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Lathe Machine:
The main function of lathe machine is to produce cylindrical component by remove metal
from work piece to give the required size.

Types of Lathe:

There are different types of lathe machine

• Engine or Centre Lathe

• High Speed Precision Lathe Machine
• Tool Room Lathe
• Capstan & Turret Lathe
• Special Purpose Lathe
• Bench Lathe

Parts of a lathe machine

1. Headstock:

• Accommodate gear train to get different spindle and feed speeds

• Drives the feed rod and lead screw
• Hold the main spindle to which the chuck is attached

Type of Headstock:

The following are the two types of headstock

• All Gear Headstock

• Cone Pulley Headstock
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Advantage of all gear headstock

• Easy to set spindle speed

• Spindle RPM range is more

Disadvantage of all gear head stock:

• Make noise during machining

• Maintenance is costlier
Cone pulley head stock

Advantage of cone pulley head stock

• Can take heavy load.

• Less noise during working
• Easy to maintenance

Disadvantage of cone pulley head

stock

• The number of spindle speed

is limited to the number of
steps in the cone pulley.
• It takes time to change the
spindle speeds.

2. Tail stock:

It is a sliding unit on the bed-ways of

the lathe bed. It is situated on the
right hand side of the lathe machine.

Purpose of the tailstock:

• To accommodate the dead centre to support lengthy works to carry out lathe
operation.
• To hold cutting tools like Drill bits, reamers and similar accessories with taper shank.
• To turn external taper by offsetting the body of the tailstock with respect to the
base.

3. Carriage:

• Assembly of saddle, Cross slide, Apron mechanism, compound slide & Tool Post.
• Provide the movement of tool post both in longitudinal and cross direction through
cross slide and compound slide.

4. Cross slide:

• It provides cross movement to the tool

• Rest of Compound slide over it

5. Compound Slide:
• Can be providing cutting tool in longitudinal movement with fine feed.
• Can give angular movement by setting swivel base.

6. Tool Post:

The tool post is fitted on the compound slide hold the cutting Tools firmly.
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Type of Tool Post:

Single Way Tool Post

Disadvantage:
• Cutting tool hold only by a single bolt.
• Take more time for setting centre height of the cutting tools.

Quick Change Tool Post

Advantage:
• Quickly can change the cutting tools.
• Easy to set the centre height of the cutting tools

Disadvantage:
• Only one tool can hold at a time
• Need more tool holder

Indexing Type Tool Post

Advantage:
• 4 number of cutting tools can hold at time.
• Frequently can index the tool post according to the operation.
• Cutting tools is tightening by 4 numbers of bolts.

Disadvantage:
• Skill required to set the centre height of the cutting tools.
• Take more time to set the centre height of the cutting tools.

7. Saddle:

• To provide slide of carriage on bed.

• Accommodate cross slide.

8. Bed:

The functions of lathe bed are:

• To locate the fixed units in accurate relationship to each other.

• To provide slideways upon which the operating unit can move.

Type of Bed:

• Flat Bed way.

• “V” Bed way.
• Combination Bed way.

9. Lead screw:

• Power transmits from head stock to carriage through feed change gear box.
• Use during thread cutting operation.
10. Feed Shaft:

• Power transmits from head stock to carriage through feed change gear box.
• Use during plain turning operation.
11. Apron:

• Power transmit from lead screw or feed shaft to give automatic movement
(longitudinal and cross) of cutting tools through worm gear.
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12. Feed change gear box:

• Transmits feed Power to apron by feed shaft.

• Can set different feed range of carriage(longitudinal & Cross movement)

Movement of cutting tool:

• Longitudinal
• Cross
• Angular

Lathe Machine centre:

• Live Centre (Head Stock Spindle)
• Dead Centre (Tail stock spindle)
Specification of a Lathe Machine:
• Distance between live centre and dead centre
• Height of the centre from bed
• Swing diameter over the bed
• Spindle Bore size
• The Length of Bed.
• The width of the Bed.
• The power of main motor.
• Machine Accuracy.
• Spindle nose taper
• Feed range
• Lead of lead screw
• Number of spindle speed.

Lathe Cutting Tools:

Single point cutting tool nomenclature

1. Side cutting edge

2. End cutting edge
3. side clearance
4. front clearance
5. top rack
6. side rake

Nomenclature of Single Point Cutting tool

Cutting tools are classified as:

• single point cutting tools

• multi point cutting tools
• form tools

The tools used on lathe are:

• solid types tools

• brazed type tools
• inserted bits with holders
• throw-away types tools(carbide)

Cutting tool material of lathe tools

a) High carbon steel

b) High speed steel
c) Cemented carbide
d) Diamond
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Composition of high speed steel:

Tungsten (18%),
Chromium (4.0%),
Vanadium (1.0%),
Carbon (0.15%) remaining Iron.

Standard accessories of Lathe machine:

a) Chuck:

Chuck is a job holding device. There are different types of chuck used in lathe machine.

Type of chuck:

• Three jaw chuck or self centering chuck

• Four jaw independent chuck
• Drill chuck (used for holding the Drill bit)
• Collect chuck

Three Jaw chuck

Advantage:

• Self Centering
• Less time required for centring the job piece.
• Can used in Mass production purpose.
Disadvantage:

• Less griping capacity

• Job can not be centered accurately
• Only cylindrical job can be hold

Four jaw chuck:

Advantage:

• High griping capacity

• High accuracy upto 0.02 mm
• Technical and heavy operations can be done
• Irregular shape job can be hold
Disadvantage:
• Take time to centre the job
• Its cannot be used for mass production
• Skill required to centre the job

b) Catch plate: It is designed with a “U” slot and an

elongated slot to accommodate the bent tail of the lathe
carrier.

Uses:
• Provide the rotation of the job piece
• Use during turning of between centre job.
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c) Driving Plate: It is designed with a projected pin which
located the straight tail of the lathe carrier.

Uses:

• Provide the rotation of the job piece

• Use during turning of between centre job.

d) Face plate: Face plate are similar in construction to that

of the lathe catch plate but are larger in
diameter.

Uses:
Large, flat, irregular shaped workpiece, casting, jigs and
fixture may be firmly clamped to a face plate for various
turning operations.

e) Follower steady rest:

A follower steady rest is fixed to the saddle of the

lathe. As follows the tool it give support just behind the
cutting point. Follower steady rest support is
continuous to the entire length of cutting.

f) Fixed Steady rest:

A fixed steady rest is a lathe accessory used for a long
slender workpiece in addition to the centre support
during turning. It is fixed on lathe bed.
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Lathe operations:

a) Facing:
Facing is done
i. to reduce the length of the job piece.
ii. to make job face perpendicular to the job axis
iii. for good surface finish.

The following are the defects found in facing a works

Concave face

This is caused by the tool digging into the work during the feeding as the tool is not
clamped rigidly. By clamping the tool rigidly with minimum overhang, this defect can be
avoided.

A convex face:
This is caused by the blunt cutting edge of the tool and the carriage not being locked. To
avoid this defect, re-sharpen the tool and used it, also lock the carriage to the bed of the
lathe.

A pip left in the centre:

This is due to the tool not being set to the correct centre height. By placing the tool to the
correct centre height, this defect can be avoided.

b) Plain Turning:
Plain turning is done,
i. to reduce diameter through length of the job material.
ii. for good surface finished.
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c) Chamfering:
It is the operation of beveling the edge of a cylindrical or a bore a definite length.

Purpose of chamfering:
i. To remove burrs and sharp edge from the turned components to make their
handling easy.
ii. To permit for easy assembly of mating components (a shaft and a hole).

d) Step Turning:
Step turning is done,

i. To reduce the diameter to a certain length.

e) Taper Turning:
Gradually increase or decrees the diameter from and end to another end of the job
piece. Taper can be cut by using different methods.

Compound Slide Swiveling Method:

Advantage:

• Easy to set angle by swiveling base.

• Can cut more taper angle
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Disadvantage:

• Only short jobs can be tapered

• Finishing of the job not so good being incapable of automatic system.
• Minimum accuracy of this method is 1 degree.
Tail Stock offset Method:

Advantage:
• Lengthy job can be taper
• Automatic movement can provided to the cutting tool.

Disadvantage:

• Can cut only less taper angle.

• Can not cut internal taper

Taper Turning Attachment Method:

Advantage:

• Automatic movement can be provided.

• Lengthy job Can taper

Disadvantage:
• Can cut less taper angle
• Take more time to set the attachment

f) Threading:
Threading is operation to cut a thread on a cylindrical job piece (internal/external) by
using lead screw and feed change gear box.

Types of threads:

Vee threads:
These threads are of a ‘V’ shape. Vee threads of different types are available. A vee
threads is the most commonly used form of screw threads and is used for domestic and
industrial application like bolt, nuts and spindles for micrometer etc.

Square threads:
The cross section of these threads is square in shape. These threads are very strong
and are used on fly presses, screw jacks, vices and spindles.

Traperzoidal threads:
This threads is modified thread of square threads. The angle between the flanks is
300. These threads are also strong and are used for easy engagement and
disengagement in transmission. Lead screw of machine tools are made of trapezoidal
threads.
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g) Knurling:
Knurling is an operation for producing straight lined, cross or diamond shaped patter on
cylindrical surface.
Purpose of knurling:
• A good hand grip for various hand tools and machine parts.
• Good appearance of work.

Knurling patterns:

• Diamond knurling
• Straight knurling
• Cross knurling

Grade of knurling

1. Coarse knurling, 2. Medium knurling , 3. Fine knurling

h) Drilling:
Drilling is an operation to make hole on job axis.

• During drilling operation lathe machine drill bit are hold in tail stock spindle.
• Centre drill should be done Before drilling in lathe machine

i) Boring:
Boring is the process of enlarging and truing the existing drilled hole with a single point
cutting tool.

• Enlarge the drilled or cored hole

• To produce geometrically
dimensionally accurate holes.
• To obtain better surface finish on
the walls on the hole.

Types of boring tools

• Solid forged tools
• Boring bars with inserted bits.
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j) Eccentric turning

Turning operation is perform more than one axis job on a single job piece, known as
eccentric turning. For example crank shaft.

• Four jaws Chuck is used eccentric turning.

• Lathe centre are used if more than 2 axis required on a single job piece

k) Grooving:

Grooving is the process of turning a grooved form or channel on a cylindrically turned

workpiece. The shape of the cutting tool and the depth to which it is fed determine the
shape of the groove.

Types of grooves:

1. Square groove
2. Round groove
3. “V” shape groove
l) Parting:
Parting operation is done to
part of the workpiece.

Parameters of lathe machine:

Depth of cut:

It is the thickness removes by the cutting tool for each cut from the work piece. It is the
perpendicular measurement of uncut surface to cut surface.

Feed:

Distance move by the cutting tool in per revolution or per minute of the job (along or
across) is called feed. It is express in mm/revolution or mm/minute.

RPM:

1000 × v
Revolution of spindle in per minutes, n =
πd
Cutting speed:
The cutting edge of cutting tool passes over the material piece in per minutes is cutting
πdn
speed. It is express in meter/ minutes, v =
1000