ORGANISME EUKARIOTIK:
ALGA DAN PROTOZOA
They can be defined as
the small autotrophs
that fail to show any
cellular differentiaton &
their sex organs are
unicellular & if
multicellular all cells
are fertile
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES:
They are photoautotrophs
They primarily inhabit aquatic habitats
The vegetative body does not show any
differentiation into various tissue systems
They show progressive complexity in
reproduction
They do not develop embryo after fusion of
gamates during sexual reproduction
Range in size from microscopic to single celled
organisms to large seaweed
Many species occur as single cells others as
multicellular
Algal cells are eucaryotic
Study of algae is called phycology
Cellwall is thin and rigid
Motile algae such as euglena have flexible cell
membrane called periplasts
Cell walls of many algae are surrounded by a flexible
gelatinous outer matrix
A discrete nucleus is present
Inclusions like starch granules, oil droplets and
vacuoles are present
Chlorophyll and other pigments are present
Chloroplasts may occur one,two or many per cell they
may be ribbon like ,bar like ,net like,or as discrete
discs
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Thallus organisation
Cell structure
Algal flagella
Algal pigments
Algal nutrition
Food reserves
Reproduction
1) THALLUS ORGANISATION:
a)Unicellular algae:
single cells, motile with flagellate
(like Chlamydomonas and
Euglena) or nonmotile (like
Diatoms).
Occor in all groups except
carophycae of phylum chlorophyta
and pheophyta.
Rhizopodial
Flagellate
Spiral fillamentous
Nonmotile
b)Colonial algae:
Motile or non motile algae may form a colony by
aggregation of the products of cell division with in a
mucillagenous mass.
Coenobial :
The colony is formed with a definite shape, size
and arrangement of cells.
Ex: volvox
Palmelloid :
Irregular arrangement of cells varying in number
,shape and size.
Ex: Chlamydomonas , Tetraspora
Dendroid:
Looks like microscopic tree due to union of
mucilagenous threads present at base of each cell.
Ex: Chrysodendron
Rhizopodial colony:
Cells are united through rhizopodia
Ex: Chrysidiastrum
c)Filaments algae:
Daughter cells remain attached
after cell division and form a cell
chain
Adjacent cells share cell wall
Cladophora
(distinguish them from linear
colonies!)
May be unbranched (uniseriate
such as Zygnema and Ulthrix) or
branched (regular mutiseriate such
as Cladophora or unreguler
mutiseriate such as Pithophora).
10
Pithophora
d) Coenocytic or siphonaceaous:
one large, multinucleate cell
without cross walls such as
Vaucheria
e) Parenchymatous:
mostly macro-scopic algae
with tissue of undifferentiated cells
and growth originating from a
meristem with cell division in three
dimensions such as Ulva
2)CELL
STRUCTURE
Eukaryotic characterised by presence of well organised
nucleus and membrane bound organelles like plastids
,mitochondria and Golgi bodies
An intermediate form called mesokaryotic occurs in
Dianophyceae which shows both eukaryotic (nucleus with
nuclear membrane & chromosomes) and prokaryotic
characters( basic proteins are absent)
Some do not has true cell wall Ex: euglena, gymnodinium &
possess a membrane called pellicle around cytoplasm
Motile flagella possess a pigmented spot known as eye-spot
or stigma(swimming)
Cell wall is with mixed carbohydrates and substances like
alginic acid , fucoidin , fucin & hemicelluloses present
Mitochondria, Golgi complex , Endoplasmic reticulum
present.
3)ALGAL FLAGELLA
Found in all algae except Rhotophyceae
The main function is motility
They are of 2 types
Whiplash or acronematic-possess smooth surface
Tinsel or pleuronematic-covered by fine filamentous
appendages called as mastigonemes or flimmers
Tinsel is divided into 3 types
Pantonematic-mastigonemes arranged in two
opposite rows or radially
Pantocronematic-Pantonematic flagellum with a
terminal fibril
Stichonematic-mastigonemes develop only on one
side of the flagellum
4)ALGAL PIGMENTS
-Distinct chlorplast, nuclear region
and complex organelles.
- Thylakoids are grouped into grana
pyrenoids are centers of carbon
dioxide fixation withinthe
chloroplasts of algae. Pyrenoids granum with
are not membrane-bound a
Stack of
organelles, but specialized areas thylakoids
of the plastid that contain high
levels of ribulose-1,5-
bisphosphate carboxylase / pyrenoid
oxygenase
The pigments are within membrane bound organelles
called plastids
May be leucoplasts (colourless plastids) or chromoplasts
(coloured plastids)
Chromoplasts- contain chlorophyll a and b
Chromatophores -contain only chlorophyll a
Types - Chlorophylls(5), xanthophylls(20), carotenes(5)
and phycobillins (7)
Chlorophyll a present in all
Xanthophylls(yellow/brown) present in chlorophyceae and
pheophyceae
B carotene present in most algae
Phycobillins are water soluble red(phycoerythrin) and
blue(phycocyanin) confined to rhodophyceae
5)ALGAL NUTRITION:
Photo autotrophic and synthesis their own food
from carbondioxide and water
Aquatic forms obtain carbon dioxide and water by
diffusion and osmosis
Aerials obtain water from damp substratum and
carbon dioxide from air
They also synthesis oil and protiens from
carbohydrates
6)FOOD RESERVES
Food materials accumulated as polysaccharides
True starch-seen in two algal divisions chlorophyta
and charophyta
Floridean starch- found in rhodophyta
Laminarin- found in brown algae
Paramylon- found in euglenoids
Leucosin-peculiar to xanthophyta ,
bacillariophyta & chrysophyta
Fats occur as reserved food in appreciable
amounts in the cells of xanthophyta ,
bacillariophyta & chrysophyta
7)REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE
MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND
ASEXUALLY
Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental
stress
Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Zoospores
Plus and minus gametes
Zygospore
REPRODUCTION IN
ALGAE
Sexual-
Gametes
Vegetative Asexual Reproduction
Cell .
divisions/Fragmentation
=part of the filament
breaks off from the rest
and forms a new one.
ISOGAMY-Both gametes have flagella and similar in size and morphology.
ANISOGAMY-Gametes have flagella but are dissimilar in shape and size. One
gamete is distinctly smaller than the other one.
OOGAMY-gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses with a larger, non flagellated
gamete (egg).
•Monecious: both gametes produced by the same
individual
•Diecious: male and female gametes are produced by
different individuals
•Homothallic: gametes from one individual can fuse
(self-fertile)
•Heterothallic gametes from one individual cannot fuse
(self-sterile)
•Conjugation: a special type of reproduction. The entire
cell serve as a gametes and the cell content are
transported passively between two cells taking part in
sexual reproduction
REPRODUCTION IN MULTICELLULAR ALGAE
Oedogonium reproduction
Antheridium -release flagellated
sperm that swim to the oogonium
oogonium
Oogonium - houses the zygote
which is a diploid spore
▪ The spore undergoes meiosis
and produces 4 haploid
zoospores. One of the four
cells becomes a root like
holdfast the others divide and
become a new filament.
Nostoc colony
Nostoc filaments with N2-fixing heterocysts
Ceramium – filamentous red seaweed
Porphyridium – Unicellular Bangean Red Algae
Chlamydomonas
Enteromorpha
Ulva Monostroma
Diatoms
Heterokont in sexual stage
Dinoflagellates
Desmokont Dinokont
Prorocentrum Lingulodinium
Red Tides
Coccolithophores
Emiliania huxleyi Haptophytes
w/ two smooth
Ca + 2HCO3 ---> CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
flagella and
a coiled hapto-
nema
PROTOZOA
GENERAL CHARACTERS
Introduction
• Protozoans are microscopic and acellular animalcules, without tissue and
organs.
• First discovered by Antony Von Leeuwenhoek in 1671.
• Van Siebold (1845) identified protozoans as single cellular organisms.
• Dobell named them as acellular or Non-cellular animals.
• Goldfuss named these organism as Protozoans
(G., protos=first; zoan=animal).
• About 50,000 species have been identified and named. This phylum
includes free and parasitic forms and cosmopolitan in distribution.
PROTOZOA - GENERAL CHARACTERS
• Protozoans are first formed animals
• Small microscopic animalcules
• Originated in Precambian period of Paleozoic
era.
• Shape: Some of them are spherical, oval, ball
shaped, while some other are shapeless (or)
irregular.
PROTOZOA - GENERAL CHARACTERS
• Habitat: Distributed all over the world, free living
symbionts, commensals and parasites.
• Lives in water, soil, air, on animals and inside the
animals.
• Symmetry: Radial or spherical, bilateral
symmetry and Asymmetrical,
PROTOZOA - GENERAL CHARACTERS
• All are unicellular, body madeup of a single cell
• Single cell is capable of carrying out all the
metabolic activities, which characterized the
animal body.
• Body is naked or bounded by a pellicle, some
have shell or exoskeleton madeup of CaCo3 or
silica.
• Size: 0.002 mm to 16mm in size.
• A fossil, Nummulite is large and measured 19cm.
PROTOZOA - GENERAL CHARACTERS
• Nucleus: Usually only one nucleus, eilophores
have two nuclei (dimorphic) One nucleus is large
and called macronucleus it carry all vegetative
metabolic activities and the other is small and
called micronucleus which is exclusively for
reproduction.
Locomotion: Locomotor organelles
are finger – like pseudopodia or wip
like flagella or hair like cilia or absent.
• Nutrition: holozoic (animal like), holophytic
(plant like), saprozoic or parasitic. Digestion
occurs intracellular inside of food vacuoles.
• Respiration: No special respiratory organs,
Respiration is carried by general body surface
through diffusion.
• Excretion: Through diffusion or through
contractile vacuoles which serves mainly for
osmoregulation.
PROTOZOA - GENERAL CHARACTERS
• Reproduction: Asexually and Sexually
• Asexual reproduction by binary fusion, multiple
fusion or budding.
• Sexual reproduction by conjugation or by fusion
of gametes (syngamy).
• Life history often completed with alternation of
asexual and sexual phases.
• Encystment is a common protective phase,
commonly occurs to resist the unfavorable
conditions of food.
Medically Important Protozoa
1. Arcaezoa (lack mitochondria)
– Trichomonas and
– Giardia
2. Microspora (no mitochondria and no microtubules) –
diarrhea and keratoconjunctivitis in AIDS patients
3. Amoebozoa (move via pseudopodia)
– Entamoeba (dysentery) and Acanthamoeba
4. Apicomplexa: not mobile, intracellular
– Plasmodium, Babesia, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium
5. Euglenozoa: Hemoflagellates
– Trypanosoma
Amoebozoa
• Move by
pseudopods
• Entamoeba
• Acanthamoeba
The Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax
2
7 6
Fig 12.18
Euglenozoa
• Move by flagella
• Hemoflagellates
– Trypanosoma
spp.
• Sleeping
sickness
• Chagas’ disease
Fig 23..22
