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8 Fig. 8.1 shows parallel wavefronts of a light wave in ice. The wavefronts are incident on a boundary
with air.

direction
of wave

ice

air

Fig. 8.1

The speed of the light wave in air is 3.0 × 108 m / s. The refractive index of the ice is 1.3.

(a) On Fig. 8.1:

(i) draw the wavefronts of the wave that passes into the air [3]

(ii) draw arrows to show the direction of travel of the refracted wave [1]

(iii) label the angle of incidence i and the angle of refraction r. [1]

(b) Calculate the speed of the light wave in the ice.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

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6 The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s.

(a) Calculate the range of wavelengths for sounds that are audible by a healthy human ear.

wavelengths range from ................................. to ................................. [2]

(b) Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

Describe how a longitudinal wave differs from a transverse wave.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Fig. 6.1 shows a band in front of a building.

Fig. 6.1

The drum produces a low frequency sound. Other musical instruments produce a high
frequency sound. These sounds are equally loud.

A young man at the side of the building hears the drum but not the high frequency sounds
from the other musical instruments.

Explain why this happens.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]

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6 Green light of frequency 5.7 × 1014 Hz is travelling in air at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s. The light is
incident on the surface of a transparent solid.

Fig. 6.1 shows the wavefronts and the direction of travel of the light in the air.

wavefront

air
solid

Fig. 6.1

The light travels more slowly in the transparent solid.

(a) Explain, in terms of the wavefronts, why the light changes direction as it enters the solid. You
may draw on Fig. 6.1 as part of your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The refractive index of the transparent solid is 1.3.

(i) The light is incident on the surface of the solid at an angle of incidence of 67°.

Calculate the angle of refraction of the light in the solid.

angle of refraction = ......................................................... [2]

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(ii) Determine the wavelength of the green light in the transparent solid.

wavelength = ......................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]

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6 A dentist uses a plane mirror to see the back of a tooth.

(a) A plane mirror produces an image of an object.

Describe the position of this image.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 6.1 shows the plane mirror used by the dentist to see the point labelled X on the tooth.

dentist’s eye

mirror

Fig. 6.1

On Fig. 6.1:

(i) mark the position of the image of X formed by the mirror [1]
(ii) draw a ray of light from X to show how the dentist can see the tooth. [2]

(c) State one characteristic of the image formed by the plane mirror other than its position.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

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10 In Fig. 10.1 the vertical lines represent the crests of a wave in a ripple tank.

P Q
ripple
tank

wave
generator
Fig. 10.1

Fig. 10.1 is drawn to scale, with 1.0 cm on the diagram representing 4.0 cm in the tank.

A crest takes 2.0 s to travel from P to Q.

(a) (i) Determine the wavelength of the wave in the ripple tank.

wavelength = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Define the term frequency.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Determine the frequency of the wave.

frequency = ......................................................... [1]

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(iv) The wave generator is a bar of wood.

Describe how it is used to produce the wave shown.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(v) Some water in the ripple tank is removed. The water becomes less deep. No other
change is made.

State how the change in depth affects the wavelength and the speed of the wave.

speed ................................................................................................................................

wavelength ........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) A student reads in a textbook that the speed of sound in air is about 300 m / s.

He plans an experiment to check this value.

He asks another student to stand a long distance away in a large open space.

One student has a starting pistol. The pistol, when fired, produces a loud sound and a puff of
smoke at the same instant.

(i) Other pieces of apparatus are needed for this experiment in order to measure the speed
of sound.

Name two other pieces of apparatus that are needed.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Describe how all the measurements are made.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]
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(iii) State typical values for the speed of sound in:

1. a liquid

...........................................................................................................................................

2. a solid.

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 15]

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9 Ultrasound and X-rays are both used in medical imaging.

(a) (i) Define what is meant by ultrasound.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe what happens to ultrasound waves as they meet the boundary between two
different materials.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) To produce the image of an unborn child, an ultrasound emitter and receiver are placed
close together on the mother’s skin.

Fig. 9.1 shows pulses detected by the receiver.

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

time / ms

Fig. 9.1

Pulse A is the emitted pulse and pulse B is the first pulse that returns from the unborn child.

The average speed of ultrasound in human tissue is 1500 m / s.

Calculate the distance between the emitter and the child.

distance = ......................................................... [3]

(iv) The speed of ultrasound in human tissue is close to the speed of sound in water.

Suggest approximate values for the speed of sound in gases and solids.

speed in gases ..................................................................................................................

speed in solids ..................................................................................................................

[2]

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(b) Fig. 9.2 shows an X-ray image of a hand. An X-ray detector is placed just below the hand.
An image of the bones and human tissue around the bones is formed on a screen by the
detector.

screen

Fig. 9.2

(i) Describe what happens to the X-rays to produce the image.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) The wavelength of the X-rays used is 2.0 × 10−9 m. The speed of electromagnetic waves
is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the frequency of the X-rays.

frequency = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest one reason why X-rays are not used to form an image of an unborn child.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 15]
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5 The distance between the centre of a thin converging lens and each principal focus is 5.0 cm.

(a) Describe what is meant by the term principal focus for a thin converging lens.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The lens is used as a magnifying glass to produce an image I of an object O.

(i) Underline the terms that describe the nature of the image produced by a magnifying
glass. [2]

diminished enlarged inverted real same size upright virtual

(ii) Fig. 5.1 is a full-scale diagram of the lens and the image I.

centre of lens

1 cm

1 cm

Fig. 5.1 (full-scale)

1. On Fig. 5.1, mark both principal focuses and label each of them F. [1]

2. By drawing on Fig. 5.1, find the position of object O and add object O to the diagram.
[3]

(iii) Using Fig. 5.1, determine the distance of object O from the centre of the lens.

distance = ......................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

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