CHEMISTRY
Class 9TH
Unit # 02
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Structure of Atom
(TOPIC WISE QUESTIONS)
Q1: What are fundamental particles of an atom?
Ans: Fundamental particles of an atom:
Modern research showed that an atom consists of many subatomic particles. These sub atomic particles
Proton, Electron and Neutron are very important to the chemists.
These particles are called fundamental particles.
a. Electron:
Electron is negatively charged particle. Its mass is equal to 0.000548597 amu or
9.11 x 10-31 kg. Charge of an Electron is 1.6022 x 10-19 C with negative sign. Electrons are very light
small particles with revolve the nucleus in orbits.
b. Proton:
Proton is positively charged particle. Its mass is equal 1.0072766 amu or 1.6726 x 10-27 kg. Charge of
proton is 1.6022 x 10-19 C with positive sign. Proton is 1837 times heavier than an electron. Proton are
present in the nucleus of an atom.
c. Neutron:
Neutron is a neutral particle because it has no charge. Its mass is equal to 1.0086654 amu or 1.6749 x
10-27 kg. Neutron is 1842 times heavier than an electron.
Neutrons are present in the nucleus of an atom.
Unit Relative mass
Particle Symbol Charge (C) Mass (kg)
Charges (amu)
Electron e- -1 1.6022 x 10-19 0.00054859 9.11 x 10-31
Proton p+ +1 1.6022 x 10-19 1.0072766 1.6726 x 10-27
Neutron n0 0 0 1.0086654 1.6749 x 10-27
Q2. What is Isotope? Explain by examples.
Ans: Isotopes:
Atoms of the same elements having same atomic number but different atomic masses are called
isotopes.
Explanation:
The word isotope was first suggested by Soddy scientist since they were occupying the same place in
Periodic Table.
In Greek Language “Isos” mean same and “topes” mean place.
In Dutton atomic theory all the atoms of an elements were considered identical but later it was proved
that the number of protons in the atoms of an elements remain the same while neutrons number may
different therefore, different isotopes will show same chemical properties and their physical properties
show variation depends upon the number of Neutrons present in the Nucleus.
Example of Isotopes:
Isotopes of Carbon
Carbon has 3 isotopes, carbon – 12, carob – 13 and carbon – 14
12
C6 13C6 C6
Carbon has atomic number = 6
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Carbon – 12 = 12C6
Atomic No. = 6
Mass No = 12
No. of electrons = 6
No. of protons = 6
No. of neutrons = 12 – 6 = 6
Carbon – 13 = 13C6
Atomic No = 6
Mass No = 13
No. of electrons = 6
No. of protons = 6
No. of neutrons = 13 – 6 = 7
Caron – 14 = 14C6
Atomic No = 6
Mass No = 14
No. of electrons = 6
No. of protons = 6
No. of neutrons = 14 – 6 = 8
All the isotopes have same number of electrons and protons
But different number of neutrons.
ii. Isotopes of Chlorine:
Chlorine exist in two isotopes 35Cl17 and 37Cl17
The natural abundance of Cl-25 is 75.53% and that of Cl-37 is 24.47%
35
Chlorine – 35 = 𝐶17 𝐿
Atomic Number = 17
Mass No = 35
No. of electrons = 17
No. of protons = 17
No. of neutrons = 35 – 17 = 18
37
Chlorine – 37 = 𝐶17 𝐿
Atomic Number = 17
Mass No = 37
No. of electrons = 17
No. of protons = 17
No. of neutrons = 37 – 17 = 20
iii. Isotopes of Uranium:
234 235 233
Uranium exist in three isotopes, 𝑈92 , 𝑈92 , 𝑈92
The percentage composition of U – 234 is 0.005%
The percentage composition of U – 235 is 0.75%
The percentage composition of U – 238 is 99.245%
Uranium – 234 = 𝑼𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝟗𝟐
Atomic No = 92
Mass No = 234
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No. of electrons = 92
No. of protons = 92
No. of neutrons = 234 – 92 = 142
Uranium – 235 = 𝑼𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟗𝟐
Atomic no = 92
Mass no = 235
No. of electrons = 92
No. of protons = 92
No. of neutrons = 235 – 92 = 143
Uranium – 238 = 𝑼𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝟗𝟐
Atomic no = 92
Mass no = 238
No. of electrons = 92
No. of protons = 92
No. of neutrons = 238 – 92 = 146
Note:
Elements of odd atomic number mostly do not more than two stable isotopes. Elements of even atomic
number usually contain large number of isotopes.
Q3. What do you mean by the term electronic configuration?
Ans: Electronic Configuration:
According to the Bohr’s atomic model the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus in various shells
and sub-shells is called electronic configuration.
According to the Bohr’s atomic model the electrons revolve around the nucleus in different shells orbits.
These shells are named as K, L, M, N etc.
Maximum number of electrons in a shell is determined by using 2n2 formula where “n” is the number of
shell n = 1, 2, 3, 4…….
For example, for the K –shell n = 1 the number of electrons in K-shell is K=2(1)2 = 2e
L=Shell = (2)2=8e
Modern research has shown that the shell is further divided into sub-shells which are s, p, d, f the
number of sub-shells in each shell and the number of electrons in each sub-shell are given in the table.
N Shells Sub-Shells No of e Total no of e
1 K S 2 2e
2 L S, P 2+6 8e
3 M S, P, d 2 + 6 +10 18e
4 N S, P, d, f 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 32e
Q4. Explain the uses of Isotopes?
Ans: Uses of Isotopes:
Isotopes are used in chemical, agriculture, and medical research for diagnosing and treatment of
diseases. Isotopes of certain elements show radioactivity while others do not.
Some uses of isotopes are given below:
Goiter treatment
i. Iodine – 131 become concentrated in the thyroid gland and is used as cure for goiter.
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. Brain imaging
ii. Iodine – 123 is used for brain imaging:
Tracer studies:
iii. The heavy hydrogen (deuterium), the heavy carbon (C-13), the heavy nitrogen (N-15) and heavy
oxygen (O-18) and Iodine – 131 are used as tracer elements in biochemical and physiochemical research
to trace the path of the element to the defective or obstructed part.
Treatment of cancer:
iv. Radio irradiation and cobalt -60 are used in the treatment of cancer and for the diagnosis of tumors
v. Sodium (Na-24) is used for the identification of blood circulatory problems in patients.
vi. Carbon-14 is used to trace the path of carbon in photosynthesis.
. Smoke detector:
vii. Americium – 241 is used in smoke detectors. It is also used to determine where oil wells should be
drilled.
Finding moisture content
:viii. Californium – 252 is used measure moisture content of soil in road construction. It is also used to
inspect airline luggage for hidden explosive.
Use in electrical appliances:
ix. Krypton – 85 is used in clothes washers to measure dust and pollutants levels.
Q5. There are three isotopes of uranium having atomic number 92 and mass number 234, 235
& 238. Calculate the number of neutrons in their nuclei.
i. U-234
A = 234, Z = 92
No. of protons = No. of electron
Number of neutrons = A – Z
234 – 92 = 142
ii. U-235
Number of neutrons A – Z
235 – 92
143 Neutrons
iii. U-238
Number of neutrons = A – Z
283 – 92
146 Neutrons.
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Structure of Atom
(LONG QUESTIONS)
Q1: Why Dalton’s atomic theory is considered as a base of modern atomic concepts?
Ans: The word ‘atom’ comes from Atomos which means uncut indivisible or the smallest particle
Which are impossible to see with naked eyes. It was an old theory that matter is made of very small
particles.
This idea was first proposed by Greek Philosopher Democritus in 400 BC, however no further work was
done until 19th century. It was John Dalton, an English school teacher who after a series of experiments
concluded that all matter must be composed of tiny particles which are solid balls and that cannot be
further sub-divided. He called them atoms. He presented his theory under the title “A New System of
Chemical Philosophy”.
The main points of Dalton’s atomic theory are as follow:
• Matter is composed of smallest tiny indivisible particles called atoms.
• Atom can neither be created nor destroyed.
• Atoms of the same element are identical in size, shape, mass and their properties.
• Atom of different elements is different in their properties.
• Atom combine together in small whole number and in simple ratio to form compounds.
• All chemical reactions are due to combination or separation of atoms.
Q2: Summarize Rutherford’s atomic model of an atom and explain how we developed this.
Model based on result of his famous gold-foil experiment
Ans: Rutherford Atomic Model:
In 1911 Lord Rutherford performed an experiment a-particle (20,000) which carries positive charge and
in fact helium nuclei from a radioactive source (polonium metal). He allowed to fall, a beam of 𝛼-
particle on a thin gold foil (0.00004 cm). The gold foil was surrounded by photographic plate or zinc
sulphide (ZnS) fluorescent screen to detect the particles emitting from the radiation.
Observation:
Rutherford observed that most of the 𝛼-particles (19990) passed through the foil undeflected or without
changing their path but a few particles (8) were deflected at different angels. Only few rays (2) were
bounced back at their original way. From the deflection of 𝛼-particles bounced back at the same angle.
Conclusion:
Rutherford concluded that there was a positively charged particles present in the center of atom. So 𝛼-
particles near this portion were repelled. Because 𝛼-particles are also positively charged particles and
similar charges repel each other. If 𝛼-particles pass very closely to nucleus, they deflected through large
angles. Similarly, if do no pass close to nucleus they either deflected through very small angles or do not
get deflected at all.
Main Points:
i.The positive charge present in the center of an atom called nucleus. It contains electrons and neutrons.
ii.Majority of 𝛼-particle passed without changing their path shows that most of the spaces in atom are
empty.
iii.The electrons revolving around the nucleus would require centripetal force. The attractive force of the
nucleus on electrons provides centripetal force to the electron.
iv.The size of nucleus is so small as compared to the size of an atom.
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v.The whole mass of an atom is present in its center called Nucleon mass due to the presence of protons
and neutrons.
vi.The negative charged electrons revolved around the nucleus at a very small distance.
vii.An atom is neutral. As the number of electrons is numerically equal to that of protons.
viii.Nucleus is responsible for mass and energy of the atoms.
Defects in Rutherford’s Atomic Model:
The major objections raised against his model were the following.
i.Rutherford’s model is based on the laws of motion and gravitation, which are applicable to neutral
bodies and not on the charged bodies.
ii.According to Maxwell theory, the revolving electrons being a charged particle, must lose energy
continuously and ultimately spiral (fall) into the nucleus. However, it does not happen.
iii.The revolving electron radiates energy continuously and the atomic spectrum should be a continuous
one but actually it gives a line spectrum.
iv.It does not provide any explanation about the chemical properties of the elements.
Q3: State the postulates which Bohr suggested to overcome the short comings of Rutherford’s
atomic Model?
Ans: Neil Bohr’s Atomic Theory:
To overcome the defects of Rutherford’s atomic model. Neil Bohr in 1913, presented an atomic theory.
Considering Hydrogen atom as a model, the theory is based on the following assumptions.
i.The negative charged electrons revolve around the positively charged nucleus in certain fixed circular
paths called shells, orbits or energy levels.
ii.The energy of the electron in orbit is proportional to its distance from the nucleus. The further the
electron from the nucleus, the higher will be the energy and vice versa.
iii.Electron does not radiate energy as long as it is present in an orbit i.e. energy of an orbit is fixed.
iv.The electron absorbs or radiates energy whenever it moves from one orbit to another. The energy change
of electron on going from one orbit to another is given by the relationship.
∆𝐸 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸𝑧 = ℎ𝑣
Where
hv = plants constant
v = frequency of radiation.
E2 = the lower energy orbit
E2= the higher energy orbit
∆E = the energy difference
v.Electron can reside in the orbit for which its angular momentum (mvr) is integral multiple of n/2𝜋 i.e.
𝑛ℎ
mvr = [2𝜋 ]. Where n is the number of shells i.e. 1,2,3….., m is the mass, v is the velocity of an electron,
r is radius of the orbit and h is plank constant (6.6262 x 10-34js).
vi.Electron can reside in any one of the orbits and cannot stay in between them.
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Q4: Complete the following table for neutral atoms of specific isotopes:
Ans:
Isotopic Atomic Mass No. of No. of protons No. of Neutron
symbol number number Electron (N0 = A – Z)
131
A 𝑋𝑒54 54 131 54 54 131 -54 = 77
59
B 𝐶𝑜27 27 59 27 27 59-27=32
144
C 𝑁𝑑60 60 144 60 60 144-60=84
48
D 𝑇𝑖22 22 48 22 22 48-22=26
178
E 𝐻𝑓72 72 178 72 72 178-72=106
128
F 𝑇𝑒52 52 128 52 52 128-52=76
40
G 𝐴𝑟18 18 40 18 18 40-18=22
Q5. (a) Define energy level and sub energy level.
(b) Explain the distribution of electrons in various energy levels and sub energy Lavoisier first
four elements of the periodic table.
Ans. (a) Energy Levels:
These are definite circular path at a definite path at the definite distance from the nucleus in which the
electrons moves in anti-clock wise direction or any direction. The energy levels are also called shells or
obits. The number of electrons in an orbit is constant according to2n2formula presented by Bohr’s.
These orbits are designed as K, L, M, N etc.
Shells No. of e – (2n2)
1=K 2 (1)2 = 2e-
2=L 2 (2)2 = 8e-
3=M 2 (3)2 = 18e-
4=N 2 (4)2 = 32e-
Sub-Energy Levels:
The various regions in the main shells around the nucleus in three dimensional direction where the
possibility of finding electrons is maximum is called Sub-Energy Level.
Group of orbitals around the nucleus having same energy is also called sub-energy levels. Sub energy
levels are also called orbitals. These orbitals cannot accumulate more than 2e. There are four types of
orbitals namely as s, p, d and f, which stand for sharp, principle diffused and fundamentals respectively.
The s-orbital is spherical P orbital is dumbbells while d orbital is double dumbbell and f are more
complex in shape.
(b)
i. H=1
K = 1, 1S1
Group = 1A, Period = 1
ii. Li = 3
K = 2, L = 1
1S2, 2S1
Group = 1A, Period = 2
iii. Na = 11
K = 2, L = 8, M = 1
1S2, 2S2, 2p6, 3s1
Group 1A, Period = 3
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iv. K = 19
K = 2, L = 8, M = 8, N = 1
1s2, 2s2, 2p5, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1
Group = 1A, Period = 4
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Structure of Atom
(SHORT QUESTIONS)
Q1: Aluminum is represented as 𝑨𝒍𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟑 . Draw the structure of Aluminum. Write its electronic
configuration.
Ans: Electronic configuration of Aluminum:
Atomic number of Aluminums is thirteen (13). K=2 es, L=8 es, M=3 es. Its electronic configuration is
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1.
Q2. The energy of an electron in K and L shells is same or different. Explain.
Ans: The energy of an electron in K and L shells is different. Because according to Neil Bohr Atomic
Model the energy of an electron in orbit is directly proportional to its distance from the nucleus. The
farther the electrons of L shell are comparatively farther than the electrons of K shell. So L Shell’s
electron will have higher energy from K shell’s electrons.
Q3. Draw the structure of hydrogen isotopes.
Ans: Isotopes of Hydrogen:
Hydrogen has three isotopes
1: Protium of ordinary hydrogen 11𝐻 or 11𝑃
2: Deuterium or heavy hydrogen 12𝐻 or 23𝐷
3: Tritium 13𝐻 or 31𝑇
All three having same atomic number but different number of neutrons.
Protium 11𝐻 =
Ordinary hydrogen or protium have no neutrons.
Atomic No = 1
Mass No = 1
No of Proton = 1
No of Electron = 1
No of Neutron 1 – 1 = 0
Deuterium: 12𝐻
Similarly, deuterium has same number of electrons, proton & neutron
Atomic No = 1
Mass No = 2
No. of Proton = 1
No. of Electron = 1
Neutron 1 – 2 = 1
1. Tritium: 13𝐻 :
Atomic No = 1
Mass No = 3
No. of Proton = 3
No. of Electron = 1
No of Neutron = 1 – 3 = 2
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Q4. How many electrons are present in each of following atoms? Assuming that each is a
neutral atom identifies the element.
a. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1 b. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5, c. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2
Ans: a. Total number of electrons are eleven (11) and the element is Sodium (Na) metal.
b. Total number of electrons are seventeen (17) and the element is Chlorine (Cl) nonmetal.
c. Total number of electrons are twenty (20) and the element is calcium (Ca) metal.
Q5. Why atom is considered as neutral particle? Give reason.
Ans: In atom the number of negatively charge electrons are equal to the number of positively charged
proton. They are equal in number and cancelled the effect of each other. Therefore, atom as a whole in
neutral particle.
Q6. The mass of an atom is present in its nucleus. Can you explain it?
Ans: Nucleus of the atom is composed of protons and neutron. Protons and neutrons are heavy sub-
atomic particles of the atom and they occupied central position in the atom. Therefore, most of the mass
is present in the center.
Q7. What is the reason that physical properties of the isotopes are different but their chemical
properties are the same?
Ans: Isotopes have different number of neutrons or atomic masses, which shows physical chemical
properties. There, isotopes have different physical properties but have same chemical properties.
Q8. Draw the structure of carbon isotopes. Then write down the number of proton, neutron
and electron.
Ans: Carbon has 3 isotopes, carbon – 12, carbon – 13 and carbon – 14
𝐶612 𝐶613 𝐶610
Carbon has atomic number = 6
Carbon – 12 = 𝐶612
Atomic No = 6
Mass No = 12
No. of electrons = 6
No. of protons = 6
No. of neutrons = 12 – 6 = 6
Carbon – 13 = 𝐶613
Atomic No = 6
Mass no = 13
No. of electrons = 6
No. of protons = 6
No. of neutrons = 6
No. of neutrons = 13 – 6 = 7
Carbon- 14 = 𝐶614
Atomic No = 6
Mass No = 14
No. of electrons = 6
No. of protons = 6
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Q9. How many electrons could contained in K, L, M and N energy levels.
Ans:
Number of shell (n) Name of shell Formula No. of electrons
2
1 K 2n 2(1)2 = 2(1) = 2es
2 L 2n2 2(2)2 = 2(4) = 8es
3 M 2n2 2(3)2 = 2(9) = 18es
4 N 2n2 2(4)2 = 2(16) = 32es
Q10. Write detailed electronic configurations for 𝑳𝒊𝟕𝟑 , 𝑪𝟏𝟐
𝟔 and 𝑴𝒈𝟏𝟐 .
𝟐𝟒
Ans. Electronic Configurations:
a. 𝐿𝑖37 :
Atomic number of Li = 3
K = 2es, L = 1e
1s2, 2s1
Period = 2nd , Group = 1A
b. 𝐶612
Atomic number of C = 6
K = 2es, L = 4es
1s2, 2s2, 2p2
Period = 2nd , Group = IVA
24
c. 𝑀𝑔12
Atomic number of Mg = 12
K = 2es, L = 8es, M = 2es
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2
Period = 3rd , Group = IIA
Q11. Write the symbol for an isotope:
a. Containing one proton and two neutrons.
b. For which the atomic number is one and there is one neutron.
c. For which the atomic number is one and the mass number is also one.
Ans:
ISOTOPE NAME SYMBOL
1
a Tritium (T) 3H or T
1
b Deuterium (D) 2H or D
1
c Protium (H) 1H
