SLIDING PLATFORM LINK FOR AGED AND

PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED PEOPLE

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

M.THERASA (923318114052)
R. UVARAJA (923318114054)
M.VIGNESHWARAN (923318114056)
M.KARTHIKRAJ (923318114701)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BODINAYAKKANUR

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

JUNE 2022
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “SLIDING PLATFORM LINK FOR

AGED AND PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED PEOPLE” is the bonafide
work of “M.THERASA (923318114052),
M.VIGNESHWAREN(923318114056), R.UVARAJA (923318114054),
M.KARTHIKRAJ (923318114701) ” who carried out the project work under
my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
PROF.M.BALAMURUGAN.M.E., PROF.V.SENTHIL.M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical
Engineering,
Government College of Engineering, Government College of Engineering,
Bodinayakanur - 625 582. Bodinayakanur - 625 582.

This Report is submitted for the Anna University Examination -JUNE 2022
for
ME8811 – PROJECT WORK held on 27.06.2022.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

If words are taken for acknowledgement then let words play the heralding
role of expressing our gratitude to
DR.V.THIRUNAVAKKARASU.,M.E,PH.D., principle for his suggestion and
advices.

We are very happy to express our gratitude to

PROF.M.BALAMURUGAN.,M.E., Head of the department in the Mechanical
engineering for having provided the necessary facilities for doing the project.

We owe a deep sense of reference and gratitude to the guidance provided by

PROF.V.SENTHIL.,M.E., Assistant professor in department of Mechanical
engineering forgiving us constant inspiration through his eminent guidance and
encouragement to complete this project successfully.

We sincerely thanks to the southern railway Administrator MR.S. ASHOK.

We owe our gratitude to all teaching staffs in our department for their
valuable suggestion guidance, and encouragement in completion of this project.
we also thank our parents who had been providing us constant mental support
during the course of this project.
 ABSTRACT

In railway station the aged and physically challenged peoples are difficult
to cross the platform through the escalator and bridges. They are not able to
manage the crowd because of their disabilities. Also, they could not reach the
train on the time of departure. Even though by using Lift/elevator, they need
someone’s help to operate it.

We were obtained permission from the Southern railway, Madurai. With

their guidance and support, we surveyed the entire department and came to
know that the aged and physically challenged peoples are facing many
difficulties to cross the railway platform. On behalf of we identified the major
problem as aforesaid. So we aimed to do a project which overcome such
difficulties.

In this project, the sliding platform link works based on servo mechanism
with IR sensors are placed on the two sides of the track. If train reaches the
sensor once the platform link will automatically open. And continuously sensing
the train in one path, the controller will give signals to the servo motor to
activate/deactivate and also the sliding link platform provides gapless path to
aged and physically challenged people.

I
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES VI

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 NEED FOR SLIDER BRIDGE 2

1.2 OBJECTIVES 3
1.3 THEME 3
2 PRESENT PROBLEM 4

2.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4

2.2 STANDARD OF PERFORMANCE 4

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

4 GENERATION & EXPLAINATION OF

ALTERNATIVES
9

4.1 GENERATING ALTERNATIVES 9

4.2 EXPLAINING ALTERNATIVES 12

II
5 SERVO MOTOR 16

5.1 MECHANISM 16
5.2 SERVO VS STEPPER MOTOR 17
5.3 PRINCIPLES 21
5.4 MAINTENANCE 28
5.5 HARDWARE 28
6 EVALUATION 32
6.1 SERVEY REPORT 34
6.2 CASE STUDY 35
6.2.1 CALCULATIONS 36
6.3 COMPARISON 38

7 ANALYSIS 39

7.1 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 39

7.2 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 40
7.3 ANSYS ANALYSIS 46
7.4.1 CASE 1 46
7.4.2 CASE 2 53
7.4 IMPLENTATION FLOWCHART 57

8 FINAL DESIGN 58

9 MERITS AND DEMERITS 63

10 CONCLUSION 64

REFERENCES
65

LIST OF TABLES

III
 TABLE NO NAME OF THE TABLE
PAGENO

6.1 EVALUTION
33
6.2 SURVEY OF RAILWAY
STATION
34
6.3 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
PLATFORM METHODS
35

6.4 CASE STUDY OF RAILWAY

STATION
36
6.5 TRAVEL TIME
37
6.6 COMPARISION BETWEEN
BRIDGES
38

7.1 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

40

LIST OF FIGURES

IV
 FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE
NO

5.1 SERVO SYSTEM

CONFIGURATION
21

5.2 LAYOUT OF SERVO

OPERATION
22

5.3 SERVO MOTOR

23
5.4 LAYOUT OF SERVO DRIVE
24

5.5 ARDUINO UNO R3

29

5.6 IR SENSOR
30
5.7 L293D IC
30
5.8 BUZZER
31

6.1 TIME TRAVEL GRAPH

38
V
 7.1 LAYOUT OF HYDRAULIC
ELAVATOR
42
7.2 CONTROLLING FOR
ROPED ELEVATORS
44

8.1 CREO MODEL OF SLIDING

PLATFORM LINK
58
8.2 CREO MODEL OF MOTORS AND
SLIDING LINK
59
8.3 SYSTEM PROTOTYPE
61

8.4 SKETCH OF SLIDING

PLATFORM LINK
62

VI
VII
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The problem to transfer handicapped or old people is as old as the

transportation system itself. Earlier and even now they are transferred by many
methods like on wheelchairs or with the help of sticks. But all these methods are
time consuming and slow and also don’t have any provision for carrying the
luggage. These methods are good in general use, but on platforms these cannot
be used as these methods will complicate the transportation and will disrupt the
free movement of the people on platforms. So here our aim is to design a system
or device which will be able to transfer the handicapped people from one
platform to another, within the given constraints and should also comply with
the societies exiting conditions. The system may be semi-manually driven or
semi-automatic or may be fully automatic. Normally a common man thinks that
to design is to create a system or device which should be perfect or ideal in the
given system. But in engineering language DESIGNING is completely
different. In engineering, it is to innovate or create or to modify the existing
system so that it works efficiently under the given constraints or existing
conditions.
Here the designing follows some specific steps which even if followed by a
layman will make him able to create small and useful things.
Some of the characteristics which the system should possess are:
1. Transferring handicapped people through the large crowd generally
present on the platforms, without disturbing their movement.

1
 2. Transportation system should be such that a normal person is able
to handle him easily
3. The system should be quick in service.
4. The system should be easily removable (if required to be removed).
Also the system should be comfortable for the handicapped people and safe.
The
system should be able to carry the load of the old or handicapped people. Here
first of all we will define the Statement of the problem, followed by the
analyzation of the need and then we will give the various alternatives we have
thought off, following it will description of different alternatives with the
problems we are facing in the practical application of the alternative.

1.1 NEED FOR SLIDER BRIDGE:

[1.] Save The Time of Passengers: Mainly the specialty of this station is
that it is made up of bridge from which passengers & goods can be transferred
from one platform to another as most fast as same level.
[2.] Reduces the Accident: Slider foot -bridge reduces the accident.

[3.] Good for Safety of People: Easy for older people to passing from one
platform to other platform. The bridge is usually used when the passengers
who are aged and cannot able to walk by the steps at that time this bridge is
very useful.

[4.] Transportation: Slider foot-bridge is easily transfer goods from one

platform to other platform.

2
 [5.] Easy Approach: Easy for coulee people to do work. And secondly the
heavy luggage's when there is need to transfer from one platform to another that
time as well as bridge is very useful.
[6.] Easy Access: Slider foot-bridge is easy accessible for old age and
handicapped peoples.

1.2 OBJECTIVES:
As India is fast growing country, we are trying to develop our
transportation system to full fill the need of population and as we known train is
one of the best mode of transportation to travel from one place to another, but
when time comes to use this mode of transportation people are being irritated
due to the crowd and the systems adopted at railway stations to reach on
platforms from one to another. And to avoid the time consumption and efforts
many of the people choose to reach the platform by crossing the track directly
and due to this many of the time accidents
occur and many of the people lose their life. footbridge isn’t implemented
anywhere in the India and abroad too. There are so limitations of foot over
bridge as well as escalator. Footbridge will be provided easy way pass way to
the passengers to pass one platform to another and directly affected drop off on
accidents due to the people cross tracks directly.

1.3 THEME

The present railway systems in India are not automated but are working
fully manmade. In railway stations normally we use foot-bridges. It is very
difficult for the elderly persons or handicapped persons to use the bridge.
Through this paper we would like to aware public about this slider bridge.
3
Mainly the tracking of a train is sensed by weighted sensor, this is used for
automatically close/open the slider bridge. Sensors are placed on two sides of
track to sense the motion of train. The microcontroller will sense the presence of
trains by using Weight/infrared sensors. And continuously sensing the train in
one path, the controller will give pulses to the motor to close the slider bridge
automatically.

CHAPTER 2

PRESENT
PROBLEM

2.1 Statement of the Problem:

To design a device or a system or to modify the existing systems, by
combining different machines or equipment together, which will be able to
transfer the handicapped and old people from one plat form to another platform?
Need Analysis
Specification
The system should have following specifications:
• To carry handicapped and old people from one platform to another platform.
• To transfer persons at an optimum rate so that it will not disrupt the railway.
• To have minimum height equal to that of the platform.
2.2 Standard of Performance
• It should be durable and less power requiring in case electrically driven or less
manual power requiring in case manually driven.

4
• It should cheap for both manufacturer and user.
• It should be safe. If using electrical devices, then proper insulation should be
provided. If some rotating parts are there, the vibration and noise level
(maximum of 60 decibel in the crowded places like platforms), should be
controlled by suitable means. If manual power is used, the person doing so
should be skillful and capable of doing it.
• It’s maintenance should be easy.
If maintenance is cheap, it can be maintained or repaired frequently.
• Should be easy to stop and should be people friendly i.e. easy to operate and
easy to vacate in case of emergency.
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW

● Technology transfer standards for communication aids for disabled people:

Abstract: Performance standards for the transfer of technology for
communication aids for disabled people are discussed. A prerequisite and
integral part of the design process for products used by disabled persons must be
consumer feedback. A disabled person who uses the technology and is articulate
in assessing, describing, and documenting the impact of proposed changes on
his or her life is key to the efficacy of the product. There are three possible
standards for home automation. In Europe, ESPRIT will be used. In Japan, the
Home Bus System will be used. At present the BSR X-10 system is probably the
most widely used system in the US, but if there is wide support for the CEB us
standard by industry, then it is likely that the CEB us microchips will be built
into US appliances in the future

5
● IROS special session on “Service robots for the disabled and elderly”. A
technique for robotic assisted transfer for people with motor difficulties.
Abstract: Elderly people would like to maintain independence for as
long as possible in a familiar environment. Limitations within that environment
often necessitate a move into residential care facilities where care attendants are
available for assistance. This research investigates one potential area where a
robot based technology may provide a solution that is usable by an elderly
clientele. The application area is that of assisting a person to achieve
independent transfer between a seated and a standing position such as might be
encountered in moving between a chair, wheelchair, bed, toilet, or shower seat.
An important goal of this work is to demonstrate that advanced technology can
be simple and effective. To be successful the technology must be easy to use,
meet the needs of elderly people and become an accepted component of daily
life.

● Robotic assistance: an automatic wheelchair tracking and following

functionality-by omnidirectional-vision:
Abstract: Robotic researches can contribute to the restoration of some
functions lost by handicapped people. The over-cost generated by the additive
potentialities must be affordable and related to the value of the usual product. In
most cases, autonomous functions are direct transpositions of solutions applied
in industrial robotics. If we consider that in addition with cost, security is a
supplementary constraint of rehabilitation robotics, an important research effort
is needed to propose technological components. The aim of this paper is to
introduce a functionality within the context of the following plan: "technical
6
achievement and psychological analysis of a master/slave robot assistance for
the invalid person" (HTSC: human/technology complex system). This
application allows a severely handicapped person to handle at the same time a
movable platform and a Manus® arm. In this paper, we will present an
"automatic tracking" functionality we developed in order to keep the Manus®
arm automatically close to the patient.

● Study on holonomic omnidirectional power wheelchair - integration of

manual-and-automatic-control:
Abstract: The aged and disabled constitute a growing percentage of the
world population, and a variety of systems to assist them are coming into very
high demand. The purpose of our study is to develop a power wheelchair that
gives the aged and disabled the same degree of mobility that healthy people
enjoy, enabling users to rejoin society fully and heartily. To accomplish this, we
adopt a holonomic omnidirectional mechanism that provide 3 DOF mobility, the
same as healthy people have. In addition, we introduce an intuitive interface and
automatic control functions to the power wheelchair. With these technologies, a
power wheelchair can provide flexible and intricate motion through simple
commands.

● Automatic adaptation in the Nav Chair Assistive Wheelchair Navigation

System:
Abstract: The Nav Chair Assistive Wheelchair Navigation System is an
adaptive shared control system being developed to provide mobility to those
individuals who would otherwise find it difficult or impossible to use a power

7
wheelchair due to cognitive, perceptual, or motor impairments. The Nav Chair
provides task-specific navigation assistance to the wheelchair operator in the
form of several distinct operating modes, each of which distributes control
differently between the wheelchair and the operator. This paper describes the
Nav Chair's mechanism for automatically selecting the most appropriate
operating mode based on a combination of the wheelchair's immediate situation
and its global location.
Results from two experimental evaluations of the adaptation-method-are-
presented.

● Effectiveness of an automatic manual wheelchair braking system in the

prevention-of- falls:
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of
an automatic manual wheelchair braking system in the reduction of falls for
patients at high risk of falls while transferring to and from a manual wheelchair.
The study design was a normative survey carried out through the use of a
written questionnaire sent to 60 skilled nursing facilities to collect data from the
medical charts, which identified patients at high risk for falls who used an
automatic wheelchair braking system. The facilities participating in the study
identified a frequency of falls of high-risk patients while transferring to and
from the wheelchair ranging from 2 to 10 per year, with a median fall rate per
facility of 4 falls. One year after the installation of the automatic wheelchair
braking system, participating facilities demonstrated a reduction of zero to three
falls during transfers by high-risk patients, with a median fall rate of zero falls.
This represents a statistically significant reduction of 78% in the fall rate of
high-risk patients while transferring to and from the wheelchair, t(18) = 6.39, p
8
less than or equal .0001. Incident reports of falls to and from manual
wheelchairs were reviewed retrospectively for a 1-year period. This study
suggests that high-risk fallers transferring to or from manual wheelchairs
sustained significantly fewer falls when the Study Mate automatic braking
system for manual wheelchairs was installed. The application of the automatic
braking system allows clients, families/caregivers, and facility personnel an
increased safety factor for the reduction of falls from the wheelchair.

● Development of stair climbing wheelchair with leg & wheel system (2nd
Report) - automatic stair climbing tests using stair measurement system by
image-processor:
Abstract: The number of lower limb disabled people have lately been
increasing because of traffic accidents and aging society. Most of the lower limb
disabled people daily live on wheelchairs. Stairs and step are considerable
obstacles for the people whose living depends upon wheelchairs. Although stair
climbable robots have been developed as robots for extreme tasks, they are of
large size, and heavy weight, and too forceful for stairs at home or hospitals.
Therefore they are not suitable for welfare purpose at home or hospitals. This
study aims at the development
CHAPTER 4
GENERATION & EXPLAINATION OF ALTERNATIVES

4.1 GENERATING ALTERNATIVES

There are many alternatives or ways by which a handicapped or old person
can be transferred from one platform to another platform. The alternatives are as

9
follows: 1. With the help of gravity, in which one end of the bridge will be
at the platform’s height and other end at bottom of the next platform. The person
will be seated in a chair with a seat belt and rolled on tracks. It will be having
proper braking system.

Schematic diagram of moving people on wheel chair

On a bridge of platform’s height with the help of moving belts or electronic

moving wheel chair.

10
 Schematic diagram of moving people on bridge

Through the over bridge, built on the platforms with the help of

• Manually driven wheel chair shown in fig 3.4.

• Manually driven wheel chair for moving on the bridge and escalators or lift or
moving belts to lift the person to bridge’s height and return also Fig 3.5.
• Moving (ramp) belts.
• Moving belts on movement on the bridge and lift for going upto the height of
bridge from platform’s height level.
• Electronic wheel chairs fitted with microprocessors and computers and moving
on flat ramps.
• Lifts.

11
 Schematic diagram for moving people on elevator
Through a subway, fig3.6 (wherever subways are there on a platform or easy
and cheap to built), transferring of handicapped or old people on
• Lifts and moving belts.
• Elevators and moving belts shown in Fig3.7.
• Electronic wheel chair (as described above).
• Lifts (may be in rectangular path or circular path).

Schematic diagram for moving people in subway

12
Handicapped people transferred through subway on moving ramp or manual
wheel chair

4.2 EXPLAINING ALTERNATIVES

A. Transferring the handicapped or old people with the help of gravity:
Here the system consists of;
1. An inclined bridge with one end at the top of one platform and other end
at the bottom of the other platform. The bridge will have rails or grooves fore
movement of the wheel chair. The rails or grooves will extend to a distance of
2-3m horizontally.
2. Electric motor will be used to lift the bridge, when it has to be removed.
This will be done with the help of thick steel wires.
3. Wheel chair is the equipment on which the people will be transferred. It
will be equipped with safety (locking system) devices and will have wheels
fitted to it. And also will have braking system.

Layout of Gravity bridge

13
The bridge will be hinged about A. When the bridge will be lifted it will rotate
about point A. At the end of the bridge a pair of wheels will be attached, which
will slide over a round arc.
Motor Arrangement
• Here the motor shaft will carry two gears A and B which will rotate with the
motor shaft.
• The gear A is meshed with gear C on the main shaft and gear B is meshed
with gear R which in turn meshed with gear D.
• Gears C and D will rotate on bearings, so there will be no direct contact
between the gears and the main shaft.
• The main shaft will carry a dog which will controlled by a manual lever. This
dog will be used to connect the main shaft with C and D accordingly.

When the dog is engaged with the gear C, the motor power will be used to
lower down the inclined bridge and when engaged with gear D, the reverse
will happen.
Rails
• The rails will be made up of steel and will be in the shape of half I-section.
The rail will consist of two such members.
• The gap between will be enough accommodate the tyres of the wheel chair.
Wheels of wheel chair
• The shape of the wheels will be as shown in the figure :
• The wheels (front and rear) will be connected to each other rigidly with the
help of an axle. This will stop them from moving sideways.

14
 Safety
• The wheel chair will be provided with a proper locking arrangement, so that
person may not fall.
• Railings will be provided on both sides of the bridge and a shed of tin will be
made to avoid environmental factors. Brakes
• The brakes will be provided on the wheels which will get actuated with the
help of an angle sensor or with help of a lever or a pedal. Problems
• The friction between the tires and the rail is too high.
• The force required to brake the wheel chair is high.
•The handicapped or old people has to be brought up to the height of the
platform from the railway platform level to the destination platform.
• The numbers of bridge to be built will be very large (on the stations where
number of platforms are very large, like in Kolkata the number of platforms
are 24, which will require about 46 bridges which will be very difficult to
construct and maintain). Cost of building the bridges has to be high.
• Power required to lift and bring down the system is very high.
The handicapped or old people can be transferred on a bridge, built at platforms
height:
Here the system consists of;
1. Bridge will be a straighter one parallel to the horizontal plane or platforms
and will be at the platform’s height only. On the bridge the handicapped or old
people can be transferred on manually driven wheel chairs.
2. Electric motor will be used to remove the bridge with the help or thick
steel ropes or a suitable gear mechanism, which will be discussed later.

15
 Removal of Bridge
One of the main problems of removal of the bridge is when there is arrival
or departure of train, which can be solved in following ways:
• With the help of steel ropes:

Bridge Removal by steel ropes

The bridge can be lifted with the help of steel ropes. Here the motor will pull the
wires through the gear system which connects the wire with the motor. The
bridge can be lifted up to a maximum angle of 80 degrees.
Here, also the system or gear system will consist of gears, which can reverse the
motion of the bridge. The gear system can be controlled with the help of a lever.

CHAPTER 5
16
 SERVOMOTOR

A servomotor is a structural unit of a servo system and is used with a

servo drive. The servomotor includes the motor that drives the load and a
position detection component, such as an encoder. The servo systems vary the
controlled amount, such as position, speed, or torque, according to the set target
value (command value) to precisely control the machine operation.

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for

precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists
of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a
relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed
specifically for use with servomotors.

Servomotors are not a specific class of motor although the term

servomotor is often used to refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-loop
control system.

Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery

or automated manufacturing.

5.1 MECHANISM

A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position

feedback to control its motion and final position. The input to its control is a
signal (either analogue or digital) representing the position commanded for the
output shaft.

17
 The motor is paired with some type of encoder to provide position and
speed feedback. In the simplest case, only the position is measured. The
measured position of the output is compared to the command position, the
external input to the controller. If the output position differs from that required,
an error signal is generated which then causes the motor to rotate either
direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As the
positions approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops.

The very simplest servomotors use position-only sensing via a

potentiometer and bang-bang control of their motor; the motor always rotates at
full speed (or is stopped). This type of servomotor is not widely used in
industrial motion control, but it forms the basis of the simple and cheap servos
used for radiocontrolled models.

More sophisticated servomotors use optical rotary encoders to measure

the speed of the output shaft and a variable-speed drive to control the motor
speed. Both of these enhancements, usually in combination with a PID control
algorithm, allow the servomotor to be brought to its commanded position more
quickly and more precisely, with less overshooting.

5.2 SERVO MOTORS VS STEPPER MOTORS

A servomotor consumes power as it rotates to the commanded position but

then the servomotor rests. Stepper motors continue to consume power to lock in
and hold the commanded position.

Servomotors are generally used as a high-performance alternative to the

stepper motor. Stepper motors have some inherent ability to control position, as

18
they have built-in output steps. This often allows them to be used as an open-
loop position control, without any feedback encoder, as their drive signal
specifies the number of steps of movement to rotate, but for this the controller
needs to 'know' the position of the stepper motor on power up. Therefore, on
first power up, the controller will have to activate the stepper motor and turn it
to a known position, e.g. until it activates an end limit switch. This can be
observed when switching on an inkjet printer; the controller will move the ink
jet carrier to the extreme left and right to establish the end positions. A
servomotor will immediately turn to whatever angle the controller instructs it to,
regardless of the initial position at power up.

The lack of feedback of a stepper motor limits its performance, as the

stepper motor can only drive a load that is well within its capacity, otherwise
missed steps under load may lead to positioning errors and the system may have
to be restarted or recalibrated. The encoder and controller of a servomotor are an
additional cost, but they optimise the performance of the overall system (for all
of speed, power and accuracy) relative to the capacity of the basic motor. With
larger systems, where a powerful motor represents an increasing proportion of
the system cost, servomotors have the advantage.

There has been increasing popularity in closed loop stepper motors in

recent years. They act like servomotors but have some differences in their
software control to get smooth motion. The top 3 manufacturers of closed loop
stepper motor systems employ magnetic encoders as their feedback device of
choice due to low cost and resistance to vibration. The main benefit of a closed
loop stepper motor is the cost to performance ratio. There is also no need to tune
the PID controller on a closed loop stepper system.
19
 Many applications, such as laser cutting machines, may be offered in two
ranges, the low-priced range using stepper motors and the high-performance
range using servomotors.

Encoders

The first servomotors were developed with synchs as their encoders. Much
work was done with these systems in the development of radar and anti-aircraft
artillery during World War II.

Simple servomotors may use resistive potentiometers as their position

encoder. These are only used at the very simplest and cheapest level, and are in
close competition with stepper motors. They suffer from wear and electrical
noise in the potentiometer track. Although it would be possible to electrically
differentiate their position signal to obtain a speed signal, PID controllers that
can make use of such a speed signal generally warrant a more precise encoder.

Modern servomotors use rotary encoders, either absolute or incremental.

Absolute encoders can determine their position at power-on, but are more
complicated and expensive. Incremental encoders are simpler, cheaper and work
at faster speeds. Incremental systems, like stepper motors, often combine their
inherent ability to measure intervals of rotation with a simple zero-position
sensor to set their position at start-up.

Instead of servomotors, sometimes a motor with a separate, external linear

encoder is used. These motor + linear encoder systems avoid inaccuracies in the
drivetrain between the motor and linear carriage, but their design is made more
complicated as they are no longer a pre-packaged factory-made system.

20
Motors

The type of motor is not critical to a servomotor and different types may be
used. At the simplest, brushed permanent magnet DC motors are used, owing to
their simplicity and low cost. Small industrial servomotors are typically
electronically commutated brushless motors. For large industrial servomotors,
AC induction motors are typically used, often with variable frequency drives to
allow control of their speed. For ultimate performance in a compact package,
brushless AC motors with permanent magnet fields are used, effectively large
versions of Brushless DC electric motors.

Drive modules for servomotors are a standard industrial component. Their

design is a branch of power electronics, usually based on a three-phase
MOSFET or IGBT H bridge. These standard modules accept a single direction
and pulse count (rotation distance) as input. They may also include over-
temperature monitoring, over-torque and stall detection features. As the encoder
type, gearhead ratio and overall system dynamics are application specific, it is
more difficult to produce the overall controller as an off-the-shelf module and so
these are often implemented as part of the main controller.

21
 Figure 5.1: Servo System Configuration

Features
Precise, High-speed Control

• Servomotors excel at position and speed control.

• Precise and flexible positioning is possible.
• Servomotors do not stall even at high speeds. Deviations due
to large external forces are corrected because encoders are used to
monitor movement.

5.3 PRINCIPLES
Servo Operation and Configuration
A system built with servo drives and servomotors controls motor operation
in closed loop. The actual position, speed, or torque of the servomotor is fed
back to compare to the command value and calculate the following errors
between them. Then the servo drive corrects the operation of the servomotor in

22
real time using this error information to ensure that the system can achieve the
required performance.
This cycle of feedback, error detection, and correction is called closed-loop
control. The control loop is processed by either of servo drive or motion
controller, or both depending on the required control. The control loops for
position, speed, and torque are independently used to achieve the required
operation. Applications will not always require all three control loops. In some
applications, only the control loop for torque control will be required. In other
applications, current and speed for speed control are required, and in still other
applications, three control loops for position control are required.

Figure 5.2: Layout of Servo Operation

Servo motor
The most common types of industrial servomotors are those based on
brushless motors. The rotor has a powerful permanent magnet. The stator is
composed of multiple conductor coils, and the rotor spins when the coils are
powered in the specified order. The movement of the rotor is determined by the

23
stator’s frequency, phase, polarity, and current when the correct current is
supplied to the stator coils at the appropriate time.

Figure 5.3: Servo motor

Encoder
Servomotors are different from typical motors in that they have encoders.
This allows high-speed and high-precision control according to the given
position and speed commands. Encoders are one of the hardware elements that
form the core of a servo system, and they generate speed and position feedback.
In many cases, the encoder is built into the servomotor or attached to the
servomotor. In certain applications, the encoder is an independent unit that is
installed away from the servomotor. When the encoder is installed in a remote
location, it is used for related parameters in addition to for control of servomotor
operation.

24
 Encoders are divided into two kinds.
• Incremental encoders
• Absolute encoders
Multi-turn absolute encoders are typically used for servomotors. Refer to
the
Technical Explanation for Rotary Encoders for more information on encoders
Servo Drive
Servo drives follow commands from the host controller and control the
output torque, rotation speed, or position of motors. The position, speed, or
torque are controlled according to inputs from a motion controller, feedback
encoder, and the servomotor itself, and the servo drive supplies the appropriate
amounts of power to the servomotor at the appropriate times. The basic
operating principle is the same as for an inverter, in which the motor is operated
by converting AC power to DC power to be a certain frequency.

Figure 5.4: Layout of Servo drive

A servo drive also has the following functions.

• Communications with the motion controller
25
 • Encoder feedback reading and real time closed-loop control
adjustment
• I/O processing for safety components, mode inputs, and operating
status output signals
EXPLANATION OF TERMS
Effective Torque
A value of the average torque (RMS) that is produced during operation of a
motor. A motor with a larger value than the effective torque must be chosen.
The unit is N-m.
Torque Constant
When a current flows to a motor, the current and the flux produce a torque.
The torque constant is the relationship between this current and the produced
torque. The higher the torque, the smaller the controlling current. The unit is N-
m/A.
Power Rate
The power rate is given by this formula: Power rate = (Rated torque)
2/Rotor inertia x 10-3. The higher the value is, the better the response is. The
unit is kW/s.
Rotor Inertia
The moment of inertia of the rotor, expressed in Jm. The smaller the value
is, the quicker the response is. The unit is kg·m2.
Applicable Load Inertia
The range in which a drive can control the load inertia. The range is limited
by the gain adjustment range and the energy absorption capacity. The unit is
kg·m2.
Rated Output

26
 The rated output (P) is the mechanical power that a motor can output. The
rated torque (T) and the rated speed (N) are related to the rated power as
follows:
P=0.105×T×N
Closed Loop
A control method that compares the position commanded by the controller
and the actual motor position. An error signal is returned to the controller and
used to give the system the correct position. Closed-loop control can be
performed based on the speed, acceleration, or torque in addition to the position.
The motion control method without using feedback is called open loop.
Open Loop
A control method in which the results of movement are not compared with
the actuator reference. When the controller commands the motor to move, it is
assumed that the requested movement will be completed.
Control Loop
In process control, a control loop adjusts a target variable by adjusting
other variables using feedback and error correction. In motion control, control
loops are set for speed, acceleration, position, or torque.
FUNCTIONS
Internally Set Speed Control
A function that controls the speed of the servomotor using speeds set in the
internal speed setting parameters.
Electronic Gear
A function that rotates the servomotor for the number of pulses obtained by
multiplying the command pulses by the electronic gear ratio. The electronic gear
is used to synchronize the position and speed of two lines, to enable using a

27
position controller with a low command pulse frequency or to set the machine
travel distance per pulse, to 0.01 mm for example.
Motor with Brake
A motor with an electromagnetic brake.
Brake Interlock
A function that sets the output timing for the brake interlock output (BKIR)
signal that activates the holding brake when the servo is turned ON, when an
alarm occurs, or when the servo is turned OFF. The output timing is set in the
parameter when a motor with a brake is used. A holding brake is used in
applications, such as for a vertical axis, to prevent the workpiece from falling.
Dynamic Brake (DB)
A brake that converts the rotational energy into heat by short circuiting the
terminals of the servomotor through a resistor to quickly stop the motor when a
power is interrupted or a servo amplifier failure occurs. Larger brake torque can
be obtained than with an electromagnetic brake. However, there is no holding
torque when the motor is stopped, so a mechanical brake must be applied to
hold the motor.
Dynamic brake is used for mechanical protection.
Free Run
A status in which a motor continues to rotate due to its inertia when servo
is turned OFF.
Immediate Stop Torque
When an error is detected, the motor is stopped with the torque set in the
parameter.
Servomotor

28
 A device that is a structural unit of a servo system and is used with a servo
drive. The servomotor includes the motor that drives the load and a position
detection component, such as an encoder.
Servo Drive
A device that is a structural unit of a servo system and is used with a
servomotor. The servo drive controls the servomotor according to instructions
from a PLC or other controller and performs feedback control with signals from
an encoder or other component.

Actuator
A device that generates mechanical motion using air pressure, water
pressure, or electricity. Industrial actuators are commonly driven by electric
motors.
Rack and Pinion
A device that converts rotary motion into linear motion. Normally a rack
and pinion is composed of a gearwheel (pinion) and a flat toothed bar (rack).

5.4 MAINTENANCE
Servomotors and Servo Drives contain many components and will
operate properly only when each of the individual components is operating
properly. Some of the electrical and mechanical components require
maintenance depending on application conditions. In order to ensure proper
long-term operation of Servomotors and Drives, periodic inspection and part
replacement is required according to the life of the components. (From the

29
"Recommendations for Periodic Inspection of Inverters", published by JEMA)
The periodic maintenance cycle depends on the installation environment and
application conditions of the Servomotor or Servo Drive. Recommended
maintenance times are listed below for Servomotors and
Servo Drives. Use these for reference in determining actual maintenance
schedules.
For Servomotors and Servo Drives maintenance, please check the "User Manual
(Chapter on Periodic Maintenance)" for each Series.

5.5 HARDWARE
Arduino UNO R3:
The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on at mega 328. It
operates at a voltage of +5V. It consists of 14 digital I/O pins of which 6 provide
PWM output, an operating clock frequency of 16 MHz, a USB connection, 6
Analog inputs, a power jack and a reset button. The Arduino can be
programmed using C or C++ through the Arduino IDE software.

Figure 5.5: Arduino UNO R3

IR Sensors:

An Infrared sensor is an electronic device which emits in order to sense

objects in the surrounding. The emitter is an IR LED and the detector is an IR
photodiode that is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by

30
the IR LED. It is a popular circuitry us ed in many electronic devices. The
radiations produced are not visible to the human eye since it emits at infrared
range. The sensors usually have wavelengths between 0.75 and 1000µm. The
region between 0.75 to 3µm is known as the near infrared regions. The region
between 3 and 6µm is known as the mid- infrared and infrared radiation which
has a wavelength greater higher than 6µm is known as far infrared.

Figure 5.6: IR SENSOR

In this project the sensors are placed at some distance from the platform.
When the light emitted from the IR LED encounters an object (in this case train)
it reflects the light which is picked up by the IR Receive r. The desired operation
is performed when the light reflects from the object (in this case opening/closing
the mobile platform).

L293D Driver IC:

It is a typical motor driver IC which allows the DC motor to rotate in either

direction / clockwise or anti-clockwise. It is a 16 pin IC which is capable of
driving small and quiet big motors as well. We need to provide either logic ‘0’
or logic ‘1’ to rotate the motor in the desired direction.

31
 Fig 5.7: L293D IC pin diagram
1. Input 1= Logic 1 and Input 2= Logic 0 we get Clockwise Direction
Movement
2. Input 1=Logic 0 and Input 2= Logic 1 we ger Anti -clockwise Direction
Movement

In this prototype, the L293D IC is used to drive the motors in the CD drive so as
to open or close the CD drive i.e. the mobile platform.
CD Drive:

There are two types motors used. One that is used to open and close the CD
Drive is a Stepper motor. The other type is a BLDC (brushless DC) motor that is
used to spin the CD. The DC motor in the CD drive converts the electrical
energy into mechanical energy, in this case, which opens/closes the CD drive to
bridge the gap between the platforms when it opens and un-bridges the gap
when the CD drive closes. The motors are driven using a driver IC as shown
above Buzzer:

It is a device used to produce a sound which gives an indication of

opening/closing of the mobile platform. The buzzer is driven via the IR sensor
and the Arduino UNO R3. When the IR sensor senses a train, which trigger s the
32
Arduino further triggering the buzzer to produce the sound [. Following are the
steps to interface buzzer with Arduino:
5Place the buzzer into the breadboard, so that the two leads are on two separate rows.
6Using jumper wires, connect Arduino digital pin no. 8 to the positive lead.
7Connect the second lead to the 100-ohm resistor, followed by a ground connection.

Fig 5.8: Buzzer

CHAPTER 6

EVALUATION

In this section we are evaluating the different alternatives proposed in

the earlier discussions. Various parameters on the basis of which we will be
evaluating the alternatives are
1. Safety
2. Quickness
3. Reliability

33
4. Durability
5. Maintenance
6. Removability
We are evaluating the alternatives on a scale of 10.
Rating is like this
• <5 can’t use
• 5 poor
• 6 below average
• 7 Average
• 8 good
• 9 Best

Table 6.1: Evaluation Table

34
 From above table we find that alternatives 4 and 5 have got the highest points

out of 6.

One of the major reason for choosing alternative 4 and 5 is that the over
bridges or the subway are already present in Indian railway stations and hence
can be built alongside the ones which are present.

6.1 SURVEY REPORT:

35
 The Survey report shows following survey work which are taken by our
group members which gives detail information about Aurangabad,
Maharashtra, India railway station.

Table 6.2: Survey of Railway Station

Sr. No. Description Size

1 Width of platform 12.6m
2 Height of platform 1.0m
3 Height of electric wire from sleepers 5.8m
4 Width of 1st railway track (outer rail) 1.8m
5 Width between 2 platform 12m
6 Width between 2 tracks 6.5m
7 No. of steps (With Landing & only one side) 41no.
8 Width of steps 2.4m
9 Rise 0.15m
10 Trade 0.30m
11 Footbridge length (C/C distance in between two 21m
platforms)
12 No. of footbridge 2 no.
13 C/C distance in between two Footbridge 16.2m

36
 Table 6.3: Distinguish Between Footbridge, Escalator And Slider
bridge:

Foot bridge Escalators Slider bridge

Foot bridge has many Escalators has automated As it is a slider bridge
stairs stairs there are no stairs

Foot bridge Escalator required Slider bridge required

required much travel more travel time than slider less travel time than
time than slider bridge as well as footbridge
bridge(1.30Min.) (1.45Min.) footbridge and escalator.
(20Sec.)
Old age and Old age people are Slider bridge is easily
travel by Escalator but again accessible for old age
handicapped people are not
handicapped persons are not people and handicapped
able to travel a capable to travel by using peoples.
footbridge escalator
Footbridge is not Escalator is not Slider Bridge is
suitable for crossing the suitable for crossing the suitable and easily access
trolley of good and trolley of goods and for trolley of goods and
wheelchairs wheelchairs Wheelchairs

6.2 CASE STUDY:

The case study shows following survey work which are taken by our group
members which gives detail information about railway station.

37
 Table 6.4: Case Study of Railway Station

Sr. no. Description Remark

01 Number of passenger at platform 2
(before train arriving) 1000
02 Number of passenger at platform1
(before train arriving) 1000
03 Time required for train arrive at
platform from visible of train 2.3min
04 Middle distance between 2 train 3.24m
05 Time required for travelling passenger
from 1st platform to 2nd platform by 1.30min
using footbridge

06 By using escalator (Time consuming

due to slow movement of escalator) 1.45min
travelling

6.3 CALCULATIONS:

1) Width of one platform = 12.6m

2) No. of passengers going to platform 2=1000 passengers

3) One person occupied 1 Sqm area with luggage

4) Distance between two platform =12m
5) Smart bridge length =2m then 2 person go to one platform to another
platform at same time

38
6) As per survey of railway station the 12m distance is travelled by one person
with carry 10kg weight is 20sec.
7) So assume 30min. Time is available between schedules of two trains.

8) So, total passenger 1000x1.5(factor of safety) =1500 passengers

9) In 30min. Time we considered bridge is require maximum 5min. Time for
opening and 5min. Time for closing bridge.
10) So 20min. Is in our hand
11) 2x12=24 passengers travel a distance between two platforms in just 20sec.
12) 20min = (24x60) =1440 passengers travel distance 12m by smart bridge in
just 20min.

Similarly,

Table 6.5: Passengers travelling time from one platform to another

Bridge Width 2m 2.5m 5m

Travel time

20 min. 1440 2160 4320

15 min. 1080 1620 3240
10 min. 720 1080 2160
5 min. 360 540 1080

39
 Figure 6.1: Passengers Traveling Time from One Platform to Another

6.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN SLIDING AND FOLDING BRIDGE

Table 6.6: Comparison between Sliding and folding bridge

Sr. Slider Foot-bridge Folding Foot-bridge
No.
1 Slider foot-bridge is allows easy In folding foot-bridge is
maintenance and repair. difficult in maintenance and
repair.

2 Slider foot-bridge is easy in Folding foot-bridge is

operation, As station master difficult in operation then
easily handled its operation. slider foot-bridge.

3 Slider foot-bridge is doesn’t have In folding foot-bridge is

restriction in heights restriction in certain heights.

4 Operation time is less as compare Operation time is more than

to folding footbridge slider footbridge.

CHAPTER 7
40
 ANALYSIS

7.1 Functional Analysis

The different functions or systems involved in the alternatives we are
developing are:
i. System for lifting up the person to the height of over bridge.
ii. System for moving old or handicapped people on the over or under bridge.
iii. System for bringing down the person back from the over bridge to the
platform.
iv. Control system for controlling the whole system, which will contain different
systems which in turn will control above three systems.
The four systems discussed can be reduced three by combining the two systems
that is first and third, so the system for taking the persons to the over bridge and
bringing them down will be same.

7.2 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

41
 Table 7.1: Morphological Analysis

ALTERNATIVE 1 2 3
S 4

LIFTING UP / Hydrauli Roped Circular Magneti

BRINGING c Elevato lift c

DOWN lift r Levitatio

n

MOVING ON Chain Moving Magneti

BRIDGE Drive Ramp c
Levitatio
n

MAIN Semi Automati

CONTROL Automati c

SYSTEM c

Now the main control system can further be divided into three control
i.e. i. Control system A ii. Control system B
iii. Control system C

Each of these can be made semi-automatic or automatic, hence in all making

1 combination, which in turn make 2 combinations when combined with the
main control system.

42
 In all we can have 24(4*3*2) combinations, but out of these many
are not feasible. Those we will leave out and discuss only the best ones.

7.2.1 Lifting Up/Bringing Down

a. Hydraulic lift
The main function of an lift/elevator is to carry people from ground
to a certain height. And if this is done hydraulically then it is known as
hydraulic lift.
In a hydraulic lift a car, using a hydraulic ram, is lifted. Hydraulic ram is
nothing but a fluid driven piston mounted inside a cylinder.

The cylinder is connected to a fluid pumping system (typically,

hydraulic systems use oil, but other incompressible fluids will also work).
The hydraulic system has three parts:
• A tank (the fluid reservoir)
• A pump, powered by an electric motor
• A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir

The pump fluid from tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder. When the
valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance
and return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the
pressurized fluid goes into the cylinder. As the fluid collects in the
cylinder, it pushes the piston up using the elevator car.

Hydraulic Elevator

43
 Figure 7.1: Layout of Hydraulic Elevator

When the car reaches the floor(desired), the control system sends a signal
to the electric motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, no more
fluid is pushed into the cylinder. To lower the car, the elevator control system
sends a signal to the valve. The valve is operated electrically by a
solenoid(electromagnet). When the solenoid opens the valves, the fluid that has
collected in the cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. weight of the car
and the cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the
reservoir.
The car gradually descends. To stop the car at a lower level or a ground, the
control system will control the valve again. The advantage of using a hydraulic
lift is that it is very effective and easily built also it multiplies the weak force to
get the car lifted up. But a disadvantage of this is that the whole system is
underground and also every time it has to raise the car by pushing up the piston.

44
So, to overcome all three problems a rope driven lift can be used either in
combination with the hydraulic system or alone. Rejecting this we are left with
18 combinations (3*3*2).

b. Roped elevators
Also the roped elevators are known as traction elevators. As in this
system, the car is raised and lowered with the help of traction steel ropes,
rather than pushed from below.

45
Figure 7.2: Controlling system for roped elevator

46
 The ropes are connected to the elevator car and looped around a sheave. A
sheave is just a pulley with the grooves around the circumference. The sheave
grips the hoist ropes, so when the sheave rotates the ropes moves too. The
sheave is connected to an electric motor through a gear system, which allow the
sheave to rotate in both the directions. The gear system is controlled with the
help of a control system. All this is contained in a machine room. Now, the
ropes which lift the car are also connected to a counter weight, which hangs on
the other side of the sheave. The counter weights about the same as the car filled
to 40% capacity. The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With equal
loads on each side of the sheave, it only takes a small force to tip the balance
one way or other. Here the balance maintains a constant potential energy level in
the system. Using up the potential energy in the elevator car builds up potential
energy in the weight. The same thing happens in the reverse when the elevator
goes up. Both the elevator car and the counter weight ride on guide rails on the
sides of the elevator shaft. The rails keep the car and the counter weight from
swaying back and forth and they also work with the safety system to stop car in
emergency. However strong the steel ropes may be, but there is a chance that
rope may break at some point of time. In that case the lift/car will fall down to
the ground with the large velocity or speed, hence causing a lot of harm. So, in
order to avoid this, some safety systems are provided like cushioning effect at
the bottom, which is provided by installing springs at the end.
7.3 ANSYS ANALYSIS

7.3.1 STATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - CASE 1

47
 Model (A4) > Analysis

Object Name Static Structural

(A5)
State Solved

Definition

Physics Type Structural

Analysis Type Static Structural

Solver Target Mechanical APDL

Options

Environment 22. °C
Temperature
Generate Input Only No

Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts

Object Name SYS\Solid

State Meshed

Graphics Properties

Visible Yes

Transparency 1

Definition

Suppressed No

48
Stiffness Behaviour Flexible

Coordinate System Default Coordinate

System

Reference By Environment
Temperature

Behaviour None

Material

Assignment Structural Steel

Nonlinear Effects Yes

Thermal Strain Yes

Effects

Bounding Box

Length X 2. m

Length Y 4. m

Length Z 0.2 m

Properties

Volume 1.6 m³

Mass 12560 kg

Centroid X -0.821 m

Centroid Y 1.884 m

Centroid Z 0.1 m

Moment of Inertia 16789 kg·m²

Ip1
49
 Moment of Inertia 4228.5 kg·m²
Ip2
Moment of Inertia 20933 kg·m²
Ip3
Statistics

Nodes 1272

Elements 162

Mesh Metric None

Static Structural (A5) > Loads

Object Name Force Fixed Fixed Support
Support 2
State Fully Defined

Scope

Scoping Geometry Selection

Method
Geometry 2 Faces 1 Face

Definition

Type Force Fixed Support

Define By Vector

Magnitude 5000. N
(ramped)

50
 Structural Steel > Constants

Density 7850 kg m^-3

Coefficient of Thermal 1.2e-005 C^-1

Expansion

Specific Heat 434 J kg^-1 C^-1

Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W m^-1 C^-1

Resistivity 1.7e-007 ohm m

Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength

Compressive Yield Strength

Pa
2.5e+008

Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength

Tensile Yield Strength

Pa
2.5e+008

Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength

Tensile Ultimate Strength

Pa
4.6e+008

51
Structural Steel > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Zero-Thermal-Strain Reference Temperature

C
22

52
Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress

Si Minimum [Pa] Maximum [Pa]

no

1. 129.4 1.9197e+005

Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Fatigue Tool

53
 Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters
Strength Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength Cyclic Strain
Coefficient Pa Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient Pa Hardening Exponent

9.2e+008 -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1.e+009 0.2

Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity

Temperature C Young's Modulus Pa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus Pa Shear Modulus Pa

32 2.e+011 0.3 1.6667e+011 7.6923e+010

Structural Steel > Isotropic Relative Permeability

Relative Permeability

10000

7.3.2 CASE 2

54
 Material

Assignment Structural
Steel
Nonlinear Effects Yes

Thermal Strain Yes

Effects
Bounding Box

Length X 2. m

Length Y 4. m

Length Z 0.2 m

Properties

Volume 1.6 m³

Mass 12560 kg

Centroid X -0.821 m

Centroid Y 1.884 m

Centroid Z 0.1 m

Moment of Inertia 16789 kg·m²

Ip1
Moment of Inertia 4228.5 kg·m²
Ip2
Moment of Inertia 20933 kg·m²
Ip3

55
 Static Structural (A5) > Loads

Object Name Force Fixed Fixed Support

Support 2
State Fully Defined

Scope

Scoping Geometry Selection

Method
Geometry 2 Faces 1 Face

Definition

Type Force Fixed Support

Define By Vector

Magnitude 9810. N
(ramped)
Direction Defined

Suppressed No

56
S NO PROPERTY VALUE UNIT

1 Youngs modulus 2e+11 Pa

2 Poisson’s ratio 0.3 -
3 Bulk modulus 1.6667e+11 Pa
4 Shear modulus 7.6923e+10 Pa
5 Tensile yield
strength 2.5e+08 Pa
6 Compressive yield
Strength 2.5e+08 Pa
7 Tensile ultimate
Strength 4.6e+08 Pa

57
 Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters

Strength Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Cyclic Strain

Coefficient Exponent Coefficient Exponent Strength Hardening
Pa Coefficient Pa Exponent

9.2e+008 -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1.e+009 0.2

Structural Steel > Isotropic Relative Permeability

Relative
Permeability
10000

58
7.4 FLOWCHART

START

TRAIN INITIALLY ON
PLATFORM

TRAIN LEAVES THE

PLATFORM

IR SENSOR
SEND S/G

SLIDING PLATFORM
OPENS

TRAIN APPROACHES
PLATFORM PASSES
THROUGH IR SENSOR 2

IR
SENSOR
S/G

SLIDING PLATFORM
CLOSES

CHAPTER 8
59
FINAL DESIGNS

60
Figure 8.1: Creo model of sliding platform link

61
Figure 8.2: Creo model of motors and sliding platform

62
PROTOTYPE

IR SENSOR

P P

L L

A A
RAILWAY CD DRIVE L293D IC ARDUINO BUZZER
F PLAFORM UNO R3
F

O O

R R

M IR M
SENSOR

Figure 8.2: System prototype SKETCH

63
Figure 8.4: Sketch of Sliding platform link

CHAPTER 9

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

64
Advantages:

1. An alternative to the conventional crossing for physically challenged and

elderly.
2. Can be used for transferring heavy loads from one platform to another.
3. Reduces the use of overhead bridge or a staircase.
4. Convenient to handle.
5. The sliding platform can be controlled even from a distance.
6. Effective change in railway system.
7. Maintenance of the circuit is low.
8. Reliability.

Disadvantages:

1. This project cannot be implemented at metro stations.

2. Cannot be implemented in places where the frequency of trains is more.

CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

65
1. The idea of automating the process of railway platform operation will enhance
safety for the pedestrians who are disabled and unable to use the staircase.

2. As the system is completely automated, it avoids manual errors and thus

provides ultimate safety to pedestrians.

3. The whole work took place in this project heading towards trying to avoid
accidents and reduce the number of fatalities in the field of railway
transportation system.

4. To help people those who are physically challenged and aged because they are
not having enough stamina to climb and cross the track with the aid of flyover.

5. This kind of sliding platform is not adopted anywhere in the India and abroad
too.

6. This sliding platform will provide comfort to the passengers to pass one
platform to another.

7. This project was fully analyzed by using Creo and Ansys software.

8. The project report will be submitted to the southern railway, Madurai. And it
could be implemented in future

REFERENCES

66
 [1.] Geetika, Shefali Nandan “Determinants of Customer Satisfaction on
Service Quality: A Study of Railway Platforms in India”, Motilal Nehru
National Institute of Technology, 2010, Pp 100-103.

[2.] A.P. Thralla, S. Adriaenssensb, I. Paya-Zafortezac, T.P., “Zolid

Linkagebased movable bridges: Design methodology and three novel formsq”,
2012, Pp 50-
51.

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