QoS-based Power Allocation for Cellular Networks

using MATLAB

by

Ahmed Abdelhadi

Review Article with MATLAB Code

2020

University of Houston
 Table of Contents

List of Tables iii

List of Figures iv

Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation, Background, and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Users’ Utilities of Different CQIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 2. Resource Allocation with Radar Spectrum Sharing 7

2.1 System Model of Power Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Used Algorithm for Power Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Bibliography 13

ii
 List of Tables

1.1 Utility parameters [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

iii
 List of Figures

1.1 CDFs of successful packet reception of different modulations

with different CQIs [2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 CDFs of successful packet reception of different users with dif-
ferent CQIs represented by a sigmoid utlity using Table 1.1 as
in [1]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2 Power allocation for 15 users at different locations from the base
station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Corresponding bids by 15 users at different locations from the
base station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

iv
 Chapter 1

Introduction

This article presents the MATLAB code for the simulation results in [1]. We
first start with a concise background on the motivation of the problem and pro-
vide relevant references on the topic. We follow this by presenting MATLAB
Simulation code and results of [1].

1.1 Motivation, Background, and Related Work

The new advancement in wireless communications accompanied by the plethora
of associated software applications and services [3–6] require continuous im-
provement in the communication service to meet the demand. We can measure
the service quality with quality of service (QoS) metric [7–9] and more recently
with quality of experience (QoE) metric [10] which is more tuned to users sub-
jective experience in cellular networks [11]. The service qulity can be improved
in different layers of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model [12]. For ex-
ample, some authors improve the physical layer [13,14], others work on the link
layer [15–18] or utilize game theory methods as in [19,20] and microeconomics
as in [21, 22]. For the network layer, some advancements are shown in [23–27]
some with cross layer modifications in [28, 29] and QoS schedulers in [30–34].
For cellular standards [35–39], QoS is studied for various wireless protocols, e.g.
Mobile Broadband [40] in [41], Universal Mobile Terrestrial System (UMTS)
in [42–44], WiMAX [45] in [46, 47]. In [48–50], authors provided end to end
QoS for component-based and real-time traffic support. Some examples of the
application layer QoS improvements are shown in [51, 52]. Many algorithms
have been developed to improve QoS and QoE via resource allocations, e.g.
max-min fairness [53–56] and proportional fairness [57–59] applied to network
traffic [20, 60]. Algorithms with proportional fairness optimization are shown

1
in [61,62] and weighted fair queuing (WFQ) shown in [63,64] for delay-tolerant
traffic. Real-time traffic is addressed in [65] and optimality is shown in [66,67]
using convex optimization [68] and the corresponding sensitivity analysis is
shown in [69]. Extensions to include LTE resource blocks are shown in [70–72]
while users with multi-applications in [73–75].
The utilization of federal spectrum for commercial uses was recommended
by the President’s Council of Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST)
[76], e.g. radar band [77, 78] can be utilized by commercial mobile networks
[79, 80] to increase QoE [81–84] with interference mitigation techniques [85–
87]. The system of choice is the multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
radars [88–97] which outperforms phased-array radars [88–90] in waveform
degrees of freedom making it more suitable for co-existence scenarios with
MIMO communications networks [98–102]. The advantage of spatial diversity
in MIMO radar [103–114] enhances the throughput gain when co-existing with
MIMO communications networks [115–120].
Wireless communication networks benefit from the co-existence scenario with
improvements in throughput and QoE for delay-tolerant traffic [121–124] and
real-time traffic [125–129] in various communications settings [130–132]. Wire-
less allocations algorithms developed to enhance QoE are shown in [133, 134]
applying optimization techniques in [135–141]. Other prior non-convex op-
timization techniques are shown in [142–146]. Spectrum sharing scenarios
between radar and communications networks discussed in [147–150] are ad-
dressed in [151–153].
Emerging wireless technologies encompass Machine-to-Machine (M2M) com-
munications scenarios due to the various applications of M2M, e.g. industrial
automation, smart homes and power systems [154–157]. Technology specific
schedulers such as weighted round robin, deficit round robin, weighted fair
scheduling, and throughput-optimal maximum weight scheduler [158–161] are
applicable to LTE [162, 163]. However, the resource allocation techniques dis-
cussed here are more generic and hence applicable to various emerging M2M
applications as shown in [164, 165].
The resource allocation method shown in [1] and the code presented in the
next section are applicable to many systems, e.g. ad-hoc networks [166–173],

2
 M2M communications in [174–176], Internet of Things (IoT) [177–179], multi-
cast networks [180, 181], smart power systems [182, 183] and WiFi networks
[184–189].

1.2 Users’ Utilities of Different CQIs

In the simulation results presented in [1], we start with mapping CQI and SNR
to different distances of users from the base station as shown in Figure 1.1. The
corresponding values of sigmoid utility parameters are calulated using mean
squared error (MSE) and are used to represent these different user locations,
see Table 1.1. The corresponding mathematical representation of the sigmoid
utility function is as follows:
 1 
U(r) = c − d (1.1)
1 + e−a(r−b)
ab
where c = 1+e
eab
and d = 1+e1 ab . The utility function as a result of CQI mapping
to a and b values, as presented in [1], is shown in Figure 1.2. The corresponding
MATLAB code is
1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
2

3 PT = 40/15; % W; 46dBm
4 alpha = 3.5;
5 d = 1:500; %m
6 snr_dist = SNRDist(PT, d, alpha);
7

8 % CQI SNR MAPPING:

9 CQI = 1:15;
10 SNR_CQI =( CQI-4.6176)/0.5223;
11

12 % Figure of SNR against distance

13 plot(d,snr_dist,’LineWidth’,2);
14 hold on
15 for i = 1:15
16 dis_CQI(i) = interp1(snr_dist,d,SNR_CQI(i));
17 line([dis_CQI(i) dis_CQI(i)],[-40 SNR_CQI(i)],’
color’,’r’,’LineStyle’,’:’,’LineWidth’,1.5)

3
 Table 1.1: Utility parameters [1]
CQI Code Rate
Index Modulation X 1024 Efficiency a b
1 QPSK 78 0.1523 0.8676 6.2257
2 QPSK 120 0.2344 0.8761 6.1657
3 QPSK 193 0.3880 0.8466 6.3812
4 QPSK 308 0.6016 0.8244 6.5526
5 QPSK 449 0.8770 0.8789 6.1467
6 QPSK 602 1.1758 1.0188 5.3029
7 16QAM 378 1.4766 0.5077 9.8303
8 16QAM 490 1.9141 0.6086 8.1999
9 16QAM 616 2.4063 0.7524 6.6333
10 64QAM 466 2.7305 0.3697 12.5005
11 64QAM 567 3.3223 0.4722 9.7873
12 64QAM 666 3.9023 0.6248 7.3974
13 64QAM 722 4.5234 0.8376 5.5177
14 64QAM 873 5.1152 1.1510 4.0153
15 64QAM 948 5.5547 1.6471 2.8058

18 line([0 dis_CQI(i)],[SNR_CQI(i) SNR_CQI(i)],’color

’,’r’,’LineStyle’,’:’,’LineWidth’,1.5)
19 Legend=strcat(’CQI = ’, num2str(i));
20 text(2,SNR_CQI(i),Legend,’FontSize’,16);
21 end
22

23 xlabel(’\bf Distance (m)’,’FontSize’,18);

24 ylabel(’\bf SNR (dB)’,’FontSize’,18);

and the function SNRDist used is shown below. This function calculates the
power limit for users at different distances in different modulations where PT
is the total power in dBm, d is the distance and the carrier frequency is 800

4
 20 CQI =15
CQI =14
CQI =13
15
CQI =12
CQI =11
10 CQI =10
SNR (dB)

CQI =9
CQI =8
5
CQI =7
CQI =6
0
CQI =5
CQI =4
CQI =3
-5 CQI =2
CQI =1
-10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Distance (m)

Figure 1.1: CDFs of successful packet reception of different modulations with

different CQIs [2].

MHz.
In MATLAB:
1 function snrdB = SNRDist(PT, d, alpha)
2

3 Pr_w = PT*(9/64)./((4*pi*d).ˆalpha);
4 Pr_dBm = 10*log10(Pr_w*1000);%dBm
5 NoiseFlow = -97;%dBm
6 snrdB = Pr_dBm - NoiseFlow;
7

8 end

5
 1

0.9

0.8
CQI = 15
Pi = 5.22 W
0.7 CQI = 1
Prob of Sucess Pkt reception

Pi = 23.24 W

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

P tx (W)

Figure 1.2: CDFs of successful packet reception of different users with different
CQIs represented by a sigmoid utlity using Table 1.1 as in [1].

6
 Chapter 2

Resource Allocation with Radar Spectrum

Sharing

2.1 System Model of Power Allocation

Figure 2.1: System Model

In [1] simulation, the system model consists of one base station and multi-
ple users connected to it at different distances and hence experience different
channel quality, i.e. channel quality indicator (CQI), that is represented in this
study by a sigmoid utility function as shown in section 1.2. The system model

7
is shown in Figure 2.1 where users closer to base station experience higher
CQI while those far away experience lower CQI. The power allocation aims at
maximizing the utilities, i.e. probability of successful reception, with an upper
limit on the power per user to ensure the base station can accommodate all
the users.

2.1.1 Used Algorithm for Power Allocation

First step is to use mean squared error (MSE) to curve fit CDFs of successful
packet reception of different users at different distances form the base station
shown in Figure 1.1 to the sigmoid function in equation 1.1. Hence, we can
determine the values of a and b of equation 1.1 using the following MATLAB
code in section 1.2.
After the values of a and b of users’ utilities are calculated, see Figure 1.2, these
utilities are used to maximize the probability of successful packet reception
by utility proportional fairness techniques described in details in [190]. The
allocation algorithm is distributed and include power limitation constraint.
The allocation algorithm is as follows

• The algorithms starts by users initializing the bids wi (1) and sending to
the base station.

• The algorithm exits if the difference between the current bid and previous
bid is less than a pre-specified threshold δ.
PM
wi (n)
• The price is evaluated using p(n) = i=1
PT
and sent to all users.

• The new shadow price is used to calculate the power Pi that maximizes
log Ui (Pi ) − p(n)Pi . The power is limted to the pr-specified power limi-
tation criteria as in [1].

• The new limited power value is used to compute the new bid wi (n) =
p(n)Pi (n).

• The algorithms repeats until the exit criteria is achieved..

In MATLAB:

8
 1 global a b
2

3 load parameter_CQI.mat
4 %users
5 a = parameter_a;
6 b = parameter_b;
7 %%
8 c = (1+exp(a.*b))./(exp(a.*b));
9 d = 1./(1+exp(a.*b));
10

11 % loop for power

12 PT = 150;
13 % Initial Bids
14 w = 15*ones(1,length(a));
15 delta = 1;
16 time = 0;
17 while (delta>0.00001)
18 time = time + 1;
19 t_sim(time) = time;
20 w_old = w;
21 t(time) = time;
22 p(time) = eNodeB(w, PT); % from eNodeB price
23 for i = 1: length(a)
24 ii =i;
25 jj = i;
26 pp = p(time);
27 soln(i) = fzero(@(x) utility(x,ii,pp,a,b)
,[.001 10000]);
28 P_opt(i) = soln(i);
29 w(i) = P_opt(i) * p(time);
30 if abs(w_old(i)-w(i)) > (10.* exp(-0.05*
time))
31 w(i) = w_old(i) + (10.* exp(-0.05*time)
) .* sign(w(i)-w_old(i));
32 end
33 %POWER LIMIT
34 P = w(i)/pp;

9
35 P_limit(i) = PowerLimit(PT, P);
36 end
37

38 w_sim(time,:) = w;
39 P_sim(time,:) = P_limit;
40 delta = min(abs(w-w_old));
41

42

43 end
44 %%
45 figure
46 plot(t_sim,w_sim,’LineWidth’,1.5);
47 ylabel(’bids sent by user’,’FontSize’,18);
48 xlabel(’Iterations’,’FontSize’,18);
49

50 %
51 figure
52 plot(t_sim,P_sim,’LineWidth’,1.5);
53 ylabel(’Power allocated for user’,’FontSize’,18);
54 xlabel(’Iterations’,’FontSize’,18);
55

56 %%
57 figure
58 for t = 1:15
59 plot(t_sim,P_sim(:,t),’Color’, rand(1,3),’LineWidth
’,2)
60 hold on
61 end
62 ylabel(’Power allocated for user’,’FontSize’,18);
63 xlabel(’Iterations’,’FontSize’,18);
64 xlim([0 54])
65

66 figure
67 for t = 1:15
68 plot(t_sim,w_sim(:,t),’Color’, rand(1,3),’LineWidth
’,2)
69 hold on

10
70 end
71 ylabel(’Bids sent by user’,’FontSize’,18);
72 xlabel(’Iterations’,’FontSize’,18);
73 xlim([0 54])

14

UE1 UE 2 UE 3 UE 4 UE 5 UE 6 UE 7 UE 8 UE 9 UE 10 UE11 UE 12 UE 13 UE 14 UE 15

12
Power allocated for user

10

2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Iterations

Figure 2.2: Power allocation for 15 users at different locations from the base
station.

11
 6

UE1 UE2 UE3 UE4 UE5 UE6 UE7 UE8 UE9 UE10 UE11 UE12 UE13 UE14 UE15

5
Bids sent by user

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Iterations

Figure 2.3: Corresponding bids by 15 users at different locations from the base
station.

12
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