AIJREAS VOLUME 2, ISSUE 8 (2017, AUG) (ISSN-2455-6300)ONLINE

Anveshana’s International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences

AN INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTHENING PROPERTIES OF BLACK

COTTON SOIL STABILIZED WITH FLY ASH AND GEO
REINFORCEMENT

SRINIVAS GANTA
Assoc. Prof. HOD Civil Dept.
Abhinav Hi-Tech College of Engineering
Imayath Nagar, RR Dist
[email protected]

Abstract research facility pressure test contraption the

outcomes got are contrasted and unreinforced tests.
Bricks like-wise have been viewed as one of the
durable and most grounded constructing material Keywords: Black Cotton Soil, Lime, Geo-lattice,
Compressive strength, Rectangular blocks.
utilized all through history. Customary building
pieces are made of a blend of mud, which is subjected 1.0 introduction:
to different procedures, diverse as indicated by the
Soil has been used as a construction material
idea of the material, in the wake of being legitimately
from time immortal. Being poor in
arranged the earth is structure in molds to the
mechanical properties, it has been putting
coveted shape, at that point dried and consumed. The
challenges to civil engineers to improve its
giving reasonable lodging is a test far and wide,
properties depending upon the requirement
particularly in creating nations. The obstacles to which varies from site to site. The roads laid
taking care of the lodging issue are shortage of land on BC soil bases develop undulations at the
and high cost of building materials. Furthermore,, road surface due to loss of strength of the
such materials must be abundantly accessible and sub grade through softening during
inexhaustible in nature. Neighborhood soil has monsoon. Soaked laboratory CBR values of
dependably been the most broadly utilized material Black Cotton soils are generally found in the
for earthen development. The primary target of this range of 2 to 4%. Due to very low CBR
examination had been centered on the change of the
values on sub grade BC soil, excessive
pavement thickness is required for designing
compressive quality of the dark cotton soil hinders
for flexible pavement. Research &
with various substance of lime by fortifying the geo-
Development (R&D) efforts have been
network. The rectangular (200mm × 100mm ×
made for a long time to improve the strength
100mm) pieces are set up with soil treated with 5%, characteristics of BC soil with new
10% and 15% lime with the geo-network support at technologies During last 25 years, much
the center profundity of the obstructs, the work has been done on strength deformation
compressive quality of the blocks is acquired by

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behavior of fly ash and fiber reinforced soil The most common form of mechanical‖ soil
and it has been established beyond doubt stabilization is compaction of the soil,
that addition of fiber and fly ash in soil
improves the overall engineering Chemical Soil Stabilization:-
performance of soil One method of improving the engineering
properties of soil is by adding chemicals or
Soil Stabilization:
other materials to improve the existing soil.
Soil is one of nature‘s most abundant Additives can be mechanical, meaning that
construction materials. Almost all upon addition to the parent soil their own
construction is built with or upon soil. When load-bearing properties bolster the
unsuitable construction conditions are engineering characteristics of the parent soil.
encountered, a contractor has four options: Additives can also be chemical, meaning
that the additive reacts with or changes the
(1) Find a new construction site chemical properties of the soil, thereby
(2) Redesign the structure so it can be upgrading its engineering properties. Placing
constructed on the poor soil the wrong kind or wrong amount of additive
– or, improperly incorporating the additive
(3) Remove the poor soil and replace it with into the soil – can have devastating results
good soil on the success of the project. So, in order to
properly implement this technique, an
(4) Improve the engineering properties of
engineer must have:
the site soils
 A clear idea of the desired result
In general, Options 1 and 2 tend to be
 An understanding of the type(s) of
impractical today, while in the past, Option
soil and their characteristics on site
3 has been the most commonly used method.
However, due to improvement in technology  An understanding of the use of the
coupled with increased transportation costs, additive(s), how they react with the
Option 4 is being used more often today and soil type and other additives, and
is expected to dramatically increase in the how they interact with the
future. Improving an on-site (in situ) soil‘s surrounding environment.
engineering properties is referred to as either
soil modification or soil stabilization. The
term modification‖ implies a minor change
in the properties of a soil, while stabilization
means that the engineering properties of the
soil have been changed enough to allow
field construction to take place. Nearly
every road construction project will utilize
one or both of these stabilization techniques.

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Fig 1: Addition of chemical to the soil observed that inclusion of Jute Geotextile
layer increases the CBR value of soil and
LITERATURE REVIEW:
this increase is maximum corresponding to 4
Pallavi1, Pradeep Tiwari2, Dr P D layers of Jute Geotextile layers. Hence there
Poorey(2016) In this experimental study is a significant increase in CBR value of soil
was conducted on locally available soil due to inclusion of Jute Geotextile layers as
stabilized with Jute fiber. In this study the reinforcement.
soil samples were prepared at its MDD
SujitKawade MahendraMapari (2014) In
corresponding to its OMC in the CBR
this study disposal of an industrial waste like
mould with and without reinforcement. The
fly ash formed from burning of coals in
percentage of Jute fiber by dry weight of soil
thermal power stations requires a large land
was carried as 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%.
area. The decreasing availability of good
In the present investigation the lengths of
construction site has led to the increased use
fiber was carried as 30 mm, 60 mm and 90
of low lying areas filled up with industrial
mm and two various diameters, 1 mm and 2
wastes whose bearing capacity is low. In-
mm were considered for each fiber length.
situ treatment of such industrial waste fills;
Tests result shows that CBR value of soil
in order to improve their bearing capacity
increases with the increase in fiber content.
with reinforcements is a good replacement
It was also observed that increasing the
to other conventional methods of
length and diameter of fiber further
stabilization. In comparison with
increases the CBR value of reinforced soil
systematically reinforced soil, randomly
and this increase is substantial at fiber
distributed discrete fibre reinforced soil
content of 1 % for 90 mm fiber length
mimics soil stabilization by admixture and
having diameter 2 mm.Thus there is
exhibits some advantages.
significant increase in CBR value of soil
reinforced with Jute fiber and increase in 3.0 METHODOLOGY:
CBR value will substantially reduce the
thickness of pavement subgrade. This paper presents laboratory tests to
evaluate the effect of addition of fly ash on
S.W.Thakare, Priti Chauhan(2016) the geotechnical behavior of the expansive
Studied soil reinforcement with jute soil in terms of grain size distribution,
geotextile layers. The Jute Geotextile layers Waterberg limits, specific gravity,
are arranged within the soil sample in compaction characteristics, free swell, swell
different combination such as 1 layer, 2 potential, swelling pressure, axial shrinkage
layers, 3 layers, 4 layers etc. and laboratory percent, and unconfined compressive
CBR values were determined in both soaked strength as per IS code.
and unsoaked conditions corresponding to
each combination of reinforcing layer Test techniques and sample preparation:
.Further, these test results were compared The individual morphology and particle
with that of unreinforced soil. It was chemistry were studied by SEM and XRD

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analysis. The index and geo-engineering in Pune, Maharashtra State in India.

properties of fly ash-clay mixture have been Kolhewadi is located at Latitude 180 26’
evaluated in this work. The granulometry 24.29” N and Longitude 730 47’ 10.84” E.
was studied for the different mixes by
hydrometer analysis. Specimens for swelling The black cotton soil was collected by
pressure were prepared using standard method of disturbed sampling after
proctor compaction effort of 592.8 kJ/m3 removing the top soil at 150mm depth and
with optimum water content and maximum transported in sacks to the laboratory. Little
dry weight. With a diameter of 100mm and amount of the sample was sealed in
height 25mm.Specimens for the unconfined polythene bag for determining its natural
compressive strength test of 50mm diameter moisture content. The soil was air dried and
and 100mm height were prepared under the sieved with IS sieve 4.75mm as required for
optimum water content and dry density laboratory test.
corresponding to 95% of maximum dry unit Lime :In this project various percentage of
weight of soil. lime (i.e. 5%, 10%, and 15%) is used as
Table 1: Chemical composition of fly ash admixture.

Constituents percentage Geo-grid:

MgO 0.57
Geo-grid used in this project is Biaxial Geo-
Al2O3 24.12
SiO2 52.55 grid shown in figure I and the physical
K2O 0.965 properties of geo-grid are given in table I.
P2O5 0.72 The geo-grid reinforcement of size
180mm×90mm is placed at the middle of the
rectangular block i.e. at height of 50mm
from bottom. Its price ranges between Rs
80/- to Rs 200/- per sq.m. It is not till being
manufactured in India.

TABLE1 GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF

THE UNTREATED BLACK COTTON SOIL

Specific gravity 2.37

Liquid limit 66.1%
Plastic Limit 36.74%
Plasticity Index 29.36%
Figure : Particle arrangement (SEM) at 500M: Unified Soil Classification CH
Fly ash System (USCS)
Maximum Dry Density 1.2726
Black Cotton Soil (MDD) kg/m3
Optimum Moisture Content 34.6%
The soil used in this project is a Black (OMC)
Cotton Soil collected from Kolhewadigaon

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Natural Moisture Content 17.399% • Ease of compaction The soil used in this
Color investigation is an expansive clay, one type
Color Dark black of most problematic soil for sub grade
Atterberg Limits: constructions is used in this research work
Liquid limit = 66.1% Plastic limit = 36.74% which is locally available Black Cotton Soil
Plasticity index = 29.36% Plasticity of black collected .
cotton soil was found 29.36%. So according 4.0 RESULTS:
to unified soil classification system (USCS)
clay is classified as inorganic clays of high In the present study, Specific Gravity Test,
compressibility (CH) Consistency Indices (Liquid Limit (LL),
Plastic Limit (PL), and Plasticity Index
Material Used: (PI)), Modified Proctor’s Test, and
The different materials used in the present California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Tests were
investigation are described as follows: 1. conducted on the Black Cotton Soil (Highly
Soil:- Soil is an accumulation or deposit of Clayey Soil) first by mixing with varying
earth material, derived naturally from the percentage of fly ash to stabilize the soil and
disintegration of rocks or decay of then the varying percent of fly ash at which
vegetation that can be excavated readily the maximum CBR is gained is selected for
with power equipment in the field or the next step of the experiment. The
disintegrated by gentle mechanical means in optimum percentage of fly ash at which
the laboratory. The supporting soil beneath maximum CBR is achieved is then selected
pavement and its special under courses is and gets reinforced with varying percentage
called sub grade. Undisturbed soil beneath of synthetic Nylon fiber. Among these
the pavement is called natural sub grade. varying percentages of the reinforcement the
Compacted sub grade is the soil compacted optimum quantity of fiber required to get
by controlled movement of heavy maximum strength is known. After that the
compactors. The desirable properties of sub depth of reinforcement is varied on premix
grade soil as a highway material are fly ash and Black cotton soil mix and the
changes in engineering properties are
• Stability • Incompressibility determined. For better understanding of the
experiment the results are presented in the
• Permanency of strength graphical form and where possible in tabular
• Minimum changes in volume and stability forms.
under adverse conditions of weather and
Table Combined results for Clayey Soil
ground water
(B.C. Soil) and B.C. Soil with varying
• Good drainage, and Percentages of fly ash

Properties B.C. Soil 10% fly ash+ 20% Fly ash+ 30% fly ash+ 40% fly ash+
B.C. Soil B.C. Soil B.C. Soil B.C. Soil

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Specific 2.55 2.48 2.42 2.33 2.22

Gravity 2
MDD (gm/cc) 1.57 1.83 1.90 1.86 1.85
O.M.C. (%) 18.20 16.70 17.38 17.52 17.93
Liquid 71.20 54.30 49.40 48.50 48.50
Limit(%)
Plastic 30.50 28.20 28.20 28.20 22.50
Limit(%) 3
Plasticity 40.70 26.30 23.40 24.80 23.50
Index (%)
CBR % 1.71 4.50 4.95 3.55 3.38
Soaked 1

It is cleared that with the gradual addition of increases. The soil is classified under CH.
fly ash in soil the properties of the soil is Liquid limit and Plastic limit values are 66.1
regularly changing and the change is high up % and 36.74% respectively suggest that the
to 20 percent addition of fly ash and after soil is highly compressible. Thus, from the
that the change is not so remarkable and results obtained, the soil falls below the
starts reducing. The change in Plasticity standard recommended for most
index of value is regularly noted with the fly geotechnical work. Lime and geo-grid is
ash addition and PI value reduced up to used as reinforcement for improving the
21.90 % at 40 percent fly ash mix. The geotechnical characteristics of black cotton
maximum value of CBR achieved with soils. Lime significantly improves strength
varying percentages of fly ash is at 20 characteristics of black cotton soil under
percent addition of fly ash is 4.95, which is study and the effect of lime vary depending
2.89 times more than the initial CBR of the upon the quantity of lime that is mixed with
Black Cotton Soil. That percentage of 20 % the black cotton soil sample. The
fly ash is taken for the next step of the compressive strength of these soils increases
experiment at which these samples upon the addition of lime. The trend of
undergoes tests with varying concentration improvement in the compressive strength is
of nylon fiber at different aspect ratio. observed to be more pronounced with the
curing of the soil and lime mix.
CONCLUSION:
References:
The results of tests conducted on rectangular
BC soil blocks (200mm×100mm×100mm), [1] SujitKawade MahendraMapari (2014)
reinforced and unreinforced with geo-grid Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Lime and
Geo-lattice" International Journal of Innovative
are presented in chapter 4. Based on the
Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN:
results, following conclusions were drawn. 2349-2163 Volume 1 Issue 5.
With increase in addition of lime content the
[2] Pallavi1, Pradeep Tiwari2, Dr P D Poorey(2016)
compressive strength of BC soil blocks
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil utilizing Fly Ash

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and Nylon Fiber International Research Journal of

Engineering and Technology e-ISSN: 2395 - 0056,
Volume: 03 Issue: 11.

[3] S.W.Thakare, Priti Chauhan(2016) Stabilization

of Expansive Soil with Micro Silica, Lime and Fly
Ash for Pavement International Journal of
Engineering Research ISSN:2319-6890(online),2347-
5013(print) Volume No.5, Issue Special 1 pp : 09-13

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