiding and the safeguarding of the main routes froin
pillage and robbery. I am informed that the consequent in^
crease of trade is enormous, and along the whole route to Zaria
I constantly met women travelling alone, and all caravans
were practically unarmed. The employment of armed forces
by the Fulani on the one hand has been completely prohibited,
but among the pagans in the difficult hills to the south and
west of Bautshi the pastime of cutting up traders still pre­
vails to some extent. It would have been manifestly unfair
to coerce these free pagans so long 4s Eano and others were
left free to raid and capture them, but it now remains to
render these lesser routes as safe as the main arteries, and to
compel the lawless bands to cease from pillage, for which/with
the cessation of Fulani slave raids, they have no longer any
excuse. The general sense of security afforded by the admin­
istration is well instanced by the fact that since our troops have
occupied Argungu (in order to escort French caravans across
British territory, and later for the protection of the Boundary
Commission) traders from Sokoto and Gando have entered the
town in increasing numbers. Seeing that Argungu has been
at war with the Fulani more or less for the last 100 years,
such a thing as the advent of Sokoto people to Argungu was
unheard of, and it is a testimony to the attitude of the people
towards us that where our troops go the traders and indigenous
population feel they are safe. It was again strikingly mani­
fested in the Kano campaign, when the traders by hundreds
met our Jroops on the march daily, and there was no break
whatever in the trade, and it was in fact greater than at any
previous time. So again in the east, the pagan tribes who
have for years been hostile to Baukhi, now come to trade
peeceably in the market, relying on the protection and security
afforded by the Government.
117. The next objects to be achieved are (1) the improvement
of means of transport, as already suggested, and (2) the estab­
lishment of depots and purchasing agencies in the interior to
 NORTHERN NIGBBIA> 1902.

collect and purchase existing products and introduce new ones

(as, for instance, half way between Bornu and Yola, and be­
tween Zaria and Zungeru), and to compete on the spot with
the trade to Tripoli and the north.
>

NATURE OF TRADE.
118. I have dwelt strongly on this point in former reports,
and I there observed that the imports into Northern Nigeria
are exclusively of a useful kind (cottons, hardware, &c), the
produce of British industry conveyed in British ships, and do
not include liquor, which is a foreign article largely trans­
ported in foreign ships, and which adds nothing to the progress
of the people. I added also that the trade we are developing
is in substitution of the trade in slaves, which has hitherto
formed the main traffic in Northern Nigeria. These points
are worth recalling, for, although Northern Nigeria has cost,
and is yearly costing, the British taxpayer a very large sum
of money, it is satisfactory to bear in mind that the markets
which are being opened up are markets for British industries,
and that, though Governments are not philanthropic institu­
tions, the outlay of the taxpayers' money has resulted in the
suppression of a vast slave trade and the cessation of the worst
and most extensive slave-raiding system in Africa. Though
it would seem to be of late somewhat the fashion to scoff at
forcible measures undertaken for suppressing slave raiding, I
venture to say that in the last three years the results achieved
in this direction in Nigeria have been effective, and attended
probably by less bloodshed than perhaps fifty years of dhow-
catching on the east coast, for which a large sum was yearly
voted by Parliament, estimated, I believe, at not less than
£200,000 per annum. If the British taxpayer likes to have
u
something to show for his money," I think he may rest
assured that his contributions have not been ill-spent in
Northern Nigeria, and have already produced an amelioration
in the condition of the people which cannot be expressed in
terms of £ s. d., while the future promises well for his trade.

MINERALS.

119. A large number of "exclusive prospecting licences"

under Ihe Minerals Proclamation were taken out during the
year, but, with the exception of the Niger Company, the
syndicates do not appear to have produced any very tangible
results so far. The Chairman of the Niger Company in his
annual report speaks as follows of the results of their prospect­
ing expedition under Mr. Nicolaus in the Bautshi Province: —
" The tin that is found is alluvial in coarse and fine grains.
It can be secured very pure by simply washing the sands
and gravel, the resulting product, technically known as black
10 COLONIkli *B*OBTS~ANNIU;U

tin, haying a value oi £73 sterling per ton without smelting.

The tin contains no impurities whatever detrimental to its
melting and it would not even require to be refined.
"Mr. Nicolaus has brought home samples which he tells
us are the result of promiscuous washing of sand and gravel
in the river and give a fair criterion of their value. The
produce of black tin is calculated at the average value of this
quarter's prices, i.e., £73 per ton. The average value of a
ton of river gravel is, by the samples, £1 6$. 6J., the approxi­
mate cost of treating the same would, at the outside figure.,
not come to more than 2$. On the above calculations he
points out that as a mining venture, situated as this is, the
profits on working the lin deposits even in a rough and ready
maimer would be considerable.
" The prospecting brought to light that the coarser grained
alluvial tin did not travel further than about three miles
from the range of hills down the river. The richest of the
stanniferous gravels and sands in and near the river and its
tributaries extend a distance of about 11 miles, which is the
only area worked for stream tin by the natives. The fine tin
can be traced for a distance of about 14 miles, making alto­
gether a length of about 25 miles of river commercially work­
able for tin.
"The question of transport is one on which hangs the life
of every commercial undertaking or industry in that part of
the country, but, in the opinion of Mr. Nicolaus, it is in no
way insurmountable.
u
He concludes his report by saying ' We have great pleasure
in being able to assure you of the evident richness of the
areas we have advised being held in tin-bearing gravels and
the fairly conclusive evidence of tin ore being found in the
granite. In comparing the value of the area with other
alluvial tin fields, irrespective of its situation and question
of transport, you will see that its possibilities and capabilities
are great, and although tho purpose of the expedition was to
locate the tin area, ample evidence has, we think, been secured
for its further prospecting and development/ "

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE.

120. The tables in Appendix VII. show the expenditure
and receipts (estimated) for the last completed financial year,
together with the actual figures of previous years.
121. The cost of the Northern Nigeria Regiment of the
West African Frontier Force (direct and indirect) ubsorbs
a very great part of the revenue, and it must be remembered
that this force is not merely a local asset. During the greater
part of 1900 a large part of it was employed in quelling the
rising in Ashanti; in the following year a strong detachment-
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. n
was again sent to that country; and in the year under review
a force was sent to Southern Nigeria to assist in the Aro
expedition.

COINAGE.
122. The quantity of specie imported during the year is
as follows:—
1901. 1902.
£> 8. d, •€ d.
Gold , 3,000 0 0 ... —
Silver 90,000 0 0 ... 147,000 0 0
Bronse 360 0 0 ... —

Total 93,350 0 0 ... 147,000 0 0

From Niger Company 2,109 19 4 ... 11,425 16 0

The use of slaves as currency, to which I referred in my last
report, has been abolished, and may, I think, be said to h&ve
practically ceased throughout the whole Protectorate, though
of course the buying and selling of slaves still goes on illicitly
to a large extent. The area of circulation of British currency
is continually increasing. The new coin with His Majesty's
effigy was introduced in 1902 and is apparently popular. I
impressed upon the rulers of Kano, Sokoto, and Katsena the
necessity and advantage of at once bringing British silver into
effective circulation. So soon as British currency becomes
thoroughly understood and accepted at Kano, I anticipate that
it will rapidly become popularised throughout the whole Pro­
tectorate. The recently imposed taxes, especially the caravan
tolls, will tend greatly to its promotion. The value of cowries
varies from time to time and increases as they are carried
further northwards. The number of cowries equal to 1$. is
approximately as follows:—
Yola, 1,200. Kano, 1,200.
Illorin, 4,000. Katsena, 1,200.
Bida, 3,000. Sokoto, 1,200.
Lokoja, 2,500. Kontagora, 2,500.
Illo, 1,000. Nassarawa, 2,400.
Zaria, 2,000.
JUDICIAL.
123. The appointment of a Chief Justice at the end of
1901 enabled me to institute an effective Supreme Court; and
a new series of Proclamations, together with Rules of Court,
have been enacted for the Supreme, the Provincial, and the
Cantonment Courts, The principles adopted in the original
judicial administration have been retained with some few
modifications, notably that the jurisdiction of the Supreme
Court may be, and has been, extended over the whole Pro­
tectorate by "'Gazette" notice, and that the Cantonment
 72 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL*

Courts are now affiliated to tie Supreme Court, The latter

has now concurrent jurisdiction everywhere with the Pro-
vincial Courts, and the Cantonment Magistrate is a Com­
missioner of the Supreme Court. The procedure of the
Courts has been regularised by rules. The great dis­
tances and defective communications still render any cir­
cuit system impossible. A very great improvement ; is
noticeable in the working of the Provincial Courts. Every
Cause List is checked by the Attorney-General and by
the High Commissioner; and the Cause List itself, accom­
panied by a prScis of cases and full minutes of all
requiring confirmation, operates, as before, as an appeal
on. behalf of the condemned. Residents without excep­
tion have taken great pains to improve their judicial
work, and with most satisfactory results. The offence of
" personation " and of extortion in the name of the Govern­
ment still remains exceedingly rife throughout the Protectorate
and causes an incalculable amount of oppression and misery.
A new Proclamation giving increased powers in respect of
this crime has been drafted.*

LEGISLATION.
124. The following is a list of the laws enacted during the
year 1902: —
1. Liquor Prohibition.—Amending the existing law with­
out change of principle.
2 and 3. Customs and Customs Tariff.—Providing for the
management and regulation of customs, and imposing
a tariff identical with that of Southern Nigeria and:
Lagoj*. All goods which pay duty at ports in either
of these two administrations are exempt from further
customs in Northern Nigeria, They form, of course,:
practically th6 entire bulk of the imports.
4. Non-natives Registration Amendment.—Disallowed owing
to a technical error and re-drafted. Its scope is to
exempt Government officials from the necessity of
registration.
#
Personation is carried on (1) by independent scoundrels, who go from
place to place demanding slaves, sheep, and cattle, or other property, in the
name of the white man ; (2) by discharged carriers, who loot as they please in
the towns through which they pass ; and (3) by Government employees, sol­
diers, and civil agents. I have already described how one of the most trusted
political agents has recently been convicted, after a long trial, and was
found to have 65 slaves in his possession, while his subordinate had 30.
The great difficulty in the last class of case is to induce the people to come
forward and give evidence. In the second class there is always the danger
of false accusations, for the purpose of securing compensation for wrongs
never done. I took occasion as I passed through each town, on my way
from Zungeru to Kano, to summon the chiefs, and roiterated to each one
that they were at liberty to seize and bring before the Resident nil persons
making such demands, whicb were never genuine.
 • NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 73

6. Minerals Proclamation.—Laying down the conditions for

mining and prospecting.
6. Supreme Court.—Vide Section "Judicial," Supra.
7. Cantonment Courts.—Vide Section "Judicial," Supra.
S. Prisons.—For the establishment and regulation of prisons.
9. Provincial (hurts.—Vide Section "Judicial," Supra.
10. West African Frontier Force.—In identical terms,
mutatis mutandis, with those enacted by all other
Colonies in West Africa, constituting the Northern
Nigeria Regiment and forming the Military Code.
[No. 10 of 1901 was never brought into operation and
was superseded by the present enactment.]
11. Petitions of Right Proclamation.
12. Patents.—Identical, mutatis mutandis, with other West
African Colonies.
13. Lands Proclamation Amendment.
14. Departmental Offences.—Conferring power on heads of
departments to inflict small fines upon subordinates.
15. Protection of trees within half a mile of Government
Stations.
16. Crown Lands.—Vesting the lands taken over from the
Royal Niger Company in the High Commissioner.
17. Surrender of the murderers of Captain Keyes to the
French Government for trial.
18. Niger Navigation.—Giving effect to the Berlin Act.
19. Unsettled districts—Prohibiting unauthorised persons
from entering certain districts.
20. Niger Transit.—Enacting regulations for transit on the
Niger.
21. Telegraphs.—Regulating construction of lines and penal­
ising the divulging of messages and other matters
in connection with telegraphs.
22. Master and Servant.—Regulating the relations between
employer and employed, and engagement of labour
for service in or beyond the Protectorate.
125. In addition, various regulations under existing Pro­
clamations have been made, more especially under " The Wild
Animals Preservation Proclamation," Postal Regulations
under Proclamation 18 of 1900, and Telegraph Regulations
under No. 21 of 1902, Ac.
SLAVERY.

126. As regards slavery I am now able to take a much

stronger line than before, in accordance with the conditions
of appointment for Emirs which I have laid down in each
case. Hitherto there has been no law against dealing in slaves,
other than in slaves moved from one place to another for sale,
 74 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

or those recently enslaved. It would have been but a pious

resolution—an edict pour rire—to have declared the buying
and selling of domestic slaves illegal, so long as the Adminis­
tration was as yet unable to enforce prohibition, and slave
dealing was sanctioned by tlie suzerain at Sokoto, the central
slave market at Kano remaining beyond our control. The
prohibition against all dealing in slaves has now been publicly
declared, and publicly acquiesced in in these capital cities
themselves, and I have already submitted a new Proclamation
giving effect to this edict. I do not, however, propose to inter­
fere with the serfdom of the agricultural peasantry, or the
house-born domestics of the cities, in so far as avoidance is
compatible with the abolition of the " legal status " which has
already been declared. The anomaly under which the law of
the Protectorate admits the right of every human creature to
assert, his freedom, while the executive desiree not to interfere
with the only existing form of labour contract, or to overturn
the social system, is one which, of course, presents constant
difficulties. These can only be met in a practical way by
dealing with each case on its merits. The cases which present
themselves fall usually into certain classes, and with these 1
have dealt in a series of instructions to Residents. I regret
that space precludes the possibility of a fuller examination
here of this very intricate question. I can only say in brief
that one class of cases is r< ally rather a question of divorce than
of slavery, and can be dealt with as such by Native Courts.
Another, that of farm servants, adscripti glebae, involves the
right of taking up new lands, and, when necessary, can be
dealt with on those lines. Others, such as cases of ill-usage,
sale of a house-born slave, &c, are already liberally dealt with
by the Koranic law, which needs only to be enforced.

FREED SLAVES HOME.

127. The returns from the Freed Slaves Home are not en­
tirely accurate; its management has so frequently changed
hands, and it was only put on a proper basis during the year.
They show a total of 46 inmates on December 31st, 1901.
During the year 173 have been received at the home, of whom
144 have been discharged as follows:—Married, 38; appren­
ticed, 1; died, 60; left the home, 45. That the death roll has
6

been very heavy has been largely due to the fact that the
small children generally arrive in a starved condition and die
before they can be restored to health. It is also due to the
fact that at first I had no place in which to put them, the
conditions were deplorable, and the water bad. I receive a
monthly report, and of late the Medical Officer's certificate
has been as follows:—"Health good, sanitation satisfactory,
• food sufficient and of good quality." As soon as the new Freed
Slaves Home, with matron's house attached, is completed, I
shall have the institution under my own eye at Zungeru, and
I look for a very great improvement in the conditions.
 NOKTHB'lN NIGERIA, 1902. 75

NUMBER FREED.

It is impossible to render a return of the total number of

slaves freed during the year At the capture of Ibrahim of
Kontagora, some thousands of uewty enslaved persons were
freed. The Muri province, from which 74 of the children at
the home were received, reports a total of 543. la Bornu I
learn that in addition to the adults who have gone to their
homes, about 200 children and others are on their way down.
"The occupation of Kano," writes the Resident, "has dealt
1
a severe blow to the slave trade from Bornu/ e.g., from
Baghirmi and Adamawa vid Dikwa.

NATIVE COUNTS.

128. The Court of the Alkali (El Kadi) offers an admirable

machinery for the native administration of justice, more es­
pecially in civil actions, and in most of the great cities it is
presided over by men of much learning, with a keen apprecia­
tion of the impartiality and supremacy of the law. The Emir
of Bida, for instance, announced in his speech at the annual
Mohammedan festival of the Sala, that he himself would, if
summoned by the Court, appear before it; and the theory of
the supremacy of the judicial over the executive is acknowledged
by them all. Something has been done to regulate the scale
of fines and fees, and summaries of cases tried and awards given
are sent to me monthly by most of the Courts.
129. The question of tribunals for pagan communities is a
more difficult one. The whole question is as yet in embryo,
and in a matter of such vital and grave importance, I have
felt that no action should be taken until we are in possession
of full information as to existing systems, the theory and basis
of the codes employed, the scale of punishments inflicted, the
adequacy of existing systems to meet requirements, and the
« direction in which improvements can be judiciously introduced
without sapping the vitality or destroying the groundwork of
such institutions as may exist. During the past year and a
half a great deal of information has been collected on the subject
of native judicial procedure, both Mohammedan and pagan, and
during the coming year I hope to be able to deal with the
question. For in this, as in all other matters affecting sub­
ordinate races, I hold strongly that the hasty introduction of
revolutionary " improvements " is to be deprecated, and I have
impressed upon Residents that systems eminently suitable for
Europeans, or for Asiatics, are often opposed to the prejudices
and root ideas of Africans. As an illustration I may remark
that there rightly exists in Europe and in Asia a rooted pre­
judice to flogging, knd a great partiality for imprisonment,
whereas in Africa—East, West, and South—and especially in
West Africa, flogging is a national punishment, carrying with
 76 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

it none of the stigma that it does among more highly developed

people?}, while imprisonment is often either a farce, or in­
human., or else wholly misunderstood. Flogging is the common
punishment inflicted by Native Courts on men and women
alike. It is usual to allow the condemned to " buy his
lashes/' and this is commonly done. In most cases the inflic­
tion is humane, the rule being that the flogger must retain
cowries under his armpit, which prevents the infliction of a
severe blow. On the other hand, I recall an instance in 1900
where, after the Political Officer Lad for months with the
exercise of great tact and patience won the confidence of a
section of intractable Munshis, the whole of his work was
undone and lost by the infliction of a small sentence of im­
prisonment. " We thought," said they, " that you did not
make slaves like the Fulani, and we now see that you do."
130. I hope, in a future report, to deal more fully with this
subject of Native Courts and native jurisdiction. I will hero,
therefore, make but one further observation. I have hitherto
in Northern Nigeria adhered to the principle that the Native
Courts shall carry out their own sentences, subject to the
general supervision of Residents, whose duty it is to see (as
far its they can) that the sentence is not manifestly unjust, or
the punishment inhuman. No prisoners condemned to im­
prisonment by a Native Court are confined in a British gaol.
I feel strongly that the Executive which carries into effect a
punishment should be itself fully responsible for the justice
of the sentence, and in the present stage I cannot saddle
Residents with responsibility for the justice of the sentences
of Native Courts; their duties are too multifarious to admit
of their being present at all trials in such Courts, and} pending
a closer connection between the British and native judicial
administration, I do not desire to identify the British Executive
in the eyes of the people with what may, on closer examina­
tion, prove to be native injustice. The two, therefore, at
present run more or less independently, and the Native and
British Courts have concurrent jurisdiction; the former are
supervised by the Residents and by myself alone; the latter by
the Judicial Officers of the Protectorate and by myself. The
Native Courts are for the most part reported as doing well.
In some of them Hausas have been admitted as members, and
an oath is now administered. It is found that this has a very
useful effect.

SENOUSSI.

131. Enquiry from every Province has elicited the informa­

tion that there is practically no Senoussi cult in Northern
Nigeria except possibly* in Bornu. The fact is that the reli­
gious influence of Soko*o has perhaps been hardly appreciated
by those who have dreamt of some great Senoussi organisa­
tion in this country. The Mussulmans of Northern Nigeria
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902, 7?

and of a great area lying beyond British territory look to

the Sultan of Sokoto as the " Sarikin Muslimin," and for all
practical purposes he is their sole head, though the Mecca
pilgrimage is carried out by a very few, and the " Sultan of
Stan^bou!" is, I believe, recognised as a shadowy and dis­
tant Pope. Captain Moll, the French Boundary Commis­
sioner, informed me that from Agades, 350 miles to the north,
to Timbuctoo, 600 miles to the west, the selection of every
king must be confirmed by Sokoto, and is invalid until so
confirmed. The Senoussi, therefore, can effect no hold on
Nigeria until he has destroyed the dominant influence of
Skkoto. I realised fully the importance of the ceremony
when we created a new Sultan, since his influence I knew
would extend far beyond British territory, and my words
regarding the freedom of religion and my attitude generally
would be carried by fleet messengers over thousands of miles
of desert throughout the Sudan. It was, therefore, with
the greatest possible satisfaction that I left Sokoto on such
cordial terms, and I have every confidence that Major Burdon
(who is known throughout the country as the friend of the
Fulani) will maintain and increase this cordial goodwill;
for indeed I regard it as an important matter to secure and
to utilise this potent religious influence in aid and support of
the administration. I think I may say that the policy hitherto
pursued has enlisted it on our side. The Senoussi has, of
course, made many efforts to gain a footing. To Kano, for
instance, an emissary, named Mohammed Sidi, came four
vears ago and stayed twenty days. He was treated with
courtesy but not allowed to preach. I have heard of other
emissaries, but it would seem that all have been treated in
much the same way.

MISSIONS.

132. The Toronto Mission has acquired a site for its experi­
mental farm work at Pataji, opposite the Kaduna mouth,
and it appears to be doing well with the cultivation of cotton,
of which I sent them some of the new seed. The Church
Missionary Society's establishment at Loko has been
moved to Qhirko, near Zaria, with my concurrence.
The Churqh Missionary Society at Oyo (Lagos) have
applied to establish a mission at Illorin, and to this
the people are much opposed. I am myself of opinion
that it is unwise and unjust to force missions upon
the Mohammedan population, for it must be remembered that
without the moral support ol Government these missions)
would not be tolerated. In effect, therefore, the mission ob­
tains its footing on the support of British bayonets, and if they
are established by order of Government the people have some
cause to disbelieve the emphatic pledges I have given that
their religion shall in no way be interfered with. I have, how-
78 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL

ever, held out evety encouragement to establish missions in

pagan centres, which appear to me to need the influence of
civilisation and religion at least as much as the Mohammedans,
but I regret to say that the local Church Missionary Society
representative at Oyo did not agree with my views, replying
that if they were to wait for the concurrence of the Moham­
medan chiefs they might wait for ever. The Roman Catholic
Mission of the Holy Ghost, which has done most excellent
work in Southern Nigeria, have applied to establish a mission
at Ibi, among the pagans, and to open a freed slaves home and
a freed slave village there. I havei secured for them the
necessary sites, and I believe they intend to open the mission
shortly.

EDUCATION.

133. With the exception of the infant school and the

training of girls in laundry work afforded in the Freed
Slaves Home and the openings for technical education
as apprentices in the Public. Works Department work­
shops, and in the Telegraph, Printing, and Marine De­
partments, I have as yet been unable to do anything
with the resources at my disposal for education. Look­
ing to the fact that these resources must for a long time hence
be very limited, I fear that the Administration can do little
more than continue the present opportunities for technical
education, and endeavour by very small grants, devoted per­
haps to the appointment of an English-speaking native, to
improve the primary education given in the Mohammedan
schools. My desire would be limited at present to teaching
the children English, and possibly to substituting by degrees
the Roman for the Arabic character. How far this may be
practicable I am not yet aware.

FRENCH FLOTILLA.

134. A second French flotilla, under Captain Fourneau, con­

sisting of one other officer, four non-commissioned officers,
276 sailors and natives (French subjects), two labourers, five
native soldiers and an interpreter, with 19 barges and one steel
canoe, arrived at the French concession near Bajibo on Feb­
ruary 12th and 16th. Captain Fourneau was unable to comply
with the conditions of transit laid down in the Transit Pro­
clamation, but as ho had left Europe before he could be
acquainted with the law, I allowed him to tranship and land
at places not declared as ports of entry, and waived the
obligations with regard to seals, &c., in this instance,
warning him that any future convoy must comply with the
strict law. The flotilla read • the frontier safely with the
loss of one barge only.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 79

BOUNDARY COMMISSIONS.
135. The Anglo-French Commission, consisting of Lieu­
tenant-Colonel Elliot, Royal Engineers, and two subalterns
with several non-commissioned officers, since increased by the
appointment of another Royal Engineer officer and a doctor,
etc., reached Lokoja on November 1st. Their task is to
carry on the delimitation of the north-western and northern
boundary from the Niger to Chad, taking it up from the
point on the Niger where Lieutenant-Colonel Lang-Hyde and
Commandant Tout^e left it in 1900, and carrying it round the
arc described around the town of Sokoto (radius 100 miles).
After some delay at Lokoja and Jebba, the party started up the
Niger, all arrangements for carriers and canoes being made
for them by the Resident of Borgu, and reached IHo on Decem­
ber 25th. Here they were shortly aft^r joined by Captain Moll,
the French Commissioner, and h'.s ,rty, and by February
18th, 1903, they had completed their survey up to the first
intersection of the arc with the 14th parallel. The Commission
will pass within 20 miles of Katsena, and, as I have now been
able to establish a garrison and depot at that place, the
supplies which Colonel Elliot needs can be sent up to
await him there. Had it not been for the recent inclusion of
Kano and Katsena under the Administration, the very greatest
difficulty would have been experienced in forwarding these
supplies, and the safety of the party would have been a matter
of anxiety to me. It can now traverse a country which, so
far as the British side is concerned, will, I have every reason
to believe, be peaceable and friendly throughout. The British
.escort consists of two officers and 50 men of the Northern
Nigeria Regiment, West African Frontier Force.
In January, 1903, the Anglo-German Commission to delimit
our frontier with the Kameruns reached Lokoja. The British
section consists of Lieutenant-Colonel Jackson, R.E., three
Royal Engineer officers, and a doctor. They left without
delay in canoes by way of the Benue, but as that river was
at the time at its lowest, they would have to march a con­
siderable part of the way. Their escort of two officers and
'75 rank and file, with a maxim, is commanded by Captain
MacCarthy Morrogh, West African Frontier Force, who ac­
companied Colonel Morland to Bornu and knows the country,
>

and he has made all arrangements for carriers and horses.

Their task is to delimit the frontier from Yola to Chad*
136 I am informed that a considerable number of people
(among others the Tessawa, to whom I have alluded) are im­
migrating into British territory from the north and north-west.
* The Residents of both Bornu and Yola also inform me that people
are flocking across the frontier in considerable numbers on
our eastern and north-eastern boundaries.
80 COLONIAL HEFpKTS—ANNUAL.

MEDICAL,

137. The total cost of the Medical Department for the finan­
cial year 1901-1902 was £16,130 (deducting receipts for
hospital charges, &c), being iJ5,000 under the estimate. The
staff w as follows:—

Should be in
Establishment.
Africa.

1901-02. 1902-03. 1901-02. 1902-03.

Doctors 21 24 14 16
Male Subordinates 27 14 18 9
Nursing Sisters ... 12 12 8 8
Native Assistants 19 16 19 16
and Servants.

138. Under the management of the Principal Medical Officer,

Dr. McDowell, C.M.G., the hospitals and medical establishment
generally have been efficient and well-organized. The medical
staff is now distributed over an area of about 300,000 square
miles, in medical charge of the various stations in the Pro­
vinces. The marked improvement in the health of the Euro­
peans, to which I called attention in my last report, has
been well maintained.
139. I hope next year to establish dispensaries for the free
treatment of natives at all centres of the administration. The
small sum required for the building of such dispensaries at
Lokoja and Zungeru has been provided. The result will, I
hope, be to confer a great benefit on the people, to popularise
our rule, and to check the present mortality. Investigations
into the causes of the great mortality among native infants,
estimated by Dr. Miller, C.M.S., at 50 per cent., will, I hope,
result in a diminution of this evil. My own opinion is that the
main cause is the horribly insanitary condition of the native
cities, which Residents are already doing what they can to
improve.

SANITATION.

140. The deplorable state of things described in my report

for 1901 has been very greatly improved, but the constant
s
struggle against the exuberant growth of grass and t, eds
is a weary and a costly one. I hope by holding each tenant
of a Government bungalow responsible for an area round •
his house, aud by laying out a considerable portion as public
gardens, to reduce considerably the area of waste land which
cantonment labour must keep clean.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902.

CLIMATE.
141. The climate of Northern Nigeria, situated as it is
between the 7th and 14th parallels of north latitude, is, of
H 99
course, tropical, but the prevalence of the Hamattan wind,
which blows from the north-east for half the year or more,
modifies the temperature in a very marked and even extra­
ordinary degree. This wind, coming from the dry desert of
the Sahara, is singularly devoid of moisture, andi the evapora­
tion produced when it meets the moist air of the Niger valley,
and even in the plains to the north, results in a great fall of
temperature. In the extreme case where the wind, without
Having absorbed any moisture, meets the mists and vapours
of Lake Chad, I believe that the temperature falls below
freezing point. Generally speaking, throughout Northern
Nigeria the nights are cold for the greater part of the year.
During the rainy season, July to November, the atmopphere
99
is laden with moisture, and a " damp heat results. For the
rest of the year, the " Hamattan," and the total absence of
rain render the air extraordinarily dry. The climate of
Northern Nigeria is probably far more healthy than that of
the Coast, to the climate of which it only approximates in
the close vicinity of the river. The highlands of Bautshi
enjoy a charming climate, and throughout the greater part
of the country the climate is not, I think, exceptionally trying.
The health of Europeans in the centres of Lokoja and Zungeru
has been improved in a very marked degree by the better
housing, the sanitation, and the better means of living, which
have been introduced in the last year or two.
COLOJUlL

i 4 ills 1 1 1 i j l j i
1

.11 fi«MH 1 j 1 1 1
+ + +111+

p.S fcSS II 1 1 1 l$& *

o

ill f^UI Ml l i s
H.S
i
-go -
in the Shade.
Temperature
Lowest

£8£ ( ( iii |S8

• <N
cn
41* r

<3> CT><J> O
$1* H.g
| j | l OiCTt
.,
...
Month.

..
...
January ...

September
November
December
February

Jane ...

October
Auguet
March
April

Jaly
May
 TSOBTHBfcS NIGERIA, 1902.

rH »-< CO iH <N <§CO

a!" I I <M iO ^ ^ *H <N

&«
.3 + I I+++I I I

0
O 00 vO ° <fr

0
1: <8

2<?

2 ^
. 8 8 I G> CO t£ A
S 3
c

2.2

O
Kg

o c o <y>cc ck<y» cr>

si O H H

1 * • • • • • • • • •

! • • 5 J
s a * o'
 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

1
Variation.
Diurnal
&\ 1 I I H l l g g l i

PR | | | | | | | S &5 S co c§
in the Shade.
Temperature

-4i to <o a <o

Mean

* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Temperature
Lowest

(M IO CO t- r-i
in the Shade. in the Shade.

Ji, j J j | | | | CDCCOICO
O
Temperature
Highest

, CP (N 00 <0 ^
| | | | | | | OD o o> cr> o>
O
i

i
O
M
...

November...
December...
August ...
September
February

October
March
April
Jane
July
May
 kORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902.

EUROPEANS.

143. The number of Europeans in the service of the Govern­

ment is made up as follows: —
•- /

1900-1901. 1901-1902. 1902-1&03.

Civil ... ... ... Ml 104 155 163

Milft ry •« • 200 163 157

Total „. • II 304 318 320

Should be in We*t Africa ... 202 212 214

These figures include the subordinates (British non-commis­

sioned officers, Public Works Department artisans, male
nurses, masters of river vessels, &c). The average number
of Europeans employed in Northern Nigeria by the Niger
Company has been 20, and by Messrs. Holt, 1. In addition
to these, occasional visits have been paid by the heads of these
firms to their stations in the Protectorate. The average num­
ber of white missionaries has been: —Church Missionary Society,
three or four; Toronto, 4. Several Europeans came to prospect;
and the French Flotilla and the German Adamawa Expedi­
tion (vid Bokoja and Yola) introduced others for varying
periods.

PUBLIC WORKS.

144. Owing to the abnormal lowness of the river and the

lateness of the annual rise, it was not until September thai I
was able to transfer the headquarters from Jebba to Zungeru.
This was successfully accomplished without mishap, and for
the first time since the administration was set up I was able
to provide Public Offices for the Treasury, Secretariat and
printing and Military Brigade office. Only three out of the
five buildings designed for the purpose have as yet been
built, but the increase of space and general improvement was
an immense advance upon the makeshifts previously employed,
when a bungalow with three twelve-feet-square rooms had
to accommodate the European and native clerks and the
records of the Treasury, a similar house serving as Secre­
tariat, while my own office was the verandah of a similar
hut which served as Government House. The new Govern­
ment House is a comfortable building with an annexe which
provides quarters for the Private Secretary, and offices. It
66 ctftONUL fcx*OB**^k&KtoAk.

has been fitted with electric light by the adaptation of the

search-light dynamo taken over from the Royal Niger Com­
pany. It was, as described in my last report, at the very
end of 1901 (December 18th) that the section of light railway
from the Kaduna at Wushishi to Zungeru was sufficiently
completed to render it possible to move the building material
"thOTTOto'thenew site. Under the capable and indefatigable
efforts of Mr. Baglesome, Director of Public Works, and his
staff, who worked ceaselessly and with enthusiasm, sufficient
houses wefre ereoted to render the move possible in September,
though the lowness of the river delayed the arrival of neces­
sary material and threw back the work.
146. At the present time the following works have been
completed at Zungeru.
1. Three Public Offices of masonry, begun in 1901 by Captain
Molesworth.
2. A bridge over the Dago, 200 feet long, with masonry piers
26 feet high, and three bridges over ravines entering
it.
£ Th^ee miles df roadway wlnoli still require metalling.
4. ^Government House and annexe wifli power house for
dynartto, servant*' quarters, cook-house, stables, &c.
6. A large and excellent hospital with mortuary, &c.
15. Quarters for nursing sisters; one large house, with cook­
house.
7. Quarters for male subordinates; one house, with cook­
house.
8. Quarters for doctors; one house, with cookhouse.
9. Native hospital add native clerks' hoapitaL
10. A gaol, consisting of an enclosure 2*000 square
(yards in area, surrounded by a masonry wall 12 feet
A
to 16i feet in height. The interior building* are
not yet made, and temporary shedding is need for
the protection of the prisoners. The prison staff m
also not yet housed. These buildings will be under­
taken in the current year. The gaol will hold 200
prisoners.
n
It. Barradka for police and sdldiers will »be under|akwa 4
th<e current year. One armoury, one temporary
orderly room, two quarter-master's stores, one transport
officer^ store, have Been erected Armourer's *ijiop
and guard room require completion.
 NORTHERN NJOJBRU, 87

12. An o$cerp' mep& qpnsisjting of. pne. f o w - r a o j ^ bjpg^W*

ooojk-hpuse, $o.
.13. Wigkb jLivo-rpo&ied dwelling houses, accommodating 15
t&ffic#rp, yij?., two in leach (except the one allocated) to
$he pffiw commanding battalion), cookhouse and
. - L •

14. Quarters for civil officers. 3 four-roomed and 6 three-

roomed houses with cookhouses.
15. Slaves JJopie. One masonry .building in hand. Another
to .be built with quarters for jn^tron %nd lady super^-
tendent,
16. Thyee storehouses. Gunpark, gun store, andiFo^jtftagfr-

17. One non-commissioned officers' bungalow; a second to

be built this year. 1
18. One civil subordinates' bungalow; a second'to be built
this year.
19. The large number of native clerks, artisans, &c,
occupy temporary buildings at present, tut the native
quarter has been laid ont and the construction pi
suitable houses will be undertaken this yeajr. A
good deal remains also to be done to finally complete
the buildings named in some niinor DETAILS.
20. In addition to the above, the fencing around the
compounds of the houses is now being pushed for­
ward. Till this is done the waste land between build­
ings has to be kept in a sanitary state at the public
expense, and it is therefore an urgent matter.
21. The light railway has been extended for 10 pai^e to
Bari-juko, above which point tjie navigation qf ,t|IE
Kaduna to Wushishi is extremely precarious and
difficult. Necessary railway LANDINGS have still to
be made and the new section has to be ballasted.
The original twelve* miles from Wushishi to Zungeru
have been greatly improved by ^ballasting and
straightening, and the completion of the bridges, &e.
146. Two bungalows raised on 10 feet piles, each with five
large rooms, have been erected as rest-houses lor first and second
class passengers at Burutu, and a new wharf hap been begun.
147. At Lokoja the wharf has been practically completed.
A masonry bridge over the stream which runs through can­
tonments has been made. Two others are still required. Two
public offices for Marine Department, Public Works Depart­
ment, and Store and Issue Department (which have .their "head­
quarters at Lokoja) ^re completed, as also a large and satis­
factory post and telegraph office, all of masonry. Four addi­
tional three-roomed houses for Civil Staff have been put up,
 C0i,6NIAL kKP0k*8—AtititUL.

and one three-roomed and one two-roomed bungalow for

military officers. Three more two-roomed houses are now in
hand. A large masonry mess-house is in course of com-
4
pletion. Houses for British non-commissioned officers, to
replace the old huts, have still to be made, and the officers
'houses, Igun-park, artillery gun tetore an4 office^ artillery
guard-room, armoury, quarters for native prison staff,
two store sheds, a small Freed Slaves Home for chil­
dren en route to Zungeru, and various minor works with their
outhouses to be completed. One block of the regimental
barracks out of twelve is completed!. The police barracks
are not yet built. A great improvement has been effected
in the sanitation and cleanliness* of the place; drains have
been dug and roads made in every direction, but much
still remains to be* done. The gaol, accommodating 75
prisoners, and the magazine are completed. In both canton­
ments a large area of ground is unavoidably included which is
not suitable for building. I propose to convert some of this into
public gardens and so to prevent its becoming an insanitary
and unsightly piece of jungle. Four of the new type of clerk*'
houses have been erected, and additional ones are in course
of construction. The mile of mono-rail which has been in
use has proved invaluable in saving labour, especially in carry­
ing bricks, &c. The dwelling-houses are wooden bungalows
raised on iron or masonry supports.
148. Speaking generally, I may say that although some
few more houses are required, and military and police
barracks, together with a great number of houses for
clerks, artisans, prison staff, &c, remain to be erected,
the housing of Europeans and the office and store
accommodation at both centres are now fairly adequate and
satisfactory. There remains the large question of the accom­
modation and works required at out-stations, viz., at each
provincial headquarters, together with the headquarters
buildings for the new Mounted Infantry Battalion. In most
provinces there will be two political and one police and one
revenue officer, with probably two military officers and one
or more non-commissioned officers, for whom dwelling-houses
must be provided, together with a strong room for treasure
and ammunition, a court-house and office, a guard-room or
temporary gaol, and the necessary minor buildings, clerks
houses, cook-houses, stables, &c. A t present the greatest
difficulty prevails as to lock-ups at out-stations. Many
prisoners awaiting trial, or convicted of murder, whose arrest
had been effected with much trouble, have escaped. At
Illorin the Resident had to resort to confining his prisoners
in the native gaol—an extremely unsatisfactory method—with
the result that one died, three fell ill with small-pox, and
the remainder escaped. I propose in the coming year to
make a beginning in this direction, and I intend that at all
 KORTHERN NlGEtUA, 1902. 89

the stations distant from the river these buildings should be

of brick locally made in order to save the prohibitive cost of
transport of material; the doors, windows, roofing, and minor
fittings and furiiiture being alone transported up-country.
During the ensuing year provision has been made to begin
brick-making for these works, which will be constructed on
the most strictly economical lines. On their completion the
staff of the Protectorate will for the first time be housed in
something better than native huts, and no doubt health and
efficiency will be correspondingly increased, as it ha» b$en
to a notable extent in Lokoja and Zungeru. Zungeru has
proved to be admirably situated for the capital. The health
of Europeans and natives alike has been much better than at
Jebba, and the new large hospital has on some occasions for
quite long periods contained not a single patient.
149. On the whole very satisfactory progress has been made
in public works. This is due to the ability and untiring
energy of Mr. Eaglesome, and the money provided has, by
the study of economy in each detail, and by thorough and
constant supervision, been made to go a very long way, as the
list of works I have enumerated testifies. We are now able
to turn our attention outside the centres of Lokoja and Zun­
geru and to commence the necessary buildings at out-stations,
and begin the construction of roads which will cheapen trans­
port and promote trade.

TELEGRAPHS.

150. During the year and up to date (May, 1903) the follow­
ing extensions of the telegraph system have been completed: —
1. The line from Lokoja to Ibi and Yola has been carried
from Loko to Keffi, and thence as far as Lafia (total 140 miles).
I hope that this line will be completed to the Benue shortly,
but the cutting has been extremely heavy.
2. The line from Zungeru to Zaria was only begun on February
16th, and has been carried to Kagera (84 miles), whence a branch
line will be made to Kontagora. The main line to Zaria has
reached Wusheba (42 miles) and construction is being pushed
forward. Material for this line can be got as far as Zungeru
by water and rail, thence to Zaria is 170 miles, so that about
3,700 poles, weighing 100 lbs. each, have to be carried an
average distance of 85 miles, viz., including wire, &c, about
220 tons (one and a quarter tons per mile). In my last report
I expressed the hope that the Benue line would be completed
to Azara or Ibi, and the northern line to Zaria in 1902, and
it will be seen that these hopes have not been fulfilled. The
chief reason has been the want of foremen for construction, and
the great strain on the river transport consequent on the late
 00 dotoNut ntto*tt~-ivviJAt.

rise of the river and the move to Zungeru. The Niger Company,
who had promised assistance, could not carry the amount
expected, and the northern line has, therefore, ,been gj*$atjy de­
layed. The same causes delayed the completion of the small
extension of the railway, and so again delayed the transport
of the telegraph material beyond Barijuko. The greater part,
however, has now been brought up, and construction will pro­
ceed rapidly. The Benue line has been delayed through like
causes, and the cutting and clearing on that line has (as I
have said) been exceedingly heavy. I hope, however, during
the current year to complete the northern line io Ziaria and
possibly to K^no, and the branch line to Kontagora, and to carry
the Benue line to Gassol, the headquarters of the Muri pro­
vince. I am exceedingly glad to hear that the line from For-
cados to Lagos (constructed by the Southern Nigeria and Lagos
Governments) is approaching completion. This will place
Burutu in telegraphic communication with Zungeru, and the
boon to Northern Nigeria will be immense. The total mileage
of telegraphs in the Protectorate is as follows: —
Illorin-Lokoja 276 (partly wooden pole**). .
Lokoja-Lafia 246 *
Pataji-Zungeru 95
Zungeru-Wusheba ... 42
Total 657, of .which 187 is,new.

WEST AFRICAN FRONTIER FORCE.

151. The Northern Nigeria regiment of the force, under
the able command of Colonel Morland, D.S.O., has well
maintained its efficiency and reputation. The troops
forming the garrisons of Lokoja and Zungeru (head­
quarters) were inspected towards the close of the year 1902 by
the Inspector-General, who reports as follows: —" The zealous
spirit that I have everywhere remarked in the Regiment, and
its satisfactory state of efficiency are creditable to all ranks,
and an assurance that the Corps will do as good service in the
future as it has done in the past."

IMPORTANT OPERATIONS.—(1) ARO.

162. The troops under Lieutenant-Colonel Festing, D.S.O.,
which formed part of the Aro Expedition, returned ip April,
1902, and Sir Ralph Moor expressed to mo his appreciation
df the services they rendered; they participated in some 14
actions. For their services in this campaign the troops re­
ceived tjie .medal, and the following officers were rewarded:-
Lieutenant^Colonel Festing, B.S.O. (in command), received
a C.M.G., Captains Rose and Mayne the D.S.O., and Sergeant-
"Major Jordan a'D.C.M.
 NORTHERN NiGfefctA, 1902. 91

(2.)—BORNU.
153. The Bornu expedition has already been described.

(3.)—KANO AND SOKOTO.

154. ?Phe sucoess of the expedition to Kano, and the capture
o!f that town by Colonel Morland, were the subject of mention
in the King's speech at the opening of Parliament on February
17th, 1903. These operations and those against Sokoto have
already been~-deeoribed a i length. They commenced on
January 29th, 1903, when Colonel Morland advanced from
Zaria, and terminated on March 20th (seven weeks in
all), after the capture of Sokoto, when the foroe broke
up and returned by different routes. Tne important
engagements were (1) the taking of Babeji, (2) df Kano,
(3) of Sokoto, and (4) thei actions of Captain Porter and
Oaptain Wright with the Kano army near Rawia. The
liar-dahips due to cold, lack of water, and the Hainattan wind,
were great, and resulted in the death of many native soldiers
and carriers.

MINOR ACTIONS.

166. The capture of the ex-Emir of Kontagora (for which

the D.S.O. was awarded to Major Dickinson): the reduction
of the Shiri and Ningi tribes in Bautshi, and of the Gurkawa,
Bassema, Yergums, and Wurkums on the Benue: the capture
of Abuja: a small expedition in the north-east of the Nupe
province: and the operations of Captain Merrick near Argungu :
with other minor occasions on which troops were employed
to enforce an arrest or restore quiet: have, together with the
more important campaigns first mentioned, afforded work for
the foroe, which has in every case been carried! out with com­
plete success, and with humanitv and avoidance of unneces­
sary bloodshed or destruction of property. The returns of the
forces engaged and the casualties are as follows: —
 COLONIAL fcfcPOHTB—ANNUAL.

.1

9
' M P « n
S oo CM

i •boon tofq I I I II I I
CO
i I— I I I— 1 I 1 I I I
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CM <M
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u d
fa — CM
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o
Stre:ngth

d
* lF£ P * H ^T u U
5 — i>» io * o oo o Oi
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8 <4< if} rH iH r-i CM (M
S O O N M?>?H[ I*
a <m r>« <C T"H
CM

I
§
1 1
TO
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ft

o fa
I ! 6
•8
fa d o
s3
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Commazider.

to d
fa «
d o o
d d
«—» rf
o o o
i

d o 3
4) •J? 4>
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i
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902* 93

157. Since the close of the South African War there has
been no difficulty in getting officers for tho Force. There are
now a very large number of applicants for every vacancy.
Recruits were obtained in sufficient numbers to keep the force
up to strength, and were of good physique on the whole.
Latterly, about 60 a month have been obtained. The occupa­
tion of the northern provinces should greatly increase our
facilities for recruiting. Discipline was well maintained on
the whole, but a comparison of the serious offences with previous
years shows some increase. There were 16 Courts Martial
during the year: 2 General, 4 District, 2 Regimental, and 8
Field General, for offences of a military nature. Only 12
cases of assault on natives were dealt with by military officers,
but a number of cases have been dealt with by the Civil Courts.
The amount of crime at headquarters has not been great, but
there have been several serious cases of forcible appropriation
of goods by sdldiers in the districts, accompanied by assaults,
and in one or two cases by murder. These have been ve.*y
severely dealt with. The number of out-stations in
December amounted to 19; practically three-quarters of the
infantry of the force are on detachment. The average number
of privates at headquarters of battalions throughout the year
was. Jebba or Zungeru, 298; Lokoja, 272. The Commandant
expresses the view that to maintain the efficiency of the force
four companies of each battalion should be at headquarters,
and that companies on detachment should be kept together as
much as possible. The increase of the police will tend to the
accomplishment of these objects.
158. Mounted troops are very necessary, now that we occupy
a greater part of the Hausa States, and the Commandant fully
concurs with me in the view that the additional battalion to
be raised next year should consist of mounted infantry. The
value of this arm was conclusively proved in the Kano opera­
tions. So long as our garrisons were confined to the banks of
the Niger it was not found possible to maintain the mounted
infantry establishment which formed part of my original or­
ganisation of the Force, for practically the whole of the
horses died in the rainy season. In the northern states, how­
ever, they thrive well, and their mobility makes a small
number equivalent in value to a large infantry garrison.
169. There were 31 desertions duriag the year, which is a
very small percentage, but there has not been so general a
desire on the part of time-expired men to re-engage. There
were about 300 men discharged (time-expired) during the
year, and some 400 more after the Kano operations were
completed. >
160. Since its birth in 1898 portions of the Force have been
constantly and continuously employed on active service, and
 COLONIAL RBPCRT^AKHUAL.

its men have taken part in probably a larger number of expe­

ditions during this period than any other foroe of a similar
nature. Many of the men are now veterans. In peace time
musketry training is put before everything, and the neeeesity
for their demoting their utmost attention to it is impressed upon
all officers, while the Commandant endeavours to select the
best shooting companies for active service in order to encour­
age and reward proficiency with the rifle.
The new dwelling houses and mess at Zungeru have added
very greatly to the comfort of the officers and non-commis­
sioned officers, and the similar buildings now in progress at
Lokoja will effect the same great improvement for the garri­
son there. The new barracks for the rank and file will be
much appreciated by the troops, and will greatly tend to
sanitation and the exclusion of undesirable camp followers.
The new orderly rooms and the new rifle ranges and other
minor works were much required.

POLICE.

161. During 1902 the Police were increased from 100 to 150,
and in the coming year they will be further considerably in-
creaeed and organised as a Constabulary, Hitherto the six or
eight constables attached to Provinces have been almost useless
as police, and have been employed as couriers, &c. With the
increased establishment I shall be able to have a small and
effective force of about 50 men under a European " District
Superintendent" in each Province, and thus to relieve the
troops <rf many duties which interfere with their traitriflg.
Much has been dene to check the prevalence of theft in can­
tonments. The head of the Department reports that during
the year 113 criminal cases have been investigated by the
Police as follows:—Larceny, 41; Extortion, 4; Forgery, 3;
Burglary, 10; Enslaving, 16; Liquor, 13; Other Offences, 27.
124 persona were arrested in respect of these 113 cases, of
whom 109 were convicted and sentenced as follows:—
1 year and upwards ... ... ... 16
6 months and upwards ... ... ... 43
Under 6 months ... ... ... 50
Theee do not include the Provincial Court convictions
throughout the Protectorate, since there have been no
Police except at cantonments.
The registration of servants instituted this year has proved
a success. 186 are now on the register. Hitherto there has
been a continual import into Northern Nigeria of the thieves
and riff-raff of the coast, who engage as servants to officials
on their way to Nigeria.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA* 1902. 95

PRISONS.
162. The following is the abstract of prison returns for­
warded by the Keeper of the Gaol, which are not, however,
at present very reliable: —
T.—ADMISSIONS TO GAOL.

1901. 1902.

Convicted by Supreme Court ... •4 t 41 44

„ „ Provincial Courts... • t • 786 362
tl Cantonment Courts Ml 96 . 91
Total admitted ••• 922 497
Number executed *•• 3 3
Number escaped and not recaptured ... 18 14

I I . — N A T U R E OF CRIME.

1901. 1902.

Murder ... ... ... ... ... 34 17

Assault ... ... ... J.« ... 2 7
Highway robbery (with violence) 41 105
Theft ... ... ... ... ... ... 435 56
Extortion 39 36
Personation ... ... ... ... 26 21
Police offences 4 205
Political 34 •—
High treason ... — 5
Enslaving — 46
Housebreaki ug — 3
Rape ... ... ... ... ... ... — 1
Forgery ... ... ... ... ... — 4
Perjury ... ... ... •*. ... — 6
Breach of trust — 4
Neglect of Government property — 7
Debt ... ... ... «.. ».» ... — 35
Contempt of Co\i?t — 4
Manslaughter , 1
Total ... ... ... 615 563

VESSELS.
163. The new passenger and cargo boat " Sarota " has been
placed on the river. She is a stern-wheeler (two wheels), 4 feet
8 inchee draught, and is 136 feert long and 26£ feet beam. She
has cabin accommodation for six first-class and two second-class
passengers (and can carry many in addition), with about 150 tons
cargo, and is provided with a refrigerator and with electric light.
Her arrival has enabled me to place the " Empire " on the slip for
repairs, which should have been done a year or even two years
ago. The hull of the email launch " Bend4" (which in my.
98 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL*

last report I said had been condemned), has been fitted up as a

hulk for the condenser at Lokoja. The " Heron " has been
dismantled, and her hull is used as a barge, and I propose to
use her condenser at Zungeru. The vessels now in commission
are the "Sarota" and "Empire" (under repair), the stern-
wheel launches " Karonga " and " Kampala " (a third of this
class, the " Kapelli," will be completed next year), the old
launch " Zaria," which has been refitted, and the old steaxn
pinnace " Francis." In addition there are now two steam
canoe* which appear likely to prove a great success; and nine
poling canoes (steel). A new and comfortable boat (to be
named the " Corona," in commemoration of His Majesty's
coronation) is being built for the High Commissioner's use,
and should be ready during the coming >ear. The Niger Com­
pany have now completed a slip-way at Burutu 432 feet long
and capable of taking vessels of 500 tons. This enterprising
undertaking has already been of groat use to the Government.

POST OFFICE.

164. There is a fortnightly despatch of mails from Lokoja,

to every station in the Protectorate, and a weekly delivery
to Zungeru and stations en route. The various routes with
approximate distances are as follows: —

By Land. Miles. By Water Miles.

Egga to Zungeru 81 Burutu to Lokoja 305

Zungeru to Sokoto (via Kon­ 870 Lokoja to Egga 95
tagora, Yelwa and THO). Egga to Mureji 50
Zungeru to Kano (via Zaria) 250 Lokoja to Yola 550
Zaria to Maidugeri (via Baut 470
shi and Gujba).
Pateii (Mureji) to Illorin (via 122
Jebba).
Jebba to Yaslnkera (via 110
Kiama).
Lokoja to Kabba 43
MOZT.M to Dekuia 20
Loko to Keffi... ... ... 57
Total 1,523 Total 1,000

1900-1901. 1901-1902. Incraw.

£
Total coot of postal and telegraph 5,530 5,726 196
service.
Rovenue derived 641 1,283 642
I
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 97

The great increase in revenue (£783 in excess of the estimate)

was due chiefly to the large orders for stamps given by
collectors, which will probably not be maintained. The cost
of the postal service of course has been very greatly increased
during 1902 by the inclusion of the new and distant Provinces.
I have recently drawn up full postal regulations, with the
assistance of Mr, Somerville, and planned as effective a scheme
of postal delivery as is possible with the means at command.
The General Post Office is at Lokoja, with a branch at Zungeru.
The headquarters station of each Province is a sub-postal
station, and the Resident is the Postal Officer.

CABLES.

165. The high rate for telegrams to England (6s. 3d. per
word) still remains in force. The total amount paid to the
Eastern Telegraph Company by the Government of Northern
Nigeria in the financial year 1901-02 was £1,262.

BANKS.

166. No new developments have to be reported. The Anglo-

5
African Bank at Lokoja has made no extensions' and no others
have been established.

16571 0
98 COLONIAL BEP0BT8—AICHUAL.

LIST OP APPENDICES.

PAOE.

1. CORRESPONDENCE WITH SULTAN OP SOKOTO 99

2. GENEALOGY OP 8ULTANS OP SOKOTO ... „ 103

3 . ADDRESS TO ELDERS OP SOKOTO BY HIGH COMMISSIONER,

MARCH, 1 9 0 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 104

4. SKETCH OP WALLS OP KANO.

5. MAP OP NORTHERN NIGKRIA wvhims APPROX. 3 2 milesssrl inch.

6. NIGER COMPANY'S TRADE STATISTICS 108

7. ABSTRACT OP REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE ... ... ... 112
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 99

APPENDIX I.

CORRESPONDENCE WITH SULTAN OF SOKOTO.

(See paragraph 35.)

1.

PROCLAMATION.
(See paragraph 33.)
Be it known to all men, that by the order of Her Most Gracious Majesty
the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, the Administra­
tion of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, hitherto known as the Niger
Territories, situated between the possessions of France to the West and
North, ana of Germany to the East and bounded on the #outh by the
Protectorates of Lagos and Southern Nigeria, will cease from this day to be
vested in the Royal Niger Company Chartered and Limited and is hereby
assumed by Her Majesty. And be it known further to all men that the
treaties concluded by the Royal Niger Company by and with the sanction of
Her Majesty and approved by Her Majesty's Secretary of State will be and
remain operative and in force as between Her Majesty and the Kings. Emirs,
Chiefs, Princes, or other signatories to the same, and all pledges and under­
takings therein contained will remain mutually binding on both parties, and
all rights, titles, and interests, of whatsoever nature, acquired by virtue of
the aforesaid treaties will be vested in Her Majesty, and all obligations
thereunder undertaken by the Royal Niger Company will henceforth be
undertaken bv Her Majesty. And be it known further to all iiten that H e r
Majesty has been pleased to appoint as High Commissioner for the said
Protectorate, Colonel Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, Companion of the
Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Companion of the Distinguished
Service Order. And that the said Frederick John Dealtry Lugard has this
day taken the requisite oath of Office and assuued the Administration of
the said Protectorate. In virtue whereof he has made this Proclamation,
whereto his signature and seal are appended, this first day of January one
thousand nine hundred.
1st January, 1900. (Signed) F. D. LUQARD.

2.
LETTER from HIGH COMMISSIONER to Sultan of SOKOTO, re Kontagora.
In the name of the Most Merciful God. Peace be to the Generous Prophet.
Salutations, peace, and numberless honours.
To the Emir of Mussulmans in Sokoto, whone name is Abdul-Lahai, the son
of the late Emir of Mussulmans, whose name is Atiku.
I desire to inform you who are head of the Mohammedans and to whom
the Fulani rulers in this country look for advice and guidance that the
Emirs of Bida and Kontagora have during mnay years acted as oppressors of
the people and shewn themselves unfit to rule. More especially in these
latter days they have raided* the towns and villages in the districts closo to
their own cities, and have depopulated vast areas so that the fields are lving
uncultivated and the people are destroyed or fled. Moreover they have
gratuitously attacked my muii when proceeding with mails or canoes, and
15671 G2
100 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

have seized the mails, and stolen and destroyed goods in the canoes. I have
therefore found it necessary to depose both these Emirs, and to place troops
near their respec ave cities, to keep the peace and protect the people.
In the case of the Emir of Bida, I have made the Makum Emir instead of
Abu-Bakri, which proves to you that I have no hostility to the Pulanis or to
your religion, provided only that the Emir of a country rules justly and
without oppression. In the ca«e of Kontagora, many evil people tried to
burn the town. It may have been the slaves who had been ill-treated by
their masters or it may have been the carriers with my troops. But through
all the night the Commander of the Force made the soldiers and earners
extinguish the flames, so that the town has not suffered.
I desire that the people shall return and live in peace under a just ruler,
and I write to you to appoint adtnan who will rule justly, and if he does so
I will support him and uphold his power ; send him to me with a letter and
I wi 1 install him as Emir of Kontagora with pomp and honour. But warn
him that if he acts treacherously and with deceit, he will share the fate of
Kontagora tho Gwamachi.
With peace from your friend Governor Lugard.

(Signed) F. D . LUGARD.
March 18th 1901.

3.

LETTER from HIGH COMMISSIONER to the Sultan of SOKOTO, re Bautshi.

(Titles, Salutations from the Governor, &c.)
I have heard that you sent a letter to the Emir of Bautshi warning him to
desist from oppressing his people, but he does not obey your instructions nor
listen to your words of wisdom. I have, therefore, been compelled to send
my troops to compel him to act properly. I do not know whether he will
oppose them and fight. If he does so, he will probably lose his place. But
I do not wish to drive out the Fulani and the Mohammedans, I only wish
that they shall rule wisely and with humanity. If, therefore, the Emir is
driven out because he himself attacks my troops I shall endeavour to find
his proper successor and shall install him as King if he is a man who will
rule well. So also in the matter of Kontagora, I hear that he aud Abubekr
will not listen to the words of your messenger or desist from raiding the
towns of Zaria. So Zaria lias appealed to me for help, and I have sent troops
to support him and to drive out these marauders.
Peace be with those who seek peace and trouble on those who make
trouble.
Since I wrote this letter I bavn news that Ibrahim of Kontagora and all
his people and following have been captured by my troops. I am restoring
all the peoplo to their places but Ibrahim and his chiefs will be sent to me
to be judged.

(Signed) F, D , LuGARD.
(L.S.)

About March, 1902,

 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902. 101

4.

TRANSLATION of ARABIC LETTER from SULTAN of SOKOTO to the

HIOH COMMISSIONER.

Seal
undecipherable.
From us to you. I do not consent that any one from you should ever
dwell with us. I will never agree with you. 1 will have nothing ever to do
with you. Between us and you there are no dealings except as between
Mussulmans and Unbelievers (" Kafiri") War, as God Almighty has enjoined
on us. There is no power or strength save in God on high.
This with salutations.
(Received about May, 1902).

5.

TRANSLATION of ARABIC L B ITER from SULTAN of SOKOTO to the

HIGH COMMISSIONER.

(Seal of)
Em r l'Muslimin.
In the name of Go 1.
To Governor LUP.AKD.
I HAVE to inform you that we do not invite your administration in
the Province of Bautshi and if you have interfered we do not want support
from any one except from God. You have your religion and we have
ours. We seek help from God, the Bebt Supporter, and there is no power
except in him, the Mighty and Exalted.
Peace.
(Received about June, 1902).

6.

LETTER from Colonel T. L. N. MORLAND to the SULTAN of SOKOTO.

In the name of God, Blessing and peace on the Prophet the exalted.
From Colonel Morland the representative of tho High Commissioner
(Governor Lugard) salutations, peace, contentment and increasing honour
to the Prince of the Believers Attahiru Emir El Muslimin. After salutations
know that the cause of ou? fighting with Aliu is that Aliu received with
honour Magaji, the murderer ot a white man, when he came to Kano, and
that he also sought war between us. For those two reasons we fought him
and are now sitting in his house.
102 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

We are coming to Sokoto and from this time anl for ever a white man
and soldiers will sit down in the Sokoto country. We have prepared for war
because Abdu Sarikin Muslimin said there was nothing between us but war.
But we do not want war unless you yourself seek war. If you receive us
in peace, we will not eater your house, we will not harm you or any of your
people.
If you desire to become our friend you must not receive the Magaji.
More, we desire you to seek him with your utmost endeavour and place him
in our hands.
If you are loyal to us, you will remain in your position as 'Sarikin
Muslimin, fear not.
If you desire to bo loyal to us, it is advisable for you that you should send
your big messeuger to meet us at Kaura (or on whatever road w'e follow).
Then he will return to you with all our words.

My present to you is five pieces of brocade.

(Signed) T. L. N. MORLAND.

F*mw*vy. IUU8.

7.

TRANSLATION of ARABIC LETTER from SULTAN OP SOKOTO to

Colonel T I L. N. MORLAND.
From us to Colonel Morland. All salutations to you. Know that I have
seen your messenger with your letter, the purport of which ^understand,
I have sent to call in my councillors from every district, but now that I see
they are taking some time to assemble, I am sending you back your messenger.
When we have assembled and have agreed on our decision I will write to
you what is enjoined on me by them for the settlement of this affair.
Salutations.
KOftTHBftK NIGERIA, 1902. 103
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 104 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

APPENDIX III.

(See paragraph 59.)

First Address by the High Commissioner to the Waziri and Headmen

of Sokoto, March 20th, 1903.
Present:—Waziri, Gaiadima, Umaru Sarikin* Gobiri, Marafa or Maitu­
rare, Sarikin Burmi, Sarikin Sanfara, Sarikin Eebbi.
" I am very glad to see you, very glad that you have come back. You
" made war on us ; we beat you and drove you away ; now the war is over
" and it is peace. It is not our custom to catch the people who fight us or
" kill them ; therefore all those who have run away must come back to their
" houses.
" There will be no interference with your religion nor with the position
" of the Sarikin Muslimin as head of your religion. The English Govern-
" merit never interferes with religion ; taxes, law and order, punishment of
" crime, theie are matters for the Government, but not religion.
" I have come to you now that the fighting is over to settle your country
" so that all can settle dowu in peace. But that can't happen till there is a
" Sarikin Muslimin ; therefore it is necessary at once either to find and
" reinstate Attahiru or to appoint a new Sarikin Muslimin. I want you to
11
talk it over and let me know this evening what you think ; whether
" Attahiru will come back or whether it is best to appoint some one else,
" and if so whom."
The Marafa then asked leave for the headmen to go out and discuss and
settle the matter at once. Permission granted. After an interval a message
was sent in to say that the whole council was of opinion that Umaru
Sarikiu Gobiri should be appointed Sarikin Muslimin, and that they were all
ready to follow and obey him.f

On the council's return the High Commissioner continued

11
1 have heard your answer. 1 see that Umaru is the eldest son of Aliu
11
and apparently the rightful heir. I should like to think it over to-day
" and see you all in camp to-morrow morning. Then I will explain to you
11
all matters connected with our rule and the conditions of appointment for
" the Sarikin. If things aro all right, if you all agree to the conditions, the
" day after to-morrow I will instaithe Sarikin, I want you to send out to-
" day for all the remaining headmen and people, so that all men may hear
" my words and be prtaent at the installation." (At this poiut there were
complaints about the returning fugitives being looted on approaching Sokoto
by soldiers and labourers, and complaints about the slaves, especially slave
women and concubines, being harboured in camp. Reassurance and promise
of protection were given in both cases.)
" You must send messengers to tell Attahiru to return. The Council has
" elected the Sarikin Gobiri to be Sarikin Muslimin, so Attahiru cannot
" return to the kingship. But he must go back to his town (Chimola), and
" there he may live in peace.

* Sarikiu=king of.
t Later when Attahiru (the present Sultan, not the ex-Sult-m of same name) came
to salute me the elders reversed their choice and begged for him as Saltan. I would
not agree until they had fufiy thought it over and discussed it. They retired again
for the purpose and came back unanimous, and I therefore agreed.
 NORTHERN NIGERIA 1902. 105
" But Dan Tanrnusa, the Magaji of Keffi, must be caught. If Attahiru
" keeps him with Lim after this, or if he takes him back with him to his
" town, he will be arrested himself. From to-day anyone who harbours or
" entertains the Magaji will be troated the same as the Magaji himself."
The Waziri here said that the Magaji's intended refuge was always Kano,
not Sokoto. " He only came hero in Alieu of Kano's suit. He is not likely
" to return here again.
4i
The High Commissioner replied, The Magaji will bring trouble on any
" man who harbours him, but there will be a reward of 5 0 bags of cowries
" for anyone who catche3 him and gives him up."
N.B.— The above was taken down, as spoken in Hausa at the interview, by
Major Bur'don, Resident,

SECOND ADDRESS by SIR F. LUGARD, HIGH COMMISSIONER, to the SULTAN,

WAZIRI and ELDERS of SOKOTO, regarding the CONDITIONS of BRITISH
RULE, REASONS for the WAR, &C, MAKCH 21st, 1903.

Translated to them by Kiari, and checked, word by word, by Major liurdon,

Resident, Sokoto % Hausa Scholar), and others.

Present .—SIR F. LUGARD, COLONEL MORLAND, D.S.O., Commandant,

MAJOR BURDON, Resident, Lieut.-CoLONEL MCCLISTOCK, Commanding
Battalion, MAJOR CUBITT, R.A., Brigade Major, CAPTAIN ABADIE,
Resident, Zaria, and others. Also tho SULTAN elect, the WAZIRI,
GALADEMA, MAITURARE, and other Elders of Sokoto.

" The Royal Niger Company made a Treaty with Sokoto many years ago.
The Sultan p r a i s e d friendship and alliance; the Company promised to
pay a subsidy, and did so. Three years ago the King of England sent his own
officers to administer this country instead of the Company and appointed
me as Governor. I at once sent my trusted messenger, Kiari, to take my
salutations to the Sultan of Sokoto, and to say that I held to the promises
made by the Company, and I looked to the Sultan to fulfil his pledges.
I brought money to pay the subsidy when it should fall due. But take note
of what happened. My messenger was treated with indignity. It is he who
is now interpreting. Ask him what happened and he will remind you.
No answer wae sent to my letter, which was an insult to me and to my King.
Owing to the treaty the Sultan had made with the British the French could
not touch his country. But the Sultan of Sokoto sent no friendly message.
The Treaty was made in the name of all the Mahommedan Emirates under
Sokoto, bat they took arms against the British—Nupe, and Illorin, and
Yola, and Kontagora, and Kano. But I did not wish to denounce the
Treaty, and I sent to the Sultan to ask him to nominate an Emir for
Kontagora, when Ibrahim fought against us and was driven out. Again
he sent no reply, till a year ago I received this letter declaring war
(original letter shown to the Elders for identification).

" So the Treaty was killod by you yourselves and not by me. Then the
Magaji of Keffi murdered the Resident—a lame man without arms to defend
himself—and he ran to Kano and the Emir Alieu received him with honour.
106 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

Bo we went to Kano and fought and drove out Alieu. and the Magaji ran to
Sokoto and was treated with honour. Again I wished not to fight with the
head of the Mussulmans and I sent a friendly letter, but I said that the
Magaji must be given up, and that I wished to place a Resident and garrison
at Sokoto. I came with troops, for though the Sultan bad made a treaty of
friendship it was well known that a white man could not come as a friend alone
to Sokoto. My letter was put aside and the army of Sokoto came out to fight.
We fought and your army was dispersed, and the Sultan fled and no one
knows wheie be is gone. Now it is necessary for me to place a Resident and
a garrison here, for this couutry is close to the country of the French and we
are responsible for keeping peace and good order on our frontiers. The
Resident is Major Burdon, who comes to you as an adviser and a friend.
Tou will consult him on all matters and be guided by him.

" The old treaties are dead, you have killed them. Now these are the words
which I, the High Commissioner, have to say for the future. The Fulani in
old times under Dan Fodio conquered THIS country. They took the right to
rule over it, to levy taxes, to depose kings and to create kings. They in
turn have by defeat lost their rule which has come into She hands of the
British. All these things which I have said the Fulani by conquest took the
right to do now pass to the British. Every Sultan and Emir and the prin­
cipal officers of State will be appointed by the High Commissioner throughout
alt this country. The High Commissioner will be guided by the usual laws
of succession and the wishes of the people and chiefs, but will set them aside
if he desires for good cause to do so. The Emirs and Chiefs who aro
appointed will rule over the people as of old time and take such taxes as are
approved by the High Commissioner, but they will obey the laws of the
Governor and will act in accordance with the advice of the Resident. Buying
and selling slaves and enslaving people are forbidden. It is forbidden to
import firearms (except flint-locks), and there are other minor matters which
the Resident will explain. The Alkalis and the Emirs will hold the law
courts as of old, but bribes are forbidden, and mutilation and confinement of
men in inhuman prisons are not lawful. The powers of each Court will be
contained in a warrant appointing it. Sentences of death will not be carried
out without the consent of the Resident.

" The Government will, in future, hold the rights in land which the Fulani
took by conquest from the people, and if Government requires land it will
take it for any purpose. The Government hold the right of taxation, and
will tell the Emirs and Chiefs what taxes they may levy, and what part
of them must be paid to Government. The Government will have the right
to M minerals, but the people may dig for iron and work in it subject
to the approval of the H^h Commissioner, and may take salt and other
minerals subject to any excise imposed by law. Traders will not be taxed
by Chiefs, but only by Government. The coinage of the British will be
accepted as legal tender, and a rate of exchange for cowries fixed, in con-
saltation with Chiefs, and they will enforce it.

" When <aa Emirate, or an office of state, becomes vacant, it will only be
filled with the consent of the High Commissioner, and the person chosen by
the council of Chiefs and approved by the High Commissioner will hold
his place only on condition that he obeys the laws of the Protectorate and
the conditions of his appointment. Government will in no way interfere
with the Mohammedan religion. All men are free to worship God as they
please. Mosques and prayer places will be treated with respect by ub.
Every person, including slaves, has the right to appeal to the Resident, who
will, however, endeavour to uphold the power of the native courts to deal
with native canes according to the law and custom of the country. If slaves
are ill-treated they will be set free as your Koran orders, otherwise Govern­
ment does not desire to interfere with existing domestic relations. But
slaves set froe must be willing to work and not to remain idle or become
 PLAN OF

KANO CITY
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108 OOLOVIAL ftftPOBTB—AftMUAL.

APPENDIX VI.
(Set paragraph 114.)

THE NIGER COMPANY'S TRADE RETURNS.

A 0.)—Imports into Northern Nigeria by th* Niger Company,

Limited.

Quantity. Value.
Description*
1901. 1902. 1901. 190?.

Imported Direct— £ #. d. £ i. d.
Ammunition 2 12 6
Beads .. 616 16 4
5,096 doz. Beer and Stout 290 14 10 861 9 10
76,000 Cigars 232 6 9
849,000 389 6 •246 13 6
Cigarettes
Cordage and Twine 10 13
Cottons ' ... 60,044 16 28,891 12 1
Drugs and Chemicals ... 399 16
Earthenware 1,473 16
Enamelled Ware 1,418 18 1
Firearms 9 2
Furniture... 185 15
Glassware 74 3
Gunpowder (Trade) ... 8 10
Guns (Trade) 64 0
Haberdashery 236 8
Hardware 5,169 0 9 1,692 0 8
Leather Goods 207 1 9
1,348 doz, Mineral Waters 1,118 2 10 • 193 16 11
73 galls. Perfumery 93 0 8 70 10 2
Provisions 5,490 5 11 4,103 17 8
Silks 6 10 0
Soap ... 228 19 7
4,816 galW. Spirits 1,098 1 1 1,869 8 7
2,085 cwts. Sugar 1,890 8 10
Sundries 2,292 6 6 4,732 6 2
Sundry Liquors 68 7 6
1,824 »BI. Tea... ... «•» ... 141 12 2
1,074 I L K Tobacco, it tnuiaotured... 99 9 6 119 11 8
Tobaooo, unmanufactured 610 14 2
Wearing Apparel ... 1,495 12 6
1,846 galls. Wines 476 2 2 1,238 8 11
Woollens 243 11 8
Imported Indirect—
Building Material 2,288 3 0
160 ton*. Coal 290 7 6 225 0
Cottons 650 0
179 tons. Cowries 2,100 0 0 1,263 0
12,790 lbs. Gunpowder 319 16
200 Guns 100 0
21,720 Iron Bars 41 14 2 728 0
400 oases. Kerosene 67 18 4 160 0
60 galls. Liquors 18 2 6
8,186 tons. ^alt 4,102 6 6 7,966 0 0
1,300 lbs. Tobacco Leal 32 10 0
Total 91,841 19 2 69,048 18 1
 HOBTHSBN HIMBIA* 1908. m

A (2.)—-IMPORTS by the NIGER COMPANY, LIMITED, consigned k

MISSIONS and PRIVATE PERSONS.

Quantity. Value.
Description.
1901. 1902. 1901. I9v2.

£ *. d. £ i. d.
1 gall. Brandy 0 11 0 _
Camp equipment ... 11 11 6 —
Carpenters* tools ... 4 8 6
2,860 4,800 Cartridges :o 1 11 20 12 10
1,000 Cigarettes 0 18 0
Clothing, &o 226 7 4 —
Cottons 82 18 2 149 6 0
Drugs... 18 1 10 98 10 6
Earthenware 2 10 0
Educational stationery and 6 10 6 —
books.
Firearms 10 10 0
Hardware 71 14 0 16 7 0
24 galls. Kerosine 3 17 6 —
Leather goods and saddlery 76 19 0 —
Mining tools... 82 16 11
2 galls. Perfumery ... ... 8 16 0
81bs. Powder 0 8 0
Provisions 846 1 8 806 19 11
Rifles 26 10 0
Scientific instruments 89 1 6
Spirits 18 18 11
Sundries 68 6 8 488 16 7
30 galls. Whisky 24 0 0
16 galls. 20 galls. Wines 18 14 0 14 17 6
Total 912 15 1 1,160 10 0

A (3.)—IMPORTS (estimated) by NATIVE TRADERS from the NIGER

COMPANY'S SOUTHERN NIGERIAN STATIONS.

Quantity. Value.
Description.
1901. 1902. 1901. 1902.

£ £
Cottons and Bund ries
16,000 16,600
20,000 lbs. 1,000 lbs. Gnnpowd.r
(about). 600 26
600 160 Guns ... ... ... .*>
(about). 160 76
8,000 tons 1,950 tons Salt 4,600 4,875
(about). (at 80*. per ton). (st 60s. per ton).
Total ... ... 20,160 21,475
 4*» •••J;'* • • • • « * * *» • «-

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 NOETHERlf NIGEMIA, 1902. Ill

0.—TOTAL TRADE of the NIGER COMPANY, LIMITED, with

NORTHERN NIGERIA.

1901. 1902. Decrease.

£ £ £
Import* ...
(Al, A2, and AS.) 112,406 81,684 80,721
Exports
73,278 68,442 4,881
Total 186,678 149,626 36,562

D . — TOTAL CASH TRADE by the NIGER COMPANY, LIMITED, in

NORIHBRN NIGERIA.

1900. 1901. 1902.

£ £ £
31,734 86,686 63,715
112 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL.

APPENDIX VII.
(See paragraph 120.)

ABSTRACT OP REVENUE for the YEARS 1899-1900 to 1902-3.

— 1899-1900.
(one quarter)
Actual.
1900-1.
Aotual.
1901-2.
Actual,
1902-3.
(Estimate).
f
£ 8. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. £ 8. d.
Local Revenue:—
Licenses, Excise, <feo. 13 17 10 332 6 5 631 0 8 2,075 0 0
Fees of Court, dec. ... 21 12 0 416 19 3 1,393 1*4 10 1,475 0 0
Post Office aud Tele­ 641 3 0 1,283 11 1 1,000 0 0
graphs.
Interest 29 11 9
Rents of Government 28 14 9 1 0 0 600 0 0
Property.
Miscellaneous... 1,085 1 10 650 0 0
761 11 8
Total 88 9 10 2,179 14 1 4,424 0 2 6,600 0 0
imperial Grant-in-Aid 66,580 0 0* 88,800 0 0* 280,000 0 0 290,000 0 0
Contribution from 44,760 0 0 84,000 0 0 31,000 0 0
Southern Nigeria.
Total Receipts 66,568 9 10 136,729 14 1 318,424 0 2 829,600 0 0

* Not inclusive of grant for W.A.F.F.

ABSTRACT of EXPENDITURE for the YEARS 1899-1900 to 1902-3,

1899-1900. 1900-1. 1901-2. 1902-3.

Civil Expen­
Heads of Expenditure. diture only Civil Expen­
(one Quarter). diture only. Actual. (Estimate.)
Actual. Aotual.

£ 8. d. £ 8. d. £ 8. d. £ 8 % d.
1, High Commissioner's 768 11 8 8,858 8 2 3,848 18 0 4.229 10 0
Office.
2. Secretariat 810 9 8 1,901 8 0 2,146 3 7 2,626 10 0
8. Political (aud Slave 491 13 11 7,470 11 6 11,418 14 4 80,487 10 0
Home).
4. Stipend* to Chief 16 0 0 126 5 0
6. Judicial 438 8 11 1,719 17 9 1,786 0 7 2,610 8 0
6. Treasury 646 14 2 2,986 16 1 3,788 12 8 6,211 15 0
7. Postal and Tele­ 426 2 6 6,680 2 8 6,726 2 3 6,437 6 0
graphs.
8. Medical 1,265 16 6 6,744 17 8 16,860 2 7 22,306 16 0
9. Printing il 0 10 861 4 11 956 I 11 1,286 6 0
10. Audit 506 12 8 832 7 4 1,251 2 0
11. Polioe and Prisons... 169 3 0 1,622 18 8 3,696 12 11 6,991 10 (
Carried forward 1
i
 NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1902.

ABSTRACT of EXPENDITURE for the YEARS 1899-19C0 to 1902-3—coni.

— ... -
1899rl900. 1900-1. 1901-2. 1902-3.
Oivil Expen­ Oivil Expen­
Heads of Expenditure. diture ouly
(one Quarter). diture only. Actual. (Estimate*)
Aotual. Aetual.

£ *. d. £ *. d. £ 8. d. £ t. d.
Brought forward
12. Store nnd Issue (aud 874 16 0 2,601 0 9 4,197 5 8 6,164 6 0
Tranbport),
13. W.A.F.F 132,683 1 8 129,872 13 10
14. Marine and Work­ 1,774 6 9 16,766 19 1 29,103 2 8 26,869 0 0
shops.
16. Miscellaneous 1,190 12 4 6,439 12 2 27,840 10 11 31,729 0 0
16. Public Works De- 28 6 10 6,153 2 11 10,014 16 10 13,146 8 0
partmentf and P.W.
Recurrent).
Total Ordinary 7,889 17 0 62,678 12 7 264,187 18 11 289,118 18 10
Annual Expen­
diture.
17. P.W. Extraordinary 80,198 6 4 22,688 16 4 42,998 6 2
18. New Steamers. &c... 7 8 2 11,191 12 1 j-66,768 0 0
19. Railway Survey ... 1,388 6 11
Total. ... , 38,945 10 .6 96,467 0 0 298,619 6 0 866,876 18 10

W.A.F.F. Expenditure, _ 64,667 4 6 —

March, 1901, not
brought to account in
1900-1.

* Included under " Marine."

STATEMENT of the AMOUNTS EXPENDED, compared with the AMOUNTS

GRANTED for the SERVICE of the WEST AFRICAN FRONTIER FORCE
in NORTHERN NIGERIA, 1897-8—1900-1.

Year. Grant. Expenditure.

£ £ «. d.
1897-98 130,000 95,690 12 1
1898-99 250,000 221,724 1 2
1899-1900 250,000 148,877 17 2
1900-1901 200.00U 145,899 16 10

NOTE.—The surplus shown on the account for each year was surrendered to the
Imperial Exchequer.

15671 H