XIX Baltic
Chemistry
Olympiad
Theoretical Problems
15-17 April 2011
Vilnius, Lithuania
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
Instructions
Write your code in the top of each page of the answer sheets.
You have 5 hours to work on the problems. Begin only when
the START command is given.
All results must be written in the appropriate boxes. Anything
written elsewhere will not be graded. Use the reverse of the
sheets if you need scratch paper.
Write relevant calculations in the appropriate boxes when
necessary. If you provide only correct end results for
complicated problems, you receive no score.
If answer does not fit into space provided, you should ask for
additional answer sheets.
You must stop your work immediately when the STOP
command is given. A delay in doing this by 5 minutes may lead
to cancellation of your exam.
Do not leave your seat until permitted by the supervisors.
This examination has 12 pages in tasks booklet and 12 pages
in answer sheets.
The official English version of this examination is available on
request only for clarification.
Theoretical problems 2
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
Constants and Formulae
Avogadro Ideal gas
NA = 6.022·1023 mol–1 pV = nRT
constant: equation:
Gas constant: R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1 Gibbs energy: G = H – TS
Faraday
F = 96485 C mol–1 r G O RT ln K nFEcell
o
constant:
Planck Nernst RT P
h = 6.626·10–34 J s E EO ln ox
constant: equation: zF Pred
Speed of
c = 3.000·108 m s–1 acrivity a = N
light:
Arrhenius eq. k = A exp(-EA/RT) decay N = N0 exp(-t)
In equilibrium constant calculations all concentrations are
referenced to a standard concentration of 1 mol/dm3. Consider all
gases ideal throughout the exam.
Periodic table with relative atomic masses
1 18
1 2
H He
1.008 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.30 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 - 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
57-
Cs Ba 71 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 - - -
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
89-
Fr Ra 103 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
- - - - - - - - - -
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 - 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
- 232.04 231.04 238.03 - - - - - - - - - - -
Theoretical problems 3
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
Problem 1. Aluminium 6 points
Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth‘s crust. Some compounds of
aluminium, like alum (the double sulphate KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) were in use since
ancient Greece time.
a) The freezing point depression constant for water is Kf = 1.86 °C kg mol-1.
Calculate the freezing point of the solution prepared by dissolving 9.48 g of
KAl(SO4)2·12H2O in 100.0 g of water.
b) The most important ore of aluminium is bauxite, which consists from Al2O3
and impurities. Bauxite can be purified by dissolving in concentrated NaOH
solution. Write molecular equation that shows what is happening when Al2 O3
reacts with NaOH solution.
c) After removal of insoluble impurities, weak acid is added to the solution
obtained in part b and Al(OH)3 is precipitating. Solubility product KSP for
Al(OH)3 is 1.3·10–33 (at 25 °C). Calculate mass of pure Al(OH)3 that can be
dissolved in 10.0 L of pure water at 25 °C.
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or its salts) is among the most important and
widely used reagents in titrimetry. Unfortunately, this reagent is not good for direct
determination of aluminium ions, because EDTA reacts with aluminium ions too
slowly. Problem can be solved by applying back titration method. In the beginning
EDTA and aluminium compound solution are allowed to react in the hot solution for
several minutes, and then excess EDTA can be fast and easily titrated with Zn2+(aq).
Analysis is performed in presence of buffer solution. Reactions taking place in this
method can be represented as:
Al3+ + EDTA4– Al·EDTA–
and
Zn2+ + EDTA4– Zn·EDTA2–
d) 20.00 mL of solution, that contains Al3+, was transferred into flask that
contains 50.00 mL 0.0500 M EDTA solution. Mixture was boiled for several
minutes. For titration of the resulting mixture 23.25 mL of 0.0500 M Zn2+
solution was necessary. Calculate molar concentration of Al3+ in the initial
solution.
Trihalides of aluminium (like AlCl3) are very strong Lewis acids and finds extensive
use as catalysts. With some ligands L aluminium trichloride may form four-
coordinated AlCl3 L or even five-coordinated AlCl3 L2.
e) Assuming that L is a monodentate ligand, draw all possible geometrical
isomers of AlCl3 L2.
f) In gas phase aluminium trichloride exists as Al2Cl6 molecules with two
bridging Cl atoms. Make a drawing that represents spatial structure of Al2Cl6
molecule.
Theoretical problems 4
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
Problem 2 Beware of light! 10 pointys
Students found in a laboratory a bottle with little bit wet reagent A, which had
label „light sensitive”. Students have not paid attention to this label, and left the bottle
on the bench over the summer break. As a result, the bottle was in direct sunlight for
several hours a day. After the summer break students noticed that some changes
happended to the content of the bottle. There were three compounds formed: B, C and
D.
Compound A is also used to increase solubility of C in aqueous solutions. In
this process anion E is formed, which is also a part of compound D. If concentrated
solutions of A are mixed with concentrated solution B and then the obtained solution
are allowed to react with some yellow-green gas F, two new compounds are formed.
Of this mixture, compound G in acidic media reacts with A, which leads to C as one
of the products. Oxygen content in compound G is 22.4% (by mass). If compound G
reacts with the acid derived from F, which consist of only two elements, the reaction
leads to C, F and two other products.
1. Provide formulae for compounds A - G and reaction equations for all
mentionned proceses.
2. Why A is light sensitive and nothing happens if it is stored in the dark?
Mark correct answer(-s).
a. light is form of activation energy provided
b. light initiates electrolytic dissociation
c. light initiates formation of radicals
d. light is oxidizing agent
e. light is reducing agent
3. Why the solubility of C in water increases if compound A is added?
4. Draw the Lewis structure of anion E.
5. Calculate maximum pH, at which a reaction between A and G still
proceeds at 25 oC, if [G] = 0.25M and [A] = 0.10M. Eo(A) = 0.536 V,
Eo(G) = 1.195 V.
Before summer holidays started students used compound A for investigation of
reaction kinetics. It is known that compound A reacts with persulphate ions (S2O82-)
forming compound C and sulphate ions. Investigating kinetics at 25oC temperature
Theoretical problems 5
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
they obtained data of initial reaction rate v0 depending on reactant concentrations C0.
These data are shown in table 1.
Table 1
C0(S2O82-), mmol/L C0(A), mmol/L v0 108 mol/(L×s)
0.10 10 1.1
0.20 10 2.2
0.20 5.0 1.1
6. Write balanced chemical equation for reaction of persulphate ions with
compound A (net ionic equation is also acceptable).
7. Determine reaction partial orders, write kinetic expression and calculate
reaction rate constant at 25oC.
8. They found in literature that activation energy for this reaction is
42kJ/mol. Calculate temperature (in oC) needed to increase reaction rate 10
times if reactant concentrations remains the same.
9. Calculate what time (in hours) is necessary to decrease reactant
concentrations 10 times if initial concentrations for both reactants are
equal with 1.0 mmol/L at 25oC temperature.
Theoretical problems 6
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
Problem 3. Ordinary Physical Chemistry 7 points
Part I. Initial conditions of the reaction H2 + N2 → NH3 is n0(H2) = n0(N2), n0(NH3) =
0. At 400 °C equilibrium constant Kp of the reaction is 1,60∙10−4 bar−2.
a) Write the equation of the reaction.
b) Express analytically the mole fraction x(NH3) and Kp in terms of a ratio y, which is
a fraction of the amount of produced ammonia to twice the initial amount of reagents,
y = n∞(NH3)/2n0 or n∞(NH3) = 2yn0.
c) Calculate the pressure (bar), under which the partial pressure of NH3 equals
11.11% of total pressure.
Part II. Mixture of gases containing CO, H2, and CH3OH is blown over a catalyst at
500 K.
d) Would methanol form in the reaction CO + H2 → CH3OH under the given
conditions: pCO 9 pH2 99 pCH3OH , pCH3OH 0.099 bar , and r G 21.21 kJ / mol .
r G r G RT ln Q
e) Calculate the value of Q when ∆rG = 0. Is it the minimal or maximal value above or
below which the equilibrium is shifted towards methanol production?
Theoretical problems 7
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
Problem 4. Smart robot 13 points
The hero of the movie “Star Wars” – a very intelligent robot R2-D2 received 20.0 mg
of radioactive sample P known to contain only element A. Robot divided this sample
into two halfs of equal masses. With the help of gas diffusion method he quickly
separated the first half into two parts. He obtained two equal volumes of gasses (under
appropriate contitions) which weights were 4.92 and 5.08 mg; activities equaled
5.19∙1013 and 2.94∙1013 decays per second, correspondigly. These two were isotopes
of element A. R2-D2 chlorinated the second half of the sample yielding higher
chloride B which after hydrolysis in water gave a solution of triprotic acid C and
strong acid D. This solution was titrated with 19.95 cm3 of 0.1234 M NaOH solution.
a) Write the chemical symbols for element A and formulas for compounds B–D.
b) Write four equations for the reactions mentioned above.
c) Provide calculations to confirm the validity of your solution.
d) By what time all the sample will have almost completely decayed, i.e. total
remaining activity would be less than 0.1% of the initial one.
R2-D2 found that after this time the remaining 10.0 mg of sample P consisted of two
isotopes of element E. Robot could not resist the delight of chlorinating them. As a
result he obtained yellow substance F. When hydrolysed in water substance F formed
diprotic weak acid G, diprotic oxoacid H, and acid D. This solution was titrated with
2.136 cm3 of 0.4321 M NaOH solution.
e) Write the chemical symbols for element E and formulas for compounds F–H.
f) Write five equations for chemical reactions and two reactions of radioactive decay
of isotopes of element A.
g) Provide calculations to confirm the validity of your solution.
Hint: Assume that molar mass of an isotope is an integer number.
Theoretical problems 8
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
Problem 5. Chiral polyhydroxylated cyclohexanoids. 11 points
It is supposed that enentiomerically pure polyhydroxylated cyclohexanoids could be
useful for the treatment of diabetes, viral infections and cancers.
The scheme shows enzyme-catalyzed kinetic enantiomeric separation of compound B:
1. Which class of enzymes will catalyze this reaction? (select the appropriate
class of enzymes)
a) oxidoreductase
b) isomerase
c) lipase
d) ligase
2. What is the maximum yield of compound B?
a) 100 %
b) 90 %
c) 75 %
d) 50 %
3. Find chiral centers of compound B and indicate their configurations.
MeO OMe
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
OCOMe
One of the ICHO’43 organizers C. Tanyeli from Turkey Ankara Middle East
Technical University used B as a starting compound for synthesis of enantiomerically
pure polyhydroxylated compounds G1 and G2:
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XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
4. Draw the entire structures of compounds D-G.
5. In respect to each other compounds G1 and G2 are:
a) enantiomers
b) structural isomers
c) diastereomers
d) conformers.
Theoretical problems 10
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
Problem 6. The hunt for the flat carbon. 13 points
3
Incorporating a “flat” carbon atom in sp hybridization in a molecule would be
very exciting achievement from theoretical point of view. Such geometry is associated
with enormous amount of strain and it is a huge challenge to incorporate such element
in a “stable” molecule.
A special class of compounds – fenestranes, could as well be an answer to this
scientific challenge, although it must be noted that the most desirable symmetrical C9
fenestrane, which could planar symmetry, is not yet synthesized.
The problem outlined below shows the synthesis of C13 symmetrical
fenestrane, even though bond angles in this molecule are distorted to a large extent,
the planar symmetry around carbon atom is not achieved.
O
O
N
1. bulky base
H
A
1. Cl OEt
+
B C
2. H 3O 2. Reagent 1 C 12 H16O 3
1. base
D E
2. Reagent 2 contains P C15H 18O3
OMe
Br Br P
OMe
OEt O
Reagent 1 Reagent 2
Bulky base = 2 equivalents of sterically crowded base like LDA (lithium
diisopropilamide)
Theoretical amount of base needed to obtain D is one mole
The base used in deprotonation of C does not react with terminal alkyne
D is formed in the initial SN2 reaction and contains phosphorus, under acidic
workup conditions this compound is not stable and it converts into E
E is C8 bicyclic compound.
Further carbon skeleton construction required the Pauson-Khand reaction
(PKR). In general PKR involves alkyne, alkene and carbon monoxide. In the
presence of cobalt catalyst PKR leads to a formation of cyclopentenone ring.
Note! In order to apply PKR in the present synthesis, carbonyl group in E was
removed to give F.
Theoretical problems 11
XIX Baltic Chemistry Olympiad Vilnius, 15-17 April 2011
F PKR
G H 2, Pd
H
C15 H20O 2 C16H 20O3
1. HSCH2CH2SH
I 1. NaOH
J
2. Raney Ni C16H 24O2 2. HCl, C 13 H 20
G already possesses the carbon skeleton found in J.
J is very symmetrical.
1. Give structure of compounds A-J
2. Suggest a mechanism for transformation D → E
Theoretical problems 12
