CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................
TYPES OF BUILDINGS............................................................................................
SAFETY INDUCTION..............................................................................................
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION................................................................................
SPECIFICATION REPORT ON BUILDING..................................................................
DRAWINGS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 INTRODUCTION
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter.
From times immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their
standard of living. The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and
efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a
feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment

needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living
situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for comfortable and
pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.

1. A Peaceful environment.
2. Safety from all natural source & climate conditions

■ General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye
laws, environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement,
provision of future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type
of plan to any client.

A building, or edifice, is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less

permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety
of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a
wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions,
land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, and aesthetic reasons. To better
understand the term building compares the list of nonbuilding structures.
Buildings serve several societal needs – primarily as shelter from weather,
security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and
work. A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a
place of comfort and safety) and the outside (a place that at times may be harsh
and harmful).
Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have also become objects or
canvasses of much artistic expression. In recent years, interest
in sustainable planning and building practices has also become an intentional part
of the design process of many new buildings.

The purpose of the buildings, which concerns the urban planning law,

corresponds to why a building is built, the purpose are among the items that
should show the planning request for the property (building permit or preliminary
declaration of works by case).

Any building requires a certain general amount of internal infrastructure to

function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and
telecommunications, water and wastewater etc. Especially in commercial
buildings (such as offices or factories), these can be extremely intricate systems
taking up large amounts of space (sometimes located in separate areas or double
floors / false ceilings) and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance
required.

Buildings may be damaged during the construction of the building or during

maintenance. There are several other reasons behind building damage like
accidents  such as storms, explosions, subsidence caused by mining, water
withdrawal or poor foundations and landslides. Buildings also may suffer from fire
damage and flooding in special circumstances. They may also become dilapidated
through lack of proper maintenance or alteration work improperly carried out.
A residential building is defined as the building which provides more than half
of its floor area for dwelling purposes. In other words, residential
building provides sleeping accommodation with or without cooking or dining or
both facilities.
Types of Buildings:

 Residential Buildings
 Educational Buildings
 Institutional Buildings
 Assembly Buildings
 Business Buildings
 Mercantile Buildings
 Industrial Buildings
1. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:
In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. IT includes the living
room, bed room, kitchen, hall, toilet and bath room. It may be a single storey
building or apartments..
2. EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:
These includes any building using for school, college, assembly for
instruction, education or recreation.
.

3. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:
These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment
or care of a person suffering from a physical or mental illnesses. These building
includes hospital, sanatoria, jail etc.
4. ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:
These building may include any building or part of a building where a group of
people gathers for recreation social religious or such types purposes such as
Theatres, Assemble Halls, Exhibition halls, Restaurants, Museums, Club rooms,
Auditoria etc.
5. BUSINESS BUILDINGS:
These shall include any buildings or part of a building which is used for business
transaction keeping records of accounts, town halls, city halls, court houses etc.
6. MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:
These shall include those building which are used for soap, market, stores,
wholesale or retail.
7. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:
These are buildings in which products or material s of all kind of properties
are fabricated, assembled, processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills
etc.
8. STORAGE BUILDINGS:
These building are generally used for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares, or
merchandise like warehouses, cold storages, garage, stables, transit sheds etc.
9. HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:
These buildings include any building which is used for storage, handling,
manufacturing or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or
products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly which may produce
poisons fumes, building which is used for storage handling or manufacturing
highly corrosive, toxic, acid or other liquid of chemicals reducing flames, fumes,
explosive etc
 SAFETY INDUCTION
Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which
highlighted the need and importance of safety at construction site. Most
accidents can be prevented by taking simple measures or adopting proper
working procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on safety and health
that should be paid attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the
workers. If we work carefully and take appropriate safety measures, there will
definitely be fewer work injury cases, and our sites will become a safe and secure
place to work in. It is important to educate everyone in the site regarding safety
for following purposes.
Workers safety

Construction progress

Standard procedure

Legal cases

Working efficiency

Precautions at site for safety:

1. Wear protective equipment.

2. Do not drink or take drugs while working.

3. Pay attention to personal hygiene.

4. Do not play in the workplace.

5. Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.

Equipment used for safety at construction site

 Process of Construction of the Building

 Site clearance.

 Surveying and layout.

 Excavation.

 Bar binding and positioning of foundation steel.

 Concreting.

 Wall construction.

 Beam and Columns.

 Finishing and whitewashing.

SITE CLEARANCE

A no of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot

of ground. These conditions determine where on the plot it may be located.
There are also covenants that are legally binding regulations. These may be
setting height of building, prohibit utility of buildings or ban rooftop network
towers etc.

Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation of
house location a lot. Septic tanks also require special considerations and a
certificate of occupancy is also required for some loaning and legal
processes.
 SURVEYING AND LAYOUT

Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required
level of surface. It is also used in level transferring during construction of
retaining wall.
Generally at site survey is carried out by following two instruments.

A-Total station

B-Auto level

A-Total Station:
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and
building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit)
integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from
the instrument to a particular point. By this instrument we can measure Angle,
Distance, Coordinate and also Data Processing.
Advantages: The following are some of the major advantages of using total
station over the conventional surveying instruments

 Field work is carried out very fast.

 Accuracy of measurement is high.

 Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.

 Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections

for temperature and pressure are automatically made.

 Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and
cross-sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.
B-Auto level:
It is a levelling instrument which was on site checking the elevations of various
points.

Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to transfer the
level of ground to retaining wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of all
marking was made to fix the level of particular elevations then casting of slab was
performed.

Transferring of surface level to retaining wall

1 – Set the auto level at the building floor level.

2 – Level the instrument.

3 – Take the staff reading at point also on floor level surface.

4 – Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in
such a way so that reading of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.

EXCAVATION
Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and
excavated soil was transferred using dumpers.

Following measures should be prevented while excavation work.

1-There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement area.

2-Dewatering should be done before construction work.

3-During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.

 FOUNDATION
Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation
wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing
is to transfer the loads safely in the ground.

Generally in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided

■ Isolated Footing-

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually

either square or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical
type and most widely used footing. Whenever possible, square footings are
provided so as to reduce the bending moments and shearing forces at their
critical sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when
columns are not closely spaced. An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided
by two sets of reinforcement bars placed on top of the other near the bottom of
the footing. In case of property line restrictions, footings may be designed for
eccentric loading or combined footing is used as an alternative to isolated
footing.

■ Combined footing-

Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not
be permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the
load on the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in uneven
distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be
to provide a common footing to the edge column and to an interior column close
to it. Combined footings under two or more columns are used under closely
spaced, heavily loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they were
provided, would be either very close to each other, or overlap each other. This
footing is called “combined footing”.

■ Raft footing or Mat footing-

This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is
used when very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying
soil having very low and differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it
minimizes differential settlement. There are several types of raft foundation in
use. The most common types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam types
Raft footings are provided in following cases-

■ When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to
control buoyancy.

■ When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.

■ When total area of footing slab is more than50% of total area.

■ Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided and

it serves as footing as well as floor.

Building Construction Types

We drive pass them every day. You know, buildings, homes, sheds, barns,
garages, and such. Most folks probably don't think about how they are
constructed or what construction type they use. On the other hand, if you're like
mem you do and there are 6 construction types you should know. That's why the
folks at GCLG offers you this information on how structures are built. I'm sure that
you can figure out the difference between wood framed construction and light
gauge steel framed construction, but are you familiar with joisted or load
masonry and concrete frame methods.

If not, you'll have learn about them, and others, after you read this article. So,
grab your favourite beverage, get comfy, and get ready to have a clearer
understanding of these 6 construction types. Let's get started.

When it comes to designing a structure, the construction type is chosen based

upon a number of things, such:

 Purpose of the structure - Let's say that you want to build a detached

garage to house extra an extra vehicle, a boat, and lawn equipment. In
designing it you wouldn't need a structure that's going to support
multiple floors, although you could include a room upstairs, so heavy
construction methods won't be needed.

 Size of the structure - When building something larger than a garage or

a house, say a grocery store or car dealer showroom, then a heavier
construction type would be the choice. We're talking open floor spaces
without columns or inner walls and long spans of metal truss supported
roofing.
  Load bearing constraints - As buildings grow in height the loads that the
structure must bear increase. With that the construction type must be
strong enough to handle these loads. In this case, wood is probably not
going to be the best choice when it comes to a structure with numerous
floor levels.

 Environmental Factors - If you've ever driven along a coast line you've

probably seen that the buildings are elevated, to shelter the structure
from tidal surges. Buildings in earth quake prone areas also require that
the appropriate construction type be used. Too stiff a structure and it
cannot flex during the tremors.

 Necessary Speed of Construction - If your building needs to be put up

rapidly, there are construction types that can speed up the building
process. These construction methods utilize pre-engineered methods,
allowing for major parts to be dropped of at the construction site and
quickly erected.

 Cost of Materials - Of course, cost of materials comes into play when

choosing a construction type. There's no need to spend money on an
over built structure.

The classifications for all construction types

Now that we've looked at the elements to consider when choosing a construction
type, let's look at 6 building construction types that are commonly used: 

1. Wood Frame

2. Light Gauge Steel Frame

3. Joisted or Load Bearing Masonry

4. Steel Frame

5. Concrete Frame

6. Pre-engineered

 Wood Frame

Wood frame construction is probably the oldest and most widely used type of
construction in the world. Years ago man learned that wood was a natural
medium to work with. It is plentiful, easy to work, renewable, and the cost is
usually well within reach of almost everybody.
Structures are built from standard lumber or timbers, which make up the studs,
plates, joists, and rafters. Each piece can usually be carried by hand and are easily
cut and framed on site. Interior walls are easily sheathed with drywall, panelling,
or other materials.

With that most residential construction has and still is done with wood, but with a
major change in how building exteriors are finished out. In the earliest years
wood was also used on the exterior walls and roofs.

Wood shingles have almost completely been replaced by non-flammable

materials, such as composite shingles, tile, and metal panels. Exterior walls are
commonly covered with brick, stone, and non-wood siding. Such materials are
more fire resistant and hold up to the elements better than wood.

 Light Gauge Steel Construction

Light gauge steel construction is similar to wood frame construction in that studs,
plates, joists, and rafters are also used in building structures. As you would
assume from the heading, these are made from light gauge steel, instead of
wood. The steel members most commonly come in a c-shaped cross section,
although s-shaped cross sections are available.

Heavier material is used in structural pieces than in non-load bearing members.

The materials are protected by a galvanized coating. Like wood construction
techniques, light gauge steel construction allows for the ease in carrying
materials, as well as cutting and erecting on sight.

Whereas wood construction usually utilizes saws and nails, light gauge steel
construction utilizes metal cutting tools and screw guns.

Light gauge steel construction is commonly used in in commercial buildings.

Although light gauge steel construction is not as common as wood frame
construction in residential work, it is gaining popularity.
  Joisted or Load Bearing Masonry Construction

Joisted or load bearing masonry construct involves utilizing concrete blocks or

bricks to build the load bearing walls. This technique provides for a very heavy
structure, which is definitely not good in earthquake prone areas. This type of
structure is so rigid that it cannot flex during tremors and many deaths have been
associated with this type of construction where earthquakes have happened.

Although this type of construction is not regularly used in residential construction,

I personally know an older couple who built their house with this method. The
hand formed the concrete blocks that they built the walls with. Luckily, they don't
live in an earthquake prone area.

In this method of construction, the load bearing walls are made of brick or formed
blocks. The floors and ceilings are constructed with wooden joists, thus the
Joisted Masonry term. This technique is labor intensive, as each brick or block has
to be hand set. It's definitely not common in residential construction, although it
is still used in commercial buildings.

 Steel Frame Construction

Steel frame construction is used primarily in large buildings. The structure is built
from steel columns and steel trusses to support floors and roofs. High rise
buildings are commonly built using this method, as it's easy to transport materials
up using cranes and the components are quickly bolted or welded together.

Steel is readily available and construction members are standard, having been
extensively engineered for standard column loads and spans. The main structure
is built using heavy steel and the non-support structure is usually made from light
gauge steel components.

Steel is flexible, which is positive in earthquake prone areas, or in areas of high

wind. Steel can flex quite a bit without taking on permanent deformation, making
it a great material for constructing tall buildings, bridges, and such.

 Concrete Frame Construction

Whereas other methods use wood or steel for the framing, concrete frame
construction uses reinforced concrete columns, concrete beams, and concrete
slabs to build the support structure. This construction type is often used in high
rise buildings, parking garages, and elevated roadways.

Reinforced concrete has been engineered for years, allowing for its ready use in
construction. On the other hand, it is labour intensive if the components have to
be cast on site. The roadway system uses numerous precast beams, but still
requires that columns and slabs be cast on site.

In building construction most all components are cast on site, thus the
construction time is not fast due to the curing time of the components. Concrete
frame construction does not hold up well to earthquakes, although it does
weather wind effect and weather well, over time.

 Pre-engineered Construction

If you're interested in a quick way to but a structure up you might want to

consider a pre-engineered building as I did when I built my shop. I worked with
the supplier to design a three-door building that was 30 by 40 feet. I wanted it to
go up quickly and be strong, and it was, and is.

The best thing about pre-engineered buildings is how quickly they go up. All the
parts are ready to be bolted and screwed together. This construction type is not
limited to shops, garages, sheds, hangers, and such. Nope, you can design a pre-
engineered house, if that will fit your needs.

SPECIFICATION REPORT
Specification report to accompany the detailed recasted estimate for the
Work "Construction of CDPO Office Building in Phirangipuram Village and
Mandal "

The work “Construction of CDPO Office building in Phirangipuram Village and

Mandal" in, Guntur (Dt) was administratively Sanctioned vide GOMS NO. 29,
 dt. 09.12.2014 of WDCD&SC Dept, AP, Hyderabad and Draft proceedings of the
collector & Dist. Magistrate, Guntur dt.
14.02.2014 under WD & CWD Funds.
The original Estimate was technically sanctioned for Rs.53.00 Lakhs
vide TSR No. /2014-15, Dt.16.03.2015 of the Chief Engineer (PR)
M.G.N.R.E.G.S, Hyderabad. Tenders called for 1st call vide NIT No 47/2014-15,
Dt.02.02.2015 and amendments Nos .01/2014-15, Dt.04.03.2015, 02/2014-
15, Dt.04.04.2015 of the Superintending Engineer, PR Circle, Guntur. On
administrative grounds the Tenders were cancelled by the Superintending
Engineer, PR Circle, Guntur vide Proceedings Rc No : 359/T8/ICD/CDPO office
building/Phirangipuram/2014 ,Dt.14.05.2015 due to pending finalisation of
site.

Now for this building site is Finalised in the premises of the

MPDO's office by the M.P.D.O, Phirangipuram. Hence the Estimate is
recasted with current SSR 2015-2016 . The recasted estimate is prepared as
per the items proposed in the original Technically sanctioned estimate with
minor deviations and detailed sub estimates for Electrification and for
water & sanitation items for 2 floors as per as per standard plan with plinth
area of 2193 Sq.ft for Ground floor and 21930 sqft for 1st floor.

Type of Soils Used for Construction

The proposed Building site is red earth Soils and Gravelly soils and SBC is
taken as 10 T/ Sqm
Foundation:
Foundations are open foundations with framed structure . 20 nos of VRCC
M20 Nominal Mix. for columns with Isolated Footings with Pedestals are
proposed with individual footings.

Plinth beam of Size 0.23X0.30 and0.23x0.45 with VRCC M20 Nominal Mix.
Basement:
Basement of 0.60mts hight with BM in CM(1:6) ,Basement filling with Stone
dust complying with relevant clause as per standard specification.
 Superstructures:
The Superstructure is Provided with BM in CM(1:6) to 0.23mts width up to
basement (ie) 1.00 meter and for super structure CM (1:8) proposed for a
height of 3.20 mts and internal cross walls are at 11.50 CM thick in CM(1:3) .
Parapet wall at 11.50 cm wide at 0.80 M hight is proposed in the recasted
estimate . The RCC Columns will be connected with RCC Roof beams of Size
0.23X.0.30 and 0.23X0.45mts.RCC Lintels and Sunshades are Proposed over
openings.
Roof Slab:
VRCC M20 Grade for RL beams and Roof slab 125mm Thick is Proposed Foe
building and 175 MM thick is proposed for portico.

Plastering:
· Plastering with 2 coats of 8 mm thick in CM (1:5) and 4mm in Cm (1:3) is
proposed for in side walls with dubara sponge finishing and for outer walls
double coat with 16 mm thick CM (1:6) base coat and 4 mm in Cm (1 :3) with
dubara sponge finishing .
Ceiling plastering of 12mm thick with CM (1:3) including cost and
conveyance of all material and labour charges, over heads & contractor
profit, all operational, incidental such as scaffolding charges, lift charges,
including cutting of Grooves, finishing, curing, but excluding VAT and
seionarage charges, etc., complete for finished item of work. (APSS 901,903
& 904) (CSSR) for
CEILING PLASTERING.
Painting:
White washing two coats with Whiting / White Cement (BMS-W.68) of
approved quality to give an even shade, Varnishing to Wood Work, Two Coats
(BLD-CSTN-12-9) for Teak wood door proposed for entrance and for other
doors with Best synthatic enamil paint two coats are proposed.

Doors and Windows:

 In the original Sanctioned estimate only frames are proposed . in the recasted
estimate due to availability of funds doors with shutters are proposed . For
main door Teak wood Door double shutters fully panelled door of size 1.20 x
2.1mt with are proposed. For other doors sal wood Door double shutter fully
panelled door of size 1.05 x 2.1mt with frame made of well seasoned sal
Wood and Flush door Shutters , Solid bond wood block board type with teak
veneer on one face and commercial ply on another face (lipping) ; 30 mm
thick confirming to IS 2202 ( AS per BMT- N- 21) for recording room and for
other rooms 3 nos of 1.05 x 2.10 mts doors with well seasoned sal wood
frames with Flush door Shutters , Solid bond wood block board type with teak
veneer on one face and commercial ply on another face (lipping) ; 30 mm
thick confirming to IS 2202 ( AS per BMT- N-
. For Toilets PVC Door size 0.75 x 2.10 m Providing and fixing 30mm thick
Solid panel PVC door shutter consisting of frame made out of M.S. tubes of 19
gauge thickness and size of 19mm x 19mm for stiles, & 15mm x 15mm for top
& bottom rails 4 nos are proposed
Flooring:
Flooring with vitrified tiles of 1st quality with Skirting at 0.15 m Hight in
Ground floor and Non skid vitrified tiles in Toilets both in Ground floor and in
first floor with dadooing toilet walls inside at 1.50 m hight.

In the original sanctioned estimate LS Provisions are proposed Electrical,

Water and Sanitation Provisions . In recasted estimate detailed Sub
Estimates are prepared for providing Electrical, Water and Sanitation
items .

Provision for Vat5%, and Q.C.Charges 0.5% & NAC 0.1% Provision for , Soil
SBC testing charges, Structural Design & preparation of Detailed drawings
charges at 0.50%
Seionarage charges are calculated and sheet enclosed.

The estimate is prepared by adopting the current schedule of rates for the year
2016-17 and by adopting Cement rate at Rs 240 per 50 Kgs as per memo no
MGNREGS/Const of CC Roads/2016 dt 6.12.2016 of ENC, Amaravathi @
Vijayawada and Steel rates at Rs. 34500/-respectively ,as per Steel rates revised
by the Govt., of AP as per rates as on September 2nd Quarter(21.9.2016) . The
estimate is recasted and prepared as per the approved plan. Over heads and
contractor’s profit of 13.615% excess are adopted on standard data rates. The
work will be executed as per standard specifications of APSS.
Supply and placing other RCCM20 Nominal mix Concrete corresponding to Table9
of IS456 using with 20mm size graded machine crush end hard granite metal
(coarse aggregate) from approved quarry including cost and convey an ceofall
materials like cement, fine aggregate (sand) coarse aggregate, water etc., to site
including cost and convey once of all materials, including all operational,
incidental and labour charges such as, machine mixing, laying concrete, curing,
including contractor profit and over head charges etc., complete but excluding
cost of steel and its fabrication charges for finished it work with minimum cement
content as per IS code from standard suppliers approved by the department
including pumping, cantering, shuttering, laying concrete, vibrating, curing etc.
Complete for laying of concrete 75mm thick at fixed end and 50mm thick at free
end with an average thickness of 62.5mm including royalties and all taxes and all
charges for finished item of work for 60.0cm wide sun-shade and Lofts but
excluding VAT and seignories.
DRAWINGS
 CONCLUSION

The design and implementation of an appropriate and effective building

protection system depends on many factors. These include the architecture,
quality of construction, and condition of the building to be protected; the
components to be used in the system (such as sensors and video monitoring);
and the financial resources allocated for its design, implementation, and
maintenance. To further complicate the matter, every building is unique
because of the variations in its architecture and design, the materials used in
and personnel who performed its construction, and wear and tear. All of these
factors should be systematically considered before funds are committed to
implementing building protection systems.