Created by Kaj Schwermer

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© Cambridge University Press 2012. This presentation is not for sale. Created using content from Four Corners.
 The Simple Present Tense
Expresses a habit or often repeated action. Adverbs of frequency such as, often,
seldom, sometimes, never, etc. are used with this tense.
This tense also expresses general truths or facts that are timeless.

She goes to work everyday.

They always eat lunch together.
Snow falls in the December in Minnesota.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
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© Cambridge University Press 2012. This presentation is not for sale. Created using content from Four Corners.
 The Present Progressive
This tense is used to describe an action that is occurring right now (at this moment,
today, this year, etc.). The action has begun and is still in progress.
The present progressive can also be used to describe an action that is occurring in the
present, but is temporary.

She is typing a paper for her class.

He can’t talk. He is fixing the sink right now.
John is living in Modesto, but he might move soon.

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 The Simple Past
We use the simple past to indicate exactly when an action or event took place in the
past.
The simple past is used to describe actions and/or events that are now completed and
no longer true in the present.

I visited my sister yesterday.

We went out to dinner last night.

I attended MJC in 1998. (I no longer attend MJC.)

I saw a movie every weekend when I was a teenager. (I don’t see movies
very much anymore.)
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 The Past Progressive
The past progressive is used to talk about an activity that was in progress at a specific
point of time in the past. The emphasis is on the duration of the activity in the past.

I was studying for an exam while my mother was cooking dinner.

We were walking in the park around 7 p.m. last night.

The past progressive is often used with the simple past to show that one action was in
progress when another action occurred.

I was taking a bath when the doorbell rang.

They were eating dinner when the neighbors stopped by for a visit.

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 The Present Perfect
The present perfect is used to talk about an event that began in the past and
continues up to the present.

He has lived in Modesto for two years.

(He began living in Modesto two years ago and he still lives there.)

The present perfect is also used to talk about an event that was completed in the
past, but the specific time of the event is not important.

I have seen that movie before.

He has already visited Vietnam.
(Specific dates and times are not mentioned.)
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 The Simple Future
Will are often used to describe future actions.

Thomas will graduate in June.

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© Cambridge University Press 2012. This presentation is not for sale. Created using content from Four Corners.
 Present Perfect Progressive
This tense is used to describe the duration of an action that
began in the past and continues into the present. The action is
not yet complete. It tells how long the action has been in
progress.

He has been studying grammar for an hour.

She has been cooking all day.
(He is still studying and she is still cooking.)

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 Present perfect continuous

• The present continuous describes what a person is

doing.
• The present perfect continuous tells how long a person
has been doing that action.

Ex. Katie is writing an email.

She has been writing an mail for two hours.

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 Present perfect continuous
Finished? Unfinished?
We use the present perfect tense to talk about things
where there is a connection between the past and the
present.

She’s written 16 books.

She started writing books at some time in the past. So far,

he has written 16 books. He may write more books.

We use the present perfect continuous when the focus is on an activity that is
unfinished.

I’ve been reading that book you lent me. I’ve got another 50 pages to read.

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 1. But some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not
normally used in the continuous:
• How long have you known Jane?
(not have you been knowing)

2. You can use either the present perfect continuous or present

perfect simple with live and work:
• John has been living / has lived in London for a long time.
• How long have you been working / have you worked here?

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 I need to ask
her to help me.
He would like me to come.
Everyone wanted him to win the race.

Verb + Object + to Verb

Hot weather makes me feel uncomfortable.

Tom let me drive his car yesterday.

Verb + Object + Verb

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 Verb + Object + to Verb

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 Verb + Object + Verb

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 The dough is filled with meat and vegetables.
Bagels are often eaten with butter.

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 The dough is filled with meat and vegetables.

Bakers fill the dough with meat and vegetables

Bagels are often eaten with butter.

People often eat bagels with butter

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 HOW DOES IT TASTE?

BITTER RICH
Having a sharp, Food of strong
pungent taste or flavour, usually sweet,
smell; not sweet. but not always.

MILD /maɪld/ HOT

Food easy to Plenty of chilli, usually,
digest or occasionally only
pepper.

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 HOW IS ITS TEXTURE?

MOIST /mɔɪst/ TENDER /ˈten.dər/

Food a little wet Easy to chew

GREASY /ˈɡriː.si/ / OILY BRITTLE /ˈbrɪt.əl/

Hard but breaks
Food that has been fried in
easily
oil

STALE /steɪl/ CLAMMY /ˈklæm.i/

Food that is no longer Unpleasantly damp and
fresh sticky
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 – When we were in New York, we saw several plays.
– I’ll phone you as soon as I get back from work.
– We stayed there until it stopped raining.

Show the order of events

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 when(khi, vào lúc)
while, as (trong khi)
until, till (cho đến khi)
S+V+O as soon as, once (ngay khi) S+V+O
before, by the time (trước khi)
after (sau khi)
as long as (chừng nào mà)
since (từ khi)

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When(khi, vào lúc)
While, as (trong khi)
Until, till (cho đến khi)
As soon as, once (ngay khi)
S + V + O, S + V + O
Before, by the time (trước khi)
After (sau khi)
As long as (chừng nào mà)
Since (từ khi)

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 If I spoke German, I would work in Germany.
If I had a lot of money, I could travel anywhere I want
They might be very sad if they heard that from you

If simple past , would (not) + V .

S + V-2/ed Might (not)

Could

an imagined situation in the present or future

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 I should have lent the laptop to him.
I could have asked him the reason.
It would have depended.
I shouldn’t have said no to him.

S + should have + V_3/ed

could have
would have

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 Lan is 18 years old. My younger sister is also 18 years old.
Lan is as young as my younger sister.

She sings as beautifully as a

singer does.

as + ADJ/ADV + as
She has as much money as me.

as + much U.N + as
many C.N
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 My house is smaller than Tom’s.
Tom’s house is more expensive than mine.

A V(be) short Adj-er than B

am/is/are more + long Adj than
less + long Adj

I want a bigger house.

He buys a more beautiful jacket.

S V a/an short Adj-er Noun

a/an more + long Adj
less + long Adj
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 This food is much better than the food we had yesterday.
Alex is far less intelligent than the other kids in the class.
This food is a bit better than the food we had yesterday.

Much/far/a lot/ short Adj-er

a little/a bit more + long Adj

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 HCM City is the biggest city in Vietnam.

S V(be) the short Adj-est (Noun)

am/is/are
the most + long Adj
the least + long Adj

Khanh Hoa has the most beautiful beaches in Vietnam.

S V the short Adj-est Noun

the most + long Adj
the least + long Adj
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 • This method is by far the least complicated.
• She’s easily the best dancer in the group. No one is as elegant as her.
• There were a number of excellent poems entered for the competition, but the
best poem of all was written by a ten-year-old boy.
• This is quite the most irresponsible behaviour I have ever seen

by far/easily/quite the short Adj-est Noun

the most + long Adj
the least + long Adj
the short Adj-est Noun of all
the most + long Adj
the least + long Adj
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 Be patient.
“…………………………………………..”, the man said.
 The man told me to be patient.

Call in a few days the man said.

“………………………………………………”,
 He advised me to call in a few days.

S + V + O + (not) to V
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 S + V + O + (not) to V

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 The woman is a doctor. She lives next door.

 The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

Nguyen Du was a great Vietnamese poet. He wrote

Truyen Kieu.

 Nguyen Du, who wrote Truyen Kieu, was a great

Vietnamese poet.

This house was bought by a rich man. It is expensive.

 This house, which is expensive, was bought by a

rich man

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 DEFINING NON-DEFINING
● Essential information
● Extra information
● No commas
● Commas
● “That”
● NO “that”
● Omission of relative (when
it's NOT the subject) ● NO omission of relative.

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

Susan, who works in that company, is such a

well-qualified person.
 NON-DEFINING
● A proper noun (Tina, Vietnam, ….)
Nguyen Du, who wrote Truyen Kieu, was a great Vietnamese poet.
● A noun with possessive adj (my, her, your, his, its, their, our)
She met my brother, whom she married later.
● A noun with demonstrative adj ( this. that, these, those)
This house, which is expensive, was bought by a rich man

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The man is deaf. I spoke to him this morning.
 The man who I spoke to this morning is deaf.

This is the book. I am looking for it.

 This is the book which I am looking for.

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 Participle clauses

● Present Participle (V-ing) ● Past Participle (V-ed/p.p.)

The nurse who is looking after my mother is Luggage that is left unattended will be taken away by
very kind to her. police.
The nurse who is looking after my mother is Luggage that is left unattended will be taken away by
very kind to her. police.

The man who escaped from the prison was a All the rubbish that is thrown away in the sea is a real
bank robber. danger to health.
The man escaping from the prison was a bank All the rubbish that is thrown away in the sea is a real
robber. danger to health.

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 Wish/If only
Express a wish for a present situation to be
different or to say how we would like somebody
to behave in the future

S + wish + S + would/could + V.
If only + S + would/could + V.
I wish it would stop raining.
I wish I could use a computer well.
If only it would stop raining, we could go out.

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 Wish/If only
Express a wish for or regret about sth untrue in the
present.

S + wish + S + past simple.

If only + S + past simple.
She wishes she had an aodai.
If only I knew her name.

I would rather you didn’t say that. (preference)

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 Wish/If only
Express a wish for or regret about sth untrue in the
past.
S + wish + S + past perfect.
If only + S + past perfect.
I wish you had come to the party last night.
If only you hadn’t said that.

You should have come to the party last night.

I would rather you hadn’t said that.
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