International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 6 Issue 1, November-December 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Effectiveness of Demonstration Technique on Hand

Washing Practices among School Children Aged
7-11 Years in Selected Schools of District Mohali
Kaur Amanpreet1, Kaur Amanjot2, Kaur Manpreet2
1
MSC Nursing Student, 2Assistant Professor,
1,2
Child Health Nursing, S.PH.E College of Nursing, Gharuan, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Kaur Amanpreet

INTRODUCTION: Hand washing is the single most preventive | Kaur Amanjot | Kaur Manpreet
measure for reducing the spread of contagious diseases. Hands are "Effectiveness of Demonstration
the main pathways of transmission. Keeping hands clean through Technique on Hand Washing Practices
improved hand hygiene is one of the most important steps one can among School Children Aged 7-11
Years in Selected Schools of District
take to avoid getting sick and spreading germs to others. Many
Mohali" Published
diseases and conditions are spread by not washing hands. in International
AIM: The aim of the study to assess the effectiveness of Journal of Trend in
demonstration technique on hand washing practices among school Scientific Research
children. and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A quasi experimental, pre-test post 6470, Volume-6 | IJTSRD49136
test control group study design was used to assess the effectiveness of Issue-1, December
demonstration technique on hand washing practices of district 2021, pp.1774-1777, URL:
Mohali, on 100 school children (50 in experimental and 50 in control www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49136.pdf
group) fulfilling the inclusion criteria by using convenient sampling
technique. Copyright © 2021 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
RESULTS: The result of the study revealed that there is pre Scientific Research and Development
demonstration mean practice score of experimental group was 5.66, Journal. This is an
and post demonstration mean practice score was 6.60 among school Open Access article
children regarding hand washing. It shows that there is significant distributed under the
difference between pre- test and post- test mean practice scores found terms of the Creative Commons
statistically significant at p<0.005 level. Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
CONCLUSION: demonstration technique was effective for
improving the practice of hand washing among school children
KEYWORDS: Practice, Hand washing, School children

INTRODUCTION
Hand washing is the single most preventive measure School children are exposed to different kinds of
for reducing the spread of contagious diseases. germs and bacteria that they usually not come into
Inadequate sanitary conditions and poor hygiene contact with at home. Children are naturally curious
practices play major role in the increased burden of and exploring things by touch and become the
communicable diseases. Proper hygiene practices breeding ground for germs and bacteria, which could
learned by kids in early childhood will usually carry make them seriously ill. Young children are placed at
those habits into their adulthood too. Keeping hands a high risk of illness because of transfer of germs.
clean through improved hand hygiene is one of the Hand washing correctly with soap could protect
most important step one can take to avoid getting sick young children who get sick with diarrhea and with
and spreading germs to others. Many diseases and respiratory infections like pneumonia. This
conditions are spread by not washing hands with soap emphasizes how important it is for children to learn
and clean water. The use of soap and water is the best how to wash their hands as early as possible. It will
way to keep hands clean and free from micro - minimize the risk of contracting anything more
organisms.1,2 harmful than a common cold.3

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Diarrhea and Pneumonia are among the leading cause MATERIAL AND METHODS
of child mortality worldwide. In fact, 18% children Research approach and design: A Quantitative
under five years die due to diarrhea and 19%bdie due research approach with quasi experimental, pre- test
to pneumonia every year. In India, this translates to and post test control group design was adopted.
the loss of over six lakh children under the age of Sample and Sampling technique: Sample size was
five, every year. Many of these deaths are easily
100 (50 in experimental and 50 in control group),
preventable through simple practice such as hand
fulfilling the inclusion criteria by using convenient
washing with soap. Evidence suggests that improved
sampling technique.
hand washing can have a major impact on public
health in any country and significantly reduce the two Descriptions of tool
leading causes of childhood mortality. Hand washing Part I- Socio demographic profile of school children
habits must be improved along with access to safe include age, gender, class, education status of father
water and sanitation. Hand washing with soap has and mother, occupation status of father and mother,
been shown to reduce risk of leading causes of child source of previous knowledge. Data was collected by
mortality. Pneumonia accounts for 17% of the 6.6 interviewing school children.
million deaths of children under 5 years of age and Part II-It was consisted of observation checklist to
diarrhea accounts for 9%, Over 750, 000 deaths assess the practices of hand washing. Ten steps were
during the neonatal period are estimated to occur included in this.
annually because of infectious syndromes such as
sepsis, acute respiratory infection, neonatal tetanus ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
and diarrhea, many of these can be prevented by hand Approval of research/ ethical committee of Saraswati
washing with soap.4,5 Professional and Higher Education College of nursing
before starting the study were taken. Permission was
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY obtained from the Principal of school, District Mohali
1. To assess the pre demonstration technique score to conduct the study.
of hand washing practice in experimental and
control group. Criterion Measure
2. To assess the post demonstration technique score PRACTICE SCORE PERCENTAGE
of hand washing practice in experimental and Excellent 8-9 76-100
control group. Good 9-10 51-75
Average 10-11 26-50
HYPOTHESIS
Below Average 11-12 <25
There will be significant difference between the pre-
test and post- test mean practice scores of practice
regarding hand washing among school children.
RESULTS
Table 1 shows frequency, percentage distribution of socio demographic characteristics of subjects with regards
to age, gender, class, educational status of father and mother, occupational status of father and mother, source of
previous knowledge.
Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the subjects
N=100
Experimental group (n=50) Control group (n=50)
Socio demographic variable
f % f %
1. Age (years)
(a) 7-8 8 16 9 18
(b) 8-9 14 28 5 10
(c) 9-10 19 38 19 38
(d) 10-11 9 18 17 34
2. Gender
(a) Male 18 36 21 42
(b) Female 32 64 29 58
3. Class
(a)1st 12 24 16 32
(b) 2nd 24 48 15 30
(c) 3rd 11 22 12 24
th
(d)4 3 6 7 14

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
4. Educational status of father
(a) No formal education 22 44 17 34
(b) Primary 17 34 25 50
(c) Secondary 7 14 8 16
(d) Sr. secondary 4 8 0 0
(e) Graduate and above 0 0 0 0
5. Educational status of mother
(a) No formal education 37 74 35 70
(b) Primary 6 12 11 22
(c) Secondary 7 14 3 6
(d) Sr. secondary 0 0 1 2
(e) Graduate and above 0 0 0 0
6. Occupational status of father
(a) Private job 5 10 12 24
(b) Govt. job 0 0 1 2
(c) Others 45 90 37 7
7. Occupational status of mother
(a) Home maker 16 32 27 54
(b) Private job 2 4 7 14
(c) Govt. job 1 2 1 2
(d) others 31 62 15 30
8. Source of previous knowledge
(a) Media 0 0 0 0
(b) Printed material 0 0 0 0
(c) School 50 100 50 100
(d) others 0 0 0 0
Table 2 shows that in the experimental group out of 50; slightly about near three quarters 37 (74%) were having
good hand washing practice followed by 7 (14%) had average hand washing practice and only 6 (12%) had
excellent hand washing practice although in the control group, 35 (70%) had good hand washing practice
followed by 12 (24%) had average hand washing practice and only 3 (6%) had excellent hand washing practice.
It was concluded that majority of school children in experimental and control group had good hand washing
practice.
Frequency and percentage distribution of pre demonstration
Technique of experimental and control group
N=100
Criterion measure Experimental group (n=50) Control group (n=50)
Hand washing practice Score F % F %
Excellent 8-10 6 12 3 6
Good 6-7 37 74 35 70
Average 4-5 7 14 12 24
Below average <3 0 0 0 0
Mean ± SD 5.66±1.154 5.36 ± 1.139
Maximum = 10
Minimum = 0
Table 3reveals that experimental group; 36 (72%) were having good hand washing practice followed by 12
(24%) had excellent hand washing practice and only 2 (4%) had average hand washing practice although in the
control group; 46 (92%) had good hand washing practice and only 4 (8%) had average hand washing practice. It
was concluded that majority of school children had good hand washing practice in experimental and control
group and only 12 (24%) had excellent hand washing practice in experimental group

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Frequency and percentage distribution of post demonstration
Technique of experimental and control group
Criterion measure Experimental group (n=50) Control group (n=50)
Hand washing practice Score f % F %
Excellent 8-10 12 24 0 0
Good 6-7 36 72 46 92
Average 4-5 2 4 4 8
Below average <3 0 0 0 0
Mean ± SD 6.60±1.125 5.64 ± 0.851
Maximum = 10 Minimum = 0
DISCUSSION (10%) in the pre- test. In post -test, only 3(3%) school
In the present study, it was found that pre children had poor level of practice on hand washing
demonstration technique score of hand washing whereas it was 70 (70%) in pre- test. The mean score
practice among school children. It was observed on of pre -test practice 10.2 was increased to 15.47 in
100 children; 50 in experimental group and 50 in post- test. These findings proved that there is a greater
control group in selected schools. In the experimental improvement in level of the practice on hand washing
group out of 50; slightly about near three quarters 37 because of structured teaching program.
(74%) were having good hand washing practice
CONCLUSION
followed by 7 (14%) had average hand washing
The study reveals that majority of school children had
practice and only 6 (12%) had excellent hand washing
good hand washing practice in experimental and
practice although in the control group. control group but there is difference between pre and
5 (70%) had good hand washing practice followed by post demonstration technique in experimental group.
12 (24%) had average hand washing practice and only Thus demonstration technique was effective for
3 (6%) had excellent hand washing practice. It was improving the practice of hand washing among
concluded that majority of school children in school children.
experimental and control group had good hand
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