Dr. Ketan. N.

Pithadia
(M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D)
Sanjay Dutta
(M.A. English)
Durgesh
(M.A. English, B.Ed., NET)

Edited by:
Gita Chakraborty
Published by :

Corporate Office : A-1/26, Sector-15, Rohini, Delhi-110085 (India)

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First edition : 2016

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Revised edition : 2020

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 Preface
Language is a means of communication and it helps us to convey our thoughts and ideas effectively.
English is a language that has global appeal and acceptance. Learners in our country study the basics of
the language along with honing their skills in reading, writing, spelling, vocabulary and grammar.
There is nothing to deny the fact that a language is learnt only when the learners are exposed to it through
a variety of tasks, activities and of course, through reading story books and novels. Since, English is not the
first language of learners in our country, the learners need to make an extra effort to master the basics.

Growing with Grammar is a series of eight books for classes 1 to 8. The salient features of the books in
this series are:

• Revision: By this, the learners’ accumulation of previous knowledge will be ameliorated. The tasks
are designed in such a way that there is a smooth gradient in the difficulty level and the learning
process.
• Reinforcement: By three R’s, (revision, remember and reinforcement) students would be able to
grasp the given matter very spontaneously. Through this point students’ profound inclination will
be strengthened.

• Exercise: Each book in the series provides relevant grammar concepts followed by several
grammar tasks that help in reinforcing the learning.

• Writing Skills: The sentences are related to the Indian culture for easy comprehension. The
sentences in the tasks are such that they expose the learners to a huge variety of words and
expressions. This helps the learners to widen their vocabulary.

• Comprehension: The text in the comprehension passages has been selected in such a way that
it captures the interest of the learners and is exciting. Some captivating pictures have also been
included to grab the attention of the learners.
• Enhance Your Knowledge: In addition to the stipulated grammar topics, we have added more in
the name of ‘Enhance Your Knowledge.’

The objective of all the tasks is to enable the learners to communicate effectively and not consider
grammar to be a set of rules. The core of all tasks is Functional English.
Each book has support material for the teachers and trainers.

We hope this series enables the learners to grasp the basics and more importantly, enables them to
communicate accurately as well as effectively in English.

- Publisher

Tell us your feedback, queries and suggestions to improve the series at [email protected]
 Contents
1. Revision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 18. Subject-Verb Agreement. . . . . . . . . . . . 80

2. Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . 83

Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . 13 Reinforcement ���������������������������������� 84

3. Irregular Plurals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . 86

4. Possessive Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 19. Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

5. Gender of Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . 89

Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . 22 20. Contractions (Short forms) . . . . . . . . . 91

6. Articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 21. Punctuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

7. Quantifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 22. Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . 31 Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . 106

8. Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 23. Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

9. Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 24. Listening Comprehension. . . . . . . . . . 113

Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . 40 25. Picture Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

10. Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . 116

11. Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 26. Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . 51 27. Story Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Reinforcement ���������������������������������� 52 Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . 122

12. Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 28. Paragraph Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . 59 29. Letter Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

13. Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 30. Diary Entry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Reinforcement ���������������������������������� 64 31. Notice Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

14. Modals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . 133

15. Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 32. Dialogue Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

16. Subject and Predicate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 33. Synonyms and Antonyms. . . . . . . . . . 137

17. Tenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Enhance Your Knowledge. . . . . . 140-144

 1 Revision

Children, let's recall what you have studied in the previous class.

A Read the following sentences carefully. Underline the proper nouns and circle the
common nouns.
1. Nancy waters the plants everyday.
2. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a great leader.
3. Sachin and Sumit play cricket.
4. Ananya and Ria are going to the market.
5. Priya is a shy girl.

B Choose the correct verb in the following sentences.

1. Meenu wears/wear a beautiful frock.
2. Nilima and Rashika is/are watching TV.
3. Atul is/are sick today.
4. The school gives/give us education.
5. How have/has you answered the questions?

C Separate subject and predicate in the following sentences. Use ‘/’ and write subject and
predicate. One has been done for you.
For example:
Shilpa / is a shy girl.
Subject Predicate
1. The tall tree was uprooted in a storm. 4. Joe and Nick are enjoying the party.
.......................................................... ...............................................................................
2. All that glitters is not gold. 5. The man in blue shirt is my father.
.......................................................... ...............................................................................
3. The Principal delivered a speech. 6. The caring mother went to the baby’s room.
.......................................................... ...............................................................................

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D Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.
1. Ravi is alone today, because ........................ parents have gone to the market.

2. Mrs Sharma has purchased a new car, so ........................ is very happy today.

3. Tanu was playing with the ball but ........................ fell in the well.

4. Mr Jacob’s watch is new but ........................ does not show the correct time.

5. The baby is crying because ........................ is hungry.

6. Mrs Murphy was crying because ........................ was not happy.

7. Demi and I went to the station on time but ........................ did not find Jessie.

8. Mr Paul is our Principal. .................. has come for inspection.

E Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles (a, an, the). Put ‘X’ where article is not required.
1. ........................ cow is a domestic animal.

2. Do you know ........................ Mr Sen, who came yesterday?

3. Thomas got ........................ x-ray of his ankle.

4. ........................ gold is very costly.

5. ........................ books are our best friends.

6. Last year we visited ........................ Agra to see ........................ Taj Mahal.

7. ........................ acrobat is ........................ excellent performer.

8. I saw ........................ peacock, ........................ owl and ........................ elephant in the circus.

F Use suitable adverbs from the given brackets to fill in the blanks.
1. Pauline sang the song very ......................... . (courageously/sweetly)

2. I ........................ visit my maternal uncle’s house during vacation. (quickly/usually)

3. Frank watched the movie ........................ . (never/quietly)

4. ........................ I went to the market with my mother. (Yesterday/Now)

5. The lion sprang upon the deer ......................... . (politely/fiercely)

6. The boys yelled ........................ in the class. (sweetly/loudly)

7. We ........................ get time to watch television. (daily/rarely)

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 G Look at the following sentences. Circle the adjectives and underline the nouns they
describe.
1. The Kashmiri carpet has beautified the entire room.
2. The witty person’s speech has caught everyone’s attention in the programme.
3. The cover of the book is green.
4. The cunning fox cheated the monkey.
5. Avni is studying an interesting book.
6. Father gave me an attractive gift on my birthday.
7. Our school has a beautiful garden.
8. I saw an Egyptian mummy on television.

H Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. (Choose from the brackets.)
1. My house is located ................... the temple. (in/beside)

2. Vegetables sell ................... ` 20 per kilogram. (at/in)

3. Sujoy climbed ................... the tree quickly. (up/upto)
4. All of us were sitting ................... a fan. (on/under)
5. Boats sail ................... the river. (down/on)
6. We will visit Granny ................... the vacation. (during/on)
7. Ronit killed the snake ................... a stick. (by/with)
8. Nikita has another pencil ................... this. (beside/besides)
9. Anil and Niket are ................... fault. (on/at)
10. Why are you angry ................... me? (at/with)
11. Please hang the painting ................... the sofa. (above/on)
12. She wore a sweater ................... her coat. (beneath/above)

I Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions.

1. Walk fast ........................ you will be late for your school.
2. Amit studied hard ........................ he could not reach upto his expectation.
3. We have to carry an umbrella ........................ it is raining outside.
4. ........................ you sow so shall you reap.
5. Pay the bill ........................ leave the place.

6. Adi ........................ Preeti are doing their work together.

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 2 Nouns

We know that a noun is the name of a person, place, animal or thing.

Let's learn about the types of nouns.

Proper nouns: Names of particular people, places, animals or things. A proper noun
always written with a capital letter at the beginning.
For example: India, Rahul, Delhi, America, Asia, etc.

Common nouns: A common noun is a name common to any and every

person or thing of the same kind in general.
For example: city, country, continent, boys, girls, teachers, doctors, etc.

Collective nouns: A collective noun denotes a number of people or things

grouped together as one complete whole.
For example: audience, team, crowd, flock, nation, family, etc.

Countable nouns: Nouns that can be counted.

For example: two teachers, four classrooms, an apple, etc.

Uncountable nouns: Nouns that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns. We
use some, any, little, a little, much, etc. before uncountable nouns.
Little, a little, the little are included in quantitative determiners. They are used
before uncountable nouns.
For example: some milk, some sugar.

Abstract nouns: Name of a quality, action or state. For example: Honesty, laughter, youth.

Common nouns: Common nouns are described in general. They are not specific. They
do not begin with a capital letter.
For example: The boy is going to school. (Here, it can be any boy and any school) so, boy
and school are common nouns.

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 A Write the correct common nouns for the sentences with the help of given words.

novice autocracy optimist carnivorous literate stable

theist bouquet punctual linguist kennel orphan

1. A person without mother and father. orphan
2. A person who is new to his profession. ..............................
3. A person who believes in God. ..............................
4. A person who can read and write. ..............................
5. A person who comes on time. ..............................
6. A person who sees the world in a positive way. ..............................
7. Government by one person. ..............................
8. A collection of flowers. ..............................
9. One who is skilled in foreign languages. ..............................
10. A place for dogs. ..............................
11. A place for horses. ..............................
12. One who lives on flesh. ..............................

B Look at the groups given below. Take a common noun from the box, then match
the group with the category of common noun. One has been done for you.

python almirah cows bicycle atlas

bitter gourd cricket forks lions coffee

1. Pen, pencil, eraser and atlas are (a) cutlery
2. Cotton mouth, cobra, rattle and .................. are (b) stationery
3. Spoon, knives and ......................... are (c) vehicles
4. Chair, table and ......................... are (d) domestic animals
5. Cabbage, spinach and ......................... are (e) furniture
6. Hens, buffalo and ......................... are (f) beverages
7. Lemonade, tea and ......................... are (g) green vegetables
8. Trucks, rickshaws, bike and ......................... are (h) sports

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 9. Foxes, jackals, tigers and ......................... are (i) snakes
10. Tennis, badminton and ......................... are (j) wild animals

Proper nouns
All naming words are nouns.
Proper noun is a noun which tells about a particular person, animal, place or thing. It
always starts with a capital letter.
For example: Delhi, Rahim, the Bhagavad Geeta, the Hindustan Times and so on.

Sneha and Rahul have come to Delhi to see the Qutub Minar.
Here, Sneha, Rahul, Delhi and Qutub Minar are nouns and they are the names of particular
person, place and building.
All these are examples of proper nouns.

C Circle the common nouns and underline the proper nouns in the given sentences.
1. 'Geetanjali' was written by Rabindranath Tagore.
2. 'Gulliver's Travels' was written by Jonathan Swift.
3. The Taj Mahal is situated in Agra.
4. 'The Bible' is the holy book of Christians.
5. Sachin Tendulkar is known as the God of cricket.
6. Tommy was kept in a kennel.
7. I drive an old Toyota car.
8. Max used to live in San Francisco.
9. Henry bought a Dell laptop.
10. The Pacific Ocean is the world's largest ocean.
11. Peacock is the national bird of India.
12. Jerry is a faithful dog.

D Fill in the blanks with proper nouns.

1. The ................................ is an epic of Hindus.
2. The ............................ is a holy river.
3. ............................ is a brave boy in my class.

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 4. ............................ comes after December.
5. We celebrate ................................ on the 25th of December.
6. ............................ is known as the father of the nation.
7. English is the language of the people who live in ............................ .
8. ............................ is the highest mountain peak in the world .
9. Peacock is the national bird of ............................ .
10. The Eiffel Tower is in ............................ .

Collective nouns
A collective noun is the collection/group of people, animals, things and so on. Eg: a bevy of
girls, a school of fish, a band of musicians.

E Look at the following sentences. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from
the brackets given below:-
1. A caravan of gypsies (caravan/herd)
2. A ............................ of robbers (crowd/band)
3. A ............................ of students (class/mob)
4. An ............................ of soldiers (army/flock)
5. A ............................ of employees (staff/bevy)
6. A ............................ of thieves (shoal/gang)
7. A ............................ of players (team/herd)
8. A ............................ of dancers (bouquet/troupe)
9. A ............................ of friends (troupe/party)
10. A ............................ of angels (pack/host)
11. A ............................ of savages (group/horde)
12. A ............................ of policemen (crowd/posse)
13. A ............................ of singers (people/choir)
14. A ............................ of actors (line/company)
15. A ............................ of hounds (pack/group)
16. A ............................ of spectators (crowd/flock).

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 F Fill in the blanks with appropriate collective nouns from the given box.

bouquet class herd choir flock murder
bevy pack constellation team

1. Leela saw a ........................ of cattle in the open field.
2. We presented a ........................ of flowers to our Principal.
3. Sue saw a ........................ of stars in the night sky.
4. The shepherd boy was going with a ........................ of sheep in the field.
5. The Indian ........................ has set out for London.
6. As soon as the Principal arrived, the ........................ of pupils kept quiet.
7. A ........................ of ladies was talking very loudly.
8. Tina was listening to the ........................ of singers.
9. Have you ever seen such a ........................ of hounds?

10. Yesterday when Akshay was coming back home, he saw a .................... of crows.

Countable and uncountable nouns

Nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns and nouns which cannot be counted
are called uncountable nouns.
For example: a pen, four pencils, etc. are countable nouns.
some water, some sugar, etc. are uncountable nouns.

G Underline the countable nouns and circle the uncountable nouns.

1. I purchased some sugar yesterday.
2. You need a little patience to do this work.
3. Rajat bought a dozen apples. They were ripe.
4. Monu ate enough food.
5. Do you have an extra pen with you?
6. Mr. John wasted a huge amount of money in his business.
7. Doctor suggested the patient to take some rest.

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Abstract nouns
Name of a quality, action or state. These are the nouns that cannot be seen or touched.
For example: Quality: Honesty, bravery, wisdom Action: Theft, laughter
State: Childhood, youth

H Make abstract noun from the following words. One has been done for you.
Choice
1. Choose ....................... 2. Judge ....................... 3. Captain .......................

4. Good ....................... 5. Dark ....................... 6. Beautiful .......................

7. Proud ....................... 8. Starve ....................... 9. Hate .......................

Enhance Your Knowledge

Word Pyramid
Let us construct a WORD PYRAMID! The following rules apply:
1. No proper Nouns
2. No plural forms of words ending with the letter (s).

Let us construct a WORD PYRAMID starting with letter ‘R’.

R A T
R A T E
R A N G E
R A T I O N
R A M P A G E
R A T I O N A L

Construct the following WORD PYRAMID starting with letter ‘M’.

M O __
M O __ __
M O __ __ __
M O __ __ __ __
M O __ __ __ __ __
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 Enhance Your Knowledge
Here is a list of some of the most commonly used collective nouns for humans, animals and
objects.

These collective nouns are commonly used for people.

A board of directors A class of students

A crowd of people/spectators
A gang of thieves An army of soldiers
A sentence/bench of judges
A staff of employees A choir of singers
A group of dancers
A regiment of soldiers A crew of sailors
A team of players
A tribe of natives A band of musicians
A gang of labourers
An audience of listeners A bunch of crooks
A flock of tourists
A panel of experts A troupe of artists/dancers

The following collective nouns are used for animals.

A hive of bees
A haul/catch of fish A troop of lions
A litter of cubs
An army of ants A zoo of wild animals
A host of sparrows
A flight of birds A pack of wolves
A murder of crows
A flock of birds A litter of puppies/kittens
A kennel of dogs
A flock of sheep A swarm of bees/rats/flies
A pack of hounds
A herd of deer/cattle A team of horses/ducks/oxen
A team of horses

The following collective nouns are used for things.

A group of islands
A basket of fruits A bunch of keys
A galaxy of stars
A bowl of rice A chest of drawers
A library of books
A pack of cards A range of mountains
A wad of money/bills
A pair of shoes A fleet of ships
A forest of trees
A bouquet of flowers A string of pearls
A stack of wood

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 3 Irregular Plurals

We have already learnt that numbers can be expressed in singular and plural form in English
grammar.
In some cases you might have noticed that the set patterns of making plurals do not agree
with some singular nouns. Such plurals are known as irregular plurals.

Some nouns form their plural by changing the inside vowel of the singular and few nouns
form their plural by adding -en to the singular.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Man Men Child Children
Goose Geese Fungus Fungi
Mouse Mice Syllabus Syllabi
Ox Oxen Analysis Analyses
Cactus Cacti Oasis Oases
Radius Radii Foot Feet
Person People Woman Women
Some nouns remain the same in their singular and plural form.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Sheep Sheep Deer Deer
Fish Fish/Fishes Species Species
Aircraft Aircraft Police Police
Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.
Singular Plural
News News The news is very shocking.
Athletics Athletics Athletics is good for young people.
Darts Darts Darts is a popular game in England.

For the teacher: Teachers are advised to explain that the plural of fish is usually fish. When referring to more than one species of fish especially
in scientific context, you can use ‘fishes’ as the plural.

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 A Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct words.

news people fish syllabi foot children sheep species deer darts

1. While going to my uncle's house, I saw many ............................. in the pond.

2. I watched the ............................. on television.
3. Sam has no vehicle. So, he went to the market on ............................. .
4. Jack has to complete the ............................. before exams.
5. Many ............................. have participated in the marathon race.
6. Barry, Rahul and Shan are good ............................. .
7. Not all ............................ of snakes are poisonous.
8. The shepherd came with a flock of .................................. .
9. The lion sprang upon the ............................. .

10. Tom and Mary are playing ............................. .

B The following passage has incorrect plural form of the nouns. Identify them and
rewrite the sentences with the correct form of nouns.

While passing through a narrow street, I met many mans and womans, who were
busy in their talk. I saw a man, going with some sheeps. I also found a woman, selling
fishes. The childs were playing different games. After seeing their activities, I set out
for home.

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

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 4 Possessive Nouns

We have already learnt that possessive nouns refer to the belonging(s) by using an apostrophe (’).
When the noun is singular, possessive noun is formed by adding apostrophe s (‘s) to the noun.
For example: Raman’s pen, Preeti’s frock, Sanjeev’s car, Bird’s nest, etc.
When noun is plural and ends in s, possessive noun is formed by adding only an apostrophe
(‘). For example: Girls’ hostel, boys’ school, parents’ office, etc.
The letter s is omitted in a few words where too many hissing sounds would come together.
For example: James’ house, Thomas’ garden, for goodness’ sake, etc.
When the noun is plural but does not REMEMBER
end in s, the possessive noun is formed To make a noun show possession, we say:
by adding apostrophe s (‘s). • father’s computer • teacher’s note
For example: Children’s park, women’s But, if the noun is an inanimate thing we say:
clothes, etc. • the legs of the table • the arms of the chair

A Re-write the following sentences by using the possessive form of the nouns.
The nest of a bird e.g. The bird’s nest

1. The house of the mason 6. The money of a poor man

............................................ ..............................................

2. The father of the child 7. The pit of a snake

............................................ ..............................................

3. The watch of the gardener 8. The mother of a baby

............................................... ..............................................

4. The dog of our neighbour 9. The notebooks of the boy

................................................ ..............................................

5. The friend of Ravi 10. The words of a saint

............................................. ..............................................

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 11. The speech of a minister 16. The tool of a mason
..................................... .....................................

12. The epic of the Hindus 17. The kitchen of a royal family
..................................... .....................................

13. The wealth of rich men 18. The subjects of the king
..................................... .....................................

14. The costumes of the children 19. The books of the students
..................................... .....................................

15. The creativity of a poet 20. The voice of a singer

..................................... .....................................

B Fill in the blanks with possessive forms of the nouns given in the brackets.
e.g. the policemen’s van is coming. (policemen)
1. My ........................... result will be declared today. (sister)
2. The ........................... crown is shining. (king)
3. My ........................... saree is costly. (mother)
4. My ........................... spectacles have broken. (grandpa)
5. The ........................... smile was very charming. (baby)
6. The ........................... mansion is very attractive. (doctor)
7. The ........................... order was obeyed. (queen)
8. The ........................... stunts are very impressive. (acrobat)
9. The ........................... park is very beautiful. (children)
10. The ........................... acting was very realistic. (actor)
11. The ........................... diary was full of notes. (teacher)
12. My ........................... shoes are very expensive. (brother)
13. My ........................... files are kept in the locker. (father)
14. The ........................... creation was enjoyed by all. (author)
15. The ........................... songs are based on nature. (lyricist)

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 5 Gender of Nouns

We have already been taught about gender: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.

Masculine Gender Feminine Gender
My father is reading a newspaper. My mother is cooking food.
My brother is reading a novel. My sister is playing with the doll.
The host is welcoming the guests. The hostess is serving snacks to the guests.

Masculine gender refers to the names of male persons or animals.

For example: king, father, lion, tiger, man, boy, etc.

Feminine gender refers to the names of female persons or animals.

For example: queen, mother, lioness, tigress, sister, girl, women, etc.

Neuter gender refers to non-living things and are neither masculine nor feminine.
For example: school, car, table, chair, book, pencil, stone, etc.

Common gender refers to the name of things which indicate either

the masculine or the feminine.
For example: doctor, teacher, bird, cousin, child, baby, etc.

The feminine of nouns can be formed.

 By using – (ess)
1) Tiger – tigress 2) Manager – manageress 3) Heir – heiress
4) Poet – poetess 5) Waiter – waitress 6) God – Goddess

 By using – (ine)
Hero – heroine

 Sometimes a noun is made up of two nouns. Gender of such nouns is changed

by changing a part of the word.
1) Peacock – peahen 2) Grandfather – grandmother
3) Landlord – landlady 4) Washerman – washerwoman
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 A Some nouns have been given below. List the nouns in the proper column. One has
been done for you.
queen nephew pencil father Goddess princess
actress master lake policeman mare peahen
grandmother maid bachelor manageress beach lioness
table tiger priest granduncle gentleman hero
boots box vixen words

Masculine Feminine Neuter

nephew queen box

B Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks with neuter gender nouns given in
the box.

water bottle tree room watch ball door doll

book remote window pen

1) There is no space for you in this ..................... .

2) Please fill my ..................... .
3) It’s raining heavily. Please shut the ..................... .
4) The baby is playing with the ..................... .
5) Mehul, throw the ..................... through the .................... .

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 6) I have lost my ..................... in school today.
7) I saw two birds perched on the .................... .
8) Meenu borrowed the ..................... from Kajal.
9) My ..................... does not show accurate time.

10) Please pass the .................... . I want to change the channel.

C Change the gender of the underlined nouns and rewrite the sentences.
1. My father asked the maidservant to get him a cup of tea.
.................................................................................................
2. My brother has brought some fruits from the market.
.................................................................................................
3. The King passed the law.
.................................................................................................
4. My aunt bought me a new watch.
.................................................................................................
5. I saw a peahen in the park.
.................................................................................................
6. Have you seen the cow anywhere?
.................................................................................................
7. The boy was playing outside.
.................................................................................................
8. Girls secured good marks in the test.
.................................................................................................
9. My uncle is a teacher.
.................................................................................................

10. My niece will come from the USA tomorrow.

.................................................................................................

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 Enhance Your Knowledge
Pronunciation
Have you ever noted that the pronunciation of some words is very confusing? Unless you hear
them attentively you cannot use them correctly while speaking. A few words like scissors,
castle, scene, etc. create confusion while pronouncing. So, look at the following chart carefully.
You can easily understand and correct your pronunciation. Let's read them correctly.

Note: Letter(s) in red, show the sound of the phoneme.

Simple
Complex code
code
/s/ snake glass palace house cents city scissors castle
/i/ insect symbols
/n/ net bonnet knot gnome engine
/k/ cat kit duck chameleon bouquet plaque
/e/ egg head said
/o/ orange watch qualify salt
/f/ feathers cliff photo laugh
/j/ jug cabbage giraffe fridge
/ai/ aid tray table sundae cakes prey eight break
/oa/ oak bow piano oboe rope dough plateau
/igh/ tie night behind fly bike rider
/ee/ eel eat emu sunny concrete monkey movie chief
/z/ zebra jazz fries cheese breeze
/ng/ gong jungle
/oo/ book should
/oo/ moon blue flute crew fruit soup move through
/sh/ sheep chef station magician admission
/ou/ ouch owl plough
/ar/ artist father palm half calves
/air/ hair hare bear where

For the teacher: Teachers are advised to explain this chart to young learners to help them understand such rules of pronunciation.

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 Enhance Your Knowledge
In English, few letters remain silent while we speak. Some examples of such words are given
below. Read them loudly and notice the silent letters.
Silent letter words:
Silent H Silent T Silent K Silent B Silent N
what witch knife lamb autumn
when fasten knee thumb damn
why castle knot numb hymn
which watch knitting crumb column
whether butcher know climbing condemn
ghost scratch knob bomb solemn
honest listen knock comb
hour match knickers doubt
while Christmas knuckle plumber
white mortgage knight limb
where soften knack debt
rhythm often knew tomb
Silent D Silent G Silent U Silent L Silent W
edge gnome guest almond wren
hedge gnarl guess palm wrote
wednesday sign guitar yolk wrestling
handsome resign guard calm wriggle
handkerchief design building salmon wrinkle
badge foreigner guilty calf sword
wedge malign rogue half whole
vogue chalk wreck
biscuit talk two
walk wrap
folk wrong
For the teacher: Teachers are advised to explain this chart to young learners to help them understand better.

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 6 Articles

Articles (a, an, the)

A
Indefinite Articles
An
The articles 'a' and 'an' are called indefinite articles because they are not used before any
particular noun.

We use the article 'a' before a word (noun) that gives consonant sound.
Raman is a school goer.
We use the article 'an' before a word (noun) that gives vowel sound. Raman eats an apple.

Sometimes we use the article 'an' if the first letter of the word is silent and gives the vowel sound.
For example: an hour, an honourable man
Moreover, you should pay attention to the fact that if a word starts with a vowel, but sounds
like a consonant, we use the article ‘a’. For example: a university, a European, a unicorn
We us an Indefinite article when we talk about something for the first time. We also use
indefinite articles to talk about any one of a group of things/persons and not something/
someone in particular. For example: a strange looking man stood at the gate.
Definite Article The
The article ‘the’ refers to a specific person/situation/thing. Hence it is called a definite
article.
Article 'the' is used for a particular thing or
REMEMBER
any unique building, train, ship and so on. The
We use ‘a’ even if the letter is a vowel but
man in black shirt is Smith. We never use the
the sounds like a consonant.
article 'the' in the following cases. We use ‘an’ even if the letter is consonant but
gives the sound of a vowel.
• With material nouns.
• I received an S.T.D call.
Milk is useful for us.
• Rohini got an x-ray of her back.
Gold is costly. • Ross studies in a university at London.
Silver is sold here.
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 • With names of sports
I love playing football.

• With language and nationalities.

English is Tom’s mother tongue.
Indians come here to eat their favourite food.

• With names of academic subjects.

Economics and History are my favourite subjects.

• With people’s names, relatives and surnames.

Prerna is coming for the party today.
Parents are blessing their child.

• With names of countries, continents, towns, cities, villages, streets, parks.

India, Asia, Nehru Park, Main Street, etc.

• With names of shops, restaurants.

McDonald's, Haldiram's, Sagar Ratna, etc.

• With years
2005 was a lucky year for me.

• With names of companies

Fiat, Tata, IBM, Sony, Air India, etc.

• With mountain peaks and islands

Mount Everest, Easter Island, Sri Lanka, etc.

• With bays, lakes and falls

Lake Titicaca, Niagara Falls, Hudson Bay, etc.

A Fill in the blanks with 'a', 'an.'

1. Chandni Chowk is ........ crowded place.
2. Please give me ........ one rupee note.
3. I purchased ........ pen and ........ ink-pot.
4. Mrs Parikh is ........ homemaker.
5. My father carries ........ umbrella when it rains.

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 6. Manik is ........ college going boy.
7. Reenu saw ........ owl.
8. Mrs Tarla is ........ kind lady.
9. Smith is ........ European boy.
10. I saw ........ insane person yesterday.
11. Mr Vinay is ........ lawyer.
12. Last evening Mr Samuel and his daughter visited ........ church.
13. Reetu eats ........ apple and ........ banana daily.
14. Neeru is ........ intelligent girl.

15. Ridhima filled .................. application for the post of .................. teacher.

B Fill in the blanks with articles 'a', 'an' or 'the' wherever necessary. Put cross ‘X’
where no article is needed.
1. ........... Principal selected Puja as ........... head girl of ........... school.
2. Have you ever heard about such ........... strong animal?
3. Once there was ........... fox. ........... fox was hungry.
4. ........... devotees come to ........... Lord Shiva’s temple every year.
5. ........... Taj Mahal is situated at Agra.
6. Have you ever driven ........... car?
7. When do you get up in ........... morning?
8. We make ........... butter and ........... cheese from ........... milk.
9. ........... Ganga is a holy river of India.
10. Mr Johnson is ........... officer in ........... company.
11. There is ........... fly in ........... milk.
12. I know ........... man who came here yesterday.
13. ........... boys of this class are very helpful.
14. ........... girl in ........... pink dress is my cousin.
15. Mr Sen booked ........... ticket for Bengaluru.
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 C Read the passage and fill in the blanks with 'a', 'an' or 'the' wherever necessary.
Otherwise put ‘X’.
........... day when the result of class IV was declared, all ........... boys and girls were
nervous. Vicky was ........... sincere boy. He expected ................... excellent result. Ritu
studied diligently. She was also ........... hardworking girl. ........... Ritu’s father was also
waiting outside the class. After ........... while, when our class teacher entered ...........
classroom, we all were excited. It was really ........... thrilling moment for us! As soon
as ........... she announced ........... result I prayed to ........... God. I was very ...........
nervous. Finally, when ........... teacher announced my result, I jumped with ...........
joy. I had secured 90% marks.

D Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles. Put ‘X’ wherever not necessary.

1. Last year we visited .................. famous Kamakhya temple in .................. Assam.

As my father is .................. theist, we went to .................. visit .................. temple. It was
really .................. delightful moment for me. Many .................. devotees show their
devotion by going there. .................. Brahmaputra flows near ................. temple.

2. Being .................. student, I am hardworking. I maintain .................. schedule

for .................. my daily life. My mother is .................. working woman. I try to be
.................. obedient child. She always motivates me to become .................. successful
person.

3. Rohan is .................. eleven-year-old boy. He is .................. most talented boy in his

class. He is not only .................. punctual, but also .................. wise boy. He generally
keeps himself away from .................. bad company. He is also .................. extrovert
child.

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 7 Quantifiers

A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or
quantity: 'Some', 'many', 'a lot of ' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers. Quantifiers can be
used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Few
We use ‘few’ for countable nouns, which are negligible in number.
1. Few people are honest in this world.
2. Few boys in my class are studious.

A few
‘A few’ is also used as a countable noun. It is the same as ‘some’.
1. A few teachers have been called for the meeting.
2. A few children were allowed to go for the trip.

The few
‘The few’ refers to a certain number or all that are/were remaining.
1. Robin ate the few mangoes that I had.
2. Lucky solved the few questions that were asked by the teacher.

Little
‘Little’ shows the negligible amount.
1. There is little hope of the patient's recovery.
2. He is a man of little intelligence.
3. Little water is left in the glass.

A little
‘A little’ is the synonym for some.
1. Please add a little sugar to my tea.
2. Mike gave Bob a little amount of money.

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The little
A certain amount or what is left.
1. The cat drank the little milk left in the bowl.

A lot of
We can use ‘a lot of /lots of ’ with countable as well as uncountable nouns.
1. There is a lot of coffee in the kettle.
2. I have had a lot of food.
3. Lots of flowers can be seen in the garden.
4. Mr Jagmohan invested a lot of money in his business.
5. I have got a lot in my life.

Many
We use ‘many’ for plural countable nouns.
1. Carter got many gifts from his friends.
2. Misha has received many letters from her relatives.
3. Many sportspersons are awarded every year.
4. Are many of them not studying well?

Many a
‘Many a’ is used to denote a singular countable noun out of many.
1. Many a boy has been given a reward for his good performance.
2. Many a time I have seen Gopal passing from here.
3. Many a politician has adopted this policy.

Much
‘Much’ is used to denote large or huge amount. It is the antonym for little.
1. Kundan spent much money on the project.
2. Sahil needs to put much effort in his studies.
‘Much’ can be used in negative and interrogative sentences as well.
1. Is there much pollution in the city?
2. There isn’t much hope for the patient’s recovery.

Sometime, we use so, too, as, very before ‘Much’.

1. Mohan likes TV serials very much.
2. He invested too much money in the business but did not
earn any profit.

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How much
Basically these words are used to know about the quantity.
1. How much money do we need to purchase a car?
2. How much milk is required to prepare this dessert?

Enough
This word is used in both countable and uncountable nouns.
1. I have enough pages left to write the story.
2. We have selected enough candidates for the programme.
3. There is enough food left for the family.
4. Ken has enough money to purchase a new car.

Some
Some is used with both countable and uncountable nouns. It is used in positive sentences.
1. Some boys returned from the town.
2. Can I borrow some money?
3. She had some good ideas.

Any
Any can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. Any is used in negative and
interrogative sentences.
1. I don’t have any friends. 2. Have you received any news from the hospital?
3. He doesn’t have any patience. 4. Is there any orange juice left in the jug?

A Choose the correct option and write the complete sentence.

1. I have got a/some sandwich but I haven't got a/any milk.

................................................................................................................................................

2. Is there any/some butter in the fridge? No, there isn't/aren't any.

................................................................................................................................................

3. Are there any/some tomatoes in the basket? Yes, there are a little/a few.
................................................................................................................................................

4. Is/are there any oranges on the table? Yes, there are any/some.
................................................................................................................................................

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 5. Peter doesn't drink many/much milk. But he drinks many/a lot of water.
................................................................................................................................................
6. Has your sister got any/some friends? Yes, she has a little/ a few good friends.
................................................................................................................................................

7. Has Peter got any/ some brothers or sisters? Yes, he has one brother.

................................................................................................................................................

Enhance Your Knowledge

About
About is used for concern, complaint, incident, etc.
• I have heard about the accident. • You can’t do anything about it.
• I know about Mr Raj. He is very kind.
We can use ‘How about’ and ‘What about’ to make suggestions.
• What about your present days? • How about his newly purchased car?
• What about a holiday?
About can mean to roam around.
• Prakash is found about here. • People tell about their riches.
• These days Tom walks about without any work.
Just about means ‘almost’.
• The serial is just about to over. • Neetu is just about to complete her pending work.
No doubt about
• There is no doubt about his ability but he doesn’t work well with other people.
Everybody is talking about it
• Everybody is talking about the recently released film.
Be asked about
• Raju is very often asked about his family background.
I speak to them about
• I spoke to them about the political situation of our country.
Know a lot about
• Nikita knows a lot about scientific experiments.
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 8 Determiners

Determiners (fixing words)

Determiners are called fixing words. They are used before noun(s) and the adjective that
describes the noun. We have already learnt about articles which are a part of determiners.
Now we will learn about the other kinds of determiners.
1. Demonstrative determiners: This, that, REMEMBER
these, those. The word ‘SOME’ is generally used in
affirmative sentences:
2. Quantitative determiners: Little, a little, • There are some toys on the table.
the little, some, enough, much, etc. • There is some water in the jug.
3. Numerical determiners: Every, all, many, The word ‘ANY’ expresses a small number
when used with countable nouns and a
each, none, both, either, neither, few, fewer, small quantity when used with a singular
several, some, etc. uncountable noun. But in this sense it is
used in questions and negative sentences.
4. Possessive determiners: My, mine, your, • Are there any books on the table?
yours, his, her, hers, its, etc. • There isn’t any milk in the jug.

A Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

1. ............... book is very costly. (a/this)
2. ................ mother loves her children. (all/every)
3. There is ................ water, it will not quench my thirst. (much/little)
4. ..................... of the boys has done well. (all/each)
5. There is ........................ food for 2 people. (much/enough)
6. Can you pour .................. milk in my cup? (much/some)
7. ................ Raju and Shyam are good at studies. (both/all)
8. ................ of the boys is absent. (all/either)
9. ................ elephant is a huge animal. (much/the)

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 10. I want no more food, because I’ve eaten ................... . (much/many)
11. I have ................. books than my grandpa. (few/fewer)
12. You need ................ effort to pass the test. (little/much)
13. .................... boys are present today. (a little/a few)
14. Neeti has ................... books on literature. (many/little)
15. Please add ................. more sugar into my coffee. (much/a little)
16. .................... boy will participate in the competition. (all/every)
17. ..................... accidents occurred due to the negligence of drivers.
(several/little)
18. Do you have .................... extra pen? (some/any)
19. ..................... boys are naughty in my class. (much/many)

20. Bani has purchased ........................ books. (fewer/a few)

B Read the sentences and underline the determiners.

1. Pooja brought few books with her.
2. The stories in this book are wonderful.
3. Does Peter have any extra notebook?
4. The entire class was quiet today.
5. Many students are working for the project work.
6. Both Kajal and Kim are absent today.
7. Fred has hardly any patience while doing this work.
8. Their house is far away from here.
9. This cultural society is working a lot to promote the hidden talent of many boys
and girls.
10. My school is next to a temple.
11. Oliver put much efforts into his studies.
12. Do you know any of these boys?
13. A little more effort could make Ishan pass.
14. We have a pet dog. Its name is Jack.
15. Both Lucy and Sylvia belong to this school.
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 9 Adjectives

Describing words
We have already learnt about the fact that adjectives are the words which are used to
describe nouns as well as pronouns.
Adjectives that describe the quality of something are called adjectives of quality.
For example: Pinky is an honest girl. Raju’s sister is an intelligent student.
In the above sentences ‘intelligent’ and ‘honest’ tell us about the quality of the nouns.

Adjectives that tell us about the quantity of something are called adjectives of quantity.
You can identify this adjective by getting the answer of 'how much' in a sentence.
For example: Give me some water. There is little sugar in the pot.

Adjectives that tell us the possession of a noun by something or someone are called
possessive adjectives.
For example: This must be your cap. There are many books in our library.
Our grandmother's story telling is very impressive.

Adjectives that indicate a particular noun are called demonstrative adjectives.

For example: this, that, these, those.
This book is mine. Those apples are rotten.

Adjectives that ask questions are called interrogative adjectives.

For example: what, whose, which, etc.
Whose bag is this? Which pizza do you want to have?

What is a proper adjective?

A proper adjective is one formed from a proper noun and so it is written with its first letter
in capital.
For example: The Arabian Sea is a part of the Indian Ocean.
Swiss watches are renowned for their durability.

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 A Underline the adjectives in the following sentences and mention their kinds.

1. The witty man is holding a couple of interesting books. ..................................

2. Sheela preferred that green pen. ..................................
3. The actor received many national and international awards. ..................................
4. The cranky man has got a severe punishment. ..................................
5. The wise man turned the mouse into a huge animal. ..................................
6. The whole mountain was covered with white ice. ..................................
7. The artist gave a hilarious performance. ..................................
8. The excited crowd welcomed the leader with a big round of applause. .....................
9. The loving father patted his sincere son. ..................................

10. Saurav Ganguly delivered a motivational speech. ..................................

B Match the following. One has been done for you.

Column A Answer Column B

1. an interesting m) a) room
2. heavy b) food
3. dangerous c) building
4. famous d) doctor
5. spacious e) cloud
6. clumsy f) soldier
7. speedy g) decoration
8. delicious h) bus
9. crowded i) knife
10. dark j) rainfall
11. blunt k) car
12. skilful l) person
13. brave m) story
14. colourful n) animals
15. tall o) actors

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 C Underline the nouns and pronouns and circle the adjectives. One has been done
for you.
1. The green vegetables were sold like hot cakes.
2. Mr Pradeep likes green tea.
3. The heavy rainfall washed out all the crops.
4. The book has many interesting stories.
5. The lanky man wears a pair of big spectacles.
6. Elsa’s hair is as black as a cloud.
7. Tarun has an Alsatian dog.
8. Pinky has long hair.
9. She has five story books.
10. We should always eat green vegetables.
11. The black plum is as sweet as the white.
12. Closed mouth catches no flies.
13. Rolling stone gathers no moss.
14. Geeta has an imported car.
15. The boy was smart and intelligent.
16. The tiny tot sang a lovely song.
17. The young man is energetic.
18. My students are quite good.
19. Tanya saw a poisonous serpent in the bamboo-bush.
20. The foolish hunter was caught in his own trap.

D Read the following passage carefully. Underline the adjectives and circle the
subjects, they are used for :
How can I forget those pleasant moments of my school days? I used to go for a walk
with my close school friends. All of us passed through a narrow street lined with
hibiscus flowers, small bushes and green fields. The hardworking farmers used to
work with their sharp sickles in their fields. We would carry our books of different

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 subjects. Our mathematics teacher was very adept. He could solve any mathematical
problem in a jiffy. We never felt tired. While walking we met our class teacher, Mr
Mukesh. He was very kind and helpful. He entertained us by telling stories of elves,
fairies and other fables.

As time rolled by, only the wonderful memories remain with me. But these will
motivate me to lead a smooth journey of life!

E Give the adjectives opposite in meaning to the following adjectives.

1. Fertile ......................... 2. Narrow .........................
3. Healthy ......................... 4. Careful .........................
5. Polite ......................... 6. Certain .........................
7. Tidy ......................... 8. Generous
.........................

Comparison of Adjectives
Adjectives are describing words. They are divided into three different degrees.

• Bull is a big animal. → Positive

• A camel is bigger than a buffalo. → Comparative

• The elephant is the biggest animal of all. → Superlative

 Positive degree refers to its simplest form. It tells us about noun without any
comparison.
 Comparative degree is used for making comparison between two people, things or
places.
 Superlative degree is used for making comparison among more than two persons or
things. It is used to compare three or more people, things or places. We usually add
-est to the positive adjective to change them into superlative.

NOTE
The comparative degree is always followed by the word' than'.
The superlative degree always has the word 'the' before it.

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The list of three degrees has been given below:

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

Add- ‘r’ Add- ‘st’
Nice Nicer Nicest
Large Larger Largest
Add- ‘er’ Add- ‘est’
Small Smaller Smallest
Rich Richer Richest
Add- ‘er’ Add- ‘est’
Hot Hotter Hottest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Add- ‘ier’ Add- ‘iest’
Pretty Prettier Prettiest
Happy Happier Happiest
Irregular comparisons
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Much More Most
For some adjectives
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Expensive More expensive Most expensive

F Fill the missing comparisons.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Short Shorter Shortest
1. Smallest
2. More thoughtful
3. Lethargic
4. Most interesting
5. Ill
6. Older

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 7. Heaviest
8. Clumsier
9. Sticky
10. Attractive
11. Truthful
12. Lazier
13. Most pleasant
14. More beautiful
15. Intelligent
16. Rich
17. Most attentive
18. Slower
19. Costliest
20. Sharpest

G Fill in the blanks with appropriate degrees of comparison.

1. Lalit is ............................. than Anil. (strong)
2. Nisha is the ......................................... girl in the class. (beautiful)
3. Today is the ............................. day of the month. (bad)
4. February was the ......................... month for me this year. (lucky)
5. My pen is ............................. than hers. (costly)
6. This book is ...................................... than yours. (interesting)
7. Kumud is ............................. than Mohan. (wise)
8. Ritu is the ............................. girl in the family. (happy)
9. My watch is ......................................... than yours. (accurate)
10. This book is ........................................ than that. (colourful)
11. Our dog is the ............................. among all. (cute)

12. SMS is ............................. than a letter. (quick)

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 Enhance Your Knowledge

Some adjectives are formed simply by adding the letter ‘y’ to a noun:
Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective
marsh marshy mould mouldy cloud cloudy
rain rainy blood bloody water watery
storm stormy dirt dirty mess messy
trick tricky filth filthy mist misty
wind windy thirst thirsty crisp crispy
snow snowy dust dusty sleep sleepy
greed greedy wax waxy fuss fussy
When the noun ends with ‘e’, this letter is dropped before the letter ‘y’ is added:
Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective
smoke smoky juice juicy shade shady
ice icy shine shiny spice spicy
grease greasy bubble bubbly laze lazy
haze hazy bone bony cheese cheesy
craze crazy scare scary noise noisy
When ‘y’ is added to some nouns, the last letter is doubled and letter ‘y’ is added:
Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective
fur furry mud muddy star starry
fun funny sun sunny fog foggy
smog smoggy shag shaggy nut nutty
spot spotty sag saggy skin skinny
snap snappy flop floppy flab flabby
Enhance your vocabulary
Let’s write 6 words beginning with the letter `c’ and ending with the letter `s’.
Note: No plural forms of words are allowed.
For example: class, cross, circus, canvas, chess, chaos
1. Write 6 words beginning with the letter `m’ and ending with the letter `s’.
.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
2. Write 6 words beginning with the letter `t’ and ending with the letter `s’.
.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
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 10 Adverbs

Adverb is a part of speech which adds to the meaning of a verb, adjective and another
adverb.

• Meenu walks slowly. (Adverb is telling us about the verb)

Here walk is a verb and slowly shows how Meenu walks.

• Samar was very happy. (Adverb is telling us about the adjective)

Here happy is an adjective, while very is an adverb. It is telling us how happy he was.

• Puja was writing quite swiftly. (Adverb is telling us about another adverb)
Here swiftly is an adverb which is telling us about another adverb, quite. It shows
how swiftly Puja was writing.

If we study ‘adverbs’ attentively, we can see, there are mainly three kinds of adverbs:
adverbs of manner, adverbs of place and adverbs of time.
1. Adverb of manner: Adverbs of manner tell us how the action is done. Some adverbs of
manner are quietly, skilfully, melodiously, severely, etc.
For example: Meenu speaks politely.

2. Adverb of place: Adverbs of place tell us where something happens. Some of them are
everywhere, somewhere, here, there, nearby, southwards, forward, etc.
For example: The ship sailed northwards.
Mehul tossed the ball towards Anish.

3. Adverb of time: Adverbs of time tell us when the actions take place. You can also use
certain other adjectives like today, yesterday, soon, later, seldom, often, now, then, etc.
For example: My friend went to her uncle’s house yesterday.

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A Underline the verbs and circle the adverbs in the following sentences.
1. Yash drives the car fast.
2. The train arrived six hours late.
3. Students attend the class regularly.
4. We will play a match over here.
5. Mohan asked me the question politely.
6. I went to bed early.
7. The dog howled when it saw the fox.
8. Chandu came quite late at night.
9. The story is not written lucidly.
10. Himanshu’s singing was really impressive.
11. Mr Subhash Sharma delivers the speech emotionally.
12. They spent the money quite unnecessarily.
13. Workers were working very skilfully.
14. The hero acted boldly.
15. The patient is healing up quite fast.

B Choose the suitable adverbs of manner from the brackets and fill in the blanks.
1. The thief sneaked away .............................. .(openly/stealthily)
2. Robin sang the song ............................ . (sweetly/harshly).
3. The priest talked to the man ........................... . (politely/briskly).
4. Mr George was eating his lunch very .................................. . (slowly/neatly).
5. The cook prepared the food .......................... . (skilfully/deliciously)
6. The baby cried ........................... when it did not see its mother. (loudly/slowly)
7. The lion roared .......................... in the dense forest. (furiously/meekly)
8. Vipin hopped ........................... after seeing his uncle. (merrily/sadly)
9. Parul is tired because she worked ............................. . (patiently/hard)

10. My cousin drives very ....................... . (bravely/carefully)

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 C Fill in the blanks with appropriate adverbs of place from the brackets given.
1. I have seen you ............................... . (everywhere/somewhere)
2. Where are you going? Come ........................... and talk to me. (there/here)
3. Megha lives ......................... in the city. (everywhere/somewhere)
4. As soon as the show got over we hurriedly set out ..................... . (homewards/
abroad)
5. It’s raining. How will you go ...................... ? (inside/outside)
6. Please put the pot ............................ on the shelf. (anywhere/there)
7. Please take off your shoes ....................... the temple. (somewhere/outside)
8. While running ............................. Seema got hurt. (downstairs/inside)
9. Golu, please keep the oranges ....................... the refrigerator. (outside/inside)

10. You can keep your belongings (1).................. but don’t keep them (2)............... .
(1)(on/anywhere) (2)(here/there)

D Fill in the blanks with suitable adverbs of time from the brackets given below:
1. I don’t like watching movies so I ........................ watch them. (seldom/often)
2. My grandpa ....................... visits us because he is very weak. (hardly/mostly)
3. We should leave .............................. as we are already late. (immediately/today)
4. After two years, the building will .................................. be ready. (often/finally)
5. I will come ..................................... because I’ve completed my project. (soon/late)
6. I may purchase a car ......................................... . (yesterday/next month)
7. A terrible storm occurred in the city .................................. . (last night/tonight)
8. This old man does not keep sound health ............... . (rarely/nowadays)
9. I am getting late for my office. I’ll call you ......................... . (often/later)

10. ....................... Mickey is not coming to school on time. (nowadays/today)

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 E Fill in the blanks with suitable adverbs from the brackets given below:
1. A beggar begged ......................... for alms. (meekly/rapidly)
2. An important meeting is going on .......................... the conference room.
(inside/somewhere)
3. The old man was writing ................................ . (interruptedly/honestly).

4. I kept my shoes (1)....................... the house but I can't (1)(outside/upon)

find them (2)................................ now. (2)(somewhere/anywhere)
5. Garima watered the plants ............................... in the garden. (patiently/politely)
6. Ultimately the snake went into its ........................... . (pit/hill)
7. The mother kept the sleeping baby ......................... the cradle. (inside/outside)
8. The prisoner will be kept in the jail till .................................. . (soon/next year)
9. Krishan is going to plough his field .................................... . (yesterday/soon)

10. Mr Rajan will ......................... go to his village to meet his siblings. (soon/late)

Have you ever thought that we can make adverbs from adjectives as well?
Yes, we can….
If you say, 1. Mohak is a brave boy. 2. Mohak faces the problems bravely.
We have seen that by adding ‘ly’ we have turned the adjective into adverb. But in a few
cases the adjective does not change its form.
1. Raman is a fast runner. 2. He runs fast.
Here adjective and adverb are used without changing the word “fast”.

F Look at the following adjectives. Turn them into adverbs.

1. Bold Boldly 7. Brisk .....................

2.
Patient ..................... 8. Soft .....................
3.
Harsh ..................... 9. Attentive .....................
4.
Honest ..................... 10. Meek .....................
5. Conscious ..................... 11. Happy .....................
6.
Prompt ..................... 12. Careful .....................
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 11 Pronouns

Pronoun is a part of speech which is used in place of noun to avoid repetition.

(1) Nakul said that Nakul would go to school.
(2) Nakul said that he would go to school
The first sentence does not sound good. The second sentence sounds better
and less repetitive. By writing ‘he’(pronoun) in place of Nakul (noun) the
sentence becomes more meaningful and clear.
You already know about pronouns like I, you, he, she, it, they, we, ours, yours, theirs and so
on. Let us learn different kinds of pronouns.
Kinds of pronouns
There are six kinds of pronouns:
1. Personal pronouns 2. Possessive pronouns 3. Reflexive pronouns
4. Relative pronouns 5. Demonstrative pronouns 6. Interrogative pronouns

Personal pronouns
Pronouns like I, we, you , he, she, it, us , me, they, him, her and them stand for people and
things. These are called personal pronouns.
Personal pronouns are of two types: Subject pronouns and object pronouns
Personal pronouns like I, we, you, he, she, it and they usually act as the subject in a sentence.
They are called subject pronouns.
For example:
1. I can solve this sum. 2. We will organise a party.
3. He is a naughty boy. 4. It is a cute baby.
Personal pronouns like me, us, you, her, his, it and them come in place of the objects in a
sentence. They are called object pronouns.
For example:
1. My parents took me to a zoo. 2. They made us happy.
3. I invited her to my birthday party. 4. Atul met them in the assembly.

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A Underline the personal pronouns and write its type. One has been done for you.
1. The teacher asked me a few questions. (me - object pronoun)
2. When will you leave for Punjab? .........................................
3. The school gives us knowledge. .........................................
4. Does she know you personally? .........................................
5. I could not go as I missed the train. .........................................
6. You do not look happy today. .........................................
7. He and I, are selected for the game. .........................................
8. Lalit has bought two pens. They are very expensive. .........................................
9. Harry has a cow. It gives much milk. .........................................
10. Is Suzane going to help you? .........................................
11. They are very helpful. .........................................
12. The teacher called me to answer the question. .........................................

B Fill in the blanks using suitable personal pronouns.

1. Mrs Shrinivasan is our new Principal. ..................... is very strict.
2. John and ..................... work together. Our office is nearby. ..................... are very
close to each other.
3. ..................... should respect our elders.
4. Ram and Arjun are new students. .............. would take some time to
adjust with others.
5. Tom is my pet dog. ..................... barks at the strangers.
6. Leela studies in class V. ..................... is good at sports.
7. My teacher asked me, " When do ..................... get up on Sundays?"
8. .................. must show mercy to animals. ..................... are also living beings.

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Possessive Pronoun
Possessive pronouns show possession or ownership.

If we write, This book is Garima’s.

It shows that Garima is the owner of this book.
We can also write This book is hers.
‘Hers’ - is possessive pronoun.

Let's understand possessive pronouns with the help of a table given below:
Subject
Object pronouns Possessive case
pronouns
1st person singular I me mine
2nd person singular you you yours
he him his
3rd person singular she her hers
it it its
1st person plural we us ours
3rd person plural they them theirs

C Look at the following sentences. Underline the possessive pronouns.

1. Have you taken that book? It is mine.
2. I wish I could have a car like yours.
3. The house near the temple is theirs.
4. Do you know that the book you saw in my hand was not mine? It was his.
5. The jacket on the door is mine. The one behind the shelf is yours.
6. Is this the car you purchased from Gary? Earlier it was ours.
7. Reena said the earrings lying on the floor were hers.
8. Their packets have been delivered. I have yet to get mine.
9. Your shoes are really very nice. Look at mine!
10. This house belongs to them. It is theirs.

D Fill in the blanks with suitable possessive pronouns.

1. We have a pet dog. ..................... name is Tintin.

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 2. Rohan purchased a car from Ravi. Now the car is ..................... .
3. This pen is ..................... not ..................... .
4. Ravi is reading a book. It is ..................... .
5. Mrs Bose is working in this office. This office is ..................... .
6. Raj and Yash study here. This room is ..................... .
7. Jacky lives in this kennel. It is ..................... .
8. The gardner is selling the flowers. These are ..................... .
9. Veena writes with blue pen. This pen is .................... .

10. We live in this house. This house is ..................... .

Reflexive Pronouns
When ‘self ’ is added to my, your, him, her, it and ‘selves’ is added to our, your, them, we get
what are called Compound Personal Pronouns. Thery are called the Reflexive Pronouns
when the action done by the subject turns back (reflects) upon the subjects. The common
reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, itself, herself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves.
• I hurt my self. • We hurt ourselves.
• You will hurt yourself. • They hurt themselves.
• He hurt himself. • She hurt herself.
• The horse hurt itself.

E Fill in the blanks with suitable reflexive pronouns.

1. Meenu can do the sums ............................. .
2. Samar tried to repair his bicycle .............................. .
3. The scientists want to invent a robot which can work .............................. .
4. Ananya wished to bake a cake .............................. .
5. The company has increased the salary .............................. .
6. They somehow managed to cook the dinner .............................. .
7. Can you solve the puzzle ..............................?

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 8. I saw Ganesh praising .............................. in front of his friends.
9. I can tell you the answer but I want you to find out .............................. .

10. The child tried to lift the basket .............................. but couldn’t.

Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are those which denote or refer to the nouns used earlier in sentences.
Example: Monu saw the girl who did the mischief.
• When you refer to people we use who, whoever, whom, whosoever.
• When referring to place, animal, thing and so on we use which, that.

F Tick the suitable words from the brackets to fill in the blanks.
1. Ravi knew the man .................... came to the party. (which/who)
2. Mrs Kaur is one of the teachers .................... taught us last year. (who/whom)
3. Mr Banerjee called all .................... he met at the party. (which/whom)
4. The flowers .................... I brought were liked by my mother. (whose/which)
5. I know the Principal .................... I met last year. (who/whom)
6. Mr Saba has a dog .................... is very timid. (which/who)
7. The temple .................... is near to my house is very famous. (whoever/which)
8. Mr Amitabh Bachchan, .................... is an eminent person, is the Chief Guest for
the annual function of our school. (who/whom)
9. Do you know my friend .................... can solve any question of maths? (who/whom)
10. Do you meet Raj .................... I teach? (whom/who)
11. The dog .................... I brought is an Alsatian. (whose/which)
12. Meenu, .................... father is a doctor, met me in the school. (whom/whose)
13. Do you know the player .................... scored a century? (which/who)
14. The animals .................... are domesticated are mostly faithful. (which/whom)
15. Mr Bose, .................... son has settled down in the U.S.A., is my brother's friend.
(who/whose)

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Demonstrative Pronouns
The pronouns that are used to point out the objects to which they refer are called
demonstrative pronouns.
NOTE
The demonstrative pronouns are as follows:
Always use 'is' or 'are' after 'this',
This - This is Rohan's T-shirt. 'that', 'these', 'those' to show
That - That is Rahul's house. demonstrative pronouns.
These - These are huge buildings.
Those - Those are my friends playing in the park.
This, that, these and those are called demonstrative pronouns. Generally, they denote
noun(s).

Interrogative Pronouns
The pronouns that are used to ask questions are called interrogative pronouns.
Who, what, whom, whose and which are interrogative pronouns.

Following are the sentences based on interrogative pronouns.

• What is your surname? • Which is your pen?
• Whom were you talking to? • Whose is this book?

G Fill in the blanks with appropriate demonstrative and interrogative pronouns .

1. .......................... is this house?
2. .......................... is your best friend?
3. .......................... do you want from me now?
4. .......................... is your aim in life?
5. Is .......................... the book you were looking for?
6. .......................... are very sweet mangoes. I bought them yesterday.
7. ..........................was the party that you attended?
8. .......................... are really lovable puppies.
9. .......................... is an extremely huge tree.

10. .......................... is knocking at the door?

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 Enhance Your Knowledge
Who vs Whom
The following method can help us to differentiate between ‘who’ and ‘whom’.

We can use He/Him method.

He who Him whom

I know who/whom wrote the poem.

He wrote the poem.
Put question: Who wrote the poem?
Ans :- He
So the answer will be ‘I know who wrote the poem’.

Suppose you frame a sentence I will fight for him. (him- whom)
So the question will be whom should I fight for?

Try to solve
1. Who/whom is your close friend?
2. Who/whom do you quarrel with?
3. I met the man who/whom my grandpa taught.
4. Kamal is the boy who/whom you helped.
5. Who/whom do you think will be the winner?
6. Rakesh is one of my friends who/whom I believe a lot.
7. Do you know who/whom I met yesterday?
8. Nobody knows who/whom will be the chief guest.
9. Did Mr Bose know who/whom he was talking to?
10. They know who/whom has composed the song.

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 Reinforcement
A Fill in the blanks with a, an, the.
1. I brought .................. electronic sewing machine.

2. Do you know Mr Prakash is ................ social reformer?

3. He is .................. only man who comes here on time.

4. .................... snakes of this jungle do not harm anyone.

5. Have you ever heard about ..................... monster?

6. Rakesh is ...................... honest boy.

7. We visited ..................... Sun Temple in 2005.

8. Mr Kalra belongs to ..................... rich family.

9. Please carry ...................... umbrella with you. It’s raining.

10. ........................... President of our country will visit the U.S.A.

B Tick the correct adjectives in the following sentences.

1. Nidhi sings (good/better) than Shashi.
2. Kunal is the (taller/tallest) among the five boys.
3. Kavita is (patient/more patient) than Rashi.
4. Hriday is the (more sincere/most sincere) boy in the class.
5. Rita is (wiser/wisest) than Vidhya.
6. Kashmir is (cool/cooler) than Delhi.
7. This building is (tallest/taller) than any other building in the locality.
8. Rohit is (a/an) (more attentive/attentive) boy.
9. Rajni’s book is (thickest/thicker) than mine.

10. Giraffe is (tall/taller) than zebra.

C Choose the correct pronouns:-

1. Ravi and (I/me) went to the fair. ..........................

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 2. I asked (1)(they/them) if (2)(their/they) would accompany (3)(we/us).
(1)...............(2)...............(3)...............
3. Tarun and (you/your) brother have been selected for the test. ..........................
4. The scenery is really beautiful. (It/They) gives a nice feeling. ..........................
5. (I/my) result will be declared tomorrow. ...........................
6. Mrs Smith shifted (my/her) house to Dehradun. ..........................
7. This book is my grandpa’s. (It/Theirs) is torn out. ..........................
8. Neha’s father is an M.L.A. of this locality. (He/His) is a very kind person.
..........................
9. The boss has selected (I/me) for the post of manager. ..........................

10. (I/my) choice is burger, not pizza. ..........................

D Some common genders are given below. They are in jumbled letters. Rearrange
them and write. The first letter of the words is written for you.

1) dilhc - c.......................... 7) byba - b..........................

2) roocdt - d.......................... 8) eeacrth - t..........................
3) othura - a.......................... 9) eoiplc - p..........................
4) edinrf - f.......................... 10) iounsc - c..........................
5) eetahlet - a.......................... 11) aepnrt - p..........................
6) eihft - t.......................... 12) eeynm - e..........................

E Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

1. Manas left ................. questions in his test. (a few/much)
2. .................. little girl was selected for the dance competition. (few/a)
3. There are ............... (much/many)hotels in ........... area. (an/this)
4. Please give ................. milk to the cat. (the few/the little)
5. I see that ................. boys have participated in sports. (much/many)

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 12 Prepositions

Preposition
As we have already learnt, prepositions are the words which show the position, direction
and location of noun(s).

A. Prepositions of place
Preposition that specifies the place or position of an object or a person is called the
preposition of place.
For example: We are at the mall.
The book is on the table.
The chain is in the jewellery box.
All the above sentences having the prepositions of place.

B. Prepositions of time
Prepositions that indicate when the action takes place are called the prepositions of time.
For example: We will come to the park at 6 p.m.
They will be in Chennai at the weekend.
The boy is coming within 5 minutes.
All the above sentences having the prepositions of time.

C. Prepositions of movement
Prepositions that show movement are called the prepositions of movement.
For example: I am going to London next Sunday.
The boy was passing through a narrow street.
Chirag and her daughter were coming across the road.
All the above sentences having the prepositions of movement.

We use some prepositions in a common way. On, upon, over, in, out, before, after, beside,
between, among, etc.

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'Between'
When something or somebody remains in the middle of two objects we use
‘between’.
For example: The fox is standing between the boxes.

'Above'
When we want to indicate something higher or beyond our reach, we use ‘above’.
For example: Birds are flying above the tree.

'Behind'
When something or somebody is at the back of something or somebody, we
use ‘behind’.
For example: The fox is hiding behind the box.

'In front of'

When something or someone is before another thing or someone we use
‘in front of ’.
For example: The fox is standing in front of the box.

'To'
We use ‘to’ to show our shifting towards our destination.
For example:
1. I am going to Los Angeles. 2. Gopi is going to his village.

‘Through’
We use ‘through’ when we want to show our movement from one
side of a boundary or an enclosed space to the other.
For example:
1. The train went through a tunnel.
2. Neha is looking through the window.

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‘Across’
We use ‘across’ to denote a movement from either side of a surface.
For example:
1. Leela swam across the river.
2. People are walking across the road.

'Beside' -By the side of

For example: Mohan is sitting beside Nisha.

‘Into’
‘Into’ shows inward movement of something or somebody. It also shows
movement or motion.
For example:
1. Lalit dived into the pool.
2. The fox jumped into the box.
3. Alvin got into his friend’s car.

‘Off’
‘Off ’ shows the movement driven away from a surface.
For example:
1. Gagan fell off the stairs.
2. Tom’s hat flew off due to blowing of strong wind.

‘Towards’
‘Towards’ is used to show direction.
For example:
1. Chanakya moved towards the school gate.
2. The fox is moving towards the box.

‘Around’
‘Around’ is used to show a circular movement.
For example: The moon moves around the earth.

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 A Look at the following sentences. Tick the correct prepositions.

1. Chirag does his work (to /on) time.

2. When do you come (at/to) school?
3. Books are kept (on/in) the table.
4. Why are you angry (at/with) me?
5. Gyani purchased the book (by/for) ` 100/-.
6. Mr Basu got (down/into) the car and drove away.
7. While driving, keep your vehicles (at/in) the right lane.
8. Translate the passage (upto/into) English.
9. The teacher distributed the toffees (between/among) twenty children.
10. I have another bicycle (with/besides) this.
11. Robin has been studying (for/since) morning.
12. Janvi and Saina go to school (by/on) foot.
13. Do you know anything (on/about) this man?
14. A table has been kept (between/among) two chairs.
15. Gopi was struck (at/with) an idea.

B Choose the most appropriate prepositions to fill in the blanks. You can use a
preposition for more than one sentence.

around into at beside since in after by

upon through with to down during

1. Mr Peterson always keeps patience ...................... adverse conditions.

2. Please add a little sugar ...................... my tea.

3. Rice sells ...................... ` 20/- per kilo.

4. The earth moves ...................... the sun.

5. Tina played the piano ...................... great joy.

6. Sofia always reaches her office ...................... 9 a.m.

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 7. Tears rolled .................... Mrs Sharma's cheeks when she heard the shocking news.

8. Rajan came here ...................... a crowded bus.

9. Dinesh killed the snake ...................... a stick.

10. Komal was sitting ...................... Rajni.

11. The dog ran ...................... the thief.

12. Byro was passing ...................... a narrow street.

13. She kept her belongings ...................... the right place.

14. The baby clung ...................... the mother.

15. Neelu is good ...................... studies.

16. I saw the Pole Star ...................... the sky.

17. I have not seen Pinky ...................... she left the city.

18. The hungry fox dived ...................... the river.

19. Mala never sleeps ...................... daytime.

20. The man has great faith ...................... God.

C Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions given in the box.

across into off beside towards around

Little Sam was going ...................... his school. He was walking ...................... the fence
of a cottage. Peter was also ...................... him. When they reached the school, they
found many merry children playing ...................... them. All of a sudden a child fell
...................... the stairs. Little Sam took the injured child ...................... the medical
room.

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 Enhance Your Knowledge

Too & Either

Too
We can use 'too' to add a comment of agreement after someone makes a positive statement.
Remember that 'too' means 'also'.
1. Ravi and Renu are partners and good friends too.
2. Mr Jai and Ms Rubi are colleagues. They were childhood friends too.
You have seen that ‘too’ has been used at the end of the sentences.

‘Too’ is also used for a higher degree than it is desirable.

1. I was driving too fast.
2. It’s not too late to change your mind.

Either
‘Either’ is used for referring the optional statement. Normally ‘either’ is followed by ‘or’.
• Either Ram or Shyam is going to play a match.
• He likes either hockey or cricket.

The preposition ‘of ’ is used after either.

• Either of these girls is going to be awarded.
• Either of those files is very confidential.

Note: When ‘either’ is used, verb agrees with a singular noun or pronoun.

If we write either….or, verb always agrees with the second one.

For example:
1. Either Ramu or his friends were selected for the match.
2. Either Rubi or I am going to Mohan’s birthday party.

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SYLLABLES
‘Syllables’ play an important role in framing words. Every word has its own syllable(s).
Syllable is an inseparable part of it. Look at the following words and see how many syllables
have been used in the following words.

a. 1 Syllable - sat, rat, fat, mat, that, brat, gnat

b. 2 Syllables - Bat + on = Baton
At + las = Atlas
Flatt + en = Flatten
Batt + er = Batter
Sat + in = Satin
For + mat = Format
c. 3 Syllables - At + mos + phere = Atmosphere
Sat + is + fied = Satisfied
Gra + ti + tude = Gratitude
Ac + ro + bat = Acrobat
Ha + bi + tat = Habitat
d. 4 Syllables - Dip + lo + ma + tic = Diplomatic
Ca + ta + stro + phic = Catastrophic
Fa + na + ti + cal = Fanatical
Ca + te + go + ry = Category
Ma + te + ri + al = Material
Ca + ta + ma + ran = Catamaran

A Fill in the blanks with the words given below.

fidget cricket jacket bullets alphabet blanket locket met

1. My brother loves to play .................. as he is a great bowler.

2. The soldiers stopped firing when they ran out of ................... .
3. It was so cold that I needed an extra .................. on my bed.
4. I have a silver .................. with a picture of my grandmother in it.
5. I went to town and .................. my best friend to go for shopping.
6. My father wears a leather .................. when he rides his motorbike.
7. There are 26 letters in the ................... .
8. My teacher hates it when we .................. and she tells us to sit still.

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 13 Conjunctions

Conjunctions are the words which help us to join words or sentences.

Ajay plays cricket. Ajay plays volleyball. If we write, ‘Ajay plays football and volleyball’, this
makes the sentence more compact.

You have already learnt about conjunctions. Conjunctions are always used to join two
words or sentences.

• Conjunctions join two statements of equal importance together.

For, and, but, still, or, yet, so, nor
Few examples are as follows:
1. Rahul will not come to the party for his physical condition is not good.
2. Raghu and Mohak are friends.
3. I went to Mohan's house but could not find him.
4. Sonam is calling up repeatedly, still her friends are not responding.
5. Take tea or coffee.
6. I tried, yet I could not pass the test.
7. She is ill so she will not go to the party.
8. Neither Nitin nor Pulkit will come.
• Some conjunctions join two statements or clauses in which one is dependent on
the other.
Because, since, after, when, though, although, if, before, unless, as, till, until, while,
than, why, etc.
Examples are:
1. Vinay is not going to school because he is sick today.
2. I went for a swim after breakfast.
3. He went when it started raining.

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 4. She went to school though it was raining.
5. Although I am not good at it, I am playing the guitar.
6. If you try you will get success.
7. I had gone before Mohan came.
8. Unless you come, I will not go to market.
9. As I am completing my work, I cannot come with you.
10. I will be here till 2 o' clock.
11. Until you work hard you cannot pass.
12. She was working while it was raining.
13. She is younger than I am.
14. I know why he is late.

• Conjunctions used in pairs.

Either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, both-and, such-that
Few examples are:
1. Either Olivia or Chloe is at fault.
2. Neither Monica nor Rachel is going to picnic.
3. Not only is he intelligent, but also good at heart.
4. Both Saurabh and Laksh are going to school today.
5. It was such a hot day that we preferred to stay at home.

A Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable conjunctions from the brackets.
1. I searched for Gautam everywhere .................. I did not find him anywhere.
(and/but)
2. ..................... Mehul saw his father, he jumped with joy. (since/ as soon as)
3. I met many people ........................ I grew up. (although/as)
4. Sheena ..................... her mother went to the market. (or/and)
5. The question was very difficult to answer ..................... Kartik left it. (so/but)
6. ........................... Ratiram is poor, he is honest. (since/although)
7. Brijesh worked hard for the project .................. he couldn’t complete it on time.
(but/yet)
8. It’s raining outside ................ you must take an umbrella. (but/so)
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 9. Alok may take the car .................. the bike tomorrow. (and/or)
10. The book is very thick ...................... I need much time to study it. (so/but)
11. Mrs Shruti ................... Mrs Vimla are friends. (as well as/and)
12. ....................... Ricky or Mat is selected for the competition. (either/neither)
13. Hurry up, ................................... you will miss the bus. (and/otherwise)
14. .................... I complete my work on time, the teacher will not allow me to go.
(unless/or)
15. I will go ...................... he comes. (unless/if)
16. The baby was crying .................. it did not see its mother. (as soon as/because)
17. Rahul performed well .................. he could not win the first prize. (but/yet)
18. Do you prefer tea ................. coffee? (and/or)

B Look at the sentences. Join them by using conjunctions given in the brackets.
1. Chetna is short. Her brother is tall. (but)
2. The sums were tough. I tried to solve them. (yet)
3. I called up Roger. His phone was busy. (but)
4. Kittu failed in the test. He had practised a lot. (although)
5. It is raining outside. I need an umbrella. (so)
6. Kailash is poor. He cannot afford a car. (so)
7. Ben is playing chess. Harry is playing chess. (and)
8. Mrs Chopra is calling. Anil is not responding. (but)
9. Parents are merciful. They are angels. (so)
10. We do not study. We will fail. (if)

C Complete the following sentences using the conjunctions given in the box.

as soon as when until before while whenever

1. You may watch television .........................................................................................

2. Please switch off the lights .........................................................................................
3. Please be careful .........................................................................................
4. It starts raining .........................................................................................
5. You should not go out .........................................................................................
6. The children laugh .........................................................................................
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Reinforcement
A Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

1. I saw an eagle ................... the sky.

2. He has full command ........................ English grammar.
3. We studied .................... a ceiling fan.

4. Ranu purchased this saree ........................ ` 600/-

5. George climbed ................... the hill ..................... confidence.
6. We have no enmity ........................ Prakash.
7. The baby crawled ..................... the mat.
8. Distribute the mangoes ...................... Ritu and Sandhya.
9. I am familiar ................... Jatin.

10. Jyothi was struck ...................... an idea.

B Choose the correct conjunctions.

1. Manas started for his school on time ....................... could not reach
the school. (and/but)
2. Swami is feeling feverish ............... he will go to a doctor. (and/so)
3. Sankalp knows how to drive a car .................. ride a scooter. (and/or)
4. Raju is going to a doctor .................. he has fever. (because/so)
5. Charles is very excited ...................... he has got a new job. (because/so)
6. (1)................ you sow (2)............... shall you reap. (1)(but/as) (2)(as/so)
7. ...................... he went on time, he missed the bus. (but/although)
8. I’ve never seen Ben ..................... he shifted to Australia. (when/since)
9. ................... he comes I will do my work. (until/as)
10. Rohit has an exam today .................. he looks nervous. (as/so)

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 14 Modals

Modals express the mood of the main verb and makes our spoken English impressive. In
short, you can say that our conversation becomes pleasant and impressive if we use modals.
Modals are used with the first form of the verbs. Let’s learn some modals and their uses.

Can (To know someone’s ability)

• Can you speak English?
• Can they solve the sums?
• Can Mr Ahmed handle the case?

May (shows probability, permission, to express wishes)

• He may come late.
• May I go to washroom?
• May you live long! (blessings from an elderly person)

Used to (To describe one’s past habit)

• Meenu used to play hide and seek.
• I used to sing in my childhood.
• Our teacher used to teach us some basic techniques.

Need (shows necessity to absorb in)

• We need to practise a lot to get success.

Must (shows strong obligation)

• We must follow the traffic rules to avoid accidents.
• We mustn’t deceive our friends.
• Students must obey their teachers.

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Lest …. Should
• “lest” is always followed by “should”.
• Move fast, lest you should miss the train.

A Look at the following sentences given below. Fill in the blanks with suitable
modals.

1. We ..................... sit in a good posture to avoid back pain. If we sit in a

backward way, our back ..................... bend. So, we ..................... to sit straight to
avoid any pain.

2. In my childhood I ..................... play football. Now, I play cricket.

Outdoor games ..................... be played. They keep our body and mind fresh.
We, especially the children, ..................... play such games. We .....................also
play some indoor games to make our brain sharp. Ludo, carrom, chess are some
examples of indoor games.

3. On a rainy day, children ..................... take umbrellas with them, .....................

they should fall sick. Getting drenched in rain ..................... cause different
diseases like cold and viral fever. So, children ..................... take precaution if
they fall sick.

4. We ..................... follow the traffic rules. We ..................... avoid accidents by

following traffic rules. Teenagers ..................... not be given vehicles to drive or
ride.

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 15 Verbs

Verbs are the words which express our actions, thoughts, feelings and other senses to create
some ideas.
• Children played many games.
• We celebrate a variety of festivals.
The first sentence tells us what the children did.
In the second sentence it expresses what we do.

In both the sentences we have talked about the actions. In the first sentence we talked about
the action which the children did in the past. In the second sentence we have expressed
what act we do occasionally.
REMEMBER
Look at the following sentences:
Apart from the main verbs, there are also
1. Raman was working in the field when I came. helping words and linking verbs.
2. Ravi came after Mahesh had gone. Examples of helping verbs:
am / is / are / was / were / will / have has /
3. Leela had sung a song before Kunal arrived.
had: they support the main verb.
In the above sentences, the verbs are working, For example: She was attacked by a tiger.
came, gone, sung and arrived. There may be (was: helping verb; attacked: main verb )
Verbs that join the subject to some word
one or more than one verb in a sentence. All the
which describes it are called linking verbs.
verbs are action words. Verbs tell us when the For example: The sky became dark.
action is done, was done and will be done.

A Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs from the brackets given below:-
1. Raman ............................. the plants daily. (decorate/waters)
2. Sheetal ............................. the bicycle and got hurt. (fell off/rode out)
3. The teacher ............................. Mike for being late. (praised/scolded)
4. Deepu ............................. accurately. (is cycling/is answering)
5. Rose and Puja ............................. school daily. (go to/goes to)
6. The dog ............................. at strangers. (barks/bark)
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 7. The grocer .......................... the goods at cheap rates. (is selling/are selling)
8. Neelam’s school bus ............................. on time. (walked/arrived)
9. The teacher ............................. in the class. (laughs/teaches)
10. Few animals and birds can ................ at night. (sing/see)
11. Meenu ............................. a letter to her grandpa. (is making/is writing)
12. The whole country ........................................ the Independence Day.
(is celebrating/are celebrating)
13. Our Principal ............................. a speech yesterday. (is delivered/delivered)
14. Nishant and Lakshay ........................ to the U.S.A. for their further studies.
(gone/went)
15. Vikas ............................. the car very fast. (rode/drove)
16. Kunti ............................. of her kids. (take care/takes care)
17. In July, it ............................. in Delhi. (rain/rains)
18. My watch does not ............................. accurate time. (show/shows)
19. The boy ................... when he did not see his mother. (laughed/cried)

20. The leaves of trees ............................. during winter. (fell/fall)

B Fill in the blanks with the words similar in meaning to the verbs given in the
brackets. Choose from the box.
assembled narrates yells live shifted framed
arrive wears helped watches had prefers
departs cleaned search

1. Mala ....................... her ornaments. (polished)

2. Students ....................... in the prayer hall. (gathered)
3. Meeta ....................... her mother in cooking. (assisted)
4. Janvi ....................... reading. (loves)
5. The dog ....................... at strangers. (barks)
6. Boys ....................... at the institute on time. (come)
7. My father ....................... for his office at 7 a.m. (leaves)

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 8. Granny ....................... a story at bed time. (tells)
9. Naman ....................... his uniform daily. (puts on)
10. My mother ....................... a serial in the evening. (sees)
11. Mahesh used to ....................... in Hong Kong. (reside)
12. Can you ....................... for my keys? (look)
13. Nikita ....................... her mind away from the competition.(turned)
14. Pintoo ....................... a lot of food. (ate)
15. Megha ....................... some interrogative sentences. (wrote)

C Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs of your own.

1. Mayank always ....................... his school before time.
2. Can you ....................... this question?
3. When does your teacher ....................... the lesson?
4. I ....................... the painting yesterday.
5. Our pet dog does not ....................... loudly.
6. The baby ....................... for the doll.
7. Can you ....................... me in searching for my pen?
8. All the students ....................... happy today for their excellent performance.
9. Many guests ....................... to my house yesterday.
10. Have you ever ....................... the Taj Mahal?

D Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs given in brackets.

1. Mother ....................... (come) from the temple before I ................... (arrive).
2. All the boys ....................... (become) quiet after their teacher ....................... .(come)
3. I ....................... (go) to the market after my mother ....................... (ask) me to
bring some vegetables.
4. Pinku ....................... (eat) his food before his mother ....................... (call) him.

5. I ....................... (complete) my homework before we ....................... (go) to market.

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Verb, Subject and Object
As we know, no sentence is complete without verbs. Eg:
Selena cooked the food. If we ask questions related to the sentence like,

• Who cooked the food? -- Selena…

• What did Selena cook? -- the food…

We have already studied that a sentence is made up of verb(s). In a sentence, we have

subject, verb and object as well.
Vinay brought an umberella.

If we ask the question, What did Vinay bring? The answer we get is ‘umbrella’
Here, ‘umbrella’ is the object.
If we ask ‘Who brought the umbrella?’ We get the answer ‘Vinay’. So, ‘Vinay’ is a subject.
It means, a complete sentence has a subject, verb and an object.

E Read out the following sentences. Circle the subject and underline the objects in
the sentences. One has been done for you.
1. Pooja sang a beautiful song. 11. Ricky saw a beautiful bird.

2. The students are studying history. 12. Masons build houses.

3. Puneet acted in a film. 13. The poet writes beautiful poems.

4. Dean receives many messages daily. 14. The Prime Minister delivered the lecture.

5. Heera rode the bicycle. 15. The policeman ran after the thief.

6. Kiran ate delicious food yesterday. 16. Kamal purchased a beautiful painting.

7. Nipun drinks milk at night. 17. Namrata bought a new dress for herself.

8. Mathew purchased a new car. 18. We are driving a car now.

9. Sachin hit a century in the last match. 19. My friend cooks food himself.

10. Neha is going to Delhi. 20. The Principal scolded Anil for being late.

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 16 Subject and Predicate

A sentence is a group of words. There are two parts in a sentence- subject and predicate.
The person or thing that performs the action is called subject. The rest of the sentence that
tells us about the subject is called predicate. The predicate always has a verb.

For example:
Rita is a nurse.
Here Rita – is the subject is a nurse – is the predicate
Garry is playing cricket.
Garry – subject is playing cricket – predicate

We can identify subject and predicate by asking who or what the sentence is about.
The answer of 'who' in a sentence is the subject and the answer of 'what' in a sentence is the
predicate.

There are a few sentences where it is difficult to identify the subject.

For example:
There are ten players in a football team.
Here is a notebook you can write on.
This is the decision the government has taken in our interest.

We can determine the subject in such sentences by asking who is in team,who has written
on notebook and who has taken decision. The answer we get are nouns, that is, ten players,
you and government respectively.

We have studied imperative sentences. Let's see how to determine subject and predicate.

REMEMBER
In the imperative sentence, the subject ‘you’ is implied.

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A Look at the sentences given below. Circle the subject and underline the predicate.
1. Ram’s father goes to the park daily.
2. The king passed a law.
3. Meenu and her brother swim daily.
4. The angry father scolded Raj.
5. The boatman rowed the boat speedily.
6. Kanak washes fruit and vegetables before eating.
7. The whole family believes in God.
8. Mr Bose flew the plane for the first time.
9. The school begins at 8 o’clock and ends at 1:30 p.m.
10. The whole nation salutes Mahatma Gandhi.
11. Alex receives a letter from his grandparents.
12. The meeting was postponed after the secretary had delivered the speech.

B Look at the incomplete sentences. Write subjects and predicates wherever necessary.
1. Lata Mangeshkar ........................................................... .
2. .............................................. is a very famous cricketer.
3. .............................................. is a costly metal.
4. The teacher ..................................................................... .
5. .............................................. is admired for his sincerity.
6. Children ........................................................................... .
7. Bunty and Sunny ........................................................... .
8. ............................................................................ runs fast.
9. .............................................. revolves around the sun.

10. .............................................. give us knowledge.

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 17 Tenses

‘Tenses’ tell us about the time of an action, when it was done, when it is done and when it
will be done.
Earlier, the simple, perfect and continuous form of past, present and future tenses were
discussed. In this chapter we will learn more about Perfect Continuous form of tenses.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

This tense is used to talk about the actions that started sometime in the past and have been
continuing till the time of speaking. While using this tense the duration of the action is
stressed upon.

For example:
1. It has been raining since morning.
2. I have been reading for two hours.

Positive
subject + has/have + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for
• For: Length of time. 1 day, 2 weeks, 1 year, 2 hours, etc.
• Since: Point of time. (Exact time). Monday, Tuesday, morning, evening, 1999, 2016,
January, 12th June, etc.
For example:
1. Steve has been studying English for two hours.
2. They have been playing football for one year.
3. Nancy has been helping her mother for two months.
4. Mark has been telling a story since 2 o'clock.
Negative
subject + has/have + not + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for
For example:
1. Jiya has not been studying for two days .
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 2. Doctors have not been treating the patients since January.
3. They have not been cleaning the room for three days.
4. Father has been scolding his son for half an hour.
5. We have not been doing sums since 4 o'clock.

Interrogative
has/have + subject + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for + ?
For example:
1. Has Priya been studying for two hours?
2. Have you been paying attention to the teacher since Monday?
3. Has the master been teaching the students for five years?
4. Have Reetu and Shree been playing since January?
5. Has Mr Verma been eating his lunch for ten minutes?

Negative Interrogative
has/have+ subject + not + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for + ?
For example:
1. Has Rahul not been going to school for two days?
2. Have Shekhar and Suman not been attending their classes since Monday?
3. Has Kunti not been taking care of her child for years?
4. Have we not been studying maths since 2 o'clock?
5. Has Mr Jackson not been reciting the poem for two days?

A Read the following sentences carefully. Change them into present perfect
continuous tense.
1. Raju watches television for two hours.
.................................................................................................
2. Swati recites a poem.
.................................................................................................
3. Neelu teaches her younger brother for three hours.
.................................................................................................
4. The baby cries for its mother.
.................................................................................................
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 5. Boys make a noise in the class.
.................................................................................................

B Frame the following sentences into negative interrogative.(In present perfect

continuous tense).
1. Shahid is flying a kite since 2 o'clock.
.................................................................................................
2. Parul and Sarah are eating their lunch for twenty minutes.
........................................................................................................................
3. I am reading a novel.
.................................................................................................
4. Brijesh is working on the computer.
.................................................................................................
5. The poet is composing a poem.
.................................................................................................

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

This tense is used to talk about how long an action was going on in the past.
Positive
subject + had + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for
For example:
1. Pallavi had been going to school for two days.
2. Mehul had been playing football since yesterday.
3. Neeraj had been eating rice for three days.
4. They had been learning Japanese since last year.
5. The teacher had been teaching us for five years.

Negative
subject + had +not + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for
For example:
1. Meenu had not been singing a song since last year.
2. Khushi had not been cooking food for two years.
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 3. Dimpy and Pinky had not been paying attention to the teacher for the last two days.
4. Renu had not been working for eight hours.
5. Nitin had not been doing his project work since Monday.

Interrogative
had + subject + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for + ?
For example:
1. Had Bimal been playing basketball since Monday?
2. Had Pooja been going to office for two years?
3. Had the teacher been teaching you since January?
4. Had we been preparing for the test for one month?
5. Had mother been cooking food since 9 o' clock?

Negative Interrogative
had + subject + not + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for + ?
For example:
1. Had Rohan not been working for two years?
2. Had Shyam not been playing cricket since 2014?
3. Had Mala not been teaching the children for one hour?
4. Had Vrinda not been studying science since March?
5. Had they not been doing their work for four days?

C Turn the following sentences into interrogative. (Past perfect continuous using
since/for.)
1. The teacher taught us a new lesson.
.................................................................................................
2. Mother cooked delicious food.
.................................................................................................
3. Gangu watered the plants.
.................................................................................................
4. My father bought new books.
.................................................................................................
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 5. George watched a new movie.
.................................................................................................

D Change the following sentences into negative interrogative. (Past perfect

continuous tense using since/for.)
1. Raju was riding a bicycle.
.................................................................................................
2. Priya was copying the answers from Jyoti.
.................................................................................................
3. I was delivering a speech.
.................................................................................................
4. Rehman was flying the kite.
.................................................................................................
5. You were simply wasting your time.
.................................................................................................

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

This tense conveys the duration of a particular action in the future.

Positive
subject + shall/will + have + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for
For example:
1. The teacher will have been teaching a new topic since 2015.
2. Vinay will have been watering the plants for two hours.
3. Rachna shall have been practising maths since 2013.
4. Aman will have been writing a poem for two days.
5. They will have been teaching the village people for two months by the end of this year.

Negative
subject + shall/will + not + have + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for
For example:
1. Chetan will not have been going shopping since 4 o' clock.

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 2. Nisha will not have been speaking English for five years.
REMEMBER
3. The teacher will not have been teaching the students
In modern English
since last February. ‘shall’ is mostly used for
4. Mehul and Priya both will not have been going to a trip interrogative sentences.
for two years.
5. They will not have been making their project since next year.

Interrogative
shall/will +subject + have + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for + ?
For example:
1. Will Gopi have been watering the plants since tomorrow?
2. Shall we have been completing our pending work for two days?
3. Will Neha have been working on the project since 2 o'clock?
4. Shall Megha have been singing a song for two hours?
5. Will Ekta have been gathering the flowers since morning?

Negative Interrogative
shall/will + subject + not + have + been + v1 + ing + object + since/for + ?
For example:
1. Will Shekhar not have been going to school since tomorrow?
2. Will Chandan not have been mopping the floor since next two days?
3. Shall I not have been teaching my students since Monday?
4. Will Gopi not have been watering the plants for a week?
5. Will my brother not have been attending the party for a day?
REMEMBER
We cannot use 'shall' or 'will' twice in case of future indefinite tense.
He will help you if you will ask him. X
He will help you if you ask him. 
Usage of Future Continuous Tense
This tense is used to talk about events that will be going on at a certain point of time in the future.
I will be doing my homework at 4 p.m. tomorrow.
At 9:00 p.m. tomorrow, my father will be watching the news on T.V., my mother will be
cooking, my grandmother will be saying her prayers and I will be playing games on the
computer.
When you come home in the evening, I will be waiting for you.

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 E Change the following sentences into interrogative. (Future perfect continuous tense )
1. Tom will have been focusing on his studies for two hours.
.......................................................................................................................................
2. Dr Alex will have been treating the patients since 4 o'clock.
.......................................................................................................................................
3. Sneha will have been reciting the poem for half an hour.
.......................................................................................................................................
4. The professor will have been delivering a lecture for half an hour.
.......................................................................................................................................
5. Mohak will have been reading the novel for the next two days.
.......................................................................................................................................

F Change the following sentences into negative interrogative. (Future perfect

continuous tense using since/for.)
1. Neelu will recite a poem.
.......................................................................................................................................
2. I will visit the temple.
.......................................................................................................................................
3. Neha will tell a story.
.......................................................................................................................................
4. The teacher will start a new chapter.
.......................................................................................................................................
5. You will go shopping.
.......................................................................................................................................
6. Sneha will read the novel.
.......................................................................................................................................
7. Father will take us to the market.
.......................................................................................................................................
8. Veena will sing a song.
.......................................................................................................................................
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 18 Subject-Verb Agreement

As we know, verbs play an important role in grammar. In framing sentences verbs are very
necessary.
The verb will be singular in the following cases:
1. If the subject is singular. REMEMBER
• Raju wakes up in the morning.
• We use ‘is, has, was, will, etc. with he, she,
• Priya is a good student. it or any singular noun like Raj, Meeta’.
• Shekhar has a new car. • With ‘I, you, we, they and plural nouns’,
• I have a beautiful house. verbs like do and go are used.
• You have two sisters. With he, she, it verbs like does, goes are used.
In the above sentences you can see,
with Raju - 'wakes' is used because Raju is singular (third person).
Priya is a singular noun so we have used 'is' with her. In the same way,
Shekhar has......, I have...., you have..... .So, verb agrees with the subject.

2. When we use 'as well as', 'along with' - verb always agrees with the first noun or pronoun.
• The captain along with the crew members has drowned into the sea.
• Raju as well as his friends is going to school.

3. In case of either...or, neither...nor - verb agrees with the second noun or pronoun.
• Either they or I am to be blamed.
• Neither Neha nor her friends have gone to the market.

4. These words are one but plural in form. These are followed by plural verbs.
• My spectacles are broken. • The trousers are in the drawer.
• The scissors are blunt.
5. Two or more nouns that are considered to be one unit are followed by a singular verb.
• Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.
• Horse and carriage is at the door.
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6. In case of 'one of them' and ‘none of them’ verb always remains singular.
• One of the bottles of perfume is imported.
• None of them is good at studies.

A Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs.

1. Mrs Tarla always ...................... her car in the garage. (park/parks)

2. Rosy and Tejas ...................... gone for a movie.(has/have)
3. Piyush ...................... his work on time.(do/does)
4. Ruchi and Mona ...................... close friends.(are/is)
5. This book ...................... fifty pages.(have/has)
6. Raj ...................... his friend in tough situations.(help/helps)
7. My mother and I ......................for a walk every morning.(go/goes)
8. Rithvik ......................English for an hour daily.(study/studies)
9. Lucy and Jessie ......................the church once a week.(visit/visits)
10. Leela ...................... with a ball.(play/plays)
11. One of my friends ...................... a doctor.(are/is)
12. Mr Jonathan ......................the plants daily.(water/waters)

B Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs.

1. Roma ................................... (has/have) completed her work.

2. The scenery of Kashmir ...................................(is/are) beautiful.
3. The whole class ........................... (participate/ participates) in the debate competition.
4. Either Ramu or his friends ................................ (is/are) going to play football.
5. One of my brothers ................................... (is/are) good at swimming.
6. This pen ................................... (write/writes) well.
7. Kamal does not ................................... (play/ plays) tennis.
8. Books ...................................(give/gives) us knowledge.

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 9. The scenery of the city ................................... (is/are) attractive.
10. I ................................... (have/has) two pencils.

C Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs.

1. Neither Mukund nor his friends ...................... to be blamed. (is/are)

2. The captain with the crewmen ...................... going for the mission. (is/are)
3. Rice and curry ...................... my favourite dish. (is/are)
4. Either Raju or his friends ...................... making this mischief. (is/are)

5. The king as well as the kingsmen ...................... taking an oath. (is/are)

6. I am one of those who ...................... in God. (believe/believes)
7. The poet and philosopher ...................... dead. (is/are)
8. Either Geeta or her friends ............................ selected. (have been/ has been)

9. Either Raju's friends or Raju ...................... going to an educational trip to Australia.

(is/are)
10. Ten thousand rupees ...................... a handsome amount. (is/are)
11. Either Rahim's friend or his brother .................. to make the project. (has/have)
12. One of my friends ...................... not take tea at all. (do/does)
13. Two and two ...................... four. (make/makes)
14. Time and tide ...................... for none. (wait/waits)
15. The whole class ...................... making noise. (was/were)
16. Each and everyone ...................... listening to music. (is/are)
17. Economics ...................... a difficult subject. (is/are)

18. Sonal along with her friends ...................... enjoying in the park. (is/are)
19. The scissors ...................... bought from a stationery shop. (was/were)

20. The quality of rice and wheat ...................... very good. (is/are)

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 Enhance Your Knowledge

Irregular Verbs
This is a list of some commonly used irregular verbs in English.
V3 V3
V1 V2 V1 V2
Past Past
Base Form Simple Past Base Form Simple Past
Participle Participle
be was, were been drive drove driven
beat beat beaten drink drank drunk
become became become eat ate eaten
begin began begun fall fell fallen
bend bent bent feel felt felt
bet bet bet fight fought fought
bid bade bidden find found found
bite bit bitten fly flew flown
blow blew blown forget forgot forgotten
break broke broken forgive forgave forgiven
bring brought brought freeze froze frozen
build built built give gave given
burn burned or burnt burned or burnt go went gone
buy bought bought grow grew grown
catch caught caught hang hung hung
choose chose chosen have had had
come came come hear heard heard
cost cost cost hide hid hidden
cut cut cut hit hit hit
dig dug dug hold held held
do did done hurt hurt hurt
draw drew drawn keep kept kept
know knew known see saw seen
lay laid laid sell sold sold
lead led led send sent sent
learn learned or learnt learned or learnt show showed shown
leave left left shut shut shut

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 Reinforcement

A Choose the suitable verbs to fill in the blanks.

1. My father and I ..................... to park daily. (go/goes)

2. Meena ..................... new books from the market yesterday. (bought/bring)
3. We ..................... going to watch a movie. (is/are)
4. Misha ..................... very tasty food. (cook/cooks)
5. Nick has ..................... for a match. (went/gone)
6. ..................... you ever seen such a man before? (Has/Have)
7. She ..................... many books. (read/reads)
8. Mr Prakash and his wife ..................... to Shimla. (is going/are going)
9. The doctor ..................... the patient to drink lots of water. (advise/advised)
10. Karima ..................... her bed herself. (make/makes)

B Tick the suitable words from the brackets to fill in the blanks.

1. Mr Tarun is a gentleman, .................... house is in Mumbai. (which/whose)

2. Vinay, .................... father is the Principal, is an intelligent boy. (which/whose)
3. Mr Philip is the man .................... always delivers lecture in the assembly.
(who/whom)
4. The train .................... I usually board is late by 2 hours. (which/whom)
5. I like reading novels .................... are written by Charles Dickens. (that/which)

C Change the following adjectives into adverbs.

1. Skilful ..................... 5. Rough .....................
2. Amazing ..................... 6. Ferocious .....................
3. Smart ..................... 7. Polite .....................
4. Frantic ..................... 8. Doleful .....................

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 D Change the following sentences into present perfect continuous tense.

1. Priya reads novels. .........................................................................................................

2. Mukesh teaches the junior students. ...........................................................................
3. Harry recites a poem. ....................................................................................................
4. Mr John comes to office. ...............................................................................................
5. The leader delivers a speech. ........................................................................................

E Change the following sentences into past perfect continuous tense.

1. The teacher was introducing a new lesson.

..........................................................................................................................................
2. The lion was roaring in the cage.
..........................................................................................................................................
3. Pawan was scolding his son.
..........................................................................................................................................
4. Mother was making lunch for her family.
..........................................................................................................................................
5. The Prime Minister was delivering a speech.

..........................................................................................................................................

F Change the following sentences into future continuous tense.

1. We will visit the zoo next year.

..........................................................................................................................................
2. Kajol will celebrate her birthday.
..........................................................................................................................................
3. Neha will complete her project.
..........................................................................................................................................
4. Parul will travel to the USA.
..........................................................................................................................................

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 Enhance Your Knowledge

‘Do’ is a common word in English. It is used as an auxiliary as well as a main verb. It is

often used in questions. ‘Do’ verb is also used in asking questions as well as in the negative
sentences or sometimes to put an emphasis.
1. In question/negative
• Do you prefer tea to coffee?
• I don’t want to have any.

2. To emphasise on
• Do come to my home.
• John did promise not to repeat the same.

3. For polite and humble statement of request

• Do have a cup of coffee, please.

4. To avoid repetition
• Now I can play cricket better than I did.
5. In case of activity/job
• Have you done your writing work?
• Moni spends lot of time in doing her homework.

I/you/we/they Present Past Past participle Present participle

He,she,it Do/does Did Done Doing

Verb Meaning Examples

I had to do it over because there were
To do over To do something again
many mistakes.
To manage to survive There is no sugar in the pot so we need
To do without
without sufficient means to do without it.
To get rid of something or She went to a new place and did away
To do away with
to give up something with all the old furniture.
Rihana spent much time in doing
To do yourself up To make yourself attractive
herself up.

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 19 Phrases

Phrase is a group of words that makes partial sense and does not have any subject and
predicate of its own. For example: at noon, once a week, in the cupboard, etc.
• My mother never sleeps in the afternoon.
REMEMBER
• Rahul visits us once a week. Phrases are made of some words
• Mr Bose keeps the files in the cupboard. which do not give complete
meaning to the sentence.

A You have been given two different phrases in the brackets. Choose the most
appropriate one to complete the sentences.
1. The whole class is (quite/quiet).
2. Empty vessels (never make sound/make too much noise).
3. Cock crows (in the morning/in the evening).
4. I forgot my pen (in a hurry/on the train).
5. Better late than (always/never).
6. Can you answer (the argument/the question)?
7. The boy is playing (with a ball/hale and hearty).
8. Mr Mukherjee made a big deal (with a company/never).
9. The mischievous boys yelled (in the sky/in the class).
10. The carpenter struck the nail (with the hammer/back to back).
11. The Principal and the teachers (assembled separately/assembled together).
12. Boats sail (into the river/on the river).
13. This watch does not show (good/accurate time).
14. What is the time (in your watch/by your watch)?
15. The strong man lifts the box (easily/nicely).

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B Complete the following sentences by taking the phrases from the box.

on the river playing cricket for his school in the letter box
horse riding their children flying over the roof with my father
in the garage a nice song ` 10 per kilogram in the prayer hall
for his drama brightly in the sky our nation’s heroes a silk saree
a new saree near the temple the nation has 60 pages

1. I went to market with my father.

2. Boats sail .......................................................................... .
3. Vegetables sell at ............................................................. .
4. Parents take care of ........................................................ .
5. Mohit was late ................................................................ .
6. Tina parked the car ........................................................ .
7. Sahil dropped the letter ................................................. .
8. My brother loves ............................................................. .
9. Vinay is fond of ................................................................ .
10. Our house is located ........................................................ .
11. All the people are assembling ........................................... .
12. Madhilika is singing .......................................................... .
13. Ms Reena wore ................................................................... .
14. The birds were ..................................................................... .
15. Shakespeare is known ....................................................... .
16. We should salute ................................................................. .
17. The book .............................................................................. .
18. The sun is shining ................................................................ .
19. Preeti purchased ................................................................... .
20. The President is addressing ................................................ .

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 Enhance Your Knowledge
Some words followed by prepositions with their meanings are as follows:
1. Away from - at a distance
Manish was away from the town for several days.

2. Because of - for the reason

Nakul could not attend the meeting because of an urgent piece of work.

3. By means of - with the help of

By means of rope, we climbed up the hill.

4. For the sake of - in dedication to

Many freedom fighters sacrificed their lives for the sake of the country.

5. In addition to - more/plus
Indian team received a trophy, in addition to a cash-prize of Rs. 5 lac.

6. On behalf of - in representation
Kamal received the file on behalf of his brother.

7. In case of - in a specifc or particular situation

We must consult a physician in case of sickness.

8. In comparison to - if compared
I love reading English in comparison to Sanskrit.

9. In consequence of - as a result
Peter could not pass the test in consequence of his carelessness.

10. In course of - during the/a specific period of time

I received many phone calls in course of the meeting.

11. In favour of - for

Sylvia argued in favour of the motion.

12. In front of - near/opposite

There is a temple in front of my house.

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13. Agree with - support
I do not agree with your opinion.
Gary does not agree with Sam in this matter.

14. Back out - Who does not keep word/promise

She never backs out of her promise.

15. Back up - To assist

Troops were provided back up when the enemy attacked them.

16. Bear with - Tolerate

I can’t bear with the people who are dishonest.

17. Call at - To pay a visit to

We called at the Old Age Home yesterday.

18. Call for - Need

Your conduct calls for punishment.

19. Clothe-in - Dress in

She looks very beautiful when she is clothed in blue dress.

20. Make for - Go for a certain direction

Manish made for the station at 9 p.m.

21. Mix up - Confuse

My mind gets mixed up when I go for choosing a dress.

22. Pack up - To finish

Let’s pack up and leave.

23. See off - To say bye or good bye to someone

I went to the airport to see off my uncle.

24. Sell out - To sell

I have purchased a new bike, after selling out the old one.

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 20 Contractions (Short forms)

In English language, like many other languages, we frequently shorten some combination
of words when we speak. When we write, we substitute the missing alphabet with an
apostrophe. A list of the most commonly used contractions in English with their usage is
given below.

Words Contracted form Usage

I am I’m I’m going to the music class.
You are You’re You’re late again.
He is He’s He’s a good man.
She is She’s She’s learning English.
It is It’s It’s raining today.
We are We’re We’re very tired.
They are They’re They’re not coming to our house tomorrow.
I have I’ve I’ve enough work to do.
You have You’ve You’ve got my bag.
We have We’ve We’ve decided to go on a vacation.
They have They’ve They’ve gone to meet their grandparents.
I will I’ll I’ll complete the assignment tonight.
You will You’ll You’ll have to come to the party.
He will He’ll He’ll be coming back in fifteen minutes.
She will She’ll She’ll be happy to see you.
They will They’ll They’ll be coming here tomorrow.
Are not Aren’t We aren’t sure about the route.
Cannot Can’t I can’t solve this puzzle.
Should not Shouldn’t We shouldn’t enter the building after dark.
Must not Mustn’t You mustn’t be late for work.
Could not Couldn’t We couldn’t find your house.

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 Did not Didn’t He didn’t complete his homework.
Do not Don’t I don’t know his address.
Had not Hadn’t I hadn’t studied for the English examination.
Have not Haven’t I haven’t seen him for months.
Will not Won’t I won’t be going to the tennis court today.
Would not Wouldn’t It wouldn’t have been possible to complete the work.
What is What’s What’s the time?
What are What’re What’re you doing here?
Who is Who’s Who’s coming with us?
Who are Who’re Who’re the people standing outside your house?
Where is Where’s Where’s the coffee shop?

A Use short forms for the underlined words. Re-write them:

1. "Should I not call all my friends?",said Naman to his mother.
.........................................................................................................................
2. Who is Kashish? Will she not join us today?
.................................................................................................
3. "It is the time to play," said Rohan to Samar.
..................................................................................................
4. Why is Raman not going to school? He must not miss his classes.
............................................................................................................................
5. Come on! We will celebrate.
.................................................................................................
6. There is no one left in the class.
.................................................................................................
7. Your time is up.
.................................................................................................
8. Shyam is ill; he cannot come to school.
.................................................................................................
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 21 Punctuation

Punctuation plays an important role to frame meaningful sentences. We can understand

and write in a systematic way by using the punctuation marks. Some of the important
punctuation marks are listed below.

Punctuation Punctuation
Punctuation Name Punctuation Name
mark mark
1. Full Stop . 5. Colon :
2. Question mark ? 6. Semi colon ;
3. Comma , 7. Inverted commas “ ”
4. Exclamation mark ! 8. Apostrophe ’

1. Full Stop: We use (.) full stop after completing a sentence.

• I am a student.

2. Question mark: It’s used when we ask a question.

• What is your aim in life?

3. Comma: Commas are used in terms of address.

• “ Kitty, come in please.”
Commas are used in lists
• My mother has gone to the shop to buy biscuits, cookies, chocolates,
wafers and almonds.
Commas are used to separate certain words and phrases like yes, as a matter
of fact, well, however, etc
• As a matter of fact, the cricket match has been called off.
Commas are used to separate words like `please’ at the end of a sentence.
• “Can you lend me a pen, please?”
Commas are used in direct speech
• “It is getting cold,” said Sandra.

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4. Exclamation mark: We use (!) to express a sudden strong feeling like Alas!, Oh!, Ah!
• What an idea! • What an amazing story!

5. Colon: To introduce a quotation or list in a sentence.

• There are four seasons: summer, rainy, autumn, winter.

6. Semi colon: To separate two parts of a sentence.

• Ravi gave me a book; it was really interesting.

7. Inverted commas: When writing down the exact part in a sentence, spoken by the speaker.
• Liza said, " I am very happy today."

8. Apostrophe: For replacing missing letters

• She will – She'll Will not – Won't Did not – didn't
To show possession
• Kabir's book, Nitin's pen
We do not use (’s) if a word ends with 's'. Mainly, with plural nouns. e.g. Students’

Besides this, capital letters, hyphen (–) are also used while writing sentences.

1. Capital letters
a) For the first letter of a sentence. Example: George is a school boy.
b) For countries, person's name, languages, religions, places, organisations, trademarks,
days, months, titles, etc.
Example: India, George, German, Hindu, Delhi, Life Insurance Corporation, L.G.,
Thursday, Mr/Mrs/Ms/Dr etc.
c) For Abbreviations. Example: NCC, WHO, WWE

2. Hyphen
Hyphen (‐) is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a
single word.
Example: • an off-campus apartment • state-of-the-art design

A Make the following sentences meaningful by adding capital letters and

correct marks of punctuation.
1. my mother asked me to purchase two notebooks a pair of pens and a few pencils
..........................................................................................................................................
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 2. the boss said to prakash why are you late today
..........................................................................................................................................
3. shankar when do you come here
..........................................................................................................................................
4. my brother used to work in l.g.
..........................................................................................................................................
5. how cute the baby is
..........................................................................................................................................
6. i saw mrs renu going alone
..........................................................................................................................................
7. prakashs house is 3 k.m away from here
..........................................................................................................................................
8. Our history teacher said ashoka relinquished war after the war of kalinga
..........................................................................................................................................
9. my mother is a pious lady to whom i pay regards
..........................................................................................................................................
10. i wish people will be judged not by their colour but by their wisdom
..........................................................................................................................................
11. how many times have you read this storybook
..........................................................................................................................................
12. virat played very well people liked the way he played
..........................................................................................................................................
13. i wish i were a king
..........................................................................................................................................
14. mr kartar singh belongs to a sikh family
..........................................................................................................................................

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 15. taruns book is torn out
..........................................................................................................................................
16. do you know how to speak german
..........................................................................................................................................
17. bill said I am tired
..........................................................................................................................................
18. father mother is calling you out
..........................................................................................................................................
19. how do you come here
..........................................................................................................................................
20. veena posted a letter to her grandpa
..........................................................................................................................................

B Read the following passage and rewrite it using suitable punctuation marks
wherever necessary.
I have a pet cat its name is fatty it is brown in colour it is very lazy it cant even chase
the rats in our house it is so funny to see rats running here and there fearlessly right
under its nose it sleeps all day on the couch it simply hates going for a walk fatty loves
to eat fish and eggs actually fatty can eat anything under the sun including rubber
bands and toffee wrappers fatty is a blessing for me because I feed it all that I do not
like to eat or drink it has been with our family for two years I love fatty very much in
spite of all its faults
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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 22 Sentences

A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense. Every sentence contains a verb.

If we write a sentence as ‘Kites flies Mohan

REMEMBER
daily’. This is not a meaningful sentence. If

we write, ‘Mohan flies kites daily’ it becomes makes complete sense
a meaningful sentence. A Sentence
contains a verb
So, we should make sentences by arranging
e.g. My mother tells me interesting stories.
a group of words in a meaningful way.
does not make complete sense
A sentence starts with a capital letter. We A Clause
put full stop(.), question mark(?) and contains a verb
exclamation mark(!) at the end of a sentence. e.g. drinking from the bowl

There are four types of sentences. does not make complete sense
1. Assertive sentence A Phrase
2. Interrogative sentence does not contain a verb
3. Imperative sentence e.g. at top speed
4. Exclamatory sentence

Assertive sentences or statements

These sentences tell us about our day to day activities.

For example: Mr Paul goes to office on time.

Grandpa reads the Ramayana daily.

A Fill in the blanks with suitable words as given below.

temple flowers washes tourists juicy hospital
field dentist epic mathematics speech punctured

1. We went to the ........................ to see the injured man.

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 2. Nalini’s bicycle got ........................ while she was passing through a narrow street.
3. My grandfather reads the ........................, Ramayana everyday in the morning.
4. The garden is full of beautiful ........................ .
5. Our house is located near the ........................ .
6. Our Principal delivers a ........................ at the weekend.
7. These trees have ........................ fruits.
8. Sahil’s father ........................ his car on every Sunday.
9. Lots of ........................ come to see the Taj Mahal.
10. Mr Vashisht teaches us ........................ .
11. Cattle were grazing in the ........................ .
12. Chandler goes to a ........................ when he has an acute toothache.

B Rearrange the following sentences.

1. yesterday place the Moni visited.
Moni visited the place yesterday.

2. solved the Samar questions all

................................................................................................

3. flew cage the parrot the from

................................................................................................

4. rowed boat the quickly boatman the

................................................................................................

5. chirp morning sparrows in the

................................................................................................

6. vehicle the stopped policeman the

................................................................................................

7. drove fast Kapil car the

................................................................................................

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Interrogative sentences
An interrogative sentence is a sentence which asks questions. We always write this with a
capital letter and end by putting a question mark.

For example: Have you ever visited the zoo?

NOTE

When we ask someone something, it is called interrogative sentences.

C Rearrange and make proper interrogative sentences. (Put question mark)

1. come do where you from
Where do you come from?

2. Farha answers did the write

................................................................................................

3. study book she which does

................................................................................................

4. here come how you have

................................................................................................

5. want she what does you from

................................................................................................

6. me help you can

................................................................................................

7. today you why late are

................................................................................................

8. crying children the why are

................................................................................................

9. turn is his when

................................................................................................

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 10. bag kept the have where you
................................................................................................

11. have what like would to you

................................................................................................

12. breakfast Amit take did his

................................................................................................

13. question solve you this can

................................................................................................

14. register keep did you the where

................................................................................................

15. have she extra does pen an

................................................................................................

16. chase the policeman did thief the

................................................................................................

Imperative sentences
Imperative sentences are formed to show request, order, command to get something done.
These type of sentences start with capital letters and end with a full stop(.)
For example: Please be quiet in the library.
NOTE
Imperative sentences tell us about the sentences based on command, request, order, etc.
These sentences begin with a verb.

D Fill in the blanks with the words given below.

bus stop class marching letter umbrella lights salt
brush door writing chapter page shoes water

1. Mohan, switch off the ........................ when you leave the room.

2. Rush to the ........................ otherwise you will miss the bus.

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 3. Please take this ........................ lest you should get wet in the rain.
4. Please, pass the ........................ .
5. Postman, please deliver the ........................ at my new address.
6. Soldiers, keep ........................ .
7. Aashu, you should ........................ your teeth before going to bed.
8. Students, get into the ........................ immediately.
9. Children, open the book at ........................ number 16 and read.
10. Meeta, revise the ........................ as it is very important.
11. Anil, don’t scribble while ........................ .
12. Ruby, shut the ........................ before going out.
13. Vinod and Preeti, unlace your ........................ and sit at ease.
14. Waiter, get me a glass of ........................ .

Exclamatory sentences
An exclamatory sentence is a sentence which expresses sudden reactions or feelings.
For example: What a lovely flower it is!
We use exclamation mark at the end of the sentence. (!)

You can also use the following exclamatory words:

Wow! → happiness/wonder Bravo! → to admire
Alas! → sorrow Oh! → to express grief/sigh
Lo! → to attract someone’s attention
Hurray! → to celebrate (in case of celebration)
Ah! → to show pain, surprise, pity
Ooph! → to show irritation Pooh! → for disdain or hate

REMEMBER
• A DECLARATIVE or ASSERTIVE sentence ends with a full stop (.)
• An INTERROGATIVE sentence ends with a question mark. (?)
• An IMPERATIVE sentence ends with a full stop. (.)
• An EXCLAMATORY sentence ends with an exclamation mark. (!)
These marks are called punctuation marks.

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 E Read the sentences given below. Turn them into exclamatory sentences.
1. This is an interesting story.
Wow! What an interesting story it is.

2. It is very hot today.

................................................................................................

3. Mehak has again lost her pen.

................................................................................................

4. This news is very interesting.

................................................................................................

5. You sang a beautiful song.

................................................................................................

6. We have won the match.

................................................................................................

7. The old man is dead.

................................................................................................

8. The room is very stinky.

................................................................................................

9. The player has played very well.

.................................................................................................

10. The man has done a hellish thing.

................................................................................................

F Rearrange the given sentences to make them questions or statements(assertive).

1. zoo ever have gone you to a

................................................................................................ (Question)

2. poisonous seen a have I snake

................................................................................................ (Statement)
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 3. Mohit here does come when
................................................................................................ (Question)

4. animal cow is a domestic

................................................................................................ (Statement)

5. in the fields early morning the reach farmers

................................................................................................ (Statement)

6. chirp morning birds the in

................................................................................................ (Statement)

7. old lady the scorpion a stung

................................................................................................ (Statement)

8. such person have a you nice heard about

................................................................................................ (Question)

9. today why sad looking you are

................................................................................................ (Question)

10. any sister game play your does

................................................................................................ (Question)

11. night see owl at can the

................................................................................................ (Statement)

12. bite barking dogs seldom

................................................................................................ (Statement)

G Tick the following sentences about their kinds.

1. What a beautiful scene it is! (Exclamatory/Question)

2. All the boys went one by one. (Statement/Question)
3. Lo! Your father is there. (Statement/Exclamatory)
4. What do you know about this? (Question/Statement)
5. Alas! I lost yet another pen. (Statement/Exclamatory)
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 6. Mend your ways. (Statement/Imperative)
7. Father brings many toys for me. (Statement/Question)
8. Bravo! You have done well. (Question/Exclamatory)
9. Go and get me a glass of water. (Imperative/Question)
10. Soldiers, attack the foes. (Question/Imperative)
11. Manav sang a song in the assembly. (Statement/Exclamatory)
12. The baby was searching for its mother. (Statement/Question)

H Look at the following assertive(statement) sentences. Turn them into

interrogative sentences. One has been done for you.

1. Mr Prajapati lives in Kerala.

Where does Mr Prajapati live?

2. Mrs Smith keeps her money in the locker.

.................................................................................................

3. Chinky knows Shalu.

.................................................................................................

4. Salma is late because she missed the train.

.................................................................................................

5. The cow is a domestic animal.

.................................................................................................

6. The patient is feeling better today.

.................................................................................................

7. Mr Kapil teaches us English.

.................................................................................................

8. The dog was barking at Kanu.

.................................................................................................

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 9. Reetha is going to Kerala this evening.
.................................................................................................

10. Chandu and Ramu are watching a movie.

.................................................................................................

11. Mahesh rides the bicycle slowly.

.................................................................................................

12. Renu went to the market with her mom.

.................................................................................................

I Match the columns. One has been done for you.

Column A Answer Column B

1. Please, help me j. a. in the garage.
2. Don’t b. from here.
3. Keep quiet, c. the chair.
4. Go away d. straight line.
5. Meenu, please park the car e. wash their hands.
6. Take off your shoes f. make the room dirty.
7. Mend g. the baby is sleeping.
8. Please assemble the things h. properly.
9. Help the guests i. and sit at ease.
10. Make a j. in solving the sums.

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 Enhance Your Knowledge

Homonyms
Some English words create confusion while they are used verbally. Given below are some
homonyms, which produce same pronunciation with different meanings. Read them
attentively.

Chili - dried pod of red pepper Chilly - uncomfortably cool

1.
They mixed too much chili in the dish. It being a chilly day, we remained at home.

Ad - short form of advertisement Add - short form of addition

2.
They gave an ad for their product. A little sugar was added in the coffee.

Allowed - permitted Aloud - loudly

3.
Mother allowed me to go for the trip. Please speak aloud as I can’t understand.

Alter - to change Altar - raised centre of worship

4.
Mohan altered his new shirt. Gagan bowed down at the altar of the temple.

Blew - past tense of blow Blue - colour

5.
Yesterday, the wind blew very fast. I purchased a blue coloured shirt yesterday.

Bore - tedious/not interesting Boar - wild pig

6.
I felt bored while watching the movie. I saw a boar in the jungle.

Born - brought to life Borne - past participle of bear

7.
Jyoti was born on 7 April, 2006. Leela has borne the burden for too long.

Buy - purchase By - near

8.
They buy a cricket bat every month. Janvi lives by the side of river bank.

To - is used in the infinitive Too - is used as also

9.
Sagar wanted to get a new bicycle. Mohan too has eaten the pizza.

Two - a number
Two boys have played football.

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 There - this refers to a place far away Their - this indicates possession
10.
John kept the book there. Their house is in the town.

They’re - short form of they are

They’re going to Kashmir tonight.

Stationary - Stationery -
11. this means something motionless pen, pencil, eraser, paper, etc.
The vehicles were stationary in the traffic jam. Please buy a pen from that stationery shop.
Break - used as verb
Brake - a device to control speed of a vehicle
12. I tried not to break the crystal glass while
We apply brakes to stop the vehicle.
washing it.
Hear - perceive sound made by (something
Here - this refers to the current location
13. or someone)
Keep the books here.
I hear the noise sometimes.

Anagrams
An Anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of a given word or
phrase, typically using all the original letters.
For example: brainy - binary
tower - wrote

Make new words (ANAGRAMS) from the words given below:

1. Table - .................................
2. Throw - .................................
3. Trees - .................................
4. Star - .................................
5. Stool - .................................
6. North - .................................
7. Poster - .................................
8. Reward - .................................

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 23 Comprehension

Comprehension 1
Many years ago, a herd of elephants used to live in a dense
forest. They were living there with great ecstasy. They had
plenty of food to eat and water to drink. In this way their
lives were going on smoothly . But gradually this state of
merriment came to a standstill. A severe drought occurred
in the jungle. The condition of the elephants became
serious.
Finally, they decided to migrate to another jungle near a lake.
The lake was full of fresh water. All the elephants enjoyed
bathing and drinking the fresh water to quench their thirst.
Their happiness knew no limit. The young elephants played
in the fresh water of the lake. They also spewed water at each
other. This way they started living a happy life.

But there, many rabbits used to live in their burrows. While walking around, the elephants
stamped the burrows with their heavy feet. Thus many rabbits were killed and injured.

Meanwhile, all the rabbits decided to settle down in some other places where they could live
happily. When the plan was about to be followed, ‘Karnadhara’ – the king of rabbits stopped
the other rabbits. He declared, “Don’t worry my friends! I’ll teach them a lesson and drive
them away from our area”. All the rabbits were asked to be patient by their king. By this
assurance, all the rabbits kept quiet and hoped for a better living.

One sunny day, the king of rabbits, Karnadhara called for the king of elephants, Lamba
Danta. Karnadhara announced that he was the companion of Moon god and he lived with
him in the heaven. Moreover, he said, “you and your friends have trampled my fellow
rabbits. The Moon god is very angry with you and your friends. If you keep on killing
my friends, he will curse you, and you and your friends will die.” The elephant became

Note: We deliberately introduce comprehension before unseen passage, so

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108
frightened and trembled in fear. He said, “Oh! King of
rabbits, please tell me what to do?” The rabbit told him to
come near the lake the following night.

That night, the rabbit, Karnadhara, led the king elephant

at the bank of the lake. Karnadhara pointed out the
reflection of the half moon into the lake and said, “See, the
Moon god!” At that time a mild breeze blew. The reflection
of the moon became distorted and appeared shaking.

Pointing to the reflection of the moon, the king rabbit said, “Look for yourself, how annoyed
the Moon god is! You better ask for his mercy, otherwise, he might curse you to death”.

Hearing this, the elephant became extremely frightened. He promised Moon god that he
and his herd would never visit the lake.

The rabbits lived happily, thereafter.

Moral: Wit is mightier than physical strength or Wit is strength.

A Answer the questions that follow:

1. Why did the elephants change their own place?

a) Due to over population b) Due to drought
c) Due to lack of food d) Due to riot

2. How did they find the new place they arrived at?
a) The place was worse than the first.
b) The place was very pleasant.
c) The place was dry.
d) The place was surrounded by more dangerous animals.

3. Why were the rabbits unhappy after the arrival of the elephants?
a) They did not like them.
b) The elephants were more powerful than the rabbits.
c) The elephants stamped the rabbits to death.
d) The elephants ate the food of the rabbits.

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 4. Answer the questions in your own words.
a) Why did the rabbits want to go from there?
b) Who was Karnadhara? What did he do for the safety of the rabbits?

Comprehension 2
Few decades ago, in the village of Ratnagiri, there were two friends,
Moti and Bhola. They used to live with great merriment. Their
friendship was the talk of the entire village. Moti was thin while
Bhola was fat. They always remained together. They never went
anywhere alone. Years rolled by, but their friendship remained the
same. No one could break their friendship.

One day, both of them received an invitation from a nearby village,

Vilaspur, for attending the wedding of their friend’s sister. Both the friends were very happy
after getting the invitation. They wore beautiful clothes to attend the occasion.

To reach Vilaspur they had to go through a dense forest, where

wild animals like tigers and bears lived. While going, all of sudden
a bear appeared in front of them. As Moti was thin, he managed to
run and climb up a pine tree leaving Bhola alone. Bhola was fat, so
he was unable to run. He lay down on the ground. He had heard in
his childhood that bear never eats dead bodies. So, he used his
presence of mind. He pretended as if he was dead and held his
breathing. The bear came near him, sniffed his head and face. It
found him dead and went away.

When the bear went away Moti came down and asked Bhola,
“What did the bear tell you, my friend?”

“Don’t call me friend”, said Bhola to Moti. “The bear also told
me to keep away from fake friends”. In this way that incident
broke the long friendship of Moti and Bhola.
Moral: A friend in need is a friend indeed.

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 B Choose the appropriate answer for the following questions.

1. Who were Bhola and Moti?

a) They were brothers b) They were close friends
c) They were cousins d) They were enemies

2. Where did they receive an invitation from?

a) From a village named Ratnagiri. b) From a village named Sonapur.
c) From a village named Vilaspur. d) None of these.

3. Which animal came to them?

a) A tiger b) A rabbit
c) A bear d) An ox

4. Answer the questions in your own words.

a) What did Moti do after seeing the bear?
b) What did Bhola do after the bear went away?

Comprehension 3
Years ago, there lived an old lion. He was too old to hunt.
A couple of days ago, he had eaten a lamb. Now, days
were passing by, but he could not get anything to eat. His
physical infirmity was a great hindrance in hunting for
a prey. He was sure of the fact that his end was near. His
dream of hunting remained a dream. He knew that he
would die of starvation.

While wandering alone dejectedly, the disappointed lion got a ray of hope. He saw a cave. He
chuckled on thinking that there must be some animal
living in it. So, the lion said to himself, “I will hide
myself inside it and wait for its occupant to enter. As
soon as the occupant enters, I will kill him and eat its
flesh”. In this way, the lion entered the cave and waited
for the occupant patiently.

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After sometime, a fox came near the cave. The cave was his. He was very surprised to see
some paw marks of a lion pointing towards the cave. “Some lion has stealthily entered my
cave”, he thought to himself. But to make sure of the presence of the lion inside the cave, the
fox played a trick.

The fox stood at some distance from the cave and shouted, “Hello cave! I’ve come back.
Speak to me as you have been doing earlier. Why are you keeping silent today? May I come
in and occupy my bunk?”

Hearing the fox calling the cave, the lion thought that the cave he was hiding in, must be a
talking cave in real! The cave might be keeping quiet because of his presence. Therefore, if
the cave did not answer to the fox’s question, the fox might go away to occupy another cave.
Thus, he would have to go without a meal once again.

Trying to prove himself wise the lion roared to answer on behalf of the cave. “I’ve not
forgotten to speak my dear fox! Come and take rest at your place”.

Thus, the clever fox confirmed the presence of the lion hiding in his cave. Without any delay
the fox sneaked away from there and said, “Only a fool can believe that a cave talks!”
Moral: Presence of mind can rescue a person from an extremely fatal condition.

C Answer the questions that follow.

1. How do you find the lion in the passage?

a) He was very strong. b) He was very clever.
c) He was very weak and old. d) He was neither too strong nor too weak.

2. What did the lion see while going down the way?
a) He saw a beast of prey. b) He saw a cave.
c) He saw a burrow. d) He saw a jackal.
3. Who was the owner of the cave?
a) A jackal b) A fox
c) A goat d) A rabbit

4. Answer the following questions in your own words.

a) What did the lion think of doing?
b) What did the fox decide to do?
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 24 Listening Comprehension

‘Listening’ is an important task for the students. It is rightly said that a good listener is a
good student. Until we listen carefully we cannot answer any question at all. So, we should
improve our listening skills.

Main objectives of listening

We listen to songs, lectures of teachers, talks of general public, speeches of leaders, etc. All
these help us to understand the instructions, views and preaching. We need to be attentive
while listening.

How to attempt the listening comprehension questions

Step 1: Read the questions carefully. Get an idea and set your mind to answer. Be clear
about what you have listened to.

Step 2: After listening to the passage, make notes of the same in your mind. You can write
them down on a piece of paper if you want.

Step 3: Listen to the recording again.

• Tick the answers that you think are correct.
• Rectify the wrong answers.
• Complete the remaining answers.
• Lastly, revise the answers that you have ticked and ensure that they are correct.

A Listen to the story about “Lazy Lattu And His Dog” and tick (
) the correct options.
1. Lattu was a ....................... boy.
a) energetic b) studious c) lazy

2. He loved to
a) study b) sleep c) drive

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113
 3. Lattu had a pet dog, named
a) Piggy b) Dingo c) Jimmy

4. Why was Lattu's mother worried about her son?

a) He was not studying.
b) His weight was increasing.
c) His behaviour dismayed others.

5. Why did Lattu and his dog run round and round?
a) To go meet their friend.
b) To catch a bird.
c) To take their dinner.

B Listen to the story about “The Magic Porridge Pot” and tick (
) the correct options.
1. Why did the girl start crying?
a) because she did not want to go to school.
b) because she was afraid of starvation.
c) because she was beaten by her mom.

2. Who appeared in front of the girl?

a) an angel b) a witch c) an elf

3. "Take care of my pot." Who is the speaker?

a) the mother b) the witch c) the girl

4. What did the pot deliver?

a) It delivered yummy milk porridge.
b) It delivered gold coins.
c) It delivered holy water.

5. How did the porridge spread all over the village?

a) because the girl forgot the command.
b) because the mother gave wrong command.
c) because the mother forgot the command.

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 25 Picture Description

Children, you might have written something on your best friend, favourite place or pet
animal. While writing a composition on any picture, you should look at it very carefully and
understand what the picture wants to convey.
▶▶ Do not skip anything.
▶▶ Description should be based on the things, persons or places you see.
▶▶ You can use your imaginative ideas.

Now, look at the picture and write at least 5 lines on it. One has been done
for you.
1. Children are playing in front of India Gate. Vinay is carrying
a bat in his hand. Neha is very excited to be the umpire.
Meanwhile Ravi saw an ice-cream seller. Prakash is also
very happy to buy an ice-cream. He is running towards the
ice-cream seller.

2. ...........................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................

3. ............................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................

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 Enhance Your Knowledge
As we know about future tense where we use will/shall. But there is also another future
tense which is framed by using ‘going to’.

This is used when we want to talk about any future plan or event.
• I am going to celebrate my birthday tonight.
• Rahul is going to watch a movie today.
• She is going to complete the work tomorrow.
• The manager is going to organise a meeting today.
• The boys are going to participate in the debate competition.

Some conditional sentences are given below:

• When I complete six years in India, I’m going to shift to Australia.
• In two years I’m going to start my own company.

We also use ‘going to’ in case of predication:

• Look at that boy. He is going to jump into the river.
• Look! The sky is cloudy. It is going to rain.
• These boys are very active. They are going to achieve a great success.

Enhance Your Knowledge

Word with EN
EN has a short E phoneme and it can be found in many words, for instance pencil, penguin,
garden. EN is also a suffix. It can be added to adjectives to make them into verbs. I am using
a dark point (adjective). I am going to darken the point (verb).
EN can also be added to a verb to change the tense. For instance, I woke up, I was woken up.

Word Bank
Pencil Energy Kitchen Tennis Often Quicken Men
Women When Brighten Den Envelope Oven Hen
Ten Fallen Penalty Enter Engine Fasten Gentle

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Look at the sentences given below. Pick out the words from the word bank and write
them correctly by the side of the sentences.
1. A room used for cooking ................................. .
2. This word means at what time? ................................. .
3. An antonym for rarely ................................. .
4. A small room or a wild beast’s lair ................................. .
5. You use this to draw with ................................. .
6. We eat food to give us the .............. to do things ................................. .
7. Mild not rough ................................. .
8. A free shot at goal awarded for a serious foul near the goal ................................. .
9. A farm bird that lays eggs ................................. .
10. A game with a net, rackets and balls ................................. .

Formation of new words

Combine the letters given below to form new words:
Let’s see one example.
wonder wonderful
grate grateful
sorrow + ful sorrowful
harm harmful
play playful
colour colourful
dread dreadful

Form new words from the letters given below:

man mantle
ket kettle
_______ _______
_______ + tle _______
_______ _______
_______ _______
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 26 Composition

Children, do you know what composition is? It means you need to create something or
write something of your own. It helps you out to show your creativity that will increase your
thinking ability to a great extent.
Suppose a word, ‘FLY’ is given. How will you compose a sentence?
FLY: Birds fly in the sky.
This way certain sentences strike our mind.

A Use the following words and frame sentences of your own.

1. Praise .................................................................................................................................

2. All of a sudden ..................................................................................................................

3. Galloped ...........................................................................................................................

4. In a haste ...........................................................................................................................

5. Roared ...............................................................................................................................

6. Innocent ............................................................................................................................

7. Rapturous .........................................................................................................................

8. Trustworthy ......................................................................................................................

9. Attentively ........................................................................................................................

10. Comfort ............................................................................................................................

B Look at the following sentences which are incomplete. Complete them using your
imagination.

1. I saw a helpless lady ........................................................................................................

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 2. As soon as I reached the class ........................................................................................

3. Our history teacher taught .............................................................................................

4. My mother and I ..............................................................................................................

5. The thirsty crow ...............................................................................................................

6. Ronak recited a poem and ..............................................................................................

7. The poem was very .........................................................................................................

8. When the children heard ................................................................................................

9. They felt happy ................................................................................................................

10. Ravi’s father ......................................................................................................................

C Using your creativity and thinking ability complete the following: (Write at least
10 sentences)

It was drizzling outside. I was all alone at home. All of a sudden the front gate was
knocked at. I was very happy, as I was expecting my mother. When I opened the door,
I saw .........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

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 27 Story Writing

Right from the ancient era, story writing has been a trend based on experiences,
imagination and so on. Whatever the base and the purpose may be, our aim was only one,
that is to entertain, delight or teach a moral.

A few points of good story are depicted below:-

• Characters:- Every story has characters that may be real or unreal.
• Settings:- The story has to happen at a place, which may be real or imaginary.
• The Plot:- What the characters do, is the plot of the story.
• Construction : We need to connect a chain throughout the story.
• Detailing : We need to accumulate the actions, gestures, emotions in such a manner
that the story gets a meaningful touch. Include some dialogues to make the story
more interesting and realistic.
• Conclusion : To make the story interesting, we need to give a surprise ending, as the
story should build up to a high point or climax.
• Language : Using simple and direct language with correct grammar and
expressions make the story more enjoyable.
• The Heading : The heading of the story should be captivating. A catchy headline will
evoke the reader's interest.
• The story should be based on some morals or theme which can leave an impact on
the readers.
REMEMBER
• Sequence of the story should be accurate and systematic.
• Make sure that the conclusion is in accordance with the story.

Read the sample story given ahead to understand better.

Outline of the story.
An oil merchant and a villager ....... Akbar's court over a trifle ....... oil merchant claimed
the purse ....... the customer/villager claimed the purse ....... spectators became curious .......

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Birbal ordered a servant to bring a bowl of water ....... oil found floating ....... the merchant
was the real owner ....... the villager punished.
Clever Birbal
Once upon a time an oil merchant and a villager came to Akbar over a trifle regarding a
purse. In the court the spectators were quite curious how the matter would be resolved. The
oil merchant stated that the bag was his. But the villager said that it belonged to him. The
oil merchant said that the villager came to him to buy oil and he gave it to him. The villager
said that he never visited his shop. In this way the case became very complicated to judge.
Ultimately, Birbal ordered a servant to fetch some water in a bowl. Birbal put the purse in
water. After some time, some oil was seen on the water. In this way it was proved that the
purse belonged to the oil merchant and the villager was punished.
Moral: Wisdom always wins.

A Read the outlines of the stories carefully and complete on the basis of your
understanding. Give titles and morals.
1. One day ....... Akbar discussed ....... with Birbal about brinjal ....... delicious and nutritious
....... Birbal agreed ....... few days later ....... brinjal served to both ....... Akbar said brinjal
tasteless, full of seeds and no nutrition ....... Birbal agreed ....... Akbar asked why he too
disliked ....... Birbal replied ....... king praised, I praised ....... king criticised, I criticised .......
king can make me minister, brinjal can't ....... Birbal loyal to the king ....... king pleased
....... by his honest and witty response.
2. There lived a tortoise ....... two geese ....... three were friends ....... there was drought .......
decided to leave the place ....... Geese almost ready to leave ....... tortoise felt unhappy
living alone ....... Geese showed sympathy ....... tortoise was talkative .......they refuse to
take it ....... finally agreed to take with them ....... Tortoise had strong jaws ....... Both the
geese held a stick from the ends ....... tortoise held with his strong jaws ....... the three went
up ....... seeing a peculiar sight ....... children laughed and clapped.
3. A villager domesticated a mongoose ....... cared and fed nicely ....... it played with his baby
....... the villager and his wife loved it ....... never differentiated between the baby and the
mongoose ....... A day came ....... left the baby in a cradle ....... tied the mongoose ....... a
poisonous snake came ....... the mongoose found it ....... fought with the snake ....... killed
it and saved the baby ....... When they returned ....... found some blood stains ....... the
villager got angry on seeing blood stains ....... killed the mongoose ....... they repented on
seeing the baby safe.
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 Enhance Your Knowledge

A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two
different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words,
‘like’ or ‘as’. Therefore, it is a direct comparison. Let's see the list of similes given below:

Simile
as alike as two peas in a pod as blind as a bat
as big as an elephant as innocent as a lamb
as black as coal as steady as a rock
as brave as a lion as stiff as a board
as busy as a bee as strong as an ox
as clear as crystal as timid as a rabbit
as cold as ice as cute as a kitten
as cool as a cucumber as snug as a bug in a rug
as cunning as a fox as easy as A.B.C.
as flat as a pancake as hard as nails
as free as a bird as hot as hell
as hungry as a bear as sweet as sugar
as light as a feather as quiet as a church mouse
as mad as a hatter as deaf as a post
as plain as day as dry as a bone
as quick as lightning as thin as a rake
as sharp as a razor as bold as brass
as slow as a snail as thorny as a rose bush
as smooth as silk as bright as the moon
as sour as vinegar as slippery as an eel
as wise as an owl as warm as toast
as white as snow as blue as the deepest ocean
as tall as a giraffe as fragile as a house of cards

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 28 Paragraph Writing

‘Paragraph writing’ consists of four elements: unity, continuity, order and completeness. A
paragraph is a sequence of sentences about the same topic.
The given steps must be followed before writing a paragraph.
• Think over the different aspects of the topic for a few minutes.
• Write down the points in rough (very briefly) that come to your mind.
• Do not worry about the order of the ideas. Just write them down.
• After writing all the points read them again and then decide the order of the sentences.
• Thereafter, expand each point into a few sentences.
• All the sentences that you write about should be together and not scattered in the paragraph.
• Avoid using describing words like good, bad and nice. Use some other adjectives in their place.

1. Importance of outdoor games

As we are living in the 21 century. We have really achieved a lot in the field of science
st

and technology. We have seen that most of the time people are engaged in doing work on
computers. Students are getting busy in their project work and most of the work is done on
computers. They prefer to spend time on computer, PS and many other electronic devices.
In this way, they are getting addicted to these devices which have made them lethargic.
So, to get rid of all these adverse effects they need to come out of the vicinity of electronic
gadgets. They should play outdoor games to make a connection with the natural world. It
will boost their physical condition. It is rightly said, “Healthy mind lives in a healthy body”.
So, it is the need of the hour to spread the doctrine among the youngsters and they should
be motivated to play outdoor games.
2. Rainy Season
‘Rainy season’ is called the queen among other seasons. This season is really very pleasant
for all, as it gives a soothing effect from the scorching heat of summer. Rain gives pleasure
to all the creatures. Rain drives away the drought from the soil. It embellishes all the seeds
and helps them grow. The farmers become very happy at the advent of rain. On the other
hand, rain has some ill effects, too. Excessive rain causes floods. Sometimes, rain water
enters the holes of poisonous snakes. They come out of their holes, which is very dangerous
for humans. Rain also brings some destruction while it showers excessively. Floods make
people homeless. Despite this, people love rainy season. As it is rightly quoted ‘Water is life’.
It’s water only which quenches the thirst of every living being.
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 3. Swachh Bharat Mission
‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ started on the 2nd of October 2014, the birth anniversary of Mahatma
Gandhi. Everyone knows that ‘cleanliness is next to godliness.’ But still people litter in public
places and bring a bad name to our country. It reflects badly about our society and the people
also just do not care about this fact. The primary aim of this campaign is to motivate people
to make India pristine (pure) clean. This programme involves construction of bathrooms
in public areas, promoting sanitation awareness in rural areas, cleaning streets, bringing
behavioural changes to people and making India an ideal country before the world. It is a
must to keep clean and make the best use of this campaign in the long run.

4. A Railway Station
Every city and every small town has a railway station. In big cities, the railway stations are
very crowded. Trains from far and near arrive and depart according to a set time-table.
People are seen scurrying with their luggage. When a train arrives, passengers are seen
hurrying. Coolies help people to carry their luggage. There is a lot of activity and noise.
There are many tea kiosks and food stalls on the platforms. Tea vendors and fruit sellers
also do brisk business. Announcements are made in a timely manner to inform passengers
about the arrival and departure of trains. A railway station presents a picture of hustle and
bustle.
5. Necessity is the mother of invention
Most of the inventions and discoveries on this earth or in the space owe their successful
operation to necessity. Unless we have desires we cannot struggle to attain the goal. The
history of the human progress in all walks of life is the history of man’s endless endeavours
to face any danger. Hunger promoted the early man to hunt and till the land. The need for
shelter resulted to make huts and houses. The need for quick travel resulted in the invention
of fastest means of transport, making the world small. At the moment of necessity, the
human mind which is creative and imaginative, thinks in a very quick manner. As fresh
needs arise, the new methods are devised to meet them. New plans are hatched to find
solutions to different problems. Necessity makes us bold, zealous and eager enough to fulfill
our needs. Necessity is a blessing in disguise.

6. The Value of discipline in academic life

Discipline means learning to obey rules. Discipline implies the subordination of one’s
personal will to the control of some external authority. It may be the authority of parents at

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home, of teachers in the educational institutions; of captain at the playgrounds, etc. Maxim
of discipline is: ‘Each is for all, and no one for oneself ’. In other words, the individual must
sacrifice his personal will to the demand of social life. The objective is its proper direction
and regulation for shaping one’s life. Therefore, the need of discipline among students
cannot be overstressed. The future of our country depends on the quality of our students. If
our students are well behaved and disciplined, our future is secure.
7. Internet
Internet is the invention of modern and high technology of science. It is a network of
networks. It provides us amazing facility of searching any information from any corner of
the world. We can connect more than one computer to each other using internet in order to
easily access information from any connected computer from a place. Using internet we can
send messages and information very quickly within seconds to anyone’s computer, mobile,
or other digital devices. It is a vast storage of informations as it has more than billions of
running websites related to the domestic, business, academic, governmental topics, etc.

8. Sudden change in Indian currency

The day ...... 8 November, 2016 an announcement was made ...... People faced a very harsh
problem ...... New currency ...... Shortage of the new currency. Prime Minister Narendra
Modi introduced this change for the betterment of the Indian economy ...... One good thing
we saw ...... country accepting the change ...... the main reason behind this commotion ......
positive effects of this change ...... better economy in India!

9. Physical Exercise
Spreading awareness ...... children are mostly busy in technology ...... outdoor games are
important ...... active and free from diseases ...... increased interest in junk food ...... increase
of diseases in this generation ...... obesity, diabetes ...... parents' duty to motivate children
...... exercises like Yoga ...... importance of activities. ...... best way to stay fit ...... rightly said,
‘healthy mind lives in a healthy body.’

A Write paragraphs on the following topics:

1. Pollution 2. Diwali
3. Importance of television 4. My visit to grandma

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 29 Letter Writing

Letters are of two kinds. Formal and informal.

When we communicate with the members of our family, relatives or friends through
letters, they are called informal letters.

But when we write a letter to the Principal, class teacher or other officials, it is
called a formal letter.

Some important points to be noted down:

• In case of informal letters: we can write short form: isn’t, aren’t, etc.
• In case of formal letters: we need to be formal, we should not use short forms: isn’t,
aren’t, etc.
• An application is a formal letter. It's not essential to write the sender's address at
the top left. In case we don't, the date will come after the receiver's address.
• Never use apostrophe anywhere in yours. e.g. Your’s (wrong X), Yours’ (wrong X),
Yours (correct ). Always use ‘Y’ capital in Yours.

The letter can be divided into several parts.

1. The Sender’s Address
• No abbreviations are to be used while writing the address. We generally tend to shorten
words like Nagar, Apartments, Colony, Road. Always write the complete words.
• No commas or full stops should be used at the end of each line of the address.
• The address is written in 3 to 4 lines.
• Start with the house number and end with the city and PIN code.

2. Date
• The complete date should be written, that is, date, month and year (14 July 2016).
• Do not abbreviate the name of the month.
• Since the names of months are proper nouns, write them with a capital letter.
• The year must be written as 2016 not as 2K16 or ’16.
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3. The Receiver’s Address
Formal:
• Since the letter is addressed to the Head of the institution, ‘The Principal’ should be written.
• In the next few lines, the address of the school has to be written.
Informal:
• The address of the person you are writing to is written on the envelope.

4. The Salutation
Beginning End
Your loving son/daughter
To relatives My dear father/mother
Yours affectionately
Your loving brother/sister
My dear brother/sister
Yours affectionately
Your loving nephew/niece
My dear uncle/aunt
Yours affectionately
My dear Anil/Rekha Your loving
To friends
Dear Anil/Rekha Yours affectionately
To the Principal of a
Dear Sir/Madam Yours obediently
school
Yours faithfully
Sir/Madam
To strangers Yours truly (for a letter to
Dear Sir/Madam
the editor)

5. The Body of the Letter

• It must be written in short paragraphs.
• To make the letter appear neat, leave a line after every paragraph except the last one.
• Write in simple language.

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INFORMAL LETTER

A Write a letter to your father requesting him to send ` 2000/- for purchasing new
books. You are Aman, studying in Rockfield Public School, Ahmedabad.

Rockfield Public School

Ahmedabad. 1. Sender's address

(Leave one line)

16 July 20XX 2. Date

(Leave one line)

Dear Dad 3. Greetings/ Salutation

How are you? Hope you and Mom are in the best of your health. I
am extremely happy to inform you that I’ve been promoted to class
V with 95% marks. I’ve been praised by all the teachers for being a
topper in the class. 4. Body

As you know, our new session has started so, I need to purchase
new books. I request you to send me ` 2000/- for the same.
I am fine here. Pay regards to Mom, love to Meenu and Puja.
(Leave one line)
Your affectionate son 5. Closing

Aman 6. Your name

In an informal letter, the address of the person you are writing to is written on the envelope.
EXERCISE
1. You are Deepak. Write a letter to your younger brother to pay heed to his studies, instead
of watching television excessively.

2. Write a letter to your best friend, Anushka, wishing on her birthday and telling her the
reason, why you won’t be able to attend the birthday party.

3. Your younger brother is living abroad. His final exam is around the corner. Write a letter
to wish him good luck.
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FORMAL LETTER
B You are Nishtha Pathak of St. Mark School, Lucknow. Write an application to the
Principal, requesting him to grant you leave for 3 days on account of your sister’s
wedding.

The Principal
St. Mark School 1. Receiver's name and address
Lucknow
(Leave one line)
9 November 20XX 2. Date

(Leave one line)

Subject: Application for leave 3. Subject of the letter

(Leave one line)

Sir 4. Greetings/ Salutation

With due respect, you are humbly requested to

grant me leave on 14th,15th and 16th of November
5. Body
on account of my sister’s wedding.
I will be highly obliged if you concede to my request.

(Leave one line)

Yours obediently 6. Closing

Nishtha Pathak
7. Your name
Roll no. 27
Class 5-B. 8. Roll no., class, section

EXERCISE
1. Write a letter to the Principal, telling her about the errant school bus-driver, as his
breaking of traffic rules can cause serious accidents.

2. Write a letter to your class teacher explaining why you got late in reaching the class.

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 30 Diary Entry

Diary entry is a kind of a personal document. It records an individual’s account of a day

of his/her life.
Points to keep in mind while writing a diary.
• The diary is written in the first person and in the past tense.
• The writer must be honest in expressing his/ her feelings.
• It may be divided into paragraphs.
• When you finish, you should conclude by writing with your first name.
How to write a diary entry?
Date, Day:
Time
REMEMBER
Dear Diary
A diary entry is a personal, informal
Content piece of writing. So the format is not
of great importance.
Sagar

Sample 1:
May 16, 2016, Saturday
10:30 p.m.
Dear Diary
I woke up at 6 o’clock in the morning. We had breakfast and dressed up. Today, we all went
to the Fantastic Amusement Park, near my home. We started from home at 7 o’clock. As
soon as we reached there, we bought the tickets and got inside. I was thrilled to see the
rides. My parents and brother liked ‘the theme rides’. My favourite rides were water splash,
caterpillar ride, wave pool and pirate ship. After a couple of hours we had lunch. After
lunch, my brother and I had the scariest ride on the Space Gun. We came back at 9 p.m. It
was really a joyous experience for me! Hope, I’ll go on another trip soon.
Sagar

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Sample 2:
March 8, 2016, Tuesday
9:30 p.m.
Dear Diary
I am totally disheartened today. While coming from my school, I saw a group of people
cutting down trees. I asked them about it and they replied that they were asked to do so
because a new road was to be constructed. I was feeling very annoyed at this and thought
how greenery is diminishing by cutting down trees. How we are destroying our environment!
I am planning to grow more and more trees and will ask my friends to do the same. Hope
that people can realise the value of trees for maintaining a sustainable environment.
Heena
EXERCISE
1. Today you forgot to carry your lunchbox. Write a diary entry about how your friends
shared their lunch with you.

2. You stood first in the class. You were praised and congratulated by your teachers and
friends. Write a diary entry on this.

3. Write a diary entry, mentioning, how you helped out Tanmay, a newcomer in your class.

4. You met your best friend after a long time. Write a diary entry expressing your feelings
about it.

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 31 Notice Writing

A notice is the most common method of communication, which gives information

regarding an important event that is about to take place. A notice gives information in a right
manner. With the help of notice, information is displayed publicly for others to know and follow.

Look at the notice given below:-

A Your school is going to celebrate its 25th annual function. Write a notice to be
put up on your school notice board, regarding the students’ participation in the
cultural programmes. Write down the notice in a box.

Arihant Public School

NOTICE
18 September, 20XX
Cultural Show
All the students from classes V to X are informed that the school is going to celebrate its
25th Annual Function. Interested students are welcome to participate in dance, singing
and drama. For further details, contact the undersigned during recess in the library.
Ananya Joshi
(Cultural Secretary)
EXERCISE
1. Piyush Mehta, a student of class VI has lost his geometry box in the school
playground. Write a notice on his behalf.
2. You are Vineeta Goswami, the cultural secreatry of Springdales Public School, New
Delhi. Write a notice for your school notice board about a fete which will be organised
on 17 December in your school.
3. Write a notice on tree plantation, that will be organised in your school on Valmiki Jayanti.
4. You are Gyan Sharma, a student of class V-B. You have found a watch in the school
canteen. Write a notice for your school notice board as you wish to return the same to
the owner.
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 Enhance Your Knowledge
Prefixes
Prefixes are placed before the words to modify their meanings.
Here is a list of commonly used prefixes to give you an idea of how to identify them.

Prefix Meaning Examples

-a on/in/out/from away, aboard, arise, alight
-al all alone, always
-by be/on the side bypass, byword
-for through forget, forgive
-fore before forecast, foresee
-in in inside, income
-mis wrong mislead, mistake
-over above/beyond overflow, overchange
-out out outside, outcome
-to this today, tonight
-un not/to reverse an action unkind, untie
-under below underground, undersell
-wel in good condition welcome, welfare

Suffixes
Suffixes are placed after the words to modify their meanings.
Here is a list of some of them to give you an idea of how to identify suffixes.

Suffix Meaning Examples

-acy state/quality of being privacy, legitimacy
-escent becoming, to be adolescent, fluorescent
-esque like/reminiscent of picturesque, kafkaesque
-able/-ible capable of portable, legible
-ish having qualities of hellish, fiendish
-ist person who chemist, florist
-dom state/quality of being freedom, kingdom
-less without brainless, endless
-sion/-tion state/quality of being torsion, transition
-ness state of being thinness, loneliness

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Let us have some fun with these three words: “where” “body” “ever”
The word `where’ can be suffixed to the words: ‘any’ ‘every’ ‘no’ ‘some’
Every + where = everywhere Any + where = anywhere
No + where = nowhere Some + where = somewhere

The word `body’ can be suffixed to the words: ‘any’ ‘every’ ‘no’ ‘some’
Every + body = everybody Any + body = anybody
No + body = nobody Some + body = somebody

The word `ever’ can be suffixed to the words: ‘when’ ‘where’ ‘who’ ‘what’ ‘how’
‘which’ ‘for’
When + ever = whenever Where + ever = wherever
Who + ever = whoever Where + ever = wherever
What + ever = whatever How + ever = however
Which + ever = whichever For + ever = forever

Fix it with a prefix or a suffix!

We can make new words by adding a prefix or a suffix to the given words.
For example: cry - outcry (prefix)
friend - friendship
(suffix)

Form new words from the words given below fixing it with a prefix or a suffix.

1. change - .................................
2. depend - .................................
3. ward - .................................
4. gone - .................................
5. sharp - .................................
6. champion - .................................
7. belief - .................................
8. love - .................................

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 32 Dialogue Writing

Dialogue writing is an art of talking which occurs when two persons converse with each
other. By dialogue writing we can improve our conversation skills and imagination. While
writing dialogue, we should pay attention to some points which are given below:-

• Our writing should be interesting and easy-going.

• Views of the two persons should be simple and understandable.
• Dialogue should be based on a particular topic.

A Read the following conversation between Renu and Shyam.

Renu : What are you searching for on Google, Shyam?
Shyam : I don't know the meaning of a word, so I'm searching on Google.
Renu : Why don’t you look up the word in a dictionary?
Shyam : Who wants to waste time searching in the dictionary?
Renu : You mean, looking up the meaning of words in a dictionary is
waste of time? About 30 to 40 years ago, people referred to a
dictionary and were happy doing so.
Shyam : Why should I think about the past? We are living in the digital
world.
Renu : Can’t you see, the present generation is getting addicted towards
electronic gadgets?
They have become very lazy and don’t want to do any physical
work. Do you know that a healthy mind lives in a healthy body?
Shyam : Oh really! I must listen to you and try to be more active.

B Read the conversation between Jayant and Gagan based on a birthday gift.
Jayant : Hey Rupak! What brought you here?
Gagan : Tell me how is everything going?
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 Jayant : Everything is o.k. Do you know why I am here? I’ve come here to
purchase a gift for Sparsh. Today is his birthday. You know, he is
my best friend.
Gagan : What have you decided to purchase for him?
Jayant : I want to gift him a cell phone.
Gagan : Do you know, everyone in this world wants electronic gadgets.
Can I suggest you something else?
Jayant : Yes, sure!
Gagan : Why don’t you gift him a book? As you can see, what is
missing today, is the habit of reading. Moreover, books are our
best friends.
Jayant : Very true! I want to make this occasion remarkable by giving him
a unique book: ‘Encyclopedia’.

EXERCISE
1. Write a dialogue between Mehak and Farhan on the increasing crime in metropolitan
cities.

2. Write a dialogue between a father and a son about the ill effects of excessive watching of
television.

3. Write a dialogue between a teacher and a student about the late arrival of the student in
the class.

4. Write a dialogue between a customer and a shopkeeper.

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 33 Synonyms and Antonyms

SYNONYMS
Words which have same meanings are called synonyms.
For example: Gloomy - sad , Famous - well known
Let's have a look at the following synonyms:
Eager Keen Direction Instruction Country Nation
Spontaneous Unplanned Float Drift Value Worth
Bad Awful Job Occupation Inspect Examine
Faithful Loyal Praise Complement Danger Hazard
Genuine Real Freedom Liberty Empty Vacant
Artificial Man made Necessary Required Ending Conclusion
Accomplish Achieve Many Numerous Lucky Fortunate
Imitate Copy Clear Transparent Order Sequence

ANTONYMS
Words which have opposite meanings are called antonyms.
For example: Polite - rude , Sour - sweet
Let's have a look at the following antonyms:
Simple Complex Brave Cowardly Bend Straight
Listen Ignore Capable Incapable Offer Refuse
Certain Doubtful Expand Contract Peace War
Common Rare Export Import Poverty Wealth
Majority Minority Guest Host Powerful Weak
Artificial Natural Inferior Superior Private Public
Arrival Departure Knowledge Ignorance Leader Follower
Borrow Lend Mature Immature Guest Host

A Read the following sentences and write the synonyms for the underlined words:
1. Ramakant is very eager to do the work. .................................

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 2. This room seems very bad. .................................
3. They have accomplished a grand success. .................................
4. Thomas copied my poetry. .................................
5. We should praise one's good work. .................................
6. We Indians got the freedom of speech. .................................
7. Food is necessary for survival. .................................
8. I have many friends. .................................
9. This house has been vacant for a long time. .................................
10. Anil did not keep the books in order. .................................

B Fill in the blanks with appropriate antonyms:

1. These questions are simple, but those are ................................. .
2. My brother listens to the teacher, but my sister ................................. her.
3. The arrival of the guests was very ecstatic but the ...................... was full of sorrow.

4. Last year Champak borrowed some money from Rahim, but this year Rahim is
................................. money to others.
5. Mohan is brave, but his brother is ................................. .
6. Sushil is capable of doing the sums but, Rupak is ................................. of doing
the same.
7. Peace was hampered after the ................................. .
8. John is powerful but, Patrick is ................................. .

C From each group below, circle the word that is similar in meaning to the word
given at the top in the capital letters.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
IMITATE PERIL FAITHFUL HALT DIFFICULT HASTEN
act danger good hurry easy work
play safety brave jump hard jump
copy height loyal stop simple limp
look depth great walk clever hurry

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 Script for Listening Comprehension
A Lazy Lattu And His Dog

Lattu was a lazy little boy who disliked any form of exercise and hated playing. He even refused to
help his parents at home. He loved sleeping for hours and watched television throughout the day.
Lattu had a pet dog, called Dingo. Dingo sat at his master's feet throughout the day. Since Lattu and
Dingo were very lazy, they had both become very fat.
Lattu's mother was worried about Lattu's and Dingo's increasing weight. She decided to do
something about it.
One evening, she said to Lattu,"Why don't you take Dingo for a walk?"
After some protests, Lattu finally agreed. Lattu put the leash around Dingo's neck and went out for
a stroll. Just then, Dingo saw a little bird. He leapt to catch it. The bird flew farther. Dingo chased
the bird, dragging Lazy Lattu behind him. They ran round and round for an hour. The bird was
out of sight. Finally, Dingo gave up, and slowed down. Lattu gasped for breath. Both felt tired and
hungry.
Lattu said to Dingo,"Wasn't it fun to run around?" Dingo agreed with a woof.
"Shall we do it everyday? It is so refreshing to exercise."
Dingo wagged his tail in agreement. Lattu realised that exercise can be fun too!

B The Magic Porridge Pot

Far away lived a poor lady and her daughter, The girl said the magic words,"Stop pot, stop,"
Both of them were starving one winter. As the yummy hot porridge all filled up.
One day, the hungry girl started crying. The girl saved the porridge to her mother,
"Oh, this winter too, we will all be starving." They were happy, and ate it together.
Suddenly, from nowhere, appeared a witch, But one day, when the little girl went out,
The girl was so upset that she started to twitch. Mother felt hungry and said, "Cook, little pot."
The witch soon took out a golden pot, With tasty porridge, the pot was filling,
"Take care of my pot- it will help you a lot." But mother forgot how to stop it from flowing.
The witch added,"It is a magical pot, The porridge was pouring out of the pot,
When you are hungry, just say 'Cook, little pot.' It flowed under all the chairs, and cot.
The pot will make you yummy milk porridge. Out of the house came all the porridge,
Say 'Stop pot, stop,' when it fills to up the edge. It flowed out, and flooded the whole village.
When the witch disappeared from the spot, Soon the girl came and said, "Stop pot, stop."
The girl ran home with the magic pot. She saw that everyone was eating the porridge up.
Then, she said loudly,"Cook, little pot," It was the best winter for the entire village,
The pot got hot, and porridge gushed out. For that whole winter, the village ate porridge.
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 Enhance Your Knowledge
Vocabulary
Do you know the meaning of the following words? Can you identify the nouns, adjectives, verbs
and adverbs in the given list?
Abundant Call Embarrassed Helmet Make Really Tomato
Accept Calm Employ Help Manchester Red Tomorrow
Accidentally Camera Empty Helpful Market Refrigerator Toothbrush
Accurate Candle Encourage Highly Marry Regularly Traffic
Achieve Capable Encouraging Hilarious Massive Relax Train
Actor Car Energy Historical Match Reluctantly Travel
Add Caravan Engine Hit Mature Remarkable Truck
Abstract Careful England Holiday Mean Remember Type
Admire Carefully Enjoy Honestly Measure Repeatedly Uganda
Admit Careless Enthusiastic Honey Meet Reply Ugly
Adopt Caring Enthusiastically Hope Messy Responsible Umbrella
Adorable Carpet Establish Hopelessly Microphone Restaurant Understand
Adventurous Cartoon Estimate Horrible Modern Retire Unexpectedly
Advertisement Catch Evening Horse Monkey Rich Unfortunately
Advise Cautious Eventually Hospital More River Unique
Afraid Certainly Exactly Hot Morning Rocket Untidy
Afternoon Challenge Excellent House Motorcycle Romantic Upset
Aggressive Change Excitedly Huge Move Room Urgently
Agree Charming Exciting Humorous Murder Rose Use
Airport Cheap Exercise Hungry Mysteriously Royal Usually
Abundant Cheat Expand Hydrogen Nail Rub Valiantly
Alert Cheerful Expensive Ice Napkin Rude Van
Allow Chew Explain Identify Narrow Rudely Vase
Aloof China Extremely Ignorant Nasty Russia Vegetable
Always Choose Eye Illegal Naturally Sadly Very
Ambitious Chubby Fabulous Imaginary Naughty Safely Victorious
Ambulance Church Fair Immediately Nearly Sandwich Violent
Ancient Clap Fairly Impolite Needle School Violently
Angrily Clean Faithful Important Nervous Scintillating Visit
Angry Clean Faithfully Impossible Nervously Scooter Vulgar
Animal Clearly Family Innocent Nest Secretive Vulture
Animated Clever Famous Innocently Never See Wait
Announce Clumsy Fancy Insect New Seldom Walk
Annoying Cold Fantastic Instantly Nigeria Select Wall
Answer Collect Fast Insurance Night Selfish Want

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Anxious Colorful Fast Intelligent Noisy Selfishly Warm
Apple Comfortable Fear Interesting Notebook Sell Warn
Appreciate Compare Fearful Interestingly Nutritious Send Weak
Approve Complain Fearless Interrupt Obedient Serious Wealthy
Argue Concerned Feel Introduce Obediently Seriously Wed
Army Confess Fertile Iron Obese Shampoo Weep
Arrive Confuse Fight Irritate Obey Sharp Well
Arrogant Confused Filthy Island Obnoxious Shiny Whale
Arrogantly Construct Find Jackal Ocean Shocking Wide
Ashamed Control Finland Jealous Offend Shoe Window
Ask Copy Fish Jealously Offer Short Wink
Assist Count Flag Jelly Officially Shy Wire
Attack Courageously Flower Jewellery Often Silently Wise
Attractive Crayon Fly Jolly Oil Silly Wisely
Auspicious Create Foolish Jordan Old Sincere Witty
Australia Crowd Foolishly Joyfully Open Sing Wonderful
Awesome Crowded Football Juice Openly Skinny Worried
Awful Cruel Forest Juicy Orange Slim Worry
Overconfi-
Bad Cruelly Forget Jump Slow Write
dent
Badly Cry Forgetful Juvenile Oxygen Slowly Xylophone
Bake Curious Forgive Kangaroo Oyster Small Yacht
Balloon Curiously Fortunately Keep Painfully Snore Yak
Banana Curly Fountain Kick Paint Soccer Yearly
Bashful Cute France Kind Painting Soft Yell
Bathe Daily Frankly Kindly Parrot Softly Yesterday
Battery Damage Friendly King Patiently Sometimes Young
Be Damaged Fry Kiss Pay Soon Youthful
Beach Dance Funny Kitchen Peaceful Spicy Zealous
Beard Dangerous Furniture Kite Pencil Spiritual Zebra
Beat Dark Garage Knife Piano Splendid Zoo
Beautiful Daughter Garden Lamp Pick Spoon
Beautifully Death Gas Large Pillow Stand
Become Deep Gather Laugh Pink Stare
Bed Defective Generally Lawyer Pizza Start
Beg Delicate Generously Lazily Planet Stink
Behave Delicious Gentle Learn Plastic Stone
Belgium Delightfully Gently Leather Play Strictly
Belligerent Deliver Get Leave Polite Strong
Beneficial Denmark Ghost Legal Politely Study
Best Depressed Girl Lend Poor Successful
Bet Destroy Give Less Poorly Suddenly
Big Determined Glamorous Library Portugal Sugar
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 Enhance Your Knowledge
Enrich your vocabulary
1. Adjacent to : (near) The temple is situated adjacent to the post office.
2. Akin to : (related to) Music is akin to poetry.
3. Accommodate to : (to fit for) Sahil accommodated himself to live with his grandpa.
4. Aptitude for : (tendency) Rahul has an aptitude for painting.
5. Approve of : (give approval) My father has approved of my going on a trip to Manali.
6. Aspire for : (inclination/desire) Most of the people in this world aspire for glory.
7. Attribute to : ( give credit) I attribute his success to hard work.
8. Attend to : ( pay attention to) Rohan should attend to his studies to get good marks.
9. Admit into : (include) Mr Prakash has admitted his friend into his group.
10. Advise of : (inform) The minister was advised of his arrival.
11. Agree with : (consent) Amar does not agree with me at any cost.
12. Aim at : (seek to achieve) I aim at becoming an army officer.
13. Burden with : (weigh with/responsibilities)
It’s a pity that our government has burdened us with heavy taxes.
14. Betray into :(lead in a wrong way) Ambition sometimes betrays us into crime.
15. Bless with : (flourish with) Raman is blessed with good health.
16. Call at : (to invite/to come) We were called at Mr Raju’s place.
17. Call on : (to summon) He called on his friend in the office.
18. Call for : (need) Your conduct calls for punishment.
19. Clothe in : (dress in) She looked very pretty when she was clothed in a blue
dress.
20. Clothed with : (cover with) The western horizon was clothed with crimson colour.
21. Claim on : (expect) A lazy man has no claim on other’s sympathy.
22. Condole with : (express sympathy) He condoled with his friend, whose father had expired.
23. Control over : (restrain/regulate) No one has control over his fate.
24. Delight in : (enjoy) He takes delights in music and painting.
25. Dispense with: (distribute) I have dispensed with the responsibilities to my colleague.

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26. Dispose of : (here sell out) They have disposed of their old house.
27. Eligible for : (suit for) Only people above eighteen are eligible for voting.
28. Heir to : (successor) He is the heir to a large property.
29. Know of : (have knowledge about) Do you know the rules of language?
30. Lie around : (act in a lazy way) Most of the time Punit lies around the house.

Formation of words
Students, look at the following sentences carefully.
1. Raju is reading a book.
2. Mr Gupta will book the tickets later.
3. Rizwan is a book worm.
In the above sentences you can see that the word 'book' has been used in different ways.
The first 'book' stands for noun.
The second 'book' stands for verb.
The third 'book' stands for adjective (by using worm).
Similarly,
1. A patient is waiting outside the clinic. (noun)
2. Nandu is a patient listener. (adjective)
3. The crowd was listening to the leader patiently. (adverb)
A list of words is given below. Learn them by heart.

Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs

accept acceptance acceptable
achieve achievement achievable
act action active actively
add addition additional
adjust adjustment adjustable
admire admiration admirable
advise advice advisable
attend attention attentive attentively
believe belief believable
bore boredom boring
breathe breath
care care careful carefully
cheer cheerfulness cheerful cheerfully
choose choice chosen
clear clarity clear clearly
collect collection collective collectively

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 Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs
comfort comfort comfortable comfortably
console consolation consolable consolably
continue continuity continuous continuously
create creation creative creatively
decide decision decisive decisively
decorate decoration decorative
delight delight delightful delightfully
deserve deserving deserving
destroy destruction destructive destructively
die death dead, deadly
differ difference different differently
courage courage courageous courageously
envy envy envious enviously
evaporate evaporation evaporative
expect expectation expected expectedly
educate education educative
firm firmness firm firmly
fly flight flying
force force forceful forcefully
glorify glory glorious gloriously
grow growth growing growingly
imitate imitation imitative
impress impression impressive impressively
include inclusion inclusive inclusively
injure injury injurious injuriously
insult insult insulting insultingly
intent intention intentional intentionally
irritate irritation irritating irritatingly
live life alive livingly
live liveliness lively livingly
nationalise nationality national nationwide, nationally
observe observation observatory
own ownership own
persuade persuasion persuasive persuasively
see scene scenic
speed speed speedy speedily

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