TRINIDAD MUNICIPAL COLLEGE
TRINIDAD, BOHOL
*THE ENDS OF HUMAN ACTS*
ART 1. ENDS IN GENERAL
ART 2. THE ULTIMATE END OF HUMAN ACT
*THE NORMS OF HUMAN ACTS
ART 1. LAW
ART 2. CONSCIENCE
ETHICS
THE ENDS OF HUMAN ACT
ARTICLE I. ENDS IN GENERAL.
We mean here by end the purpose for which a thing exists; the end of an act is
the purpose for which that acts is done. For instance, some may read a certain
book for pleasure; others for instruction, others again to practise obedience: the
act is the same, the ends are various.
According to this view, such a good is a catalyst for desire and is therefore
necessary in order for us to act for the sake of what we desire. MacDonald writes,
“one can explain [a given action] only by appealing to some end or good that is
itself capable of moving the will—that is, by appealing to an end that is viewed
desirable in itself” (MacDonald, 1991). Every human act is done for an end. For a
human act is an act of the will, and the will cannot act unless the intellect
proposes to it something to which it may tend, i. e., something good. Aquinas
describes the will as a native desire for the understood good. That is, it is an
appetite that is responsive to the intellect’s estimations of what is good or choice
worthy (ST Ia 82.1; QDV 3.22.12). On this view, all acts of will are dependent on
antecedent acts of intellect; the intellect must supply the will with the object to
which the latter inclines. In turn, that object moves the will as a final cause
“because the good understood is the object of the will, and moves it as an end”
(ST IA 82.4). The will is only another name for the rational appetite -- that is, the
power of tending to a good which the intellect proposes to it. The good intended
is the end of the act. Hence, every act is done for an end. You may object that you
have no special intention, e. g., in reading; that you read merely to kill time, to be
busied with something, etc.; nevertheless, you act for an end or purpose, the end
in this case being to kill time or to find occupation.
Kind of Ends
- Proximate end is the purpose which doer wishes to accomplish immediately by
his section.
-Remote end is the purpose which a doer to accomplish in a series of acts.
- Intermediate ends is a purpose which desired as means for obtaining another
thing.
-Ultimate end is the purpose is which desired for its own sake and not because of
something else.
End
- It is the purpose or goal
End of act
- It is natural termination of an activity
End of doer
- It is the personal purpose intended by the person performing an act.
- It called the motive.
Motive
- It the reason why a person perform an act.
- It is the force that sustains the act and brings it to completion.
ARTICLE 2: THE ULTIMATE END OF HUMAN ACT
Ultimate End - is a purpose which is desired for its own sake and not
because of something else. For human being in general, Aristotle suggests
that the ultimate end or good happiness, and the happiness itself is living in
accordance with reason and virtue.
ULTIMATE END OF HUMAN ACT
* serves as a sufficient reason and motive for the action
* It could be classified as objective ultimate end and subjective
ultimate end.
OBJECTIVE ULTIMATE END
* Which really in itself is the crowning and perfect fulfilment of rational
desires’ it is the limitless good; it is God.
SUBJECTIVE ULTIMATE END
*is the end of the human acts is Happiness.
KINDS OF HAPPINESS
* Natural- when it comes of man's possession of that which he finds
Achievable by his unaided natural power, this is (not beyond to
reach of his nature).
* Supernatural- when it consists in the possession of that which is a
Values surpassing all the natural powers can achieve unaided
(beyond the reach of his nature).
A moral analysis of the human act analyzes the human act in relation
to the good that is sought and insofar as all the acts are moved in their end
by the will. A psychological consideration of the human act distinguishes
the internal and external principles of the human act, treats the notion of
human freedom, and analyzes the human act into its component parts. This
article deals with the human act primarily in its psychological aspect, which
is a moral analysis must presuppose. An act is performed only by a human
being and thus is proper to man. Not every act that a human does is a
distinctively human act., some acts that human beings do performed also
by animals and vegetative acts and acts of perception and of emotion.
When a human being does such acts. Acts of a man, are acts shared in
common by man and other animals, whereas human acts are proper to
human beings. What makes an act performed by human being distinctively
a human act is a voluntary character - is an act in some way under the
control or direction of the will, which is proper to man. One can therefore for
identify as a human act with voluntary of human act. A voluntary act
proceeds either from the will itself, for example- an act of love or a choice
or from some other human power that can be in some way be moved by
the will, whether an act of intellect, of sense cognition or emotion, even an
act of bodily member as commanded by the will can be a voluntarily act.
THE NORMS OF HUMAN ACTS
Art.1Law
To be able to understand the, what is norms? Norms in general, are l
award conscience. And laws the application of conscience. As defined by St.
Thomas Aquinas, law is an ordinance of reason, promulgated for the common
good from what was charged by the society. Which is must illuminate by the
reason and not by the arbitrary of whimsical decree of legislator.
For a law to be called reasonable, a law must be:
-Just Honest
-Possible of fulfilment
- Useful
- Permanent
- And must promulgate.
When law is promulgated it will be known by those who are bound by it and
will call its subjects. By promulgation, a law is put inaction and authoritative
ordinance.
-There are two types of law
-Law- is territorial
-Precept- us personal and binds it subject whenever they may be.
-Difference between law and precept.
Law is enduring even if its proponent died, and can only be changed when it is
repealed by another law maker.
Precept ceases when its proponent/law maker dies.
Law is not meant to impose hard ship or needless restriction upon its subjects,
but it meant to promote their good. Because, law in evitable and as a liberating
agency and not an enslaving one.
Law tends to make mean good and tends to liberate them from the perverse
and mistaken judgment that would lead the astray in the quest for the ultimate
end. Laws meant to remove all those unnecessary and evil acts which will hinder
us to reach our goal. The man who accepts the direction of true law is the man
who Is free to his goal.
-What is the purpose of a law?
The purpose of a law is to protect and promote freedom among members of
the society in common by ensuring the unhampered and unthawed exercises of
free acts which will carry man forward to his proper end.
CLASSIFICATION OF LAW
Classification according to immediate authority may be divine law or human
law
-According to duration it may be temporal or eternal.
-According to promulgation, it may be natural laws or positive laws.
-According to effect of violation, it may be moral law and penal law and mix.
-According to prescription it may be Affirmative or negative.
Important classes of law
- Eternal, natural and human positive law
-Eternal law-God's eternal plan and providence for the universe
-Natural law- is the eternal law as known to man by his reason
-Human positive law- enacted by church or state. Ordinance of reason derived
from the natural law or making a concrete and determinate application of the
natural law, promulgated for the common good by human agency in charge of the
society.
ART 2. CONSCIENCE
-Describes two things, what a person believes is right and how a person
decides what is
Right. More than just gut instinct is conscience is a moral muscle. By informing us
of our values and
principle, it becomes standard we use to judge whether or not actions are ethical.
- It is a personal sense of the moral content of one’s own conduct, intention, or
character with regards to a feeling of obligation to do something.
- It is cognitive process that elicits emotion and rational associations based on
individual’s moral Philosophy or value system.
-In 1779 it is important for every person to be sufficiently present to himself in
order to hear and follow the voice of his conscience. This requirement of
interiority is all the more necessary as life open distracts as from any reflection,
self-examination or intrespection.
TYPES OF CONSCIENCE
*Correct conscience- tells us when something is a good choice or a bad choice
and that is decision is in agreement with that thing actually is according to the
objective law.
*Erroneous conscience- judge something in correctly, when something is bad you
think is good and When something is good you think it’s bad.
*Certain conscience- convinced without any doubts that an action is good or bad.
*Doubtful conscience - when you cannot choose between good and bad choices.
*Lax conscience- when you sin where there actually is sin.
*Scrupulous sin- a conscience that judge with there is sin where there really is no
sin, or that judge that something is mortal sin with is it only venial sin.
*Delicate conscience- judge correctly and with careful attention concerning the
acts that are about to be perform.
ADVANTAGE OF CONSCIENCE
1. It brings tranquillity of heart.
2. It brings joy.
3. It brings contentment.
4. Locks to things above.
5. Seeks the truth.
6. Pursues the common good.
DISADVANTAGE OF CONSCIENCE
1. Make you hate and punish yourself.
2. Avoid hearing or seeing the person that you’re wronged.
3. It will push you to talk negatively about that person in order to justify your bad
behaviour or actions.
4. It can make you feel resentful towards others.
PURPOSE OF CONSCIENCE
Conscience calls a person to love and do well, and seeks the truth about
what is to be done in a particular situation. It reflects on the good involve the
circumstances of the personal decision and the way in which human dignity is
promoted. Conscience makes a prayerful judgement about what is to be done.
MA. ANN MAY ABELLANA INJOG
INSTRUCTOR
STUDENT: BULALA, ADRIAN L. ---ASST. LEADER
BUSANO, ROMEO JR C.
BERSANO, JAYSON B.
BANTILAN, JAMES JOSEPH A.
AMOGUIS, VIRGILIO JR M.
AGUSTIN, CHRISTIAN DAVE S.
AÑABIEZA, CHRISTINE G.
BOISER, METOS ARONG---LEADER
CASIMSIMAN, SHIELA MAE C.
