1

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9
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Chapter 1

dEI;wVj dk ifjp; %& dEI;wVj ,d Electronic Machine gS] tks gekjs fn, x;s funsZ'kksa ij dk;Z djrh
gSA dEI;wVj mPp xfr ls Arithmetic and logical operations djrk gS] ;g gkMZfo;j vkSj lk¶Vfo;j
ls feydj cuk gSA ;g ,d loZHkkSfed e”khu gSA
dEI;wVj “kCn dh mRifÙk dEI;wV (Comput) “kCn ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS x.kuk djuk] dEI;wVj dks fgUnh
esa lax.kd dgrs gSaA
tc ge dEI;wVj dks Input Device ds ek/;e ls Instruction nsrs gSa rc og gekjs fn;s x;s Instruction
dks Process djrk gS] rFkk Output Device ds ek/;e ls gesa Information nsrk gSA

dEI;wVj dh fo”ks’krk,¡ %&

1. Speed¼xfr½%& dEI;wVj ekuo dh rqyuk esa cgqr rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gS] ;g ,d lsdM
a esa yk[kksa
x.kuk,¡ dj ldrk gSA bldh xfr dks gV`Zl esa ukik tkrk gSA
2. Accuracy ('kq)rk):- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks cgqr “kq)rk ds lkFk djrk gSA ;fn ogh dk;Z ekuo
ds }kjk fd;k tk; rks mlesa error gks ldrh gSA ysfdu ogh dk;Z dEI;wVj ds }kjk fd;k tk; rks
cgqr rhozxfr ls “kq} dsydqys”ku dj nsxk A
3. Multitalented (loZHkkSfedrk) :- dEI;wVj ,d Multifunctional Machine gSA ftlls nqfu;k ds
fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks dj ldrs gSA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d loZHkkSfed e”khu gSA

4. Mamory :- dEI;wVj dh ;kn j[kus dh {kerk cgqr T;knk gSA dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks vko”;drk
ds vuqlkj de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSA tcfd ekuo dh eseksjh esa ;g fo”ks’krk ugha gSA ekuo dsoy
egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh ;kn j[krk gSA vuko”;d ckrksa dks ;kn ugh j[krk gSA
 4

5. Diligence ¼ifjJe”khyrk½ %& dEI;wVj fcuk Fkds dbZ fnuksa rd dk;Z djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA
tksfd ekuo ds vanj ugh gSA ;g dHkh Fkdrk ugh gSA tcfd ekuo dqN le; dk;Z djus ds ckn
Fkd tkrk gSA vkSj mldks vkjke dh t:jr gksrh gSA

6. Honest (bZekunkjh):- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks bZekunkjh ds lkFk djrk gSA tcfd ekuo vius dk;Z
dks bZekunkjh ls ugh djrk gSA

7. UserFriendly :- dEI;wVj ;wtjÝUMyh gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ bls pykuk ljy gksrk gSA
Weakness (dfe;kW) :-
1. NO IQ :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj lkspus le>us dh {kerk ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA
;gh otg gS fd dEI;wVj ekuo dk xqyke gSA

2. No Feeling :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj Qhfyax ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA

Brief History of Development of Computer (dEI;wVj dk laf{kIr fodkl Øe):- dEI;wVj dk

fodkl 16 oha 'krkCnh ls 'kq# gqvk] orZeku dEI;wVj esa fiNys 50 o’kksZ ds nkSjku rsth ls cnyko vk;k gS A
ftl vof/k esa dEI;wVj dk fodkl gqvk] mls 5 pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] tks fd izeq[k rduhdh
fodkl ij vk/kkfjr gS] tks ewy #i ls dEI;wVj ds dke djus ds rjhds dks cny nsrk gSA

1. Aiken and Mark-1 (vkbdsu vkSj ekdZ & 1):- Lku~ 1940 esa Electromechanical
Computing vius f”k[kj ij igqWp pqdh Fkh A vkbZ ch ,e ds pkj “kh”kZ bathfu;jksa o gkWoMZ vkbZdsu
us lu~ 1944 esa ,d e”khu dks fodflr fd;k vkSj bldk vkf/kdkfjd uke Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator j[kkA ckn esa bl e”khu dk uke ekdZ &1 j[kk x;kA ;g fo”o dk lcls
igyk Electromechanical Computer FkkA blesa 500 ehy yackbZ ds rkj o 30 yk[k Electronic
Connection Fks ;g e”khu 55 QhV yEch o 8 QhV Å¡ph FkhA ;g 6 lsd.M esa ,d xq.kk vkSj 12
lsd.M esa ,d Hkkx dh fØ;k dj ldrk FkkA

2. The ENIAC (1946):- bl dEI;wVj dk iwjk uke Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer gSA bldk fodkl vkehZ ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk A bldh lkbZt 20 ok; 40 square
feet room ds cjkcj rFkk out 30 Vu Fkk] blesa 18000 fuokZr uyh;ksa (Vacuum tube) dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dEI;wVj ,d tksM 200 micro seconds esa vkSj Hkkx 2000 Micro
Sceconds esa djrk FkkA ENIAC izFke Electronic Computer gSA
3. The UNIVAC-I(1951):- bldk iwjk uke Universal Automatic Computer FkkA ;g
O;kikj esa iz;ksx gksus ckyk izFke dEI;wVj FkkA blds ckn IBM us 701 Commercial
Computer rS;kj fd;k FkkA
 5

Aiken and Mark-1 UNIVAC

Z3 Charles Babbage

Edvac ENIAC
 6

Generations of Computer

Computer fodkl ds bfrgkl dh ;g ;k=k (Vacuum tube) ds lkFk 1940 esa “kq# gqbZ] vkSj rc
ls pyh vk jgh gSA orZeku esa ;g d`f=e cqf) (Artificial Intelligence) dk iz;ksx dj rjDdh dj
jgh gSA T;knkrj fodkl ds ifj.kkeLo:i rsth ls] NksVs] lLrs vkSj avf/kd “kfä”kkyh dq”ky dEI;wfVax
midj.kksa dk vfo’dkj gks ik;k gSA

dEI;wVj dks rduhdh (Technology) ds vk/kkj ij ik¡p ih<+h;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA

1. First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum tube

2. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistor
3. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuit
4. Fourth Generation (1972- 2010) VLSI
5. Fifth Generation (2010-Present) ULSI
7
 8

dEI;wVj dks eq[; #i ls nks rjhds ls Classified fd;k x;k gSA

1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
 9

1. Analog Computer :- ,ukykWx dEI;wVj os dEI;wVj gksrs gS A tks HkkSfrd ek=kvksa dks ukius dk
dk;Z djrs gSA tSls rki ] nkc] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn eki dj muds ifj.kke vadks esa O;Dr djrs gSA
;g dEI;wVj nks ifjekiksa ds chp rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs gSA ,ukykWx dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx foKku ,oa
Engineering ds {kS= esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s dEI;wVj ,ukykWx flxauy ij dke djrs gSA

2. Digital Computer :& ;g dEI;wVj Calculations and Logical Operations djrs gSA
fMftVy dEI;wVj MkVk ,oa izkx
s zke dks 0]1 esa ifjoZfrr djds mudks elelctronic :Ik esa ysrk gSA
;g dEI;wVj fMftVy flxauy ij dke djrs gSa] vf/kdk”kar% dEI;wVj fMftVy dEI;wVj gh gksrs gSA

Type of Computer Base on the Size: - vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj fuEUk izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Micro Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Mainframe Computer
4. Super Computer
1. Micro Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj esa ekbØks izkl
s slj dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk Fkk A blfy, bUgsa ekbZØks dEI;wVj dgrs gSA ;g out esa gYds ,oa lLrs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA
bu dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa NksVs O;olk;ksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA

PC dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA

Desktop Computer, Laptop Computer, Palmtop Computer, Notebook Computer,
Tablet Computer
 Desktop Computer:- Desktop Computer os dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ftudks Vsfcy ij j[kdj
pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa FkksMs cMs gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ekWfuVj dhcksMZ ekml vkfn gksrs gSA
 10

 Laptop Computer :- Laptop Computer os gksrs gSA ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk
gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSA ;g Desktop Computer ls eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa
lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

 Palmtop Computer:- ;g dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ls NksVs gksrs gSA ftudks gFksyh esa
j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ysiVkWi ls FkksMh de gksrh gSA

 Notebook Computer :- Notebook Computer Laptop Computer ds leku gh gksrs

gSA ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa
ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

 Tablet Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj cgqr gh NksVs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ;g eksckbZy ls FkksMs cMs gksrs
gSA ;g VpLdzhu gksrs gSA

2. Mini Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj ds dk;Z
ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh dk;Z {kerk Micro Computer ls vf/kd gksrh gSA bl dEI;wVj ij
,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA budk gkMZos;j lekU;
 11

dEI;wVj ls cMk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;wVj ugh gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs
gSA

budk iz;ksx dEiuh ds MkVkcsl dks j[kus ds fy;s ,oa dEiuh ds vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s bl
dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA PDP-8 First Mini Computer ftldk fodkl 1965 esa fd;k x;k
Fkk A bldk vkdkj fÝt ds cjkcj FkkA bldh dher 18000 Mkyj FkhA ftls DEC Company us cuk;k
FkkA DEC dk iwjk uke Digital Equipment Corporation gSA

3. Mainframe Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj
dEI;wVj ds dk;Z ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA bl dEI;wVj ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA
budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl esa ekbZdzks dEI;wVj dk
iz;ksx Clinent ds rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA dN Mainframe Computer fuEu gSA

zEnterprise EC12 Design By IBM, ICL 39, CDC Cyber etc.

4. Super Computer:- lqij dEI;wVj fo’ks”k izdkj ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk fuekZ.k fo’ks”k dk;Z ds
fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls rst vkSj cMs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj esa vusd lhih;w
dks ,d lekUrj Øe esa yxs jgrs gSA ftl ds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
 12

fo'o dk lcls rst lqij dEI;wVj Sunway TaihuLight gS] ftldh Speed 93PFlop/s gSA

Hkkjr dk lcls rst lqij dEI;wVj PARAM ,ISHAN gS] ftldh Speed 5.39 PFlop/s (Peta Flop)
gSA

lqij dEI;wVj ds dk;Z %&

1 varfj{k ;k=k ds fy;s ] ;q} ds fy;s

2 ekSle foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy;s
3 High resolution and action Movies cukus ds fy;sA
 13

Computer ds os ikVZ ftUgs ge Vp dj ldrs gSa] os lHkh Hardware ikVZ dgykrs gSaA Computer ds
Hardware ikVZ dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckVk x;k gSA tks uhps IPOS ds pkVZ esa crk;k x;k gSA
 14

Input Device
fdlh Hkh funsZ”k ,oa MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa Input Device ds ek/;e ls gh ,aVj fd;k tk ldrk gS] fQj
dEI;wVj ml ij izkls sl djrk gS] vkSj gesa Output nsrk gSA

Key board :- ;g ,d lcls T;knk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh buiqV fMokbl gSA ;g VkbijkbZVj ds
fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA blls text ,number, symbol vkfn dks dEI;wVj ds vanj buiqV fd;k tkrk
gSA ,d LVsM
a Z dhcksMZ esa 101-105 dh gksrh gS Multimedia key board esa blls vf/kd dh gksrh gSaA

Technology ds vk/kkj ij Keybord dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA

Wired (PS2, USB), Wireless , Bee Raider , Hologram , Key mouse Keybord.

Wired Keybord Key Mouse

Bee Raider Hologram Keybord

Mouse :- ;g GUI interface esa lcls T;knk iz;ksx gksus okyh Pointer input device gSA blesa dqy
rhu cVu gksrs gSA Left and Right Button vkSj chp esa ,d Scroll button gksrk gSA

Technology ds vk/kkj ij Mouse dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA

Optical , Wired (PS2, USB), Wireless , Touchpad , Mechanical.
 15

Mechanical Optical Wired

Optical Wireless Touchpad

Scanner :- blls ge lwpuk ,oa MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj lh/ks buiqV dj ldrs gSA blls fdlh Hkh
fdrkc QksVks ,oa vU; MkVk dks i<dj mls dEI;wVj esa QksVks ds :Ik esa lso djrk gSA blls ge gkMZdkWih
dks soft dkWih esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA LdSuj ds iz;ksx dk lcls cMk ykHk ;g gS fd blesa ;wtj dks
lwpuk dks Vkbi djus dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh gSA LdSu fd, gq, MkVk dks Software dh en~n ls Edit
dj ldrs gSaA
 16

OMR:- bldk iwjk uke Optical Mark Reader gSA ;g ,d ,slh fMokbl gS tks OMR Sheet ij
isfUly ;k isu ds fpUg dh mifLFkfr vkSj vuqmifLFkfr dks tkWprh gSA ;g Machine dsoy OMR
sheet dks tkWprh gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx Competitive examination dh answer book dks
Check fd;k tkrk gSA blds iz;ksx ls de le; esa lgh ifj.kke vk tkrs gSA

OCR:- bldk iwjk uke Optical Character Recognition gSA bldh lgk;rk ls igys ls Nis
dSjDs VjlZ ds ijLij QdZ ns[kdj OCR ekud dSjsDVjlZ ls igpku dh tkrh gSA blds }kjk VkbZijkbZVj ]
gkFk ls fy[ks iqjkus ys[k vkSj ØsfMV dkMZ ds dSjDs Vj i<+ ysrk gSA

MICR:-MICR dk iwjk uke Magnetic Ink Character Recognition gSA bldk iz;ksx cSafdax esa
vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA cSad esa vf/kd la[;k esa pSd tkapus esa budk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

MICR Technology esa pSd ij fo’ks”k pqEcdh; L;kgh }kjk dSjsDVj Nkis tkrs gSA MICR jhMj pSd ij
Nkis dSjDs Vj dks pqEcdh; dkW;y ds laosnu ls i<+rk gSA vkSj ;g tkWprk gSA fd pSd lgh ;k ugha pSd ij
tks v{kj Nis jgrs gSaA og pqEcdh; L;kgh ls fy[ks j[krs gSA
 17

Light Pen:- YkkbZV isu dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbzZ fp= ;k dk vkd`fr dk fuek.kZ djus ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d ikabVj fMokbl gSA ykbZV isu esa ,d QksVks lsy gksrk gSA tc ge ykbZVisu ls
dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbZ fp= cukrs gSA rks bldh iYl Ldzhu ls transmit gksdj dEI;wVj esa lso gks
tkrh gSA ykbZVisu dk iz;ksx ehuw vkI”ku dks pquus Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx CAD
ds dk;ksZ esa vf/kd gks jgk gSA

Joystick:- bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa xsEl [ksyus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tkW;fLVd ds ek/;e ls Ldhu
ij mifLFkr vkd`fr dks vklkuh ls ewo fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g cPpksa dks dEI;wVj fl[kkus dk vklku
rjhdk gSA blls xsEl [ksyuk lqfo/kktud gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx jkscksV dks daVksy djus ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk gSA

Trackball:- ;g ,d pointer device gSA ;g ekml ds leku dk;Z djrh gSA blesa ,d mHkjh gqbZ
xsan gksrh gSA vkSj nks ;k rhu cVu gksrs gS bldh xsna dks vaxqfy;ksa ;s ?kqek;k tkrk gSA ;g ysiVkWi esa
ekml dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xsEl Hkh [ksys tkrs gSA ;g de txg ?ksjrk gSA bles dsoy
xsan dks ?kqekuk iMrk gS] iwjh trackball device dks ugh A
 18

Touch Screen:- Touch Screen dk iz;ksx vktdy cSafdax] jsyos ] ,;jiksV ,oa ykbczsjh esa dSVykWx
Qkby dks <w<us esa fd;k tk jgk gSA iwjs Vp LØhu ekWfuVj esa ,d lsulhfVo LØhu gksrh gSA tks cgqr
lkjs fcUnqvksa ls feydj curh gSA ftUgsa ge Vp IokWbUV dgrs gSA blesa ,d dhcksMZ Hkh gksrk gSAftlls
MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA;g rduhdh ;wtj QzsUMyh gksrh gSA bldks pykuk
vklku gksrk gSA blesa ekml dk dk;Z vkWxqyh djrh gSA ftl vkWI”ku dks flfyDV djuk gksrk gSA mls
vkWxqyh ls Vp djrs gSA

Digitizing tablet or Graphic table:-

Digitizing tablet ,d drawing lrg gksrh gSA blds lkFk ,d isu ;k ekml gksrk gSA bl Vsfcy ij
irys rkjksa dk tky gksrk gSA ftl ij isu pykrs gh ladsr dEI;wVj esa pys tkrs gSA blds Åij ,d
LdSafuax gsM yxk jgrk gSA ftls id dgrs gSA bldk iz;ksx v{kj dks bfPNr xzkfQdy fLFkfr esa ikus ds
fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xzkQ dk fuek.kZ Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s bls xzkQ Vsfcy
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

Bar Code Reader (BCR):- BCR dk iz;ksx O;klkf;d {kS= esa fd;k tkrk gSA blls
mOikn(product ) ds iSdsV ds Åij Nis gq;s ckj dksM dsk i<us ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls mRikn
ds ckj esa lEiw.kZ tkudkjh dEI;wVj esa ,d gh ckj esa buiqV gks tkrh gSA vkSj fQj bl ij izkslsflax dh
tkrh gSA blesa ckjdksM dks jhM djus ds fy;s izdk’kh; fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA BCR nks izdkj
ds gksrs gSaA

1. Flatbed :- ;g Vsfcy ij lsV dj fn;k tkrk gSA vkSj mRikn ds ckj dksM bl ij j[kdj jhM
fd;k tkrk gSA
 19

2. Handheld:- budks gkFk esa ysdj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx NksVs ekdsZV ]dksfj;j vkSj
iksLV vkWQhl esa fd;k tkrk gSA

Processing Unit :- izkslsflax ;wfuV buiqV fd, x;s MsVk dks izkl
s sl djus dk dke dkjrh gS ] izkl
s sl
fd, x;s MsVk dks Output Device ds ek/;e ls ge izkIr dj ldrs gSaA izkl
s sflax fuEufyf[kr ;wfuV ls
feydj curh gSA Processor (CPU) , Motherbord.
Processor: - ALU vkSj CU ds dk¡fcus”ku dks gh izkl
s slj dgk tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij Processor dks
gh CPU dgk tkrk gSA Processor dh Speed dks MIPS (fefy;u baLVªD”kUl ij lsdasM) esa ekik tkrk
gSA
CPU :- CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA ;g Computer dk fnekx gksrk gSA lhih;w
dk dke funZs”kksa vFkok izksxzkeksa dks ,sXthD;wV djukA lhih;w fuEu ;wfuV ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA
 CU
 ALU
 General Purpose Registers (MU)
1. CU :- bldk iwjk uke Control Unit gSA CU iwjs dEI;wVj flLVe ds lHkh dk;kZsa dks fu;af=r djus dk
dk;Z djrk gSA ;g ;wfuV lhih;w dh egRoiw.kZ ;wfuV gksrh gSA

2. ALU :- bldk iwjk uke Airthmetic Logical Unit gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh izeq[k ;qfuV gksrh gSA blds
}kjk dEI;wVj esa lHkh Airthmetic ,oa logical dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA ;g Processor ds vUnj gksrh gSA

3. General Purpose Registers (MU) :- ;g CPUdk gh ,d fgLlk gksrh gS] tks izkl
s sflax ds le;
MsVk dks LVksj djus dk dke djrh gSA ;g Computer dh lcls Fast Memory gksrh gS] D;ksa dh ;g
CPU ds lcls utnhd gksrh gSA
 20

Microprocessor (CPU)

Motherbord: - ,d flLVe esa lHkh bysDVªkWfud daiksuasVl~ ,d Qkbcj Xykl ds VqdMs+ ij yxs gkssrs gSa
ftls enj cksMZ dgk tkrk gSA Motherbord Computer ds lHkh Parts dks tksM+us dk dke djrk gSA

Output devices

Monitor ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gSA bldks fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g ns[kus esa Vhoh
dh rjg gksrk gSA EkkWuhVj ,d lcls egRoiw.kZ vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj v/kwjk gksrk gSA
;g vkmViqV dks viuh LØhu ij Soft Copy ds :Ik esa iznf”kZr djrk gSA

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor:- ;g rduhdh lLrh ,oa jaxhu vkmViqV nsus esa l{ke gSA blesa
fiDpj V;wc ,yhesVa gksrk gSA tks iwjkus Vhch lsV ds rjg gksrk gSA ;g Technology cUn gks pqdh gSA
 21

Flat panel Monitor :- ;s iryh fMLIys fMokblst Flat Panel Display dgykrh gSA bldk iz;ksx
ysIkVkWi esa fd;k tk jgk gS ;g fo/kqr dh [kir de djrh gSA vkSj otu esa gYds gksrs gSaA blesa LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display )Technology dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

nks vU; Flat panel technology ds uke GPD(Gas Plasma Display), Electroluminescent
Display (EL) gSA budh fMLIys quality, LCD dh rqyuk esa vPNh gSA vkt dh ubZ rduhdh LED
gSA ftldk iwjk uke Light emitting diode gSA

Characteristics of a Monitor (ekWuhVj ds eq[; y{k.k):-

1. Resolution (jstksyw”ku):- Display device dk egRRoiw.kZ xq.k jstksyw’ku ;k Ldzhu ds fp=
dh Li"Vrk gksrk gSA ekWuhVj esa fp= dk fuek.kZ NksVs NksVs fcUnqvksa ls feydj gksrk gSA ftls
fiDlsy dgk tkrk gS tc ;g fcUnq pedrs gSA rks fp= dk fuek.kZ gksrk gSA bdkbZ {kS=Qy esa
mifLFkr fcUnqvksa dh la[;k jstksYkw’ku dks O;Dr djrh gSA ekWuhVj dh jstksyw’ku {kerk vf/kd
gksuh pkfg;sA jstksyw’ku vf/kd gksxk rks fp= dh Li"Vrk vf/kd gksxhA

2. Dot Pitch:- MkWV fip ,d izdkj dh ekiu rduhdh gSA tks ;g iznf’kZr djrh gSA dh nks
fiDlsy ds e/; horizontal vUrj ;k nwjh fdruh gSAbldk ekiu feyhehVj esa fd;k tkrk gSA
;g ekWuhVj dh xq.koRrk dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA ekWuhVj esa MkWVfip de gksuk pkfg;sA bldks QkWLQj
fip Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dyj ekWuhVj dh MkWV fip 0.15 MM ls .30 MM rd gksrh gSA

Printer :- Printer ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blls vkmViqV dks dkxt ij Nki dj izLrqr fd;k tkrk
gSA dkxt ij fy;s x;s vkmViqV dks hard copy dgk tkrk gSA
 22

Impect Printer: - ;g os fizVja gksrs gSA tks fizfVax djrs le; vkokt djrs gSA blfy;s budks
impact printer dgrs gSA Impact printer nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Dot Matrix printer

2. Solid printer

Dot Matrix printer:- ;g ,d bEiSDV fizVja gksrs gSA buds fizVa gSM esa fiuksa dk ,d eSfVDl (matrix)
gksrk gSA bu fiuksa ds fjcu ls VDdjkus ls dkxt ij fizafVax gksrh gSA blesa NksVs NksVs fcUnvksa ls feydj
v{kjvksa dk fuek.kZ gksrk gSA buds fizafVx gSM esa 9,14,18 ;k 24 fiuksa dk horizontal Group gksrk gSA
,d ckj esa ,d dkye dh fiu gSM ls ckgj fudkydj MkWV~l dks Nkirh gSA ftlls ,d v{kj vusd pj.kksa
esa curk gSA bl izdkj fiafVax gSM ykbu dh fn’kk esa vkxs f[kdrk tkrk gSA blesa fizafVax gSM dks dEI;wVj
ds }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA budh fizfVax xfr 30 ls 600 v{kj izfr lSdsM
a gksrh gSA

;g fizVja fizfVax xq.koRkk ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Draft Quality Printering: - blesa lkekU; NikbZ gksrh gSA
2. Near Letter Quality Printering: - bl fizafVax esa ,d v{kj dks nks ckj Nkik tkrk gSA
bldh fizafVasx xfr /kheh gksrh gSA

Solid Printer
Daisy Wheel printer:- ;g ,d Bksl eqnzk & v{kj (Solid Font Printer) impact printer gSA
bldk uke Msth Oghy blfy;s iMk gS D;ksafd blds fizfVax gSM vkd`fr xqycgkj Qwy (Msth) ds leku gksrk
gSA Msth Oghy fizaVj /kheh xfr dk fizaVj gS ysfdu bldh fizafVax Quality vkSj Li"Vrk vPNh gksrh gSA
blfy;s bldk iz;ksx i= Nkius ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS blfy;s bldks letter Quality Printer Hkh dgrs
gSA
blds fizafVax gSM esa ,d pdz (Wheel) gksrk gS A ftlds izR;sd rkus ij ,d v{kj mHkjk jgrk gS bles
,d NksVk gSej gksrk gS tks rkus ls Vdjkrk gS vkSj rku fjcu ls fjcu ds ihNs dkxt gksrk gS ftl ij
v{kj Nki tkrk gSA Oghy /kweus ls fizafVax gksrh gSA vkSj Oghy fizafVax djrs gq;s viuh {kSfrt xfr esa vkxs
c<rk tkrk gSA
 23

Non-Impect Printer

Non Impect Printer os fizaVj gksrs gSA tks fizafVax djrs le; vkokt ugha djrs gS A ukWu bEiSDV fizaVj
dgykrs gSA budh fizafVax xfr ,oa Li’Vrk bEiSDV fizaVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA Non Impect Printer nks
izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Ink Jet Printer

2. Leaser Printer

Ink Jet Printer:- Ink jet printer ,d non impact printer gSA ftlesa ,d uksty ls dkxt
ij L;kgh dh cawnksa dh ckSNkj djds dSjsDVj vkSj fp=ksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA fizsfVa gSM ds uksty esa
L;kgh dh cwanksa dks pktZ djds dkxt ij mfpr fn’kk esa NksMk tkrk gSA bl fizaVj dk fizaVvkmV vf/kd
Li"V gksrk gSA D;ksfa d blesa v{kj dk fuekZ.k dbZ MkWVl ls feydj gksrk gSA

jaxhu badtSV fizaVj esa L;kgh ds pkj uksty gksrs gSA uhye] yky] ihyk] dkyk blfy;s bldks CYMK
fizaVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl fizaVj esa ,d eq[; leL;k gS fd blds fizaV gSM esa bad DykSfxax (ink
clogging)gks tkrh gS ;fn blls dqN le; rd fizafVax uk fd tk;s rksA blds uksty ds eqgkus ij L;kgh
te tkrh gSA ftlls blds fNnz can gks tkrs gSA bl leL;k dks bad fDyksfa xx dgk tkrk gSA vktdy
bl leL;k dks gy dj fy;k x;k gSA blds vykok bl fizaVj dh fizafVax ij ;fn ueh vk tk;s rks bad
QSy tkrh gSA bldh fizafVax DokfyVh izk;% 300 DPI (Dot Per Inch) gksrh gSA
 24

Leaser Printer:- ;g ukWu baEiSDV ist fizaVj gksrs gSA bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa 1970 ds n’kd ls fd;k
tk jgk gSA igys ;s esuQzse dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs FksA 1980 n’kd esa budh dher 3000 MkWyj Fkh
A vkSj blh le; budk iz;ksx ekbdzks dEI;wVj esa fd;k tkus yxkA vktdy ;g lcls T;knk yksdfiz;
fizaVj gSA D;ksafd budh fizafVax xfr ,oa DokfyVh cgqr vPNh gksrh gSA ystj fizaVj tsjksxzkQh rduhdh ds
vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA tsjksxzkQh rduhdh dk fodkl tsjkWDl e’khu ds fy;s gqvk FkkA tsjksxzkQh ,d
QksVksxzkQh rduhdh gSA ftlesa fQYe] ,d vkosf’kr inkFkZ dk ysiu ;qDr Me gksrk gSA ;g Me QksVks
laofs nr gksrk gSA blds }kjk dkxt ij vkmViqV dks Nkik tkrk gSA dk;Zfof/k %& ystj fizaVj esa fizafVax
ystj fdj.k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS blesa ystj fdj.k ysUlksa }kjk ,d /kwers gq;s cgqHkqtkdkj niZ.k ij Qksdl
dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkofrZr gksdj vkmViqV dh ;g ystj fdj.k ysUlksa }kjk iqu% ,d vU; niZ.k ij
Qksdl dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkfofRkZr gksdj ;g fdj.k Mªe ij fxjrh gSA ;g fdj.k Mªe ij Nkius ckyh
ykbZuksa ds :Ik esa Mkyrk gSA tc ;g Mªe /kwerk gSA rks vkosf’kr LFkkuksa ij Vksuj fpid tkrk gSA blds ckn
;g Vksuj dkxt ij LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gSA ftlls vkmViqV dkxt ij Ni tkrk gSA ;g vkmViqV
vLFkkbZ gksrk gS bldks LFkkbZ djus ds fy;s bldks xeZ jksyj ds chp ls xqtkjk tkrk gSA ftlls ;g fizafVax
LFkkbZ gks tkrh gSA

vf/kdrj ystj fizaVj esa microprocessor , RAM and ROM gksrs gSA ROM esa QkWUV ,oa ist dks
O;ofLFkr djus okys izkx s zke gksrs gSA budh fizafVax DokfyVh 300 to 600 Dpi (Dots per inch) rd
gksrh gS tks loZJ"s B gksrh gSA blds }kjk jaxhu Hkh fy;s tk ldrs gSA bldh fizafVax xfr vf/kd gksrh gSA
bldh xfr dks PPM (Pages per minute) esa ukik tkrk gSA vktdy budh dher de gks xbZ gSA
 25

Plotter
;g ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gS blls fp= ,oa xzkQ dks fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk cSuj ]iksLVj vkfn
dks fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Drum pen plotter

2. Fletbed plottter

Drum pen plotter:- ;g ,d ,slk IykWVj gS ftlesa isu mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA tks xfr”khy gksdj
dkxt ij fp= ;k vkd`fr dk fuekZ.k djrk gA bles dkxt dks Me ij p<+;k tkrk gS tks /khjs /khjs
f[kldrk tkrk gS vkSj isu fizafVax djrk tkrk gSA ;g ,d eSdsfudy dykdkj dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
buesa Technical Drafting Pen dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA isu dh xfr ,d ckj esa ,d bap ds gtkjosa
fgLls ds cjkcj gksrh gSA dbZ IykWVj esa pkj ;k blls vf/kd isu gksrs gSaA ;g bap izfr lSds.M ls fizfas Vax
djrk gSA

Fletbed Plotter:- blesa dkxt dks ,d fLFkj voLFkk esa csM ;k Vs esa j[kk tkrk gSA blesa ,d Hkqtk ij
isu yxk jgrk gSA tks eksVj ls dkxt ij X v{k ,oa Y v{k ij /kwe dj fp= ;k vkd`fr dk fuekZ.k djrk
gSA blesa isu dEI;wVj ls fu;af=r gksrk gSA
 26

Memory :- ;g Computer dh LVksjst ;wfuV gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gksrh gSA blesa ge
MkVk ] izksxzke vkfn dks LVksj djds j[k ldrs gSA blesa MkVk dks ckbZujh QkeZV¼0]1½ esa LVksj fd;k tkrk
gSA bldks ukius dh lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij dbZ ;wfuV gSA tSls ckbZV] fdyksckbZV ]esxkckbZV] xhxkckbZV ,oa
VsjkckbZV blesa lcls NksVh ;wfuV ckbZV gksrh gSA Naturally Memory nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. Temporary / Volatile ¼vLFkkbZ½

2. Permanent / Non-volatile ¼LFkkbZ½
 27

Primary Memory: - bl eseksjh dks Main Memory Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
a. RAM b. ROM c. CACHE

RAM (Randam Access Memory)

bldk iwjk uke Randam Access Memory gSA bldh fuEu fo”ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSA
 bldks dEI;wVj dh izeq[k eseksjh dgk tkrk gSA
 ;g vLFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ blesa LVksj MkVk dEI;wVj can gksus ij fMfyV gks tkrk gSA
ftldk iqu% izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 ;g Volatile Memory dgykrh gSA

 blh ls gksdj MkVk Secondary Storage Device or Processor ds ikl tkrk gSA
 ;g ,d Semiconditor or Filp Flop ls feydj cuh Memory gksrh gSA
 ;g fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSA tSls SRAM , DRAM , DDR SDRAM .

SRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Staic Randam Access Memory gSA ;g Flip Flop ls feydj cuh
gksrh gSA ;g Auto Refresh gksrh gSA blesa ge MkVk dks vf/kd le; rd j[k ldrs gSA ;g ,d eagxh
eseksjh gksrh gSA bldh data Accessing Speed vU; jse dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA

DRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Dyanamic Ramdam Access Memory gSA ;g eseksjh tYnh tYnh
fjQs”k gksrh gSA Refresh dk eryc Electronic Charge or Dischage ls gksrk gSA ;g ,d second
esa gtkjksa ckj Refresh gksrh gSA vr% bldh Speed slow gksrh gSA ;g lLrh gksrh gSA
 28

DDR SDRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Double data rate Synchronous Dyanamic RAM gSA bldh
Speed DRAM dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA vkt dy ds dEI;wVj esa blh RAM dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM dk iwjk uke Read Only Memory gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh Primary Memory gksrh gSA ;g LFkkbZ
eseksjh gksrh gSA blesa dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djus okys izFkkfed izksxzke ,oa Setting (BIOS) gksrh gSA ;g
dEI;wVj ds enjcksMZ ij LFkkbZ :Ik ls yxh jgrh gSA ;g ,d eagxh eseksjh gksrh gSA ;g cktkj esa vyx ls
miyC/k ugh gksrh gSA ;g enjcksMZ ds LkkFk vkrh gSA ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gA

1. PROM 2. EPROM 3. EEPROM

1. PROM: - bldk iwjk uke Programble Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi esa ,d ckj izkx
s zke LVksj
fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;fn izksxzke esa =qfV (Error) gksus ij mlesa dksbZ lq/kkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

2. EPROM:- - bldk iwjk uke Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi us
PROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k FkkA bl fpi esa LVksj izkx s zke esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk FkkA fpi esa
lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fpi dks cksMZ ls fudky dj ijkcS axuh fdj.kksa (Ultra-violet Light ) ds lkeus
j[kk tkrk FkkA ftlls fpi esa LVksj izksxzke vkSj MkVk dks fMfyV fd;k tkrk FkkA blds ckn iqu% izksxzke
dks LVksj fd;k tkrk FkkA tks ,d dfBu ,oa eagxh izfØ;k FkhA

PROM
 29

3. EEPROM: - bldk iwjk uke Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA
bl fpi us EPROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k gSA bl fpi esa LVksj izksxzke ,oa MkVk esa lq/kkj djus ds
fy;s fo/kqr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blds fy;s fpi dks enjcksMZ ls fudkys dh vko”;drk ugh gksrh
gSA ;g ,d ljy ,oa lLrh izfdz;k gSA vktdy ds enjcksMZ esa blh jkse dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

CACHE Memory
Cache Memory :- ;g Memory CPU And Ram ds chp esa gksrh gSA ;g CPU And Ram ds chp esa
,d fczt dk dk;Z djrh gSA Cache 3 izdkj dh gksrh gSa] L1- L2- L3.

Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory dks Storage Device Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij ;g dEI;wVj dk Hkkx ugh
gksrh gSA bldks dEI;wVj esa vyx ls tksMk tkrk gSA blesa tks MkVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA og LFkkbZ gksrk
gSA vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj can gksus ij blesa LVksj MkVk fMfyV ugh gksrk gSA vko”;drk ds vuqlkj bldks Hkfo’;
esa blesa lso QkbZy ;k QksYMjksa dks [kksy dj ns[k ldrs gSA ;k blesa lq/kkj dj ldrs gSA ,oa bldks ;wtj
ds }kjk fMfyV Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldh Storage {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA ,oa MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus
fd xfr Primary Memory ls /kheh gksrh gSA

MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

 30

1. Sequential Access:- bl fdz;k esa Storage Data dks mlh dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gS ftl
dze esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bl ,sDll fdz;k dks lhfj;y ,sDll fdz;k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA budk
iz;ksx mu laLFkkuksa esa gksrk gSA tgkW ij vf/kd ek=k esa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj mldks
mlh dzekuqlkj dke es fy;k tkrk gSA iqjkus le; esa iz;ksx gksus okyh vkWfM;ks vkSj fofM;ks Vsi
dSflV esa blh esFM dk iz;ksx MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA cMh cMh daiuh;ksa esa
MkVk dk cSdi ysus ds fy;s ,oa mldks ,sDlsl djus ds fy;s blh fdz;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
pqEcdh; Vsi blh dk mnkgj.k gSA
2. Direct Access :- blesa MkVk dks fdlh Hkh dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,oa fdlh Hkh dze
esa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gS Abldh ,sDlsl xfr flfj;y ,sDlsl dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh
gSA

Type of Storage device:-

Magnetic Tape:- Magnetic Tape ,d LFkkbZ f}rh;d LVksjst fMokbl gSA blesa ,d
IykfLVd ds Vsi ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic oxside) dk ysiu jgrk gSA LkHkh Vsi blh
izdkj ds gksrs gSA pkgs oks vkWfM;ks ]fofM;ks ;k dEI;wVj dh LVksjst Vsi gksA blesa LVksj MkVk dks
sequential access method ds }kjkLVksj ,oa ,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx dEI;wVj
esa MkVk ,oa mlds cSdi ysus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

Magnetic Disk vktdy MkVk dks LVksj djus ds fy;s dEI;wVjksa esa pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tk
jgk gSA bl fMLd esa Direct access ls MkVk dks ,sDlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks pqEcdh; Vsi esa LkaHko
ugh gSA

Magnetic Disk.
1. Hard disk
2. Floppy Disk 3. Zip Disc
Hard disk :- Hard Disk dk fodkl dEI;wVj esa MkVk dks LVksj djus djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk vkt
dy bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj ls vkxs c<dj dbZ {kS=ksa esa gks jgk gSA tSls fMftVy fofM;ksa fjdkMZj ] fMftVy
dSejk vkfn esa pqEcdh; fMLd esa MkVk dks LVksj djus {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
 31

lajpuk ,oa dk;Zfof/k%& gkMZfMLd pqEcdh; fMLd ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA blesa MkVk dks i<+us ,oa fy[kus
ds fy;s ,d gsM gksrk gSA gkMZfMLd ,d central shaft gksrh gSA ftlesa pqEcdh; fMLd yxh jgrh gSA
gkMZfMLd dh Åijh fMLd ds Åijh lrg ,oa fupyh lrg ij MkVk dks LVksj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ckfd
LkHkh lrgksa ij MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA

fMLd dh IysV esa Track and Sector gksrs gSA lsDVj esa MkVk LVksj gksrk gSA ,d LksDVj esa 512 ckbV MkVk
LVksj gksrk gSA

MkVk dks LVksj ,oa i<+us ds fy;s rhu rjg ds le; yxrs gSA tks fuEu gSA
1. Seek Time:- fMLd esa MkVk dks jh< ;k jkbZV djus okys Track rd igqp e yxk le; lhd
Vkbe dgykrk gSA

2. Letancy time:- Track ea MkVk ds Sector rd igqp es yxk le; ysVaslh VkbZe dgykrk gSA

3. Transfer Rate:- Sector esa MkVk dks fy[kus ,oa i<us esa tks le; yxrk gSA mls Transfer
Rate dgk tkrk gSA

Floppy Disk:- Floppy Disk dks fMDdsV ;k dsoy Floppy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx ekbØks
dEI;wVj esa gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx lhMh dh rjg fd;k tkrk Fkk bldks ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk Fkk A blds fy;s ,d drive dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ftls floppy drive dgk
tkrk gSA ;gk vkdkj ,oa lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. Mini Floppy :- ;g vkdkj esa 5.25inch dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.2 MB gksrh gSA
budh Drive Hkh vkdkj esa blh ds vkdkj dh gksrh gSA
 32

2. Micro Floppy:- ;g vkdkj esa 3.5inch bap dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.44 MB
gksrh gSA budk vkoj.k vf/kd etcwr gksrk gS A

;g ?kuRo ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

Mcy MsaflVh ;g 768 KB data dks LVksj djds j[krh gSAblesa 1440 Sector gksrs
gSA gkbZ MsaflVh ;g 1.44 Mb MkVk dks LVksj djrh gSA rFkk blesa 1880 Sector
gksrs gSA

Floppy Disk ek;yj inkFkZ dh cuh gksrh gSA bldh lrg ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic Oxide ) dk
ysiu jgrk gSA blesa track and Sector gksrs ftlesa MkVk dsk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bldks IYkkfLVd ds
doj ds vUnj j[kk tkrk gS rkfd blds ?kweus ij [kjksap ls cpk;k tk ldsA bl vkoj.k dk ,d fgLlk
[kqyk jgrk gS tgkW ls MkVk dks jhM ,oa jkbZV fd;k tkrk gSA bl drive esa ,d gsM gksrk gSA ftlls MkVk
dks jhM jkbZV fd;k tkrk gSA

Zip Disc

Optical Disk :- Optical Disk os fMLd gksrh gSaA ftlesa MkVk dks jhM vkSj LVksj djus ds fy;s
ykbZV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkWifVdy fMLd dgykrh bu fMLd dh MªkbZo esa ,d ysl
a gksrk gSA
ftlls che fudyrh gSA vkWifVdy fMLd MsVk dks Pits and Lands esa LVksj djrh gSA vkWifVdy
fMLd pkj izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. CD (Compact disc) 700 MB

2. DVD (Digital versatile disc) 4.7 GB to 16 GB
3. BRD (Blue ray disc) 100 GB
4. HVD (Holographic versatile disc) 6 TB
 33

Memory Unit

Unit Sort Name Capacity

Bit Bit (Machine Language) 0,1 (Binary language)

Nibble Nibble 4 bits

Byte Byte 8 bits

Kilo Byte KB 1024 Bytes=1 KB

Mega Byte MB 1024 KB = 1 MB

Giga Byte GB 1024 MB= 1 GB
Tera Byte TB 1024 GB= 1 TB

Peta Byte PB 1024 TB= 1 PB

Exa Byte EB 1024 PB= 1 EB

Zetta Byte ZB 1024 EB= 1 ZB

Yotta Byte YB 1024 ZB= 1 YB

Bronto Byte BB 1024 YB= 1 BB

Geop Byte GB 1024 BB= 1GB

 34

Software:- lkW¶Vos;j dEI;wVj MsVk vkSj funsZ”kksa dk ,d laxfBr laxzg gksrk gS] ftls ge Nw ugha ldrs lkW¶Vos;j
dgykrk gSA Computer Hardware ls dke djokus ds fy, gesa Software dh t#jr iM+rh gSA fcuk lkW¶Vos;j
ds Computer ,d e`R;q e”khu gSA

Need of Software :- Computer Hardware and Software ls feydj curk gSA dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j
dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj esa mlds dk;Z dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk iMrk gSA rkfd og vius dk;Z dks vPNh
rjg ls dj ldsA blds dk;Z dks Software ds ek/;e ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj dk
iz;ksx djus ds fy, Software dh vko”;drk gksrh gS A dEI;wVj esa fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s ,d
software dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA dEI;wVj esa hardware and Software ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA
Computer dksbZ Hkh dk;Z vius vki ugh djrk gSa mlls dk;Z djuk ds fy;s mls igys ifjHkkf’kr djuk
iMrk gSA ftlds fy;s Computer language dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;wVj esa dkekWMl ds lewg dks
izkx
s zke dgk tkrk gSA ftlesa dekWMl dks rkfdZd Øe esa tek;k tkrk gSA tls lk¶Vos;j dgk tkrk gSA
eq[; #i ls Software nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
 35

System Software:- ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd izksxzke dk lewg gksrk gSA bl software ds }kjk dEI;wVj
mlds gkMZos;j dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk izeq[k izkx
s zke gksrk gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj dks
LVkVZ ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g Software System ds fy;s dk;Z djrs gSA blfy;s budks System
Software dgk tkrk gSA buds }kjk fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA

1. ;g ;wtj ,oa gkMZo;

s j ds chp interface dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA
2. ;g Application Software dks execute djus ds fy;s IysVQkeZ miYkC/k djrs gSA
3. Uk;s gkMZo;
s j dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s lg;ksx iznku djrs gSA
4. ;g dEI;wVj dks esUVsUl dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA 5. ;g dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrs gSA

System Software dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA

Operating System: - Operating System ,d System Software gS] ;g ,d daVªksy izksxzke gksrk
gSAbldk laf{kIr uke OS gSA tks ;wtj vkSj dEI;wVj e”khu ds chp laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA vkWijsfVax
flLVe vkSj dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA fcuk vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dEI;wVj dh dYiuk
ugh fd;k tk ldrh gSA ;g ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dh rjg gksrk gSA ftl rjg ifjokj dk eqf[k;k iwjs ?kj ij
daVªksy djrk gSA mlh izdkj vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj
gkMZo; s j vkSj ;wtj ds chp dk izkxs zke gksrk gSA ;g ;wtj ds funsZ’kksa dks dEI;wVj rd dEI;wVj dh Hkk"kk esa
igqpkrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj ds ifj.kke dks ;wtj rd ;wtj dh Hkk"kk esa nsrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d ekLVj izksxzke
gksrk gSA dEI;wVj LVkVZ gksrs gh lcls igys ;gh izksxzke eseksjh esa yksM gksrk gSA fQj blds ckn nwljs vU;
izkx
s zke dEI;wVj esa yksM gksrs gSA vkWijsfVax fLkLVe ds ckn dEI;wVj esa nwljs vU; ,Iyhds”ku izksxzke baLVky
fd;s tkrs gSA
 36

Language :- ftl ds ek/;e ls ge vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gSA 'kCnksa ds ,sls lewg dks Hkk’kk dgk tkrk
gSA ftldk dksbZ vFkZ gksrk gSA dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s ftl Hkk"kk esa vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djrs gS
og ;wtj Hkk"kk gksrh gSA vkSj dEI;wVj ftl Hkk"kk dks le>rk gS og e”khu Hkk"kk ;k ckbZujh ¼0&1½ dgykrh
gSA ;wtj Hkk"kk dks e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyus ds fy;s ,d flLVe lk¶Vos;j dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ftls
Translator dgk tkrk gSA ;g ;wtj Hkk"kk dks e”khu Hkk"kk vkSj e'khu Hkk"kk dks ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA
dEI;wVj ds fodkl ds vk/kkj ij Language rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. Machine Level Language:- ;g og Hkk"kk gksrh gSA tks dEI;wVj le>rk gSA bls ckbujh
Hkk"kk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k Fkk A blesa izkx s zkfeax
djuk dfBu gksrk gSA blesa fy[ks x;s izksxzke rhoz xfr ls ju gksrs gSA D;ksa fd bl ij lh/ks izkls saflax
dh tkrh gSA blesa dksbZ Hkh Translator lk¶Vos;j dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh FkhA bldk dk
vkmViqV Hkh blh Hkk"kk esa vkrk gSA blesa izkx
s zkfeax djuk dfBu gksrk gSA blesa error Finding
dfBu gksrk gSA ;g e”khu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk gksrh gSA

01010101010101010111100000
2. Assembly Language :- Machine language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s vklsEcyh
Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa ckbZujh Hkk"kk ds LFkku ij mnumanic code dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;k FkkA ftudks ;kn j[kuk vklku Fkk A bu dksM dks ek”khu Hkk"kk es cnyus ds fy;s vklsEcyj
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks ,d flLVe Software gSA bl Hkk"kk esa izkx
s zkfeax djuk ljy gksrk
gSA e’khu Hkk"kk dh vis{kkA blesa error Finding ljy gksrk gSA ,oa izksxzke esa lq/kkj djuk ljy
gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVj esa fd;k x;k FkkA buds izksxzke dks igys e”khu Hkk"kk
esa cnyk tkrk FkkA ftlls budh xfr e”khu Hkk"kk ls de gksrh gSA
Code: - HLT, ADD, CLA, SUB, STA vkfnA
 37

3. High Level Lanuage:- Assembley Language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s gkbZ ysfoy
Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa dksM ds LFkku ij dEI;wVj esa vaxzth Hkk"kk esa funsZ’k fn;s tkus
yxsA ftl ls izksxzke dks le>uk ,oa fy[kuk vklku gks x;k gSA ;g e’khu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk ugh
gksrh gSA blesa izksxzke dks e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyus ds fy;s compiler and Interperter dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy dEI;wVj esa izksxzkfeax djus ds fy;s blh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
bl Hkk"kk dks dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij nks oxksZ esa ckaVk x;k gSA

1. Prosesser oriented language 2. Object oriented language

Some High level Languages:-

1. ForTran:- bldk iwjk uke Formula Translation Lanuage gSA bldk fodkl IBM
Company ds Engineer John Backus ds }kjk QkewZyk dks Translate djus ds fy;s lu~
1957 fd;k x;k FkkA

2. COBOL:- bldk iwjk uke Common Busssinus oriented language gSA bldk fodkl
1959 esa O;kikfjd dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA

3. BASIC :- bldk iwjk uke Beginers all purposes symbolic instruction code gSA
bldk fodkl lu~ 1964 esa fd;k x;k FkkA

4G Languages :- os Hkk"kk;sa ftudk iz;ksx pkSFkh ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k mUgsa 4G Language
dgk tkrk gSA tSls Pascal , C, C++, java etc. ;g Hkk"kk,sa e’khu ij fuHkZj ugha gksrh gSA ;g vkWCtsDV
vksfj;UVfMM gksrh gSA buesa izksxzkfeax djuk ljy gksrk gSA

Compiler:-Compiler ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks gkbZ ysfoy
Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj blds ckn e”khu Hkk"kk ds dksM dks izkl
s sflax ds fy;s
Hkstk tkrk gSA izkl s sflax ds ckn tks ifj.kke vkrk gS mls ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyk tkrk gSA ;g iwjs izksxzke dks
,d LkkFk e”khu dksM esa cnyk tkrk gSA
Interpreter :- Interpreter ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks gkbZ
ysfoy Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA ;g Code dks Line by Line e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk
gSA ,oa mldks ju djds mlds ifj.kke dks rqjar izfnsZ’kr djrk gSA ;g Compiler ls /khek gksrk gSA ;g
eseksjh esa de txg dks ?ksjrk gSA blesa dksM dks repeat djus ds vko”drk ugh gksrh gSA

Assembler :- Assembler ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks
assembley Hkk"kk ds izkx
s zke dks e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj e”khu Hkk"kk dks Assembley language
esa cnyrk gSA
 38

Debugger: - Computer program, Code, Hardware Device esa BUG ¼xyfr;ks½a dks [kkstus dk
dke ,d Debugger Software djrk gSA

Loader: - Loder ,d Program dks Secondary Memory ls mBkdj Primary Memory esa
Load djus dk dke djrk gSA

Linker: - Linker ,d Computer Program gS] tks ,d daikbyj }kjk mRiUu ,d ;k vf/kd
Program Files dks tksM+us dk dke djrk gSA

Device Driver :- Device Driver fdlh fo”ks’k izdkj dh Device dks lapkfyr ;k fu;af=r djrk
gSA Example :- Audio Driver, WiFi , Web Cam , VGA , Lan, Printer etc.

Utility Software :-;g ,d System Software gksrk gSA ;g Software User ds fy, gksrs gaSA
ftudk iz;ksx ge yksx djrs gSaA Example :- Notepad, Disk Cleaners, Calculator etc.

Application Software:- Application os Software gksrs gSA ftudk mi;ksx ;wtj vius Msyh
:Vhu ds dk;Z djus ds fy;s djrk gSA tSls i= fy[kuk] MkVkcsl rS;kj djuk] xkuk lquuk ]fQYe ns[kuk
vkfn A ,sIyhds”ku lkW¶Vos;j dks fcuk flLVe lkW¶Vos;j ds ugh pyk;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy cktkj esa
vf/kdk”ka lkW¶Vos;j ,Iyhds”ku lkW¶Vos;j gSA ftudk ;wt ihlh esa fd;k tkrk gSA ,Iyhds”ku lkW¶Vos;j dk
fuekZ.k ;wtj vius dk;Z ds vuqlkj dj ldrk gSA

Application Software (Based On Work)

 39

Horizontal Software: - ;s os lkW¶Vos;j gksrs gSa] ftudk mi;ksx lHkh Computer User djrs gSaA
Example:-Ms.Office, Photoshop, Tally etc.

Vertical Software: - ;s os lkW¶Vos;j gksrs gSa] ftudks fdlh fo”ks’k laxBu ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gS]
Example:-Finacle, MIBS etc.

Shareware:- bu lkW¶Vos;j dks gesa iz;ksx djus ds fy, [kjhnuk iMrk gS] ysfdu [kjhnus ls igys ;s
gesa dqN fnuksa ds fy, ;s gesa budk Trial version ns fn;k tkrk gSA Example:-CorelDRAW etc.

Freeware: - ;ss lkW¶Vos;j Ýh gksrs gSa] Example:-VLC , Nero etc.

Open Source Software: - ;ss lkW¶Vos;j vius lkFk viuk Source Code Hkh gesa nsrs gSa] ftlls ge
viuh vko”;drk ds vuqlkj mlesa cnyko dj ldrs gSaA Example:-Linux, Wordpress etc.

Commercial Software: - bu Software dks ;k rks [kjhnuk iMrk gS] ;k fQj ykblsl
a ysuk iMrk
gSA Example:-Ms. Office , Adobe Photoshop etc.

Nagware:- ;s Software Shareware ds varjxr vkrss gSa] bu Software dk tc Trial Time

lekIr gksus okyk gksrk gS] rc ;s Notice nsrs gSa] fd vc vki bl Software dks Purchase dj fyft,A
Example:-WinRAR etc.

Example of Application Software

Word Processing Software MS-Word, Writer
Presentation Software MS PowerPoint, Impress
Spreadsheet Software MS Excel, Calc
Database Software MS Access
Desktop Publishing Software Adobe Photoshop
Internet Browsing Software Google Chrome, Edge
Graphics Software CorelDRAW, Illustrator
Multimedia Editing Software VLC, Filmora, Camtasia, Ae
Language Software Turbo C, Code Block, JDK, VS
Accounting Software Tally, Busy
 40

Chapter 2

Operating System: - Operating System ,d System Software gS] ;g ,d daVªksy izksxzke gksrk
gSAbldk laf{kIr uke OS gSA tks ;wtj vkSj dEI;wVj e”khu ds chp laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA vkWijsfVax
flLVe vkSj dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA fcuk vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dEI;wV j dh dYiuk
ugh dh tk ldrh gSA ;g ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dh rjg gksrk gSA ftl rjg ifjokj dk eqf[k;k iwjs ?kj ij
daVªksy djrk gSA mlh izdkj vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj
gkMZo; s j vkSj ;wtj ds chp dk izkxs zke gksrk gSA ;g ;wtj ds funsZ’kksa dks dEI;wVj rd&dEI;wVj dh Hkk"kk esa
igqpkrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj ds ifj.kke dks ;wtj rd&;wtj dh Hkk"kk esa nsrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d ekLVj izksxzke
gksrk gSA dEI;wVj LVkVZ gksrs gh lcls igys ;gh izksxzke eseksjh esa yksM gksrk gSA fQj blds ckn nwljs vU;
izkx
s zke dEI;wVj esa yksM gksrs gSA vkWijsfVax fLkLVe ds ckn dEI;wVj esa nwljs vU; ,Iyhds”ku izksxzke baLVky
fd;s tkrs gSA

vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dk;Z (Function of Operating System) :-

Operating System dEI;wVj es dbZ dk;Z gSA ysfdu izeq[k dk;Z fu;a=.k (Control),oa izca/ku
(Management) gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dqN izeq[k dk;Z fuEu gSA

1. os dk izeq[k dk;Z dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j ,oa lk¶Vos;j dks fu;f=r ,ao mudk izca/ku djuk gksrk gSA

2 loZj dEI;wVj esa tgkW ,d ls vf/kd ;wtj gksrs gSA ogkW ij vkWijsfVax flLVe ;wtj dh oS/krk dh tkWp
djrk gSA fd ;wtj use vkSj ikloMZ lgh gS ;k ugh A

3 vkWijsfVax flLVe eSeksjh eSustesaV dk dk;Z djrk gSA blds vUrxZr flLVe izksxzke ];wtj izkx
s zke vkSj
MkVk izksxzke dks esu eseksjh esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA

4 buiqV vkmViqV eSut s esVa blds vUrxZr buiqV vkmViqV fMokbl dk eSustesaV vkSj mu ij daVksy
vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA
5 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj gkMZo;
s j vkSj ;wtj ds chp laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA
6 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj esa u;s lkW¶Vos;j ,oa u;s gkMZo;
s j dks LFkkfir djus dh vuqekfr nsrk gSA
blds vykok dbZ vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk fd;s tkrs gSA

7 fofHkUu dekWMl vkSj funsZ”kksa ds chp vkilh le> LFkkfir djuk A

8 bUVjuy VkbZe Dykd dk j[k j[kko djuk ,oa mldks eSust djuk A
 41

Popular Operating System: - Windows, Android, Macintosh, UNIX, Linux.

Windows Developed By Microsoft Corporation.

Version Release Date Windows ME 14-Sep-2000

Windows 1.01 20-Nov-1985 Windows XP 25-Oct-2001

Windows 3.1 April-1992 Windows Vista 30-Jan-2007

Windows NT 3.1 27-July-1993 Windows 7 22-Oct-2009

Windows 95 24-Aug-1995 Windows 8 26-Oct-2012

Windows 98 25-June-1998 Windows 8.1 18-Oct-2013

Windows 2000 17-Feb-2000 Windows 10 29-July-2015

42
43
 44

Desktop

Task Bar

Window

Dialog Box
45
 46

Icons & shortcuts

Running an Application, Operating System Simple Setting

Using Mouse and Changing its Properties

Changing System Date and Time, Changing Display Properties

To Add or Remove Program and Features, File and Folder Management

Types of file Extensions

 47

Executable File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.apk Android package file
.bat Batch file
.bin Binary file
.cgi Common Gateway Interface Script
.com MS-DOS command file
.exe Executable file
.jar Java Archive file
.py Python file
.wsf Windows Script File

Audio File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.aif AIF/Audio Interchange audio file
.cda CD audio track file
.iff Interchange File Format
.mid or .midi MIDI audio file.
.mp3 MP3 audio file
.mpa MPEG-2 audio file
.wav WAVE file
.wma Windows Media audio file
.wpl Windows Media Player playlist

Video File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.avi Audio Video Interleave File
.flv Adobe Flash Video File
.h264 H.264 video File
.m4v Apple MP4 video File
.mkv Matroska Multimedia Container
.mov Apple QuickTime movie File
.mp4 MPEG-4 Video File
.mpg or .mpeg MPEG video File
.rm Real Media File
.swf Shockwave flash File
.vob DVD Video Object File
.wmv Windows Media Video File
.3g2 3GPP2 Multimedia File
.3gp 3GPP multimedia File
 48

Text File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.doc and .docx Microsoft Word file
.odt OpenOffice Writer document file
.msg Outlook Mail Message
.pdf PDF file
.rtf Rich Text Format File
.tex A LaTeX document file
.txt Plain text file
.wks and .wps Microsoft Works Word Processor Document file
.wpd WordPerfect document

Spreadsheet File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.ods OpenOffice Calc spreadsheet file
.xlr Microsoft Works spreadsheet file
.xls Microsoft Excel file
.xlsx Microsoft Excel Open XML spreadsheet file

Presentation File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.key Keynote presentation
.odp OpenOffice Impress presentation file
.pps PowerPoint slide show
.ppt PowerPoint presentation
.pptx PowerPoint Open XML presentation

Database File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.accdb Access 2007 Database File
.csv Comma separated value file
.dat Data file
.db or .dbf Database file
.log Log file
.mdb Microsoft Access database file
.pdb Program Database
.sav Save file (e.g. game save file)
.sql SQL/Structured Query Language database file
.tar Linux / Unix tarball file archive

System Related File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.bak Backup file
.cab Windows Cabinet file
.cfg Configuration file
.cpl Windows Control panel file
 49

File Extension File Extension Meaning

.cur Windows cursor file
.dll DLL file
.dmp Dump file
.drv Device driver file
.icns macOS X icon resource file
.ico Icon file
.ini Initialization file
.lnk Windows shortcut file
.msi Windows installer package
.sys Windows system file
.tmp Temporary file

Web File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.asp and .aspx Active Server Page file
.cer Internet security certificate
.cfm ColdFusion Markup file
.cgi or .pl Perl script file
.css Cascading Style Sheet file
.htm and .html HTML/Hypertext Markup Language file
.js JavaScript file
.jsp Java Server Page file
.part Partially downloaded file
.php PHP Source Code file
.rss RSS/Rich Site Summary file
.xhtml XHTML / Extensible Hypertext Markup Language file

Image File Extensions

File Extension File Extension Meaning
.ai Adobe Illustrator file
.bmp Bitmap image File
.gif GIF/Graphical Interchange Format image
.ico Icon file
.jpeg or .jpg JPEG image
.max 3ds Max Scene File
.obj Wavefront 3D Object File
.png PNG / Portable Network Graphic image
.ps PostScript file
.psd PSD / Adobe Photoshop Document image
.svg Scalable Vector Graphics file
.tif or .tiff TIFF image
.3ds 3D Studio Scene
.3dm Rhino 3D Model
 50

Chapter 3

Word Processing
Word Processing Basics, Opening Word Processing Package, Title Bar, Menu Bar, Toolbars & Sidebar,
Creating a New Document, Opening and Closing Documents, Opening Documents, Save and Save As,
Closing Document, Using The Help, Page Setup, Page Layout, Borders, Watermark, Print Preview,
Printing of Documents, PDF file and Saving a Document as PDF file, Text Creation and manipulation,
Document Creation, Editing Text, Text Selection, Cut, Copy and Paste, Font, Color, Style and Size
selection, Alignment of Text, Undo & Redo, AutoCorrect, Spelling & Grammar, Find and Replace,
Formatting the Text, Creating and using user defined Styles, Paragraph Indentation, Bullets and
Numbering, Change case, Header & Footer, Table Manipulation, Insert & Draw Table, Changing cell
width and height, Alignment of Text in cell, Delete / Insertion of Row, Column and Merging &
Splitting of Cells, Border and Shading, Mail Merge, Table of Contents, Indexes, Adding Comments,
Tracking changes.
 51

Chapter 4

Spreadsheet
Elements of Spread Sheet, Creating of Spread Sheet, Concept of Cell Address [Row and Column] and
selecting a Cell, Entering Data [text, number, date] in Cells, Page Setup, Printing of Sheet, Saving
Spreadsheet, Opening and Closing, Manipulation of Cells & Sheet, Modifying / Editing Cell Content ,
Formatting Cell (Font, Alignment, Style ), Cut, Copy, Paste & Paste Special, Changing Cell Height
and Width, Inserting and Deleting Rows, Column, AutoFill, Sorting & Filtering, Freezing panes,
Formulas, Functions and Charts, Using Formulas for Numbers (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication
& Division), AutoSum, Functions (Sum, Count, MAX, MIN, AVERAGE),Sort, Filter, Advanced
Filter, Database Functions ( DSUM, DMIN,DMAX, DCOUNT, DCOUNTA), What-if Analysis, Pivot
table Charts (Bar, Column, Pie, Line).
52
 53

Chapter 5

Presentation
Creation of Presentation, Creating a Presentation Using a Template, Creating a Blank Presentation,
Inserting & Editing Text on Slides, Inserting and Deleting Slides in a Presentation, Saving a
Presentation, Manipulating Slides, Inserting Table , Adding ClipArt Pictures, Inserting Other Objects,
Resizing and Scaling an Object, Creating & using Master Slide, Presentation of Slides , Choosing a
Set Up for Presentation, Running a Slide Show, Transition and Slide Timings, Automating a Slide
Show, Providing Aesthetics to Slides & Printing, Enhancing Text Presentation, Working with Color
and Line Style, Adding Movie and Sound, Adding Headers, Footers and Notes, Printing Slides and
Handouts.
 54

Chapter 6
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 8
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Chapter 9
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