Torsion II: 1
Angle of Twist
Often the design of a shaft will be based on
limiting the amount of twist that occurs when
the shaft is subjected to a torque. To address
such problems we must derive a means to
calculate the amount of twist in a shaft.
Furthermore, being able to compute the angle
of twist (kinematics) is important in analyzing
statically indeterminate shafts.
In this section we will develop a formula for
determing the angle of twist, φ, of one end of a
shaft with respect to the other. As before, we
assume a circular cross section and that the
material is homogeneous and behaves in a
linear-elastic manner.
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hear Strain vs. Angle of Twist hear Strain vs. Angle of Twist
Solving for dφ yields an
expression for change of angle of
twist.
Using Hooke's law and the
torsion formula we can now
Recall, that by observing the deformed develop an expression for dφ in
shape of an element we were able to derive terms of the applied load and the
the relationship between shear strain, γ, geometry of the section.
and angle of twist:
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Torsion II: 2
Recall Hooke's Law Recall Torsion Formula
Solving for dφ, we get an Solving for dφ, we get an
expression for change of angle of expression for change of angle of
twist. twist.
Using Hooke's law and the Using Hooke's law and the
torsion formula we can now torsion formula we can now
develop an expression for dφ in develop an expression for dφ in
terms of the applied load and the terms of the applied load and the
geometry of the section. geometry of the section.
Substitute this
expression for τ
into Hooke's Law
→
Hide Text Recall Hooke's Law Hide Text Recall Torsion Formula
More Substitution Cancel Like Terms...
Solving for dφ, we get an Solving for dφ, we get an
expression for change of angle of expression for change of angle of
twist. twist.
Using Hooke's law and the Using Hooke's law and the
torsion formula we can now torsion formula we can now
develop an expression for dφ in develop an expression for dφ in
terms of the applied load and the terms of the applied load and the
geometry of the section. geometry of the section.
Use this value Cancel ρ from
for γ in the the expression →
equation at the top
→
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Torsion II: 3
n Expression for Angle of Twist Differential Twist
Solving for dφ, we get an
expression for change of angle of
twist.
Using Hooke's law and the
torsion formula we can now
develop an expression for dφ in
In the this equation, dφ represents
terms of the applied load and the
the angle of twist for a differential
geometry of the section.
element of length dx. In order to
obtain the angle of twist for the entire
shaft we must integrate dφ over the
entire length, L, of the shaft.
And here it is,
just as advertised!
Let's save this result
→
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Total Angle of Twist Constant Torque/Geometry
We have arrived!! An expression for angle The most commonly encountered shafts in engineering practice are
of twist in terms of loading, section geometry, those in which the applied torque and the cross-sectional area are
and the shear modulus of the material. constant along the length of the shaft.
Two things to remember: (1) If the If this is the case then then internal torque T(x) = T, and the polar
internal torque or the polar moment of inertia moment of inertia J(x) = J, and the integral expression for angle of twist
vary down the length of the shaft, they must can be integrated to yield φ =TL/JG. This is form in which you are
be expressed as functions of x and included in most likely to encounter angle of twist in the future.
the integral, and (2) the resulting angle of Remember, this formula only applies to those shafts which have
twist will be in radians. constant cross section and constant internal torque!
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Torsion II: 4
Discrete Changes in Internal Torque Discrete Changes in Internal Torque
and/or Cross-Section and/or Cross-Section
If the value of internal torque and/or the
In the example shown
cross sectional area changes abruptly from
here, the shaft has one
one region of the shaft to the next, the
change in geometry and
equation shown above can be applied to
two changes in loading.
each segment of the shaft where all
Using this information we
quantities in the equation are constant. The
can divide the shaft into
angle of twist for the entire shaft is then
four sections with constant
found by performing the vector addition of
torque and cross-section.
the angle of twist of each segment.
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Discrete Changes in Internal Torque
and/or Cross-Section The End
The angle of twist for
each section is calculated
as φ = TL/JG.
The total angle of twist
from one end of the shaft
to the other is found by
summing up the twists for
the individual sections.
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