Thermodynamics 2
4:00pm to 6:40pm Monday to Friday
Saturation Temperature
• Saturation temperature is the temperature at which liquids start to boil
or the temperature at which vapors begin to condense. The saturation
temperature of a given substance depends upon its existing
temperature.
• It is directly proportional to the pressure, i.e., it increases as the
pressure is increased and decreases as the pressure is decreased.
Subcooled Liquid TACT < TSAT
• A subcooled liquid is one which has a temperature lower than the
saturation temperature corresponding to the existing pressure.
Compressed Liquid PACT > PSAT
• A compressed liquid is one which has a pressure higher than the
saturation pressure corresponding to the existing temperature.
Saturated Liquid TACT = TSAT
• A saturated liquid is a liquid at the saturations (saturation temperature
or saturation pressure) which has temperature equal to the boiling
point corresponding to the existing pressure. It is a pure liquid, i.e. It
has no vapor content.
Saturated Vapor
• A saturated vapor is a vapor at the saturation conditions (saturation
temperature and saturation pressure). It is 100% vapor, i.e., has no
liquid or moisture content.
Superheated Vapor TACT > TSAT
• A superheated vapor is a vapor having a temperature higher than the
saturation temperature corresponding to the existing pressure.
Wet Vapor
• A wet vapor is a combination of saturated vapor and saturated liquid.
Wet Vapor
Quality, x
• The quality of wet vapor or wet steam is the percent by weight that is
saturated vapor.
Percent Moisture, y
• The percent moisture of wet vapor is the percent by weight that is
saturated liquid.
• Following the definitions of • For saturated liquid:
quality (x) and percent moisture Y = 100%
(y), X = 0%
𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔
𝑥𝑥 = (100%)
𝑚𝑚 • For saturated vapor:
X = 100%
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓 Y = 0%
𝑦𝑦 = (100%)
𝑚𝑚 • For wet vapor:
0 < x < 100
Let m = mass of wet vapor
0 < y < 100
mg = mass of the saturated vapor content of wet vapor. • But, x + y = 100 in percent form.
mf = mass of the saturated liquid content of wet vapor.
Then, m = mg + mf x+y=1
Properties of Wet Steam
Subscripts Used:
f – represents properties of saturated liquid
g – represents properties of saturated vapor
fg – represents to a change by evaporation
Symbols Used:
v – specific volume, m3/kg
s – specific entropy, kJ/kg.K
u – specific internal energy kJ/kg
h – specific enthalpy kJ/kg
Critical Point
• The critical point represents the highest pressure and highest
temperature at which liquid and vapor can coexist in equilibrium. The
state of water at critical conditions whether it is saturated liquid or
saturated vapor is unknown. Hence, the latent heat of vaporization of
water at this condition is either zero or undefined.
Critical Point: 22.12 MPa and 647.14 K
Properties of Wet Steam
Specific volume:
𝒗𝒗 = 𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 + 𝒙𝒙𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
Enthalpy
𝒉𝒉 = 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 + 𝒙𝒙𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
Internal Energy
𝒖𝒖 = 𝒖𝒖𝒇𝒇 + 𝒙𝒙𝒖𝒖𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
Entropy
𝒔𝒔 = 𝒔𝒔𝒇𝒇 + 𝒙𝒙𝒔𝒔𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
Degrees of Superheat, oSH
The degrees of superheat are the difference between the actual temperature
of superheated vapor and the saturation temperature or the existing
pressure.
In equation form:
oSH = Actual superheated temperature – T at existing pressure.
sat
Example:
• Determine the degrees of superheat of superheated steam at 200oC and
101.325 kPa.
From steam tables:
Tsat at 101.325 kPa = 100oC
oSH = 200 – 100 = 100oC
Degrees Subcooled, oSB
The degrees subcooled of a subcooled liquid is the difference between the
saturation temperature for the given pressure and the actual subcooled liquid
temperature.
oSB = T at given p – actual liquid temperature.
sat
Example:
• Determine the degrees subcooled of liquid water at 90oC and 101.325 kPa.
From steam tables:
tsat at 101.325 kPa = 100oC
oSB = 100oC – 90oC = 10oC
Problem 1 – Steam Table Reading
Specify whether the steam is wet, dry or superheated for the following conditions.
a. T = 200oC, p = 1.44 MPa
b. T = 220oC, p = 2.35 MPa
c. P = 1.0 MPa, s = 6.672 kJ/kg.K
d. P = 3.0 MPa, t = 230 oC
Problem 2 – Single Interpolation of Values
What are the specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of steam at
2.9 MPa and 243◦C?
