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Classification of Signals Class

This document discusses signals and systems in engineering. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information about a physical phenomenon, and can be continuous or discrete over time. A system relates an input signal to an output signal. Signals are further classified as real/complex, deterministic/random, periodic/non-periodic, even/odd, and energy/power signals. Key signal properties include whether the signal value is real or complex, predictable or random, repeats over time, and has finite or infinite energy. Systems model physical processes that transform input signals to output signals.

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Ayushman Gohain
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35 views

Classification of Signals Class

This document discusses signals and systems in engineering. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information about a physical phenomenon, and can be continuous or discrete over time. A system relates an input signal to an output signal. Signals are further classified as real/complex, deterministic/random, periodic/non-periodic, even/odd, and energy/power signals. Key signal properties include whether the signal value is real or complex, predictable or random, repeats over time, and has finite or infinite energy. Systems model physical processes that transform input signals to output signals.

Uploaded by

Ayushman Gohain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Systems

EC205

Ananya Bonjyotsna
Tezpur University
Introduction to Signals & Sys-
tems
What is a Signal?

A signal (function of one or more independent variable)


contains information about the behaviour or nature of some
phenomenon.
A signal is formally defined as a function of one or more
variables that conveys information on the nature of a
physical phenomenon.
When the function depends on a single variable, the signal
is a 1D signal. Eg: Speech signal.
When the function depends on two or more variables, the
signal is a multidimentional. Eg: Image
Some other examples of signals are - voltage, current, temp,
humidity, wind velocity, ECG, body temp, skin conductivity,
EMG, population of India over 5 yrs, economy, stock market
etc.

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What is a System?

Now we need to think what do we do with these signals!!!

How do we interpret these information!!!

A system responds to particular signals by producing other


signals of some desired behaviour.

A system is a mathematical model of a physical process that


relates the input (or excitation) signal to the output (or
response) signal.

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Classification of Signals
There are conventionally 6 classes of signals.

1. Continuous-time and Discrete-time signal


2. Real and Complex signal
3. Deterministic and Random signal
4. Periodic and Non-periodic signal
5. Even and Odd signal
6. Energy and Power signal

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1. Continuous-time and Discrete-time signals
A signal x(t) is called as continuous-time signal, if t is a
continuous variable.
A signal is called as discrete-time signal, if it is defined at
discrete instances of time and is denoted by x[n], where n is an
integer.

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1. Continuous-time and Discrete-time signals
A signal x(t) is called as continuous-time signal, if t is a
continuous variable.
A signal is called as discrete-time signal, if it is defined at
discrete instances of time and is denoted by x[n], where n is an
integer.

2. Real and Complex signals


A signal x(t) is called a real signal if its value is a real number.
A signal is a complex signal if iots value is a complex number.
x(t) = x1 (t) + jx2 (t)

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3. Deterministic and Random Signal
Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are
completely specified for any given time. Thus, a deterministic
signal can be modeled by a known function of time t.
Random signals are those signals that take random values at any
given time and must be characterized statistically.

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3. Deterministic and Random Signal
Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are
completely specified for any given time. Thus, a deterministic
signal can be modeled by a known function of time t.
Random signals are those signals that take random values at any
given time and must be characterized statistically.

4. Periodic and Non-periodic signals


A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be periodic with period T
if there is a positive non-zero value of T for which
x(t + T) = x(t) for all t

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5. Even and Odd signals
A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an even signal if
x(−t) = x(t) or x[−n] = x[n]

A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an odd signal if


x(−t) = −x(t) or x[−n] = −x[n]

Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals,


one of which is even and one of which is odd.
x(t) = xe (t) + xo (t)
where xe (t) = 21 {x(t) + x(−t)}
and xo (t) = 21 {x(t) − x(−t)}

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6. Energy and Power signal
For an arbitrary continuous-time signal x(t), the normalized
energy content E of x(t) is defined
∫∞ as
E = −∞ | x(t) |2 dt
The normalized average power P of x(t) is defined as
∫ T2
P = limT→∞ T1 −T | x(t) |2 dt
2

Similarly for a discrete-time signal x[n], the normalized energy


content E of x[n] is defined ∑
as
E= ∞ n=−∞ | x[n] |
2

The normalized average power P of x[n] is defined as


1 ∑N
n=−N | x[n] |
P = limN→∞ 2N+1 2

7 8
Based on these definitions of Energy and Power, we can identify
3 categories of signals:
1. x(t) or x[n] is said to be an Energy signal if and only if
0 < E < ∞ and so P=0

2. x(t) or x[n] is said to be a Power signal if and only if


0 < P < ∞, thus implying E = ∞

3. Signal that satisfy neither property are neither Energy nor


Power.

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